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Dec 30, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 30th December 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) WESTERN DISTURBANCE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: A western disturbance swept across northern India recently, bringing fresh snowfall to Kashmir and widespread rain to Delhi, Rajasthan, Punjab, and Haryana. Background: – Weather experts note that the western disturbances, earlier predicted, seem to be more intense than expected. Key takeaways A Western Disturbance (WD) is an extra-tropical storm originating in the Mediterranean region, characterized by its movement from west to east. It is carried towards South Asia by the subtropical westerly jet stream. Formation and Origin: Formed over the Mediterranean Sea, Caspian Sea, or Black Sea. Develops as low-pressure systems with associated upper-air cyclonic circulations. Movement: Moves eastwards, influenced by the jet stream, entering India through the northwestern regions. Seasonality: Primarily active during winter (November to March) but can occasionally occur in other seasons. Regions Affected: Northwestern India: Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Western Uttar Pradesh. Extends to the Himalayan states: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Jammu & Kashmir. Sometimes influences central and eastern India. Weather Impact: Rainfall and Snowfall: Causes winter rainfall in the northwestern plains. Triggers snowfall in the Himalayan regions, critical for replenishing glaciers and water reserves. Temperature Effects: Leads to a decrease in daytime temperatures (due to cloud cover and rain). Increases nighttime temperatures (acts as a blanket by trapping terrestrial radiation). Agricultural Significance: Beneficial for Rabi crops like wheat and mustard due to moisture availability. Disruptive Effects: Can lead to flash floods, landslides, and avalanches in mountainous regions. Interaction with Local Systems: When WDs interact with moist easterly winds (originating from the Bay of Bengal), they intensify, leading to widespread precipitation. Source: Financial Express PANGOLINS Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: Recent incidents in Telangana have renewed concerns about the smuggling of pangolins, a scaly nocturnal mammal known for its huge demand in the international market. This has prompted renewed vigilance against its illicit trafficking. Background: – The creatures are strictly nocturnal, repelling predators by curling up into scaly spheres upon being alarmed. The same defence mechanism however, makes them slow and easy to catch once spotted. Key takeaways Globally there are eight pangolin species, four each in Africa and Asia. India is home to two species – Indian pangolin Manis crassicaudata and Chinese pangolin Manis pentadactyla. Indian pangolins are found in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. In India, the species (Indian pangolin) is widely distributed and has been recorded in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. In India, both Indian pangolins and Chinese pangolins are listed in Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, of 1972. Therefore hunting, trade, or any other form of utilisation of the species or their body parts and derivatives is banned. Since 2017, all pangolin species have been listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), prohibiting their commercial trade. Chinese Pangolin is classified as ‘Critically Endangered’ on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List while the Indian Pangolin is classified as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List. They are the only known mammals with large keratin scales covering their skin. They are also toothless. These animals are inherently shy and have minimal requirements for sustenance. Their diet primarily consists of ants, termites, and their eggs and larvae. Their sense of smell is extraordinary but vision and hearing are poor. Pangolins are the most trafficked mammal in the world—with demand primarily in Asia and in growing amounts in Africa—for their meat and scales. There is also demand in the United States for pangolin products, particularly for their leather to be used in boots, bags, and belts. Significance of Pangolins Pangolins are “ecosystem engineers” that build burrows that help circulate soil organic matter, increase soil moisture and aeration, and affect plant community succession through their burying behaviour. The burrows made by pangolins also get utilised as shelters by other species within their ecosystem. Source: Indian Express PM CARES FUND Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The contribution to Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund (PM CARES Fund) fell to Rs 912 crore during the financial year 2022-23, its lowest since the public charitable trust was created in March 2020 following the COVID-19 outbreak. Background: A study of the audited statements on PM CARES Fund website shows that the voluntary contribution peaked at ₹7,184 crore in 2020-21 and then fell to ₹1,938 crore in 2021-22, before declining further in 2022-23 as the Covid threat receded after 2021. Key takeaways The PM CARES Fund was set up on March 28, 2020, as a public charitable trust under the legal framework of the Registration Act, 1908. It aims to provide relief during emergencies, including health crises, natural disasters, and other distress situations. Trustees: The Prime Minister is the Chairperson of the fund. Ex-officio trustees include the Minister of Defence, Minister of Home Affairs, and Minister of Finance. The Chairperson of the Board of Trustees (Prime Minister) shall have the power to nominate three trustees to the Board of Trustees who shall be eminent persons in the field of research, health, science, social work, law, public administration and philanthropy. Any person appointed a Trustee shall act in a pro bono capacity. Voluntary Contributions: The fund accepts voluntary contributions from individuals, organizations, and foreign donors and does not get any budgetary support. Donations to the PM CARES Fund qualify for 100% exemption under Section 80G of the Income Tax Act, 1961. They also count as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) expenditure under the Companies Act, 2013. Foreign Contributions: The fund is exempt under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), allowing it to accept donations from foreign individuals and organizations. Administrative Costs: No administrative expenses are deducted; the entire contribution is used for relief efforts. Non-Governmental Status: The fund is not considered a “public authority” under the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, sparking debates over transparency and accountability. Source: Hindustan Times SIANG UPPER MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT (SUMP) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: A sense of unease prevails in two districts along the Siang River in Arunachal Pradesh, as protests intensify against the proposed Siang Upper Multipurpose Project (SUMP). Background: – The government asserts that SUMP is not merely another hydropower initiative but a measure to save the river by mitigating the impacts of China’s dam-building activities upstream in Tibet. According to reports, China has approved the construction of world’s largest hydropower dam on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau near Arunachal Pradesh. Key takeaways The Siang originates near Mount Kailash in Tibet, where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo. It traverses over 1,000 km eastward before forming a horseshoe bend around the Namcha Barwa peak and entering Arunachal Pradesh as the Siang. Further downstream, in Assam, it joins tributaries like the Dibang and Lohit to become the Brahmaputra. SUMP has faced opposition since it was first proposed by the NITI Aayog in 2017. While the precise scale of the project will only be ascertained after feasibility surveys, a preliminary report submitted by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) in December 2022 to the Central Electrical Authority was for an 11,000-MW project with a reservoir capacity of 9 billion cubic metres. This makes the project several times larger in scale than other projects currently in the works in the country. The three sites earmarked for SUMP are Parong and Dite Dime in Siang district, and Ugeng in Upper Siang district. The Adi tribe here revere the Siang as a provider, referring to it as Aane (mother) Siang. Cultivation on its banks was encouraged and facilitated by the state after Independence to move away from shifting cultivation in the hills. So while settled agriculture along the river is 60 years old among the farmers of this belt, they are now completely dependent on it. Source: Indian Express AZERBAIJAN Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Russian President Vladimir Putin apologised to his Azerbaijani counterpart for the crash of an Azerbaijani airliner in Kazakhstan that killed 38 people. The plane was flying on December 25th from Azerbaijan’s capital of Baku to Grozny, the regional capital of the Russian republic of Chechnya, when it turned toward Kazakhstan and crashed while making an attempt to land. Background: – In an official statement, Russia said that air defence systems were firing near Grozny on Wednesday due to a Ukrainian drone strike, but stopped short of saying one of these hit the plane. Key takeaways Azerbaijan is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of West Asia and Eastern Europe. Location: Bordered by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Capital: Baku, which is also the largest city. Terrain: Varied landscapes including lowlands, highlands, and the Caspian Sea Azerbaijan was part of the Soviet Union until its independence on August 30, 1991, following the USSR’s dissolution. Economic Profile Economy: Primarily driven by oil and natural gas resources. The country is a key player in regional energy politics due to its reserves and strategic location. Major Pipelines: Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline, a significant route for transporting oil to Europe. The country is famous for its Mugham music and UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the Walled City of Baku. Geopolitical Importance Azerbaijan holds strategic significance due to its location in the South Caucasus, acting as a bridge between Europe and Asia. It is a founding member of the Organization of Turkic States and part of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). The Caspian Sea region makes it critical for energy security and transportation corridors like the Middle Corridor, connecting Europe and China. Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: The region of Nagorno-Karabakh, internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan, has been a focal point of conflict with Armenia. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements about the Siang River and Siang Upper Multipurpose Project (SUMP) : The Siang River originates in Tibet, where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo. SUMP aims to address the impacts of dam-building activities by China in Tibet. The Adi tribe in the region opposes the project due to its potential impact on their cultural and economic dependence on the river. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Which of the following statements is/are correct about Azerbaijan? Azerbaijan has no direct access to the open ocean. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline is a key route for transporting oil from Azerbaijan to Europe. Azerbaijan is a founding member of the Organization of Turkic States and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Which of the following statements about the PM CARES Fund is/are correct? It accepts voluntary contributions from foreign donors. Donations to the fund qualify for 50% exemption under Section 80G of the Income Tax Act. It is categorized as a “public authority” under the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 28th December – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – b Q.3) – a

Dec 28, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 28th December 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) THE SAHEL CRISIS Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY ; GS 2 Context: The Sahel region of Africa possesses vast resources, but its population remains enmeshed in poverty, famine, political instability and warfare. In the last two years, there have been military coups in Niger, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Chad. Background: – A number of factors contribute to the plight of people in the Sahel region including weak state institutions, military coups, and external exploitation of its resources. Key takeaways The Sahel is a region in western and north-central Africa that extends eastward from Senegal to Sudan, forming a transitional zone between the arid Sahara Desert to the north and humid Savannas to the south. As per the United Nations Integrated Strategy for the Sahel (UNISS), the region has ten countries, i.e. Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, Cameroon and Nigeria. With its abundance of resources, including uranium, gold, and oil, the Sahel is one of the world’s most endowed regions. For instance, Mali is Africa’s third-largest gold producer, and Burkina Faso is the fourth-largest and fastest-growing producer of gold in the African Continent, and Niger is the world’s leading source of uranium. Factors behind coups in the Sahel In recent years, there have been military coups in Mali (2020 and 2021), Niger (2023), Burkina Faso (2022), Guinea (2021), and Chad (2021). The inability of civilian governments to effectively control large territory, popular frustration with the deteriorating security, and the lack of economic and social progress are some of the major factors that contributed to military takeovers. Military usually capitalise on the widespread popular disenchantment with the elected governments to seize power. But they rarely have long-term vision. The rivalry among global powers in this unstable area has been the primary reason behind the political instability. Struggle for socio-economic development On the HDI, the countries of the region are in the bottom ten. In response to the crisis in Mali, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 2056, which led to the creation of UNISS in 2013. The strategy focuses on six critical areas: cross-border cooperation, prevention and sustaining peace, economic revitalisation and inclusive growth, climate action, renewable energy, and women and youth empowerment. The objectives of UNISS were intended to contribute to achieving both the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the African Union’s Agenda 2063. However, the recent spate of military coups has revealed the failure of the policies in addressing the region’s root causes of instability. External factors The Sahara-Sahel region has emerged as a new geopolitical hotspot, driven by a mix of weak states, interfering global powers, and transnational non-state actors. For much of modern history, the region has been France-centric, with French forces frequently intervening to control and influence regional security. The people of the Sahel continue to suffer in poverty because their leaders, along with their former colonial power, continued to exploit them. For instance, Niger was providing France with the majority of its uranium at a fraction of its market value. However, France’s aggressive intervention in 2013, encountered substantial resistance from local non-state actors and widespread resentment. This provided powers like Russia with an opportunity. Russia’s foothold in Libya, where it consolidated power through military groups like Wagner Group contractors, enabled it to position itself as an alternative security provider and expand its presence into Mali and Burkina Faso – countries that had grown disillusioned with France’s military presence. The failure of French foreign policy in the region has resulted in a power rivalry between France and Russia. The NATO intervention in Libya led to a surge in trans-Saharan terrorism and crime, created new security challenges. This failure of NATO provided Russia with an opportunity to fill the void. The Sahel’s turmoil and India’s role Reliance on security-focused international dependence has failed to address the root causes of violence, poverty, and instability in the Sahel. In particular, the failure of the French efforts, which were largely focused on countering jihadism through militarisation and retaining its status as the dominant external player in Africa, has been detrimental. The international community’s role should focus on strengthening state institutions rather than prioritising self-serving resource extraction and security/military objectives. It should support Sahelian governments in a way that avoids creating perpetual external dependence. There are significant ramifications for India. The Sahel serves as a prime example of a geopolitical hotspot that could escalate tensions, potentially leading to a larger east-west conflict. The resulting upheaval would have a negative impact on India’s ambitions of becoming a global powerhouse. Moreover, India depends on critical resources such as oil, gas, and uranium from the Sahel and its surroundings. Therefore, India needs to engage meaningfully in efforts to stabilise the region. Source: Indian Express CHINA APPROVES WORLD’S LARGEST DAM ON BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: China has approved the construction of the world’s largest dam, stated to be the planet’s biggest infra project costing USD 137 billion, on the Brahmaputra River in Tibet close to the Indian border. Background: – The Brahmaputra is a trans-boundary river which flows through Southwestern China, Northeastern India, and Bangladesh. It is known as Brahmaputra or Luit in Assamese, Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibetan, the Siang/Dihang River in Arunachali, and Jamuna River in Bengali. Key takeaways The Chinese government has approved the construction of a hydropower project in the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The dam is to be built at a huge gorge in the Himalayan reaches where the Brahmaputra river makes a huge U-turn to flow into Arunachal Pradesh. The dam could produce 300 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity annually. That would more than triple the 88.2 billion kWh designed capacity of the Three Gorges Dam, currently the world’s largest, in central China. The Yarlung Zangbo becomes the Brahmaputra river as it leaves Tibet and flows south into India’s Arunachal Pradesh and Assam states and finally into Bangladesh. The Brahmaputra Dam presents enormous engineering challenges as the project site is located along a tectonic plate boundary where earthquakes occur. The Tibetan plateau, regarded as the roof of the world, frequently experiences earthquakes as it is located over the tectonic plates. Concerns arose in India as the dam besides empowering China to control the water flow, the size and scale of it could also enable Beijing to release large amounts of water flooding border areas in times of hostilities. Source: Reuters HIGH ARSENIC LEVELS IN STAPLE FOODS Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Arsenic contamination, long a concern in Bihar’s water supply, has now been detected at alarming levels in staple foods such as rice, wheat and potatoes, posing significant health risks to thousands, particularly in rural areas. Background: A study conducted by researchers from Patna-based Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Centre has revealed high arsenic concentrations in these staple foods in 11 arsenic hotspot districts of Bihar. The findings underscored an urgent public health challenge as the food chain becomes increasingly contaminated. Key takeaways Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid found in the Earth’s crust, existing in both organic and inorganic forms. Inorganic arsenic compounds, typically more toxic, are commonly associated with groundwater contamination. Health Impacts Arsenicosis: Long-term exposure to arsenic-contaminated water can lead to arsenicosis, which includes skin lesions, cancer (skin, bladder, kidney, lung), and other health issues such as hypertension and diabetes. Arsenic is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Non-Carcinogenic Risks: Prolonged exposure can also cause non-carcinogenic health risks such as skin pigmentation changes and hard patches on palms and soles. Arsenic Contamination in India: In India, arsenic contamination of groundwater is a significant public health concern, particularly in the alluvial plains of the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) basin. The primary states affected include West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, and Chhattisgarh. In these regions, arsenic concentrations in groundwater often exceed the World Health Organization’s (WHO) permissible limit of 10 µg/L. A study focusing on the Middle Ganga Plain in Bihar revealed that individuals consuming arsenic-laden water exhibited elevated arsenic levels in urine, hair, and nails, correlating with the concentrations found in their drinking water. Sources and Mechanisms: The primary source of arsenic in Indian groundwater is geological, with arsenic naturally present in the sediments of the GBM basin. Alluvial aquifers, which constitute about 90% of the affected regions, are particularly susceptible. In these aquifers, arsenic is released into groundwater under specific geochemical conditions, often exacerbated by human activities such as excessive groundwater extraction and the use of certain pesticides. Source: Down To Earth EXERCISE SURYA KIRAN Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Indian Army contingent departed for Nepal to participate in 18th edition of Battalion Level Joint Military Exercise SURYA KIRAN. Background: – The exercise will be conducted in Saljhandi, Nepal from 31st December 2024 to 13th January 2025. Key takeaways Exercise Surya Kiran is a bilateral military exercise conducted annually between the Indian and Nepalese armies. The exercise is held alternately in India and Nepal The aim of Exercise SURYA KIRAN is to enhance interoperability in jungle warfare, counter terrorism operations in mountains, and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief under United Nations Charter. Source: PIB PRADHAN MANTRI RASHTRIYA BAL PURASKAR Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The President of India, Smt Droupadi Murmu conferred the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar on 17 children, in seven categories, for their exceptional achievements at a ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhavan Cultural Centre recently. Background: – The President also paid homage to the unparalleled sacrifices of Guru Gobind Singh’s sons, commemorated as ‘Veer Bal Diwas’ on December 26. Key takeaways The Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar (PMRBP) is the highest civilian honor for children in India, recognizing their exceptional abilities and outstanding achievements. Eligibility A child who is an Indian Citizen and is resident of India. Age Limit: A Child above the age of 5 years and not exceeding 18 years. The act/incident/achievement should have been within 2 years of the last date of receipt of application/nomination for the year of consideration. Categories: Awards are given in seven categories: Bravery, Art & Culture, Environment, Innovation, Science & Technology, Social Service, and Sports. Award Process Nomination: Nominations are invited from various sources, including state governments, school boards, and ministries. Selection: The applications received are first scrutinized by the Screening Committee and the final selection is done by the National Selection Committee. Source: PIB Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to arsenic contamination in India, consider the following statements: The primary source of arsenic in Indian groundwater is industrial pollution. Inorganic arsenic compounds are generally more toxic than organic arsenic compounds. Bihar and West Bengal are among the states significantly affected by arsenic contamination in groundwater. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Exercise Surya Kiran, recently seen in the news, is conducted between which of the following countries? (a) India and Bhutan (b) India and Nepal (c) India and Sri Lanka (d) India and Bangladesh Q3.) With reference to the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar (PMRBP), consider the following statements: The Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar (PMRBP) is the highest civilian honor for children in India. Only children below the age of 19 years who are Indian citizens are eligible for this award. The awards are given in five categories, including Art & Culture and Bravery. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 27th December – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – b Q.3) – a

Dec 28, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 28th December 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Dec 27, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 27th December 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) REAL EFFECTIVE EXCHANGE RATE (REER) SOARS TO AN ALL-TIME HIGH Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The rupee is hitting fresh lows against the US dollar each day, yet its exchange rate has scaled an all-time-high in “real effective” terms. Background: – Real effective exchange rate (REER) is a measure of a currency’s value against its trading partners, adjusted for inflation. Key takeaways The real effective exchange rate (REER) index of the rupee touched a record 108.14 in November, strengthening by 4.5 per cent during this calendar year, according to the latest Reserve Bank of India (RBI) data. The REER measures the rupee’s value vis-à-vis not only the dollar, but other global currencies as well. In this case, it is a weighted average of the rupee’s exchange rate against a basket of 40 currencies of countries that account for about 88 per cent of India’s annual exports and imports. The REER also adjusts for inflation differentials between India and each of these trading partners. The rupee’s REER — with 2015-16 as the base year — fell from 105.32 in January 2022 to 99.03 in April 2023. But since then, it has been on an appreciating trajectory. The main reason for the divergence — the rupee’s simultaneous weakening and strengthening — has to do with the dollar’s behaviour over the past three months, especially post Trump’s victory. In other words, the rupee isn’t weakening as much as the dollar is strengthening — against all currencies. The dollar is strengthening because of Trump’s public pronouncements favouring tariff hikes, income tax cuts and deportations of illegal immigrants. From a longer timeframe, the rupee has, since the start of 2022, dipped against the dollar (from 74.30 to 85.19), euro (84.04 to 88.56) and pound (100.30 to 106.79), while firming up only against the yen (0.6454 to 0.5425). Despite that, its REER has increased. And that is a result of inflation in India being higher relative to its major partners. Assuming the rupee was “fairly” valued in 2015-16, when the REER was set to 100, any value above 100 signifies overvaluation and the exchange rate not falling enough to offset higher domestic inflation. The rupee is, to that extent, is overvalued today, making imports cheaper and exports less competitive. Source: Indian Express PRADHAN MANTRI AYUSHMAN BHARAT HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE MISSION (PM-ABHIM) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Delhi High Court directed that the Aam Aadmi Party government in Delhi needed to sign an MoU with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare before January 5 for implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM), irrespective of imposition of Model Code of Conduct in the run-up to the Assembly elections. Background: – PM-ABHIM is a Central government scheme that aims to strengthen public health infrastructure to respond to future pandemics and outbreaks. Key takeaways Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) with some Central Sector Components (CS) which has an outlay of Rs. 64,180 Crores for the scheme period (2021-22 to 2025-26). The measures under the scheme focus on developing capacities of health systems and institutions all levels viz. primary, secondary and tertiary level and on preparing health systems in responding effectively to the current and future pandemics/disasters. The objective of the scheme is to fill critical gaps in health infrastructure, surveillance and health research – spanning both the urban and rural areas. The following are the components under CS Component of the scheme: 12 Central Institutions as training and mentoring sites with 150 bedded Critical Care Hospital Blocks (CCBs); Strengthening of the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), 5 New Regional NCDCs and 20 metropolitan health surveillance units; Expansion of the Integrated Health Information Portal to all States/UTs to connect all public health labs; Operationalization of 17 new Public Health Units and strengthening of 33 existing Public Health Units at Points of Entry, that is at 32 Airports, 11 Seaports and 7 land crossings; Setting up of 15 Health Emergency Operation Centres and 2 container based mobile hospitals; and Setting up of a national institution for One Health, 4 New National Institutes for Virology, a Regional Research Platform for WHO South East Asia Region and 9 BioSafety Level III laboratories. Following support is provisioned for States/UTs under CSS component of the scheme: Construction of 17,788 rural Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs). Support for 11,024 urban Health and Wellness Centres in all the States with the focus on slum like areas. Establishing 3382 Block Public Health Units (BPHUs) at block levels. Setting up of Integrated Public Health Labs (IPHLs) in 730 districts. Establishing Critical Care Hospital Blocks (CCBs) in 602 districts (with population more than 5 lakhs) and with referral linkages in other districts. Source: Indian Express CONDUCT OF ELECTION RULES Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Centre recently amended the Conduct of Election Rules to restrict access for the public to a section of poll documents. This was done by the Union Law Ministry following a recommendation from the Election Commission (EC). Background: While the EC said the amendment aims to restrict access to electronic data, the Opposition and transparency activists have been up in arms, branding it as an attack on the right to information and electoral freedom. Key takeaways The Conduct of Election Rules,1961, is a set of rules which provide for provisions on how to conduct the elections as per the Representation of People Act. Rule 93(2)(a) of the 1961 Conduct of Election Rules had earlier stated that “all other papers relating to the election shall be open to public inspection” but after the amendment, it reads, “all other papers as specified in these rules relating to the election shall be open to public inspection.” Why has the amendment been brought in now? The move comes after a recent direction to the EC by the Punjab and Haryana High Court to share all documents related to the Haryana Assembly election, including treating CCTV footage also as permissible under Rule 93(2) of the Conduct of Election Rules, to a petitioner. An official of the Election Commission explained that the rule previously mentioned election papers but did not explicitly refer to electronic records, leading to ambiguity. To address this and considering concerns over the violation of voting secrecy and the potential misuse of CCTV footage from polling stations, particularly through artificial intelligence, the rule was amended. The official noted that sharing such footage could have serious consequences, especially in sensitive regions like Jammu and Kashmir, where voters’ lives might be at risk. Why are the transparency activists protesting? RTI activists have termed the move as a setback to transparency. Rule 93 is akin to the Right to Information Act as far as elections are concerned and, any change hurts the citizen’s right to know about the process. The amendment appears to aim at restricting citizens access to a wide range of documents generated during elections. Many of these documents are not explicitly mentioned in the Conduct of Election Rules but are referenced in handbooks and manuals published periodically by the Election Commission. These records include reports submitted by Election Observers, scrutiny reports from Returning Officers after polling day, and Index Cards sent to the Election Commission following the declaration of results, which contain detailed election statistics. Given the controversy surrounding voter turnout in recent Lok Sabha and Assembly elections, access to the Presiding Officers’ diaries, which include detailed data about voter turnout at various times during polling day and the number of tokens distributed to voters in the queue at the scheduled closing hour, is not specifically mentioned in the Conduct of Election Rules. Yet access to such documents is crucial to assess the fairness of elections. Source: The Hindu BELGAUM CONGRESS SESSION Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The centenary celebrations of the historic 1924 Belgaum Congress session was inaugurated on December 26 in Belagavi (as Belgaum is now called). Background: – The session remains historic because it is the only one chaired by Mahatma Gandhi (39th All-India Congress session). The leader, who arrived from South Africa became a Congress members in 1915, and became president of the all-India session after nine years. Key takeaways Held from December 26 to December 28, 1924, in Belgaum (now Belagavi, Karnataka), this session marked a crucial phase in India’s struggle for independence. Key Features and Importance: Gandhi’s Leadership: This session highlighted Mahatma Gandhi’s influence within the Congress. It allowed him to address growing differences within the party and reaffirm his commitment to non-violence and Swaraj (self-rule). Resolution on Unity: The session emphasized Hindu-Muslim unity, a theme central to Gandhi’s vision for a united struggle against colonial rule. Focus on Grassroots Movements: Gandhi advocated for strengthening grassroots movements, including promoting khadi and boycotting foreign goods, as part of the larger non-cooperation strategy. Strategic Recalibration: Coming after Gandhi’s release from prison following the Non-Cooperation Movement, the session provided an opportunity to reassess the movement’s direction and strategies. As chairman of the session, Gandhiji reduced the annual membership fee by 90% and urged all party members to realise that the Congress was a movement, and that they were all social workers, working not only for political liberation from the British, but also from social evils like untouchability. Apart from the routine sessions, the Belgaum session held separate conferences against untouchability and in favour of khadi and village industries, students, municipal administration, and formation of States on linguistic grounds. Source: The Hindu NATION MOURNS FORMER PM MANMOHAN SINGH Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, 92, passed away. Background: – Dr. Singh, who was PM for two terms in the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance government from 2004 to 2014, had been in poor health for the past few months Key takeaways Manmohan Singh (1932–2024) was a distinguished economist and statesman, renowned for his pivotal role in transforming India’s economic landscape. Early Life and Academic Pursuits Born on September 26, 1932, in Gah, Punjab (now in Pakistan), Singh’s academic brilliance led him to the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford, where he earned his doctorate in economics. Architect of Economic Reforms As Finance Minister from 1991 to 1996, Singh introduced groundbreaking economic reforms that transitioned India from a closed, state-controlled system to a more liberalized and globally integrated economy. Facing a severe balance of payments crisis, he implemented policies that reduced trade barriers, encouraged foreign investment, and deregulated domestic markets, setting the stage for India’s rapid economic growth in subsequent decades. Prime Ministerial Tenure (2004–2014) Singh served as Prime Minister from 2004 to 2014, becoming the first Sikh to hold the position. Economic Growth: Under his leadership, India experienced substantial GDP growth, lifting millions out of poverty and expanding the middle class. Social Programs: Singh’s government launched key initiatives, including the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) and the National Rural Health Mission, aiming to improve employment and healthcare access for rural populations. Other notable achievements include : Right to Information (RTI) Act: Enacted in 2005, this act empowered citizens to access information from public authorities, promoting transparency and accountability. National Food Security Act: Introduced in 2013, this act ensured subsidized food grains to approximately two-thirds of India’s population. US-India Civil Nuclear Agreement: In 2008, Singh finalized a landmark civil nuclear deal with the United States, ending India’s nuclear isolation and enabling access to nuclear technology and fuel for civilian purposes. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements about the Belgaum Congress Session of 1924 is/are correct? It was the only Congress session presided over by Mahatma Gandhi. The session focused on promoting khadi and resolving differences within the Congress. The session rejected the idea of Swaraj. Options: a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Which of the following initiatives are associated with Dr. Manmohan Singh during his tenure as Prime Minister? National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) Right to Information (RTI) Act National Food Security Act Goods and Services Tax (GST) Options: a) 1 and 2 only b) 1, 2, and 3 only c) 2, 3, and 4 only d) 1, 3, and 4 only Q3.) Consider the following statements about the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER): REER measures a currency’s value against a basket of currencies, adjusted for inflation. A REER value above 100 indicates overvaluation of the currency. The strengthening of the dollar has no impact on REER calculations. Options: a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 26th December – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – a Q.2) – c Q.3) – b

Dec 27, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 27th December 2024

Dec 26, 2024 IASbaba's Monthly Current Affairs Magazine

[CURRENT AFFAIRS] IAS UPSC REVAMPED Current Affairs Magazine November 2024

Archives Hello Friends, This is November 2024 of IASbaba’s REVAMPED Current Affairs Monthly Magazine. Current Affairs for UPSC Civil Services Examination is an important factor in this preparation. An effort towards making your Current Affairs for IAS UPSC Preparation qualitative. We hope you make the best use of it! This edition covers all Important current affairs issues that were in the news for the month of November 2024. Kindly leave your feedback in the comment section below on the new design and presentation of the magazine. We would love to hear from you! Download The Magazine - November 2024 Important Topics Covered In The Magazine Includes: WAQF Amendment Bill Greenwashing Melanistic Tigers Cloud Seeding Places of Worship Act And Much More..... Download The Magazine - November 2024 To get Regular Updates from IASbaba, follow- TELEGRAM Channel – https://t.me/IASbabaOfficialAccount YOUTUBE – https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChvbVdio9Wgj7Z3nQz1Q0ZQ FACEBOOK – https://www.facebook.com/iasbaba/ Also, SUBSCRIBE to the WEBSITE Below, so that you don’t miss out on important posts! Thank You IASbaba

Dec 26, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 26th December 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) GOVERNORS: APPOINTMENT AND TRANSFER Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Government announced new gubernatorial appointments, including former Union Home Secretary Ajay Kumar Bhalla as Governor of Manipur and former Army Chief V K Singh as Governor of Mizoram. Among the other appointments by President are: Kerala Governor Arif Mohammed Khan as Governor of Bihar; Mizoram Governor Dr Hari Babu Kambhampati as Governor of Odisha; and Bihar Governor Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar as Governor of Kerala. Background: – The choice of Bhalla as Manipur Governor is significant as the Centre has been struggling to control the ethnic violence in the state for over one-and-a-half years. Bhalla was Union Home Secretary when the violence began on May 3, 2023. Key takeaways Article 153 of the Constitution says “There shall be a Governor for each State.” A few years after the commencement of the Constitution, an amendment in 1956 laid down that “nothing in this article shall prevent the appointment of the same person as Governor for two or more States”. Article 155 says that the “Governor of a State shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal”. Under Article 156, “the Governor shall hold office during the pleasure of the President”, but his normal term of office will be five years. If the President withdraws her pleasure before the completion of five years, the Governor has to step down. Since the President acts on the aid and advice of the Prime Minister and the Union Council of Ministers, in effect, the Governor is appointed and removed by the central government. Articles 157 and 158 lay down the qualifications of the Governor and the conditions of his office. The Governor must be a citizen of India and should have completed the age of 35 years. The Governor should not be a member of Parliament or a state legislature, and must not hold any other office of profit. Powers and Functions Executive Powers : Article 154 – The executive power of the State shall be vested in the Governor and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution. The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other ministers based on their majority in the Legislative Assembly (Article 164). Key Appointments: Appoints the Advocate General (Article 165), State Election Commissioner (Article 243K), and members of the State Public Service Commission. Legislative Powers Summoning and Dissolution: Summons, prorogues, and dissolves the state legislature (Article 174). Addresses the legislative assembly at the beginning of its first session (Article 176). Assent to Bills: Can give or withhold assent to bills, or reserve them for the President’s consideration (Article 200). Ordinances: Can promulgate ordinances during recess of the legislature (Article 213). Judicial Powers Can grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment, or suspend, remit, or commute sentences in cases involving state laws (Article 161). Discretionary Powers Article 163: The Governor acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers except in matters where they are required to exercise their discretion. Examples of discretionary powers: Reserving a bill for the President’s consideration. Recommending President’s Rule (Article 356) in case of a breakdown of constitutional machinery. Appointing a Chief Minister when no party has a clear majority. Source: Indian Express CONCERN OVER PLAN TO REDESIGN SIKKIM DAM WASHED AWAY IN 2023 Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: A Union environment ministry expert panel has expressed serious concerns about the redesign of the 1,200 MW Teesta-III Chungthang Dam in Sikkim, which was washed away after a glacial lake outburst in October 2023, and deferred its nod for restarting the project with a new dam. Background: – The expert appraisal committee (EAC) appraising hydroelectric and river-valley-sector projects said it had concerns regarding the dam’s design and stability and its ability to withstand potential natural disasters in the future. Key takeaways Government enterprise Sikkim Urja Limited has sought an amendment to the project’s old environmental clearance as it has proposed to redesign the project dam. It wants to replace the washed-away, concrete-faced rockfill dam with a concrete gravity dam. On the intervening night of October 3 and October 4, an ice avalanche hit the South Lhonak Lake, located at an altitude of 5,200 metres, breaching the glacial lake. The avalanche created giant waves, leading to a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF), and triggered a flash flood downstream in Teesta. The force of the floodwaters breached the Chungthang dam, exacerbating the floods, killing 40 people across four districts of Sikkim. Across Mangan, Gangtok, Pakyong, and Namchi districts, about 100 villages were affected and 76 people were reported missing. The Teesta-III project is in Mangan district and utilises a drop of about 800m in the Teesta River between Chungthang and Sankalang villages. The flash floods triggered by the GLOF event had overtopped the project dam and flooded the underground powerhouse, bringing power generation to a halt. Following the GLOF event, the Centre and Sikkim government are collaborating on reducing levels of potentially risky glacial lakes in the upper reaches of Mangan district. The Centre has approved a Rs 150 crore National GLOF Risk Mitigation Programme and 189 lakes have been identified as high-risk glacial lakes, to mitigate the risks they pose. Source: Indian Express KEN-BETWA LINK PROJECT (KBLP) LAUNCHED Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for the Ken-Betwa river-linking project in Madhya Pradesh’s Khajuraho, aimed at solving the water woes of the Bundelkhand region, spread across parts of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Background: The Ken-Betwa Link Project is the first project under India’s National Perspective Plan for interlinking rivers, which was prepared in 1980. This plan has 16 projects under its peninsular component, including the KBLP. Apart from this, 14 links are proposed under the Himalayan rivers development plan. Key takeaways The Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP) is a major river interlinking project in India with a project outlay of ₹45,000 crore. Objective: The project aims to transfer water from the Ken River to the Betwa River, both tributaries of the Yamuna. This will provide irrigation to 10.62 lakh hectares (8.11 lakh hectares in Madhya Pradesh and 2.51 lakh hectares in Uttar Pradesh), supply drinking water to about 62 lakh people, and generate 103 MW of hydropower and 27 MW of solar power. Components: The project includes the construction of the Daudhan Dam, a 77-meter-high, 2.13-kilometer-long dam within the Panna Tiger Reserve, and a 221-kilometer canal linking the Ken and Betwa Rivers. The Ken-Betwa Link Project has two phases. Phase-I will involve building the Daudhan Dam complex and its subsidiary units such as the Low Level Tunnel, High Level Tunnel, Ken-Betwa Link Canal and power houses. Daudhan dam is 2,031 m long, out of which 1,233 metre will be earthen and the rest 798 m will be of concrete. According to the Jal Shakti Ministry, the dam will submerge about 9,000 hectares of land, affecting 10 villages. Phase-II will involve three components — Lower Orr Dam, Bina Complex Project and Kotha Barrage. What are the project’s likely environmental and social impacts? The Supreme Court’s Central Empowered Committee (CEC) had questioned the project on multiple counts while examining its wildlife clearance. The CEC had raised questions on the economic viability of the project, advocating for first exhausting other irrigation options in the upper Ken basin. The submergence of around 98 sq km of Panna national park and felling of about two to three million trees has been one of the most controversial aspects of the project. The Daudhan dam is situated inside the national park. The Union environment ministry approved its construction inside the core of the Panna tiger reserve, despite no precedent of such heavy infrastructure projects deep within national parks and tiger reserves. Downstream of the national park, the Daudham dam is also likely to affect the Gharial population in the Ken Gharial sanctuary along with vulture nesting sites, the CEC had noted. Source: The Hindu FREE MOVEMENT REGIME (FMR) Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Months after announcing that the Free Movement Regime (FMR) along the Myanmar border has been entirely suspended, the Union Home Ministry has brought in fresh protocol to regulate the movement of people living within 10 kilometres on either side of the largely unfenced international border. Background: – Home Minister Amit Shah had announced in February that the FMR had been scrapped to ensure internal security and to maintain the demographic structure of the northeast. However, the new guidelines indicate that the regime has not been done away with but stricter regulations, such as reducing the range of free movement to 10 km from the earlier 16 km, have been introduced. The Assam Rifles is the primary border guarding force along the 1,643-km-long border with Myanmar along the States of Arunachal Pradesh (520 km), Nagaland (215 km), Manipur (398 km) and Mizoram (510 km). Key takeaways The Free Movement Regime (FMR) is a bilateral agreement between India and Myanmar that allows people living along the border to move freely within 16 (now reduced to 10) kilometers on either side without needing a visa. what is the genesis of the FMR? The roots of this regime go back to the late 19th century when both nations were part of the British Empire. The regulation allowed free movement across borders within British territories. After independence in 1947 (India) and 1948 (Myanmar), the two countries continued the arrangement under a revised bilateral agreement in 1967. However, India and Myanmar established the FMR in 2018 as part of New Delhi’s Act East Policy promoting cross-border movement of people up to 16 km without a visa. The FMR facilitates easier movement and interactions for people residing in the border areas of both nations, allowing them to meet relatives and carry out economic activities. New rules For entry into India from Myanmar, individuals will have to report at the designated border crossing points and fill a form. The Assam Rifles will conduct the document inspection followed by a security and health check by the State police and health department officials, respectively. The Assam Rifles will upload all the forms on the Indo-Myanmar Border portal, record biometrics, and issue a border pass with a photograph of the applicant and a QR code. The pass will have to be deposited on return at the same crossing point before completion of seven days. The protocol stated that the police will do physical checks to verify the visit of Myanmar nationals as per the details provided in the border pass and anyone violating the conditions will face legal action. Source: The Hindu SVAMITVA SCHEME Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Four years after the Union government launched the Svamitva scheme to digitise property records in rural areas, Prime Minister Modi will distribute 58 lakh property cards providing a “record of rights” to owners in over 50,000 villages across 12 States on Friday at a virtual event. Background: – The Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) is the Nodal Ministry for implementation of the scheme. In the States, the Revenue Department / Land Records Department will be the Nodal Department and shall carry out the scheme with support of State Panchayati Raj Department. Survey of India is the technology partner for implementation. Key takeaways The SVAMITVA Scheme (Survey of Villages Abadi and Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village Areas) is a central sector scheme launched by the Government of India on April 24, 2020, aimed at empowering rural property owners by providing them with official documentation of their residential properties. Objectives of the SVAMITVA Scheme: Financial Empowerment: Enable rural property owners to use their property as a financial asset for securing loans and other financial benefits. Accurate Land Records: Create precise land records for rural planning and reduce property disputes. Property Tax Assessment: Facilitate accurate determination of property tax, enhancing revenue for Gram Panchayats. Infrastructure Development: Establish survey infrastructure and GIS maps that can be utilized by various departments. Improved Planning: Support the preparation of better-quality Gram Panchayat Development Plans (GPDP) by utilizing GIS maps. Key Features: Drone Technology: Utilizes drone surveying technology for the demarcation of rural inhabited areas, ensuring high accuracy in mapping. Property Cards: Issuance of property cards (also known as ‘Title Deeds’) to property owners, providing them with legal ownership documents. Benefits to Rural Communities: Legal Recognition: Provides official recognition of property rights, reducing disputes and enhancing security. Economic Opportunities: Empowers property owners to leverage their assets for economic activities, including securing loans. Enhanced Governance: Assists local governments in effective planning and resource allocation through accurate land records. Source: PIB Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Regarding the Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP), which of the following statements is/are correct? The project involves the construction of the Daudhan Dam within the Panna Tiger Reserve. It aims to provide irrigation to over 10 lakh hectares of land in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The project has been universally accepted without any environmental concerns. Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) The Free Movement Regime (FMR) between India and Myanmar was formalized in 2018 to facilitate cross-border movement. Recently, the Indian government has: a) Expanded the FMR to allow movement up to 50 km on either side. b) Completely suspended the FMR citing security concerns. c) Reduced the permissible movement under FMR from 16 km to 10 km. d) Introduced visa requirements for all cross-border movements under FMR. Q3.) Which of the following is NOT an objective of the SVAMITVA Scheme launched by the Government of India? a) Providing rural property owners with official documentation of their residential properties. b) Facilitating the use of rural properties as financial assets for securing loans. c) Enhancing revenue for Gram Panchayats through accurate property tax assessment. d) Promoting urbanization by converting rural areas into urban municipalities. Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 25th December – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – b Q.3) – b

Dec 26, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 26th December 2024

Dec 25, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 25th December 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) CONCERN BEHIND THE STATE OF FOREST Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: The 18th biennial State of Forest Report (ISFR-2023) by the Forest Survey of India (FSI) found a marginal gain of 156 sq km in forest cover, and a sizable increase of 1,289 sq km in tree cover since 2021. Background: – Irrespective of land use or ownership, tree patches measuring 1 hectare or more with a minimum canopy cover of 10% are counted as forests in India : Very dense forest: Canopy density of 70% or more Moderately dense forest: Canopy density of 40–70% Open forest: Canopy density of 10–40% Key takeaways For the first time, India’s green cover has exceeded the 25% threshold with 8,27,357 sq km (25.17%) of the country now under forest (21.76%) and tree (3.41%) cover. Of this, 4,10,175 sq km is classified as dense forests. Tree patches smaller than 1 hectare do not count as forests, and have been measured separately by FSI as tree cover since 2001. IFSR-2023 recorded a 0.5 percentage point jump in two years, with tree cover rising to 3.41%. In comparison, India’s forest cover has increased by only 0.05 percentage points since 2021. This is consistent with the trend of diminishing growth since India’s forest cover crossed the 20% threshold at the turn of the millennium. Between 2003 and 2013, forest cover increased by 0.61 percentage points, from 20.62% to 21.23%. In the next 10 years, it grew by only 0.53 percentage points to 21.76%. Depending on factors such as climate and biotic pressure, a forest can improve or degrade to the next density category — a VDF patch may thin to become a moderately dense forest (MDF) or an OF may get upgraded as an MDF — during a 2-year IFSR cycle. SFR-2023 shows that 3,913 sq km of dense forests — an area larger than Goa — have disappeared in India in just two years since 2021. This is consistent with the worsening trend over the past two decades: 17,500 sq km of dense forests were wiped out between 2013 and 2023, while 7,151 sq km disappeared between 2003 and 2013. The bulk of this loss has been offset by the rapid transformation of 15,530 sq km of non-forested or scantly forested land to dense or even very dense forests in successive two-year windows during 2003-2023. These are plantations, say experts, because natural forests do not grow this fast. The trend of steady replacement of natural dense forests with plantations has been criticised by experts. Plantations usually have trees of the same age (and often the same species), are vulnerable to fire, pests and epidemics, and often act as a barrier to the regeneration of natural forests which are more biodiverse, perform a wider range of ecological functions, and support numerous species. Source: Indian Express GOOD GOVERNANCE DAY Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT ; GS 2 Context: Every year, Good Governance Day is celebrated on December 25th. Background: – This day aims to raise awareness among citizens about government accountability and effective administration while promoting the practice of “good governance” among civil servants. Key takeaways In 2014, the Union government announced that December 25 would be celebrated as “Good Governance Day.” This day honors the birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. According to Good Governance Index Report, “Good governance can be referred as an effective and efficient process of decision making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented) keeping the amelioration of citizens as the topmost priority. Resource allocation, creation of formal establishments, setting up rules and regulations etc., are part of achieving this goal.” Atal Bihari Vajpayee Atal Bihari Vajpayee was born on December 25, 1924 in Gwalior, present-day Madhya Pradesh. He held his first major national position as the External Affairs Minister in Morarji Desai’s post Emergency government. Eventhough he resigned and the government soon fell, Vajpayee had earned major plaudits for his tenure, with his UN General Assembly speech in Hindi drawing praise. While he first became Prime Minister in 1996 (for 16 days) it was his 1998-1999 and 1999-2004 terms that left a lasting impact on the nation. He was the first non-Congress prime minister to serve a full term in the office. Under his tenure, India formally became a nuclear power ( Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998) despite criticism from the West, ably faced war and peace with Pakistan, undertook massive public welfare projects including Sarva Shikshya Abhiyaan and PM Gramin Sadak Yojana, and ushered in a new era of foreign investment and international relations, especially with the US. In 2015, he was honoured India’s highest civilian honour – Bharat Ratna. When Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the new “Good Governance Day” in 2014, there were two primary reasons cited. First was to commemorate the life of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Second, was to use the day as a way to increase awareness of government services and accountability among people and inculcate “good governance” as a habit for civil servants. Source: Indian Express OBLIGATIONS TOWARDS ROHINGYA REFUGEES Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 Context: A recent study examining the plight of Rohingya refugees detained in India has highlighted gross violations of constitutional and human rights and criticised India’s failure to uphold its obligations under international human rights treaties. Background: According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), nearly 22,500 Rohingya refugees currently reside in India. How are Rohingya refugees protected under international law? The Rohingya of Myanmar constitute the world’s largest stateless population, estimated to number approximately 2.8 million. The 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol enshrine the principle of non-refoulement, which prohibits states from expelling individuals when evidence suggests they would face persecution, torture, or other severe human rights violations upon return. Moreover, its status as customary international law imposes binding obligations on states regardless of formal assent. In a 2007 advisory opinion, the UNHCR affirmed that non-refoulement constitutes customary law and is binding on all states, including those not parties to the Refugee Convention or the 1967 Protocol. India’s stand As India is neither a signatory to the Refugee Convention nor a party to key international instruments such as the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, it maintains that it bears no legal obligation to provide asylum or adhere to non-refoulment. India continues to detain Rohingya refugees under domestic legal frameworks, notably the Foreigners Act, 1946, and the Passport Act, 1967. In response to a public interest litigation (PIL) in the Supreme Court seeking the release of detained Rohingya refugees, the Union government clarified that while they are entitled to the right to life under Article 21, they do not possess the right to reside or settle in India. In 2021, the top court in Mohammad Salimullah and Anr. v. Union of India, rejected a plea to prevent the deportation of Rohingya refugees detained in Srinagar accepting the Centre’s national security concerns. What are India’s international obligations? The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which India is a party, implicitly obligates member states under Article 7 to refrain from refouling individuals to places where they may face torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment. Similarly, the principle of non-refoulement is enshrined in other instruments, including the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, both of which India has ratified. Further, the Convention Against Torture makes an express mention of non-refoulement under Article 3. While India’s position as a signatory but not a ratifier renders it non-binding, any deviation from the principles would compromise the commitment India demonstrated by signing the treaty. Although India lacks a domestic refugee law, the Supreme Court in landmark rulings such as Vishaka & Ors. v. State of Rajasthan (1997) and National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014), has affirmed that in the absence of domestic legislation on a matter, international conventions and norms must be applied to ensure the dignity of human life. Additionally, Article 51(c) of the Constitution mandates that the State must strive to promote respect for international law and treaty obligations. Several High Courts in India have also interpreted the principle of non-refoulement as integral to Article 21 of the Constitution. What are the existing concerns? The absence of a standardised refugee policy has led to disparate treatment of different refugees, driven by India’s shifting geopolitical and diplomatic interests. While groups such as Tibetans, Sri Lankans, and Afghans are granted refugee certificates or long-term visas, most Rohingya refugees —despite being registered with the UNHCR — often face arbitrary detention and imprisonment. Further, the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019, excludes Muslim minorities, such as the Rohingya, from its ambit. The lack of legal representation and aid for detained Rohingya refugees also poses a concern. Detention centres housing Rohingya refugees are plagued by dehumanising conditions. In light of the appalling conditions at the Matia Transit Camp, the Supreme Court in October, directed the Assam State Legal Services to conduct surprise visits and evaluate the conditions in which the refugees are living. Source: The Hindu KASHMIRI PAPIER-MÂCHÉ Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: This Christmas, papier-mâché artisans in Srinagar have created thousands of dodos, a bird that went extinct in 1681. Background: – This year, over 50,000 papier-mâché dodos have been exported to markets in Europe and Mauritius, just in time for Christmas. Key takeaways Kashmiri papier-mâché is a traditional handicraft of Jammu and Kashmir, known for its intricate designs and vibrant colors. The tradition of the Kashmir Papier Machie has its origin rooted in the 15th century when king Zain-ul-Abidin invited accomplished artists and craftsmen from Central Asia. Over time, the craft evolved, and during the Mughal era, it gained significant popularity. The Mughal emperors patronized this art, and it became an integral part of Kashmiri culture Derived from the French term “papier-mâché,” meaning “chewed paper.” Process of Making: Raw Material: Waste paper soaked, pulped, and molded into various shapes. Lacquer Work: Layers of glue and adhesive applied for durability. Painting: Hand-painted using natural pigments and intricate floral or geometric patterns. Varnishing: Polished to give a glossy finish. Papier-mâché is deeply embedded in Kashmiri culture and is protected under the Geographical Indication (GI) Act, 1999. Source: The Hindu BIO-BITUMEN Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Union minister for road transport and highways, Nitin Gadkari, inaugurated a 1km stretch of Asia’s first highway with a bio-bitumen blended surface. The highway stretch is located on NH-44 in Mansar, Nagpur, Maharashtra. Background: – The project’s success is still two years away. Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), a govt body, will observe whether the road withstands heavy traffic and changing seasons. Key takeaways Bitumen, a black, viscous material derived from crude oil, is commonly used as a binder in road construction. Lignin, on the other hand, is a natural polymer found in plant cell walls and is abundant in agricultural waste. Processing lignin into bio-bitumen offers an environmentally friendly solution with up to a 70% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional bitumen. Composition and Production of bio bitumen Feedstock: Agricultural residues (e.g., straw, husks, and lignocellulosic biomass). Algae, waste cooking oil, and animal fats. Organic waste from municipal solid waste (MSW) and industrial processes. Process: Pyrolysis: Thermal decomposition of biomass in the absence of oxygen to produce bio-oil, which is refined into bio-bitumen. Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Converts wet biomass into bio-bitumen through high temperature and pressure. Catalytic Upgradation: Enhances the physical and chemical properties of bio-bitumen for improved performance. Benefits Reduced Imports: Bio-bitumen helps reduce dependency on imported bitumen. Environmental Impact: It addresses issues like stubble burning by utilizing agricultural waste as feedstock. It is estimated to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 70% compared to fossil-based alternatives. Source: Times of India Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements about Kashmiri Papier-Mâché is correct? It originated during the Mughal era in the 18th century. It is protected under the Geographical Indication (GI) Act, 1999. The process involves hand-painting using natural pigments. Options: a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Consider the following statements about bio-bitumen: It is produced from crude oil through pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction. It reduces greenhouse gas emissions by up to 70% compared to conventional bitumen. It addresses environmental concerns by utilizing agricultural waste. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Good Governance Day is celebrated on December 25 to commemorate the birth anniversary of which Indian Prime Minister? a) Indira Gandhi b) Atal Bihari Vajpayee c) Morarji Desai d) Lal Bahadur Shastri Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 24th December – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – c Q.2) – b Q.3) – c

Dec 25, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 25th December 2024

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