Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   X-BAND RADAR  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: After devastating floods and landslides killed more than 200 people in Kerala’s Wayanad district in July 2024, the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences approved an X-band radar to be installed in the district. Background: – A torrential downpour triggered the landslide in the valley instantly wiping out habitations. Key takeaways Radar is short for ‘radio detection and ranging’. The device uses radio waves to determine the distance, velocity, and physical characteristics of objects. A transmitter emits a signal aimed at an object whose characteristics are to be ascertained (in meteorology, this could be a cloud). A part of the emitted signal is echoed by the object back to the device, where a receiver tracks and analyses it. Weather radar, also known as a Doppler radar, is a common application of this device. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency of sound waves as their source moves towards and away from a listener. In meteorology, Doppler radars can reveal how fast a cloud is moving and in which direction based on how the cloud’s relative motion changes the frequency of the radiation striking it. Doppler radars can monitor weather conditions and anticipate new wind patterns, the formation of storms, etc. What is an X-band radar? Doppler radar relies on Rayleigh scattering, when the scatterer is much smaller than the wavelength of the radiation. A radar trying to ‘see’ smaller particles like rain droplets or fog will need to use radiation of lower wavelengths, like in the X-band. An X-band radar is radar that emits radiation in the X-band of the electromagnetic spectrum: 8-12 GHz, corresponding to wavelengths of around 2-4 cm (this is in the microwave part of the spectrum.) The smaller wavelengths allow the radar to produce images of higher resolution. However, the greater the frequency of some radiation, the faster it will be attenuated. So X-band radars have a relatively shorter range. In Wayanad, the new radar is expected to be able to monitor the movements of particles, such as soil, to inform landslide warnings. The device will also perform high temporal sampling, that is, rapidly sample its environs, allowing it to spot particle movements happening in shorter spans of time. How many radars does India have? In its X-band radar network, India has both wind-finding and storm-detecting radars, and some with dual capabilities. The country also uses S-band radars (2-4 GHz) for long-range detection. In September, the Union Cabinet cleared the ₹2,000-crore ‘Mission Mausam’ to upgrade meteorological infrastructure in the country. This includes installing up to 60 meteorological radars until 2026 under the Mission’s first phase. Source: The Hindu SCUTTLING PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO INFORMATION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: There is a severe backlash against the Right to Information (RTI) Act, which has just entered its 20th year, and those who use it. Background: – From exposing corruption in the delivery of basic rights to bringing to light the truth behind the opaque electoral bonds scheme, the RTI Act has been used by citizens to hold power to account. Key takeaways Vacant Posts & Dysfunctional Commissions: Governments are scuttling the RTI Act by not appointing information commissioners. A 2023-24 report of the Satark Nagrik Sangathan,a citizens group that campaigns for transparency in government functioning, shows that: Seven out of 29 information commissions across the country were defunct in 2023-24. Jharkhand’s commission has been non-functional for over four years, Tripura’s for three years, and Telangana’s for 1.5 years. Maharashtra’s commission has over 1 lakh pending cases, and six out of 11 commissioner posts are vacant. Central Information Commission (CIC) has eight out of 11 posts vacant. More than 4 lakh appeals and complaints are pending in information commissions across India. Ineffective Appointments: Most commissioners appointed are retired officials or those with political ties, often reluctant to act against violations of transparency. The report by Satark Nagrik Sangathan shows that commissions did not impose penalties in 95% of the cases where penalties could be imposed. This failure sends a signal that violating the law will not invite consequences. This destroys the framework of incentives and disincentives built into the RTI Act, promotes a culture of impunity, and exasperates applicants who seek information. Regressive Amendments: 2019 Amendments: Empowered the central government to control tenure, salaries, and post-retirement benefits of commissioners, reducing the autonomy of information commissions. Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: It included a provision to amend the RTI law to exempt all personal information from disclosure. The RTI Act of 2005 provided for protection of the privacy through section 8(1)(j). In order to invoke this section to deny personal information, at least one of the following grounds had to be proven: information sought had no relationship to any public activity or public interest; or information sought was such that it would cause unwarranted invasion of privacy, and the information officer was satisfied that there is no larger public interest that justified disclosure. The DPDP Act amended section 8(1)(j) to expand its purview and exempt all personal information from the ambit of the RTI Act. It also deleted a key provision in the law, which gave citizens a right to information at par with MPs and MLAs. Threats to RTI Activists: Nearly 100 people have been killed for using the RTI Act, and many more have been assaulted or threatened, according to Transparency International India data. The Whistleblowers Protection Act, passed in 2014, remains non-operational due to a lack of implementation rules. Erosion of Democracy: The RTI Act has played a crucial role in redistributing power and reshaping the government-citizen relationship. Any erosion of the RTI Act, through inaction or regressive amendments, is a direct threat to the democratic framework. Source: The Hindu EUROPA CLIPPER MISSION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: NASA is set to launch Europa Clipper mission today. Background: – The spacecraft is scheduled to launch from Nasa’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida aboard a Falcon Heavy rocket. About Europa Clipper Mission Europa Clipper Mission is a NASA mission aimed at exploring Jupiter’s moon Europa, which is considered one of the top candidates in the search for extraterrestrial life. The mission is expected to last several years, with the spacecraft making multiple  flybys of Europa. The main objective of the Europa Clipper mission is to determine whether Europa’s subsurface ocean could support life. The mission will investigate the moon’s ice shell, ocean, composition, and geology. Europa Clipper is the largest spacecraft NASA has ever developed for a planetary  mission. Its solar arrays span over 100 feet (30 meters) when deployed. The spacecraft is expected to reach Jupiter and begin its scientific investigations by April 2030 The mission ends in 2034 with a planned crash into Ganymede — Jupiter’s biggest moon and the solar system’s too. What will Nasa’s Europa Clipper do? Nasa’s spacecraft is equipped with nine state-of-the-art instruments. It includes high-resolution cameras, magnetometers, and an ice-penetrating radar, all designed to study the composition, geology, and nature of Europa’s ice shell and underlying ocean. Once reaching Jupiter, Europa Clipper will perform 49 close flybys of Europa, swooping as low as 16 miles about the moon’s surface. Then while orbiting, the spacecraft will scan nearly the entire moon while minimising its exposure to Jupiter’s intense radiation belts. The Europa mission represents a major step in our quest to understand the potential for life beyond Earth. It paves the way for future exploration of ocean worlds in our solar system. Europa, the superstar among Jupiter’s many moons One of Jupiter’s 95 known moons, Europa is almost the size of our own moon. It’s encased in an ice sheet estimated to be 10 miles to 15 miles or more thick. Scientists believe this frozen crust hides an ocean that could be 80 miles or more deep. The Hubble Space Telescope has spotted what appear to be geysers erupting from the surface. Discovered by Galileo in 1610, Europa is one of the four so-called Galilean moons of Jupiter, along with Ganymede, Io and Callisto. Like Europa, Jupiter’s jumbo moon Ganymede is thought to host an underground ocean. But its frozen shell is much thicker — possibly 100 miles thick — making it tougher to probe the environment below. Callisto’s ice sheet may be even thicker, possibly hiding an ocean. Source: Business Standard SERIOUS FRAUD INVESTIGATION OFFICE (SFIO)  Syllabus Prelims – ECONOMY Context: The Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) recorded the statement of daughter of Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan and owner of a now-dormant information technology firm, raising a political storm. Background: The Union Corporate Affairs Ministry had ordered an SFIO inquiry based on the finding of the Interim Settlement Board (ISB) under the Central Board of Direct Taxes. About Serious Fraud Investigation Office The Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) is a specialized agency established under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), tasked with investigating serious financial frauds in India. It plays a critical role in ensuring corporate governance and financial integrity, especially concerning complex and large-scale frauds. The SFIO was set up in 2003 based on the recommendations of the Naresh Chandra Committee on Corporate Governance. It gained statutory status under the Companies Act, 2013 (Section 211), empowering it to investigate frauds relating to companies. It is a multi-disciplinary organization, consisting of experts in the field of accountancy, forensic auditing, banking, law, information technology, investigation, company law, capital market and taxation, etc. for detecting and prosecuting or recommending for prosecution white-collar crimes/frauds. SFIO is headed by a Director as Head of Department in the rank of Joint Secretary to the Government of India. SFIO take up for investigation cases characterized by – complexity and having inter-departmental and multi- disciplinary ramifications. substantial involvement of public interest to be judged by size, either in terms of monetary the possibility of investigation leading to or contributing towards a clear improvement in systems, laws or procedures SFIO Investigate into the affairs of a company on: – on receipt of a report of the Registrar or inspector under section 208 of the Companies Act, 2013. on intimation of a special resolution passed by a company that its affairs are required to be investigated in the public interest on request from any department of the Central Government or a State Government. Key Features: Autonomy: SFIO functions autonomously but operates within the framework provided by the MCA. Coordination with Other Agencies: It coordinates with other regulatory bodies like SEBI, CBI, RBI, and the Enforcement Directorate (ED) during investigations. Investigation Process: Investigations are initiated upon referral by the Central Government, based on material suggesting fraud. The SFIO submits its report to the government, which may lead to prosecution. High-profile cases such as the Satyam scam, IL&FS crisis, and Kingfisher Airlines case have been investigated by the SFIO. Recent Amendments and Reforms: To strengthen SFIO, amendments to the Companies Act, 2013 have expanded its powers, including the authority to summon individuals and seize company records during investigations. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016, has further enhanced the agency’s role in investigating corporate insolvency cases with fraudulent activities. Source: The Hindu SHALE GAS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: A study, released by the science & technology ministry recently, indicates significant shale gas generation potential in eastern South Karanpura coalfield in Jharkhand. Background: – The South Karanpura coalfield in the Ramgarh district of Jharkhand, consisting of 28 major coal blocks, is well-established for its substantial deposits of workable coal. About Shale Gas Shale gas is a type of natural gas trapped within shale formations, which are fine-grained sedimentary rocks with low permeability. It is considered an unconventional source of natural gas and is extracted through a process called hydraulic  fracturing, or “fracking.” Key Features: Composition: Shale gas primarily consists of methane (CH4), along with small amounts of other gases like ethane, propane, and butane. Extraction Process: The extraction involves injecting a high-pressure mixture of water, sand, and chemicals into the shale formation to create  fractures, allowing the trapped gas to escape and be collected. India has significant potential for shale gas exploration and production. The  Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas has identified several basins with potential  shale  gas reserves, including: Cambay Basin in Gujarat Assam-Arakan Basin in the Northeast Gondwana Basin in central India Krishna-Godavari Basin in Andhra Pradesh Cauvery Basin in southern India Indo-Gangetic Plains Government Initiatives: In 2013, the Government of India introduced a policy allowing exploration and exploitation of shale gas by national oil companies like ONGC and Oil India Ltd.. The Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP), launched in 2016, simplified regulations, providing a uniform licensing system and encouraging investment in shale gas exploration. In 2018, the government further relaxed rules to allow existing contractors under Production Sharing Contracts (PSC) to explore shale oil and gas resources. Challenges for Shale Gas Development in India: Water Scarcity: Hydraulic fracturing requires large amounts of water, which is a scarce resource in many shale-rich regions of India. Environmental Concerns: Potential environmental risks include groundwater contamination, seismic activity, and surface water pollution, raising opposition from environmental groups. Technological Limitations: India lacks domestic expertise in advanced shale gas extraction technologies, which are critical for commercial-scale production. Source: Times of India Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to Shale Gas in India, consider the following statements: Shale gas extraction primarily involves hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques. India has large-scale commercial production of shale gas, making it a significant part of its energy mix. The Cambay and Krishna-Godavari basins are identified as potential shale gas reserves in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) With reference to the Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO), consider the following statements: The SFIO was given statutory status under the Companies Act, 2013. SFIO can investigate a company’s affairs only on the recommendation of the Registrar of Companies. SFIO is a multi-disciplinary agency consisting of experts in various fields like accountancy, law, forensic auditing, and information technology. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) With reference to NASA’s Europa Clipper Mission, consider the following statements: The primary objective of the mission is to investigate whether Europa’s subsurface ocean could support life. Europa Clipper is the largest spacecraft NASA has developed for a planetary mission. The Europa Clipper mission will end with a planned crash into Jupiter’s moon Europa in 2044. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  14th October 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  12th October – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  c Q.2) – a Q.3) – b

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   X-BAND RADAR  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: After devastating floods and landslides killed more than 200 people in Kerala’s Wayanad district in July 2024, the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences approved an X-band radar to be installed in the district. Background: – A torrential downpour triggered the landslide in the valley instantly wiping out habitations. Key takeaways Radar is short for ‘radio detection and ranging’. The device uses radio waves to determine the distance, velocity, and physical characteristics of objects. A transmitter emits a signal aimed at an object whose characteristics are to be ascertained (in meteorology, this could be a cloud). A part of the emitted signal is echoed by the object back to the device, where a receiver tracks and analyses it. Weather radar, also known as a Doppler radar, is a common application of this device. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency of sound waves as their source moves towards and away from a listener. In meteorology, Doppler radars can reveal how fast a cloud is moving and in which direction based on how the cloud’s relative motion changes the frequency of the radiation striking it. Doppler radars can monitor weather conditions and anticipate new wind patterns, the formation of storms, etc. What is an X-band radar? Doppler radar relies on Rayleigh scattering, when the scatterer is much smaller than the wavelength of the radiation. A radar trying to ‘see’ smaller particles like rain droplets or fog will need to use radiation of lower wavelengths, like in the X-band. An X-band radar is radar that emits radiation in the X-band of the electromagnetic spectrum: 8-12 GHz, corresponding to wavelengths of around 2-4 cm (this is in the microwave part of the spectrum.) The smaller wavelengths allow the radar to produce images of higher resolution. However, the greater the frequency of some radiation, the faster it will be attenuated. So X-band radars have a relatively shorter range. In Wayanad, the new radar is expected to be able to monitor the movements of particles, such as soil, to inform landslide warnings. The device will also perform high temporal sampling, that is, rapidly sample its environs, allowing it to spot particle movements happening in shorter spans of time. How many radars does India have? In its X-band radar network, India has both wind-finding and storm-detecting radars, and some with dual capabilities. The country also uses S-band radars (2-4 GHz) for long-range detection. In September, the Union Cabinet cleared the ₹2,000-crore ‘Mission Mausam’ to upgrade meteorological infrastructure in the country. This includes installing up to 60 meteorological radars until 2026 under the Mission’s first phase. Source: The Hindu SCUTTLING PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO INFORMATION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: There is a severe backlash against the Right to Information (RTI) Act, which has just entered its 20th year, and those who use it. Background: – From exposing corruption in the delivery of basic rights to bringing to light the truth behind the opaque electoral bonds scheme, the RTI Act has been used by citizens to hold power to account. Key takeaways Vacant Posts & Dysfunctional Commissions: Governments are scuttling the RTI Act by not appointing information commissioners. A 2023-24 report of the Satark Nagrik Sangathan,a citizens group that campaigns for transparency in government functioning, shows that: Seven out of 29 information commissions across the country were defunct in 2023-24. Jharkhand’s commission has been non-functional for over four years, Tripura’s for three years, and Telangana’s for 1.5 years. Maharashtra’s commission has over 1 lakh pending cases, and six out of 11 commissioner posts are vacant. Central Information Commission (CIC) has eight out of 11 posts vacant. More than 4 lakh appeals and complaints are pending in information commissions across India. Ineffective Appointments: Most commissioners appointed are retired officials or those with political ties, often reluctant to act against violations of transparency. The report by Satark Nagrik Sangathan shows that commissions did not impose penalties in 95% of the cases where penalties could be imposed. This failure sends a signal that violating the law will not invite consequences. This destroys the framework of incentives and disincentives built into the RTI Act, promotes a culture of impunity, and exasperates applicants who seek information. Regressive Amendments: 2019 Amendments: Empowered the central government to control tenure, salaries, and post-retirement benefits of commissioners, reducing the autonomy of information commissions. Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: It included a provision to amend the RTI law to exempt all personal information from disclosure. The RTI Act of 2005 provided for protection of the privacy through section 8(1)(j). In order to invoke this section to deny personal information, at least one of the following grounds had to be proven: information sought had no relationship to any public activity or public interest; or information sought was such that it would cause unwarranted invasion of privacy, and the information officer was satisfied that there is no larger public interest that justified disclosure. The DPDP Act amended section 8(1)(j) to expand its purview and exempt all personal information from the ambit of the RTI Act. It also deleted a key provision in the law, which gave citizens a right to information at par with MPs and MLAs. Threats to RTI Activists: Nearly 100 people have been killed for using the RTI Act, and many more have been assaulted or threatened, according to Transparency International India data. The Whistleblowers Protection Act, passed in 2014, remains non-operational due to a lack of implementation rules. Erosion of Democracy: The RTI Act has played a crucial role in redistributing power and reshaping the government-citizen relationship. Any erosion of the RTI Act, through inaction or regressive amendments, is a direct threat to the democratic framework. Source: The Hindu EUROPA CLIPPER MISSION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: NASA is set to launch Europa Clipper mission today. Background: – The spacecraft is scheduled to launch from Nasa’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida aboard a Falcon Heavy rocket. About Europa Clipper Mission Europa Clipper Mission is a NASA mission aimed at exploring Jupiter’s moon Europa, which is considered one of the top candidates in the search for extraterrestrial life. The mission is expected to last several years, with the spacecraft making multiple  flybys of Europa. The main objective of the Europa Clipper mission is to determine whether Europa’s subsurface ocean could support life. The mission will investigate the moon’s ice shell, ocean, composition, and geology. Europa Clipper is the largest spacecraft NASA has ever developed for a planetary  mission. Its solar arrays span over 100 feet (30 meters) when deployed. The spacecraft is expected to reach Jupiter and begin its scientific investigations by April 2030 The mission ends in 2034 with a planned crash into Ganymede — Jupiter’s biggest moon and the solar system’s too. What will Nasa’s Europa Clipper do? Nasa’s spacecraft is equipped with nine state-of-the-art instruments. It includes high-resolution cameras, magnetometers, and an ice-penetrating radar, all designed to study the composition, geology, and nature of Europa’s ice shell and underlying ocean. Once reaching Jupiter, Europa Clipper will perform 49 close flybys of Europa, swooping as low as 16 miles about the moon’s surface. Then while orbiting, the spacecraft will scan nearly the entire moon while minimising its exposure to Jupiter’s intense radiation belts. The Europa mission represents a major step in our quest to understand the potential for life beyond Earth. It paves the way for future exploration of ocean worlds in our solar system. Europa, the superstar among Jupiter’s many moons One of Jupiter’s 95 known moons, Europa is almost the size of our own moon. It’s encased in an ice sheet estimated to be 10 miles to 15 miles or more thick. Scientists believe this frozen crust hides an ocean that could be 80 miles or more deep. The Hubble Space Telescope has spotted what appear to be geysers erupting from the surface. Discovered by Galileo in 1610, Europa is one of the four so-called Galilean moons of Jupiter, along with Ganymede, Io and Callisto. Like Europa, Jupiter’s jumbo moon Ganymede is thought to host an underground ocean. But its frozen shell is much thicker — possibly 100 miles thick — making it tougher to probe the environment below. Callisto’s ice sheet may be even thicker, possibly hiding an ocean. Source: Business Standard SERIOUS FRAUD INVESTIGATION OFFICE (SFIO)  Syllabus Prelims – ECONOMY Context: The Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) recorded the statement of daughter of Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan and owner of a now-dormant information technology firm, raising a political storm. Background: The Union Corporate Affairs Ministry had ordered an SFIO inquiry based on the finding of the Interim Settlement Board (ISB) under the Central Board of Direct Taxes. About Serious Fraud Investigation Office The Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) is a specialized agency established under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), tasked with investigating serious financial frauds in India. It plays a critical role in ensuring corporate governance and financial integrity, especially concerning complex and large-scale frauds. The SFIO was set up in 2003 based on the recommendations of the Naresh Chandra Committee on Corporate Governance. It gained statutory status under the Companies Act, 2013 (Section 211), empowering it to investigate frauds relating to companies. It is a multi-disciplinary organization, consisting of experts in the field of accountancy, forensic auditing, banking, law, information technology, investigation, company law, capital market and taxation, etc. for detecting and prosecuting or recommending for prosecution white-collar crimes/frauds. SFIO is headed by a Director as Head of Department in the rank of Joint Secretary to the Government of India. SFIO take up for investigation cases characterized by – complexity and having inter-departmental and multi- disciplinary ramifications. substantial involvement of public interest to be judged by size, either in terms of monetary the possibility of investigation leading to or contributing towards a clear improvement in systems, laws or procedures SFIO Investigate into the affairs of a company on: – on receipt of a report of the Registrar or inspector under section 208 of the Companies Act, 2013. on intimation of a special resolution passed by a company that its affairs are required to be investigated in the public interest on request from any department of the Central Government or a State Government. Key Features: Autonomy: SFIO functions autonomously but operates within the framework provided by the MCA. Coordination with Other Agencies: It coordinates with other regulatory bodies like SEBI, CBI, RBI, and the Enforcement Directorate (ED) during investigations. Investigation Process: Investigations are initiated upon referral by the Central Government, based on material suggesting fraud. The SFIO submits its report to the government, which may lead to prosecution. High-profile cases such as the Satyam scam, IL&FS crisis, and Kingfisher Airlines case have been investigated by the SFIO. Recent Amendments and Reforms: To strengthen SFIO, amendments to the Companies Act, 2013 have expanded its powers, including the authority to summon individuals and seize company records during investigations. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016, has further enhanced the agency’s role in investigating corporate insolvency cases with fraudulent activities. Source: The Hindu SHALE GAS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: A study, released by the science & technology ministry recently, indicates significant shale gas generation potential in eastern South Karanpura coalfield in Jharkhand. Background: – The South Karanpura coalfield in the Ramgarh district of Jharkhand, consisting of 28 major coal blocks, is well-established for its substantial deposits of workable coal. About Shale Gas Shale gas is a type of natural gas trapped within shale formations, which are fine-grained sedimentary rocks with low permeability. It is considered an unconventional source of natural gas and is extracted through a process called hydraulic  fracturing, or “fracking.” Key Features: Composition: Shale gas primarily consists of methane (CH4), along with small amounts of other gases like ethane, propane, and butane. Extraction Process: The extraction involves injecting a high-pressure mixture of water, sand, and chemicals into the shale formation to create  fractures, allowing the trapped gas to escape and be collected. India has significant potential for shale gas exploration and production. The  Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas has identified several basins with potential  shale  gas reserves, including: Cambay Basin in Gujarat Assam-Arakan Basin in the Northeast Gondwana Basin in central India Krishna-Godavari Basin in Andhra Pradesh Cauvery Basin in southern India Indo-Gangetic Plains Government Initiatives: In 2013, the Government of India introduced a policy allowing exploration and exploitation of shale gas by national oil companies like ONGC and Oil India Ltd.. The Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP), launched in 2016, simplified regulations, providing a uniform licensing system and encouraging investment in shale gas exploration. In 2018, the government further relaxed rules to allow existing contractors under Production Sharing Contracts (PSC) to explore shale oil and gas resources. Challenges for Shale Gas Development in India: Water Scarcity: Hydraulic fracturing requires large amounts of water, which is a scarce resource in many shale-rich regions of India. Environmental Concerns: Potential environmental risks include groundwater contamination, seismic activity, and surface water pollution, raising opposition from environmental groups. Technological Limitations: India lacks domestic expertise in advanced shale gas extraction technologies, which are critical for commercial-scale production. Source: Times of India Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to Shale Gas in India, consider the following statements: Shale gas extraction primarily involves hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques. India has large-scale commercial production of shale gas, making it a significant part of its energy mix. The Cambay and Krishna-Godavari basins are identified as potential shale gas reserves in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) With reference to the Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO), consider the following statements: The SFIO was given statutory status under the Companies Act, 2013. SFIO can investigate a company’s affairs only on the recommendation of the Registrar of Companies. SFIO is a multi-disciplinary agency consisting of experts in various fields like accountancy, law, forensic auditing, and information technology. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) With reference to NASA’s Europa Clipper Mission, consider the following statements: The primary objective of the mission is to investigate whether Europa’s subsurface ocean could support life. Europa Clipper is the largest spacecraft NASA has developed for a planetary mission. The Europa Clipper mission will end with a planned crash into Jupiter’s moon Europa in 2044. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  14th October 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  12th October – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  c Q.2) – a Q.3) – b

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   JAYAPRAKASH NARAYAN Syllabus Prelims & Mains – HISTORY Context: Jayaprakash Narayan, popularly known as Lok Nayak, was born on 11 October 1902 in Bihar’s Saran district. As we commemorate his 122nd birth anniversary this year, his legacy as a people’s leader and champion of their cause continues to inspire. Background: – He played a noteworthy role in the Indian national struggle and especially in leading the call for ‘Total Revolution‘ during the Emergency. Key takeaways The first encounter of Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) with freedom struggle happened during the Swadeshi movement. He gave up his foreign clothes and footwear in support. From the beginning, he was influenced by Gandhi. In December 1920, Gandhi visited Patna with the message of Non-cooperation. Inspired by his speech, JP wanted to invest all his time into political work but was held back by apprehension. His misgivings disappeared when Maulana Abul Kalam Azad visited Patna and prompted students. JP quit college and became part of the Non-Cooperation Movement. In 1922, he left India to study at the University of California, Berkeley, where Karl Marx’s ideas influenced him. In 1929, upon returning to India, he joined the Indian National Congress. During the Civil Disobedience Movement, when all the prominent leaders were arrested, JP kept the Congress functional. He began working on building an extensive illegal underground network distributing literature and recruiting supporters. Several warrants were issued against him, eventually leading to his arrest in 1932. Influenced by Socialist ideas, the young congressmen in Bihar founded the Bihar Socialist Party in 1931, JP was associated with the organisation since its inception. JP became instrumental in the formation of the All India Congress Socialist Party (CSP) in 1934 with Narendra Deva as president and himself as secretary. It was during the Quit India Movement (1942) that JP came to the forefront. He along with Ram Manohar Lohia and Aruna Asaf Ali, took charge of the movement after all the senior leaders were arrested. Soon, he was also arrested under Defence India Rules. He was taken to Hazari Bagh Central Jail from where he escaped in November 1942. JP organised an “Azaad Dasta” (armed guerrilla revolutionaries) in Nepal after escaping from jail. JP hoped to launch a countrywide revolution. However, he was arrested in September 1943, exactly ten months and ten days after he escaped from Hazaribagh jail. It was only in 1946 that he was released from jail. Following Independence, JP took the CSP out of the Congress and formed the Socialist Party, which he merged with J B Kripalani’s Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party to form the Praja Socialist Party. Soon afterward, after turning down Nehru’s calls to join the ministry, JP decided to walk away from electoral politics and involved himself with Acharya Vinoba Bhave’s Bhoodan movement. In March 1974, students in Bihar protesting against rising prices and unemployment, invited JP, who has given up from active politics, to guide the student movement. JP accepted it on one condition that the movement will remain non-violent and will not limit itself to Bihar.  JP demanded the dismissal of the Congress government in Bihar and gave a call for a “total revolution“ in the social, economic, and political spheres. A massive protest was organised in Delhi’s Ramlila grounds on 25 June 1975 where JP announced a nationwide satyagraha for then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi’s resignation and asked the army, the police, and government employees not to obey “illegal and immoral orders”. In response, the government declared a state of emergency on 25 June 1975. The General Elections were called in 1977. The election results turned into a referendum on Emergency, at least in north India. Indira Gandhi’s government was defeated, paving the way for the formation of the first-ever non-Congress government at the Centre. Throughout the Emergency, JP fought vigorously against the authoritarian and became a beacon of hope in the face of adversity. Source: Indian Express GREEN PATCH SPREADS IN ANTARCTICA  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Plant cover across the Antarctic Peninsula, a long, mountainous extension of Antarctica that points north towards South America, has increased more than 10 times over the past few decades due to rising temperatures, a new study says. Background: – In March 2022, Antarctica experienced its most intense heatwave — temperatures in East Antarctica soared to 39 degrees Celsius above normal. How quickly is Antarctica warming? The continent is warming twice as fast as the global average, at a rate of between 0.22 degrees Celsius and 0.32 degrees Celsius per decade currently. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the UN body that advances scientific knowledge about climate change, has estimated that the Earth as a whole is warming at the rate of 0.14-0.18 degrees Celsius per decade. The situation in the Antarctic Peninsula is worse than in the rest of Antarctica — it is warming five times faster than the global average. The Antarctic Peninsula is now almost 3 degrees Celsius warmer on average than in 1950. Antarctica has also been experiencing record-breaking heatwaves, especially during the height of its winter season (which is summer in the northern hemisphere). What has the study found? Researchers used satellite imagery and data to conclude that the extent of vegetation – mostly mosses and lichen – in the Antarctic Peninsula has increased 14 times in just 35 years. Rising temperatures in Antarctica have also resulted in a rapid decrease in the extent of sea ice — the 2024 extent was the second smallest of the satellite record, only slightly more than the record low set in 2023. Warmer open seas may be leading to wetter conditions that favour plant growth. Why should we worry about increased vegetation in Antarctica? Mosses can colonise bare rock and create the foundation of soils that could in milder conditions make the continent more favourable for the growth of other invasive species that could threaten native flora and fauna. Increase in plant life could also reduce the Antarctic Peninsula’s ability to reflect sunlight (solar energy) back to Space — a darker surface absorbs more solar radiation. This could further increase ground temperatures, with local and global repercussions. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL AGRICULTURE CODE (NAC)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has begun the process of formulating a National Agriculture Code (NAC). Background: – On the lines of the existing National Building Code, the NAC will set standards across the agriculture cycle, from field preparation to storage of produce. What is the National Agriculture Code? The BIS is the national body which sets standards for different products across various sectors. In agriculture, it has already set standards for machinery (tractors, harvesters, etc.) and various inputs (fertilisers, pesticides, etc.) However, there are still many areas not covered by the BIS standards. For example, there is no standard for agriculture practices like preparation of fields, micro irrigation and water use. The NAC will cover the entire agriculture cycle. The code will have two parts. The first will contain general principles for all crops, and the second will deal with crop-specific standards for the likes of paddy, wheat, oilseeds, and pulses. The NAC will serve as a guide for farmers, agriculture universities, and officials. What will the NAC cover? In addition to standards for agriculture machinery, the NAC will cover all agriculture processes and post-harvest operations, such as crop selection, land preparation, sowing/transplanting, irrigation/drainage, soil health management, plant health management, harvesting/threshing, primary processing, post-harvest, sustainability, and record maintenance. It will also include standards for input management, like use of chemical fertilisers, pesticides, and weedicides, as well as standards for crop storage and traceability. NAC will cover all new and emerging areas like natural farming and organic farming, as well as the use of Internet-of-Things in the field of agriculture. What are Standardized Agriculture Demonstration Farms? BIS has also taken an initiative for setting up of ‘Standardized Agriculture Demonstration Farm’ (SADF) in selected agriculture institutes in the country. SADF will serve as experimental sites for testing and implementing various agricultural practices and new technologies in accordance with Indian Standards. For the development of these specialised farms, the BIS plans to sign Memorandum of Understanding (MoUs) with premier agricultural institutes. BIS will provide financial assistance to these institutes for setting up the SADFs, where anyone including officials responsible for extension activities, farmers or industry people can come and learn. China has already successfully demonstrated the working of such SADFs. Source: Indian Express WAYANAD WILDLIFE SANCTUARY  Syllabus Prelims & Mains- ENVIRONMENT Context: A two-day vulture survey that concluded in the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary recently, has recorded the presence of 80 vultures across nine locations. Background: Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary remains one of Kerala’s last bastions for vultures, whose survival is closely tied to apex predators like tigers and leopards. About Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (WWS), located in the state of Kerala, is an integral part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It is located in the southern part of the famous Western Ghats. The sanctuary lies at an elevation ranging from 700 to 2100 meters. Established in 1973, the sanctuary spans approximately 344.44 square kilometers and lies between the famous protected areas of Nagarhole and Bandipur in Karnataka and Mudumalai in Tamil Nadu. It is divided into four hill ranges: Sulthan Bathery, Muthanga, Kurichiat, and Tholpetty. Kuruma, Paniya, Kattunaicka, Urali, Kurichiar and Adiyar are some of the tribal communities that inhabit this area. Flora The Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is predominantly covered by tropical moist deciduous forests, with patches of semi-evergreen forests. Fauna The sanctuary is home to an array of wildlife, including several endangered and endemic species. It forms a key part of the migratory corridor for elephants and tigers. Wayanad is known for its large elephant population. The sanctuary hosts a significant number of Bengal tigers, which frequently move between Wayanad and the adjacent Nagarhole-Bandipur-Mudumalai complex. Leopards, Wild Boar, Indian Bison (Gaur), Sloth Bear, Sambar Deer, Spotted Deer (Chital), Nilgai, Bonnet Macaques, and Indian Wild Dogs (Dholes) are commonly found. Source: The Hindu BRAHMI SCRIPT  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ART & CULTURE Context: A Brahmi inscription found in Dharanikota village at Amaravathi mandal in Palnadu district. Background: – The place is historically known for its rich Buddhist culture. About  Brahmi Script: Origin: The Brahmi script is believed to have originated around the 3rd century BCE and is one of the oldest writing systems in the Indian subcontinent. Discovery: It was deciphered by James Prinsep in 1837, providing key insights into inscriptions and historical records from ancient India. Period: It was predominantly used during the Maurya Dynasty, especially during the reign of Emperor Ashoka. Inscriptions: Most famous for being the script in which Ashoka’s edicts were written, providing a wealth of information on his administration and Buddhist principles. Key Features Brahmi is an abugida and uses a system of diacritical marks to associate vowels with consonant symbols. Direction: The script is written from left to right. Brahmi evolved over time,  with variations such as Early Brahmi (or Ashokan Brahmi), Middle Brahmi (or Kushana Brahmi), and Late Brahmi (or Gupta Brahmi). Languages: Originally used for Prakrit, it was later adapted to write several languages, including Sanskrit. Importance in Indian Epigraphy Brahmi is regarded as the mother of all Indian scripts, giving rise to: Devanagari, which is used for writing Sanskrit, Hindi, and several other modern Indian languages. Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali, and Gujarati scripts, among others. The widespread usage of Brahmi in Ashoka’s inscriptions, spread across India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, attests to its importance in unifying communication across the Mauryan Empire. Significance Cultural Impact: Brahmi played a crucial role in the dissemination of Buddhist teachings and governance principles through inscriptions and manuscripts. Literary Development: It laid the foundation for the development of Indian literature, enabling the preservation and transmission of religious texts like Buddhist and Jain scriptures. Indo-European Linguistics: The decipherment of Brahmi was pivotal in the study of the Indo-European language family and understanding linguistic changes over time. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to Jayaprakash Narayan, consider the following statements: Jayaprakash Narayan was instrumental in forming the All India Congress Socialist Party (CSP) in 1934. He played a key role in leading the Quit India Movement after many senior leaders were arrested in 1942. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary: Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. The sanctuary is an important migratory corridor for both elephants and Bengal tigers. The dominant vegetation type in Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is dry deciduous forests. The sanctuary shares its borders with the protected areas of Nagarhole and Bandipur in Karnataka and Mudumalai in Tamil Nadu. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1, 2, and 4 only (b) 1, 3, and 4 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 2 only Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding the Brahmi script: Brahmi is written from right to left. It was deciphered by James Prinsep in the 19th century. The Brahmi script is the precursor to modern Indian scripts like Devanagari. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  12th October 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  11th October – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  c Q.2) – b Q.3) – b