Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Virupaksha Temple: Living Heritage of the Vijayanagara Empire Subject: Art & Culture / History (Temple Architecture, Vijayanagara Empire, UNESCO World Heritage Sites) Why in News? The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) recently removed additional internal walls constructed inside the Virupaksha Temple gopuram at Hampi, Karnataka, during conservation and restoration work. The step was taken to preserve the structural and historical authenticity of the monument. About Virupaksha Temple Located at Hampi in Vijayanagara district, Karnataka. Dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, a form of Shiva. One of the oldest continuously functioning temples in India. Historical Significance Originally built during the 7th century CE under the Chalukyas. Expanded significantly during the Vijayanagara Empire, especially under Krishnadevaraya in the 16th century. Survived the destruction of Hampi after the Battle of Talikota (1565). Architectural Features Dravidian Style Temple Massive gopuram (gateway tower) rising about 50 metres. Pillared halls, ornate carvings, and temple courtyards. Contains murals and inscriptions linked to Vijayanagara rulers. Unique Scientific Feature Famous for the pinhole camera effect, where an inverted shadow of the gopuram appears inside a dark chamber. Key Facts for UPSC Prelims Part of the Group of Monuments at Hampi, a UNESCO World Heritage Site (1986). Situated on the banks of the Tungabhadra River. Associated with the Pampa Devi cult, from which “Hampi” derives its name. UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage UPSC frequently asks questions on: Features of Dravidian temple architecture Vijayanagara administration and culture UNESCO heritage sites in India Temple conservation by ASI. Virupaksha Temple is important because it represents the continuity of Hindu temple traditions and the architectural grandeur of the Vijayanagara Empire. Source/Reference: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/asi-removes-additional-walls-inside-hampis-virupaksha-temple-gopuram/articleshow/131482999.cms World Environment Day: Global Campaign for Environmental Protection Subject: Environment & Ecology (International Environmental Initiatives, UNEP, Plastic Pollution, Sustainable Development) Why in News? World Environment Day (WED) was observed on 5 June 2026 with renewed global focus on combating plastic pollution and promoting sustainable lifestyles. Discussions in India also highlighted the role of states in restricting single-use plastics, including early plastic-bag bans by Himalayan states. About World Environment Day Celebrated annually on 5 June. Established by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) during the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment (1972). First celebrated in 1973. Led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Objectives Raise awareness on environmental challenges. Encourage government, industry, and citizen participation in environmental protection. Promote sustainable consumption and conservation practices. Plastic Pollution and India Recent campaigns under World Environment Day have strongly focused on: Single-use plastic reduction Waste management Circular economy Recycling and sustainable alternatives. India and Plastic Bag Ban Sikkim, which in 1998 became the first Indian state to ban disposable plastic bags, is also among the first to target single-use plastic bottles. India imposed a nationwide ban on several identified single-use plastic items from 1 July 2022 under the Plastic Waste Management Rules. Key Facts for UPSC Prelims UNEP headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya. Stockholm Conference slogan: “Only One Earth.” Related Indian law: Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016. UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage UPSC frequently asks questions on: International environmental observances UNEP and global environmental governance Plastic pollution and waste-management rules Sustainable development initiatives. World Environment Day is important for linking current environmental campaigns with broader themes such as climate change, biodiversity conservation, pollution control, and sustainable consumption patterns. Source/Reference: https://www.firstpost.com/lifestyle/world-environment-day-2026-this-was-the-1st-indian-state-to-ban-plastic-bags-14019019.html Viksit Vibrant Village Programme: Transforming India’s Border Villages into Growth Centres Subject: Indian Polity & Governance / Economy / Internal Security (Border Area Development, Rural Infrastructure, Centrally Sponsored Schemes) Why in News? The Government recently reviewed the implementation of the Viksit Vibrant Village Programme (VVP) to accelerate infrastructure development and livelihood generation in villages located along India’s international borders. The initiative aims to prevent migration from remote frontier regions and strengthen border security through inclusive development. About the Vibrant Village Programme (VVP) Announced in the Union Budget 2022–23. A Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) focused on the comprehensive development of villages near India’s northern land borders. Implemented by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). Objectives of the Programme Improve quality of life in border villages. Develop border villages as: Tourism hubs Cultural centres Self-sustaining growth clusters. Reduce outmigration from remote frontier areas. Enhance border security through population retention and infrastructure creation. Coverage and Components Geographical Coverage Targets villages in states/UTs bordering: China (LAC) Nepal Bhutan. States covered include: Arunachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand Sikkim Ladakh. Key Development Areas Road connectivity Renewable energy Digital infrastructure Health and education facilities Skill development and tourism promotion. Key Facts for UPSC Prelims Focuses on villages within 0–10 km of the international border. Envisages convergence of multiple central schemes. Inspired partly by China’s “model border villages” strategy. UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage The programme links: Border security with socio-economic development, Infrastructure creation with strategic concerns, Rural development with demographic stability. UPSC may ask questions on: Centrally Sponsored Schemes Border management initiatives Difference between LAC, LOC, and international boundaries Development strategies in Himalayan border regions. The scheme is also important in the context of India’s strategic competition and infrastructure development along the northern borders. Source/Reference: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2268315®=3&lang=1 National Awards for e-Governance (NAeG): Promoting Digital Governance and Administrative Innovation Subject: Indian Polity & Governance / Science & Technology (e-Governance, Digital India, Public Service Delivery, Administrative Reforms) Why in News? The Government of India recently invited nominations for the National Awards for e-Governance (NAeG) 2026, recognizing innovative digital governance initiatives that improve transparency, efficiency, and citizen-centric public service delivery. The awards are part of efforts to strengthen India’s digital governance ecosystem. About National Awards for e-Governance Instituted by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) under the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. Aim: Encourage innovation in governance through Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Promote citizen-centric digital administration. Recognize excellence in public sector digital initiatives. Key Features Eligible Participants Central Ministries/Departments State Governments District administrations Local bodies and public sector organizations. Focus Areas Digital service delivery Ease of living Transparency and accountability AI and emerging technologies in governance Inclusive governance initiatives. Key Facts for UPSC Prelims Linked with flagship initiatives such as: Digital India Minimum Government, Maximum Governance Awards are presented during the National Conference on e-Governance (NCeG). Evaluation parameters include: Innovation Replicability Measurable public impact Sustainability. UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage UPSC frequently asks questions on: e-Governance initiatives and digital governance architecture Role of ICT in public administration Digital inclusion and service delivery mechanisms Institutions involved in administrative reforms. The NAeG is significant because it reflects India’s transition towards technology-driven governance and highlights how digital tools are being integrated into welfare delivery, grievance redressal, and administrative transparency. Source/Reference: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2268817®=3&lang=1 MY Bharat Platform: Youth-Led Participatory Governance Initiative Subject: Indian Polity & Governance / Social Development (Youth Empowerment, Citizen Participation, Government Initiatives, Digital Platforms) Why in News? The MY Bharat (Mera Yuva Bharat) Platform recently entered the Guinness World Records for organizing the world’s largest online quiz participation campaign. The achievement highlighted the government’s efforts to engage youth through digital participation and nation-building activities. What is MY Bharat? MY Bharat (Mera Yuva Bharat) is an autonomous body established by the Government of India for youth engagement and empowerment. Launched in 2023 to provide a technology-driven institutional framework for constructive youth participation. Objectives of MY Bharat Encourage youth participation in: Community service Nation-building activities Volunteerism Leadership development. Create a bridge between youth aspirations and governance systems. Promote experiential learning and civic responsibility. Institutional Features Operates under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. Replaces and restructures the role previously played by the Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS) framework in youth mobilization. Uses a digital platform to connect youth with: Volunteering opportunities Skill development programmes Civic initiatives Government campaigns. Key Facts for UPSC Prelims Target age group: 15–29 years. Focus areas: Climate action Disaster response Health awareness Social innovation Digital literacy. Designed in line with the vision of “Viksit Bharat 2047.” UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage UPSC may ask questions on: Government institutions related to youth development Role of digital platforms in participatory governance Difference between NYKS, NSS, and MY Bharat Community participation and demographic dividend. The initiative is important in understanding how India seeks to harness its large youth population for governance, social development, and nation-building through technology-enabled engagement. Source/Reference: https://ddnews.gov.in/en/my-bharat-sets-guinness-world-record-for-largest-participation-in-online-quiz/ Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): Flagship Skill Development Scheme of India Subject: Economy / Social Development / Government Schemes (Skill Development, Employment Generation, Human Resource Development) Why in News? A Parliamentary Standing Committee recently criticized the implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), pointing to a mismatch between skill training provided under the scheme and actual industry demand. The panel highlighted concerns regarding employability outcomes and placement effectiveness. About PMKVY Launched in 2015 under the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE). Implemented by the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC). Flagship scheme under the broader Skill India Mission. Objectives of PMKVY Provide industry-relevant skill training to youth. Enhance employability and productivity. Promote certification of prior learning and informal skills. Bridge the gap between industry demand and workforce capabilities. Key Components Short-Term Training (STT) Training for school/college dropouts and unemployed youth. Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) Certification of existing informal skills acquired through experience. Special Projects Skill training in special sectors, regions, and institutions. Issues Highlighted by Parliamentary Panel Training not aligned with local industry requirements. Weak placement records and post-training employment tracking. Underutilization of trained manpower. Quality concerns in training centres. Key Facts for UPSC Prelims PMKVY operates through: Sector Skill Councils (SSCs) Accredited training partners. Focus sectors include: Manufacturing Healthcare Construction Electronics Green jobs. PMKVY 4.0 emphasizes: Industry 4.0 skills AI Robotics Coding and emerging technologies. UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage UPSC frequently asks questions on: Government employment and skill-development schemes Human capital formation Vocational education and workforce readiness Institutions such as NSDC and Sector Skill Councils. PMKVY is significant in understanding India’s efforts to leverage its demographic dividend while addressing unemployment, skill gaps, and changing technological demands in the economy. Source/Reference: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/house-panel-pulls-up-government-over-pmkvy-mismatch-between-training-and-demand/article71061566.ece/amp/ Cambodia: Expanding India’s Digital and Strategic Footprint in Southeast Asia Subject: International Relations / Economy / Geography (India–ASEAN Relations, Digital Payments, Southeast Asia, Cross-Border Financial Connectivity) Why in News? India recently launched UPI-based payment services in Cambodia through a partnership between NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL) and ACLEDA Bank Plc. The initiative enables Indian travellers to make seamless QR-code payments across Cambodia and marks a major step in India’s digital financial diplomacy in Southeast Asia. About Cambodia A country located in mainland Southeast Asia. Capital: Phnom Penh Currency: Cambodian Riel Member of ASEAN. Borders: Thailand (west) Laos (north) Vietnam (east) Major river: Mekong River Important lake: Tonlé Sap Lake. India–Cambodia Digital Payment Linkage UPI–KHQR Integration NPCI International partnered with ACLEDA Bank Plc. to enable UPI acceptance in Cambodia. Uses Cambodia’s national QR framework called Bakong KHQR. Indian travellers can now make QR payments at over 4.5 million merchant outlets in Cambodia. Future Bi-Directional System Cambodian citizens visiting India will later be able to use domestic payment apps to scan Indian UPI QR codes. Strengthens cross-border fintech interoperability and tourism. Key Facts for UPSC Prelims Cambodia was historically influenced by Indian culture during the Angkor Empire. Famous heritage site: Angkor Wat (UNESCO World Heritage Site). India’s UPI is now operational in multiple countries including: Singapore UAE Bhutan Nepal Sri Lanka France Mauritius Qatar Cambodia. UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage This topic connects: India’s Act East Policy ASEAN engagement Fintech diplomacy and Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) Cross-border payment systems. UPSC may ask questions on: ASEAN member countries Mekong region geography India’s UPI international expansion Cultural linkages between India and Southeast Asia. The development also highlights India’s growing role in exporting digital governance and payment infrastructure globally. Source/Reference: https://newsonair.gov.in/india-launches-upi-payments-in-cambodia-through-npci-acleda-bank-partnership/ (MAINS Focus) World Environment Day: Broadening the Conversation from Mitigation to Adaptation GS Paper III – Environment & Ecology (Climate Change) | GS Paper III – Economy (Infrastructure; Employment) Climate Adaptation Economy; Net-Zero by 2070; Green Jobs; Investment Opportunities Introduction World Environment Day highlights the urgent reality of climate change, reflected in extreme and unpredictable weather events. With global temperatures already rising above 1.1°C and climate disasters causing massive economic losses, the focus must shift from debating climate change to investing in adaptation and turning it into a driver of sustainable economic growth. Main Body The Economic Case for Adaptation The “Adaptation Economy”: Global climate adaptation market estimated at roughly US$30-35 billion in 2025. Encompasses: climate-resilient infrastructure, water management systems, early-warning technologies, resilient agriculture, cooling technologies, climate analytics, and adaptation services. Expected to grow to US$95-140 billion by 2030 with an annual growth rate of roughly 10-16%. High Return on Investment: Global Commission on Adaptation: investing $1.8 trillion globally in climate adaptation by 2030 could generate more than $7 trillion in net economic benefits (nearly 4:1 return). United Nations: adaptation investment needs in developing countries could exceed $300 billion annually by 2030. Current Losses: Climate-related disasters inflict economic losses of roughly US$300-320 billion annually worldwide. Weather-related events account for more than 90% of the damage. India’s Opportunity: Net-Zero by 2070 Investment Requirement: According to NITI Aayog, India will require cumulative investments of approximately US$22.7 trillion by 2070 to achieve its net-zero target. Roughly US$500 billion annually for the next four-and-a-half decades. Dual Objective: Achieving net-zero emissions by 2070 while simultaneously pursuing rapid economic growth. Often framed as a challenge, this can equally be viewed as an economic opportunity. India’s Strengths: Already among the world’s fastest-growing renewable energy markets. Entrepreneurial talent, engineering capability, large domestic market, and growing innovation ecosystem. Potential to become a global hub for climate solutions. Sectoral Opportunities for India Energy: Solar energy (ambitious targets; 42.4% of installed capacity by March 2026). Green hydrogen (National Green Hydrogen Mission). Battery manufacturing (PLI for advanced chemistry cells). Electric vehicles and sustainable mobility. Agriculture: Most directly exposed to climate variability (heat stress, droughts, floods, shifting pest dynamics). Requires new generation of climate-resilient seeds, stress-tolerant varieties. Irrigation infrastructure, cold storage, and thermostable vaccines. These are no longer just scientific pursuits – they are major commercial opportunities. Infrastructure: Vast market for climate-resilient construction materials. Advanced cooling systems. Water management technologies. Climate-appropriate transportation systems. Resilient urban planning. Digital Services and Energy Management: Climate analytics and early-warning technologies. Smart grid management. Energy efficiency services. Job Creation Potential Sectors Expected to Create Millions of Jobs: Manufacturing (solar panels, batteries, electric vehicles, green hydrogen equipment). Engineering (climate-resilient infrastructure design). Construction (retrofitting buildings, building new resilient infrastructure). Digital services (climate analytics, early-warning systems). Energy management (smart grids, renewable integration). The Transition: The transition to a low-carbon economy could create millions of new jobs across these sectors. Adaptation vs. Mitigation Not a Substitute: Adaptation is not a substitute for mitigation. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions remains critical to avoid the consequences of climate change. Complementary Approach: Countries that view climate change as both a challenge AND an opportunity will build the industries, create the jobs, and shape the economies of the future. Adaptation is becoming a driver of economic growth, not just a cost to be borne. What India Needs to Do Leverage Existing Strengths: Already among world’s fastest-growing renewable energy markets. Entrepreneurial talent, engineering capability, large domestic market. Seize the Adaptation Market: Global adaptation market expected to reach US$95-140 billion by 2030. India can capture a significant share. Integrate Adaptation into Development: Not a separate agenda; should be mainstreamed into infrastructure, agriculture, urban planning, and industry. Every rupee spent on resilient infrastructure is an investment in future growth. Broaden the Conversation: The question is no longer whether the climate is changing. The question is how to adapt to it and optimise investments in building technologies, businesses, and industries needed to make adaptation a driver of economic growth. Conclusion Climate change is not only an environmental challenge but also a major economic opportunity. As climate disasters intensify and the global adaptation market expands rapidly, India can leverage its talent, innovation ecosystem, and large market to become a global hub for climate solutions. The focus must now shift from acknowledging climate change to investing in adaptation as a driver of sustainable growth and jobs. UPSC Mains Practice Question Climate adaptation presents both environmental and economic opportunities. Examine how India can leverage the growing climate solutions market to achieve its net-zero goals and emerge as a global climate leader. (250 words, 15 marks) https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/this-world-environment-day-lets-broaden-the-conversation-10724564/ Data Hygiene: Census Enumerators Should Not Face Difficulties in the Name of Re-verification GS Paper II – Governance (Social Justice) | GS Paper II – Polity Census 2027; Data Integrity; Policy Formulation; Open Defecation; Enumerators’ Challenges Introduction Concerns over Census 2027 data collection in Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh raise serious questions about data integrity and reliability. While re-verification is a normal process, it must ensure accurate representation of reality rather than manipulate perceptions or sanitise data. Main Body Issues Faced by Enumerators in Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan: Director of Census Operations issued a circular to district-level officials regarding discrepancies identified in field data. Objective: to ensure data are accurately recorded using appropriate options in the questionnaire. However, in some cases, enumerators have been told to record data based on assumptions. Example: If some households do not have toilets, enumerators have been told to check whether toilets are available nearby, on the basis of which the entry can be changed from “open defecation” to “access to latrine”. Uttar Pradesh: Message seems to be not to present facts as they are. Raises concerns about data integrity and reliability for a crucial and sensitive exercise. Enumerators advised “not to select options that may show the government in a poor light”. The Tension with the Open Defecation Free (ODF) Campaign Progress Made: Many States have made tangible progress under the Swachh Bharat Mission. For administrative purposes, including funding, it is reasonable to classify cities and villages as ODF, ODF Plus, and ODF Plus Model. The Conflict: It would be unrealistic to conclude that the problem of open defecation has been completely eliminated. The critical question: whether such classification reflects reality and comes into conflict with the enumerators’ work. Enumerators are being asked to change “open defecation” to “access to latrine” if a toilet is available nearby (not necessarily used). The Risk: Data may reflect policy targets (ODF status) rather than ground reality (actual behaviour). This undermines the credibility of the Census and the Swachh Bharat Mission itself. The Principle: Re-verification Must Reflect Reality, Not Manage Perceptions Legitimate Re-verification: Is a normal part of any study or survey. Helps identify and correct genuine errors in data collection. Illegitimate Data Sanitisation: Changing data to avoid showing the government in a poor light. Recording data based on assumptions (e.g., “access to latrine” instead of observed “open defecation”). This is not re-verification; it is data manipulation. The Core Principle: Data must reflect reality accurately, not manage perceptions. Data sanitisation must not be undertaken under the guise of re-verification. Why Data Integrity Matters for the Census Significance of the Census: Hardly needs reiteration – it is the foundation of governance. Public policies and welfare schemes are formulated on the basis of Census data. Allocation of resources, delimitation of constituencies, and affirmative action policies depend on accurate Census data. Financial Outlay: ₹11,718 crore for the entire country. Such a large investment is wasted if data are sanitised to manage perceptions. The Responsibility: Policymakers must ensure that Census data are accurate and credible. They must also sensitise people to provide correct information, as policies ultimately benefit them. Way Forward: Protecting Enumerators and Data Integrity For the Union Government: Send a clear message that data sanitisation must not be undertaken under the guise of re-verification. Recognise and resolve the legitimate difficulties faced by enumerators. Be liberal in enhancing allowances for enumerators to ensure efficient and timely work. Be conscious of the financial outlay (₹11,718 crore) and the need to make reliable data publicly available. For State Governments (Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh): Withdraw any instructions that ask enumerators to record data based on assumptions. Ensure that re-verification is used to correct genuine errors, not to manage perceptions. Do not penalise enumerators for recording facts that may show the government in a poor light. For the Census Organisation: Provide clear guidelines on the difference between legitimate re-verification and data sanitisation. Ensure that enumerators are trained to record observed reality, not assumptions. Establish an independent mechanism for enumerators to report pressure to manipulate data. Conclusion Pressure on Census 2027 enumerators to alter responses raises serious concerns about data integrity and public trust. Re-verification must ensure accuracy, not perception management. The government must prevent data sanitisation, address enumerators’ challenges, and safeguard the credibility of the Census and welfare schemes. UPSC Mains Practice Question Census credibility depends on accurate and unbiased data collection. Examine the challenges faced by Census 2027 enumerators and suggest measures to protect data integrity and ensure reliable enumeration. (250 words, 15 marks) https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/data-hygiene-on-the-census-and-enumerators/article71061781.ece#google_vignette
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Archives (PRELIMS Focus) E85 Fuel: India’s Push Towards Flex-Fuel and Ethanol-Based Mobility Subject: Environment & Ecology / Science & Technology (Biofuels, Ethanol Blending, Flex-Fuel Vehicles (FFVs), Energy Security) Why in News? India launched E85 fuel in June 2026 as part of its ethanol-based mobility transition. Simultaneously, Maruti Suzuki unveiled the country’s first E85-compatible flex-fuel passenger car — WagonR Flex Fuel. The initiative aligns with India’s strategy to reduce crude oil imports and promote cleaner transport fuels. What is E85 Fuel? E85 is a fuel blend containing: 85% Ethanol 15% Petrol (Gasoline) It is primarily used in Flex-Fuel Vehicles (FFVs) designed to operate on varying ethanol-petrol blends. What are Flex-Fuel Vehicles (FFVs)? FFVs are vehicles capable of running on multiple fuel blends such as: E20 (20% ethanol) E85 Even E100 in some models. India’s first E85-compatible car: Maruti Suzuki WagonR Flex Fuel Compatible with fuel blends ranging from E20 to E100. Key Facts for UPSC Prelims Ethanol is produced mainly from: Sugarcane molasses Maize Agricultural biomass Government plans: Around 500 ethanol dispensing stations by end of 2026 Target of 5,000 stations by 2027. Ethanol blending supports: Reduced crude oil imports Lower carbon emissions Additional income for farmers. Advantages and Challenges Advantages Cleaner-burning fuel Lower greenhouse gas emissions Enhances energy security Supports rural economy and biofuel industry. Challenges Limited E85 fuel infrastructure Ethanol’s corrosive nature requires engine modifications Possible reduction in mileage compared to petrol. UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage This topic connects current developments with static concepts of biofuels, ethanol chemistry, renewable energy, and vehicular emissions. UPSC may ask conceptual questions on differences between E20, E85, and E100 fuels, FFVs, or government initiatives promoting ethanol blending and clean mobility. Source/Reference: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/union-minister-hardeep-singh-puri-to-launch-e85-fuel-in-new-delhi-indian-oil-ethanol-blending/articleshow/131520193.cms Right to be Forgotten: Expanding Digital Privacy Rights in India Subject: Indian Polity & Governance / Science & Technology (Right to Privacy, Digital Rights, Article 21, Data Protection) Why in News? The Delhi High Court recently recognised the “Right to be Forgotten” (RTBF) as an integral part of the fundamental right to privacy under Article 21. The Court directed search engines and legal databases to disable name-based searches linked to certain judicial records and news reports in deserving cases. What is the Right to be Forgotten (RTBF)? The RTBF refers to an individual’s right to have personal information removed, de-indexed, or obscured from public digital access when such information is no longer relevant, necessary, or causes disproportionate harm. It generally involves: De-indexing from search engines Masking of names in judicial records Restricting public access to outdated personal information. Key Features of the Delhi HC Judgment RTBF recognised as part of informational privacy under Article 21. Relief may apply in cases involving: Acquittal or discharge Quashed FIRs Matrimonial disputes Wrongful implication. Court balanced: Right to Privacy Freedom of Speech & Expression Public’s Right to Know. Related Constitutional & Legal Background The RTBF draws strength from the Supreme Court’s landmark K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) judgment, which declared privacy a fundamental right under Article 21. India currently lacks a dedicated statutory RTBF framework, though elements are linked to evolving data protection laws. UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage The topic connects constitutional law with digital governance and emerging privacy challenges. UPSC may ask about: Difference between Right to Privacy and Right to be Forgotten Article 21 jurisprudence Balance between privacy and freedom of expression Implications of digital data retention and AI-driven information systems. Source/Reference: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-hc-recognises-right-to-be-forgotten-directs-search-engines-to-disable-name-based-search-in-court-orders-news/article71048040.ece#google_vignette Daraxonrasib: New Pancreatic Cancer Pill Offering Hope Against KRAS-Driven Tumours Subject: Science & Technology / Health (Cancer Therapeutics, Targeted Drug Therapy, Biotechnology & Precision Medicine) Why in News? A new oral drug named Daraxonrasib has shown breakthrough results in clinical trials for advanced pancreatic cancer, nearly doubling patient survival compared to conventional chemotherapy. The findings were presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) 2026 meeting and published in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). What is Daraxonrasib? Daraxonrasib (RMC-6236) is an oral targeted anti-cancer drug developed by Revolution Medicines. It belongs to a new class called RAS(ON) multi-selective inhibitors. The drug targets KRAS mutations, which are present in over 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cases. How Does It Work? Cancer growth in many patients occurs because the RAS/KRAS pathway remains permanently activated, causing uncontrolled cell division. Daraxonrasib blocks this abnormal signalling by inhibiting activated RAS proteins. This is significant because KRAS was long considered an “undruggable” target. Key Findings from Clinical Trials Median survival increased to 13.2 months versus 6.7 months with chemotherapy. Demonstrated improved progression-free survival and quality of life. Administered as a once-daily pill. Common side effects: Skin rashes Diarrhoea Nausea Inflammation around nails/mucous membranes. Regulatory Status Received: Breakthrough Therapy Designation Orphan Drug Designation from the U.S. FDA. FDA has also allowed Expanded Access Protocol (EAP) for eligible patients. UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage This topic connects biotechnology and medicine with current scientific advances. UPSC may ask about: Difference between chemotherapy and targeted therapy Role of gene mutations (KRAS/RAS) in cancers Concepts like precision medicine, orphan drugs, and clinical trials Why pancreatic cancer is difficult to treat. The development also highlights advances in genomics-based cancer treatment and AI-assisted oncology research. Source/Reference: https://www.uchealth.org/today/new-pancreatic-cancer-drug-daraxonrasib/ Crotalaria phulei: Newly Discovered Plant Species Named After Savitribai Phule Subject: Environment & Ecology / Biodiversity (Flora, Taxonomy, Endemic Species, Botanical Nomenclature) Why in News? Researchers from the Botanical Survey of India (BSI) discovered a new flowering plant species in the Umred region of Nagpur district, Maharashtra, and named it Crotalaria phulei in honour of social reformer Savitribai Phule. The discovery has drawn attention to India’s rich but underexplored biodiversity. What is Crotalaria phulei? A newly identified species belonging to the genus Crotalaria of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family. Found in the dry deciduous forests and grasslands of Maharashtra’s Vidarbha region. Characteristics Herbaceous flowering plant with yellow flowers. Differs morphologically from related species in: Leaf structure Flower arrangement Seed pod characteristics. About the Genus Crotalaria Commonly called “Rattlepods” because dried seed pods produce rattling sounds. One of the largest genera of flowering plants in tropical and subtropical regions. Several species are used for: Soil enrichment Green manure Nitrogen fixation. Key Facts for UPSC Prelims Named after Savitribai Phule, pioneer of women’s education and social reform in India. Discovery highlights the ecological significance of the Deccan Plateau and Vidarbha biodiversity zones. Published following taxonomic verification and peer-reviewed botanical study. UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage UPSC frequently asks questions on newly discovered species, taxonomic classification, and biodiversity conservation. Aspirants should understand: Basics of scientific naming (binomial nomenclature) Importance of Fabaceae family in nitrogen fixation Role of institutions like BSI in biodiversity documentation Link between habitat conservation and species discovery. The topic also connects with broader themes of India’s biodiversity mapping and ecological conservation efforts. Source/Reference: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/new-botanical-find-in-umred-named-after-savitribai-phule/articleshow/131470889.cms Navachar Mantra Initiative: Boosting Grassroots Innovation and Entrepreneurship Subject: Economy / Government Schemes & Initiatives / Science & Technology (Entrepreneurship Development, Startup Ecosystem, Skill Development, Innovation Policy) Why in News? The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) recently launched the “Navachar Mantra” Initiative to support grassroots innovators and early-stage entrepreneurs, especially from Tier-2, Tier-3 cities, aspirational districts, and rural India. The programme aims to strengthen India’s innovation ecosystem through mentorship, incubation, and institutional support. What is the Navachar Mantra Initiative? A national initiative focused on identifying, nurturing, and scaling grassroots innovations and startups across India. Launched by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE). Implemented by the National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD). Foundation for Innovation and Technology Transfer (FITT), IIT Delhi acts as the Technical Knowledge Partner. Key Features Priority Sectors Supports innovators in: Agritech HealthTech EdTech & Skilling Climate & Sustainability Rural Commerce MSME Enablement. Support Mechanism One-year mentorship and incubation programme. Investor interactions and innovation showcases. Guidance on: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Regulatory compliance Fundraising Market access and scaling strategies. Focus on Inclusion Targets innovators from underserved geographies and smaller towns. Encourages community-impact and locally relevant innovations. UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage The initiative links government policy with innovation-led economic development. UPSC may ask questions on: Functions of MSDE and NIESBUD Role of incubation and startup ecosystems Grassroots innovation models in India Government efforts to promote entrepreneurship beyond metropolitan cities. The scheme also aligns with broader initiatives such as Startup India, Skill India, and Atal Innovation Mission. Source/Reference: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2268445®=3&lang=1 Valley of Flowers National Park: UNESCO Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot Subject: Environment & Ecology (National Parks, UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Himalayan Biodiversity, Biosphere Reserves) Why in News? The Valley of Flowers National Park in Uttarakhand was reopened to tourists for the 2026 season from 1 June to 31 October. The Forest Department appealed to visitors to help conserve the park’s fragile biodiversity and rare alpine flora. About Valley of Flowers National Park Located in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand in the Western Himalayas. Declared a National Park in 1982. Recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks. Spread over about 87 sq km at an altitude of roughly 3,200–3,600 metres. Ecological Significance Flora Home to 300+ species of alpine flowers and medicinal plants. Famous species include: Brahma Kamal (State flower of Uttarakhand) Blue Poppy Primulas Himalayan Bellflower. Fauna Supports several rare Himalayan species such as: Snow Leopard Himalayan Musk Deer Asiatic Black Bear Himalayan Monal. Key Facts for UPSC Prelims Part of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. Discovered internationally by British mountaineer Frank S. Smythe in 1931. Trek route: Govindghat → Ghangaria → Valley of Flowers. Peak blooming season: July–August. UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage UPSC frequently asks questions on: Mapping of national parks and biosphere reserves UNESCO natural heritage sites Himalayan flora and fauna Difference between National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Biosphere Reserves. The Valley of Flowers is important for understanding high-altitude ecosystems, endemic species conservation, and ecotourism management in fragile mountain regions. Source/Reference: https://newsonair.gov.in/uttarakhands-valley-of-flowers-opens-to-tourists/#:~:text Pennar River: Seasonal River of the Drought-Prone Rayalaseema Region Subject: Indian Geography / Environment & Ecology (Peninsular Rivers, River Basins, Drainage Systems, Water Resources) Why in News? The Pennar River in Andhra Pradesh witnessed an unusual flow of water ahead of the onset of the Southwest Monsoon in June 2026 due to intense pre-monsoon rains and gusty weather conditions. The rare event drew attention because the river is generally seasonal and associated with the drought-prone Rayalaseema region. About the Pennar River Also known as: Penna Penneru Pinakini A major east-flowing river of southern India flowing through Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Origin and Course Originates in the Nandi Hills of Chikkaballapur district, Karnataka. Flows through the Deccan Plateau and enters Andhra Pradesh. Traverses the drought-prone Rayalaseema region before draining into the Bay of Bengal near Nellore. Key Facts for UPSC Prelims Approximate length: 597 km. Basin lies in the rain-shadow region of the Eastern Ghats. Mostly a seasonal/non-perennial river. Important tributaries: Chitravati Papagni Cheyyeru Kunderu. Major Irrigation Projects Somasila Project Mylavaram Project Gandikota Reservoir. UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage UPSC frequently asks questions on: Mapping of peninsular rivers and tributaries East-flowing vs west-flowing rivers River basins in semi-arid regions Irrigation projects and drought-prone regions. The Pennar River is important for understanding the geography of Rayalaseema, monsoon dependence of peninsular rivers, and water-resource management in semi-arid India. Source/Reference: https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/rare-event-of-pennar-river-flowing-ahead-of-sw-monsoon-onset-1961187 Hellfire Missile: Precision-Guided Tactical Weapon Subject: Science & Technology / Defence Technology (Missile Systems, Precision-Guided Munitions, Air-to-Ground Weapons) Why in News? The AGM-114 Hellfire missile was recently in the news after the U.S. military used it to disable an Iran-bound oil tanker in the Persian Gulf. The incident highlighted the missile’s continued strategic importance in modern warfare and maritime interdiction operations. What is the Hellfire Missile? The AGM-114 Hellfire is a short-range, air-to-ground, precision-guided tactical missile developed by the United States. Originally designed as an anti-tank weapon. Manufactured primarily by Lockheed Martin. Entered service in 1984. Key Features Type: Air-to-surface tactical missile Range: Approximately 7–11 km Speed: Around Mach 1.3 Guidance Systems: Semi-active laser homing Millimetre-wave radar guidance (Longbow variant) Warheads: Anti-armour (HEAT) Blast fragmentation Thermobaric variants. Operational Platforms The Hellfire missile can be launched from: AH-64 Apache helicopters MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper drones Fighter aircraft Ground and naval platforms. Important Variants AGM-114L Longbow Hellfire Radar-guided “fire-and-forget” version. Used extensively with Apache helicopters. AGM-114R9X (“Ninja Missile”) Non-explosive variant using kinetic blades. Designed to minimize collateral damage during targeted strikes. UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage UPSC frequently asks questions on: Missile classifications (surface-to-air, air-to-ground, ballistic, cruise) Guidance technologies Precision-strike weapons and drone warfare Defence technology developments across countries. The Hellfire missile is relevant for understanding modern tactical warfare, unmanned combat systems, and advancements in precision-guided munitions. Source/Reference: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defence/international/the-missile-that-stopped-a-iran-bound-tanker-why-the-hellfire-remains-a-us-military-mainstay/articleshow/131479678.cms (MAINS Focus) India's Green Transformation: Ambition, Achievements, and Persistent Gaps GS Paper III – Environment & Ecology (Climate Change) | GS Paper III – Economy (Energy) Renewable Energy Targets; Energy Transition; Grid Stability; Battery Storage; Green Hydrogen Introduction India has emerged as one of the world’s fastest-growing renewable energy markets, with renewables accounting for 42.4% of installed power capacity by March 2026, up from just 0.72% in 2005. However, their share in actual electricity generation remains limited at 15.8%, while coal still contributes 71.8%. India’s green transition is progressing, but the next phase must focus on storage, grid modernisation, transmission, and market reforms. Main Body Achievements: Installed Capacity Growth Renewable Energy Capacity: Renewables accounted for 42.4% of installed power capacity by March 2026. Up dramatically from just 0.72% in March 2005. Coal’s share in installed capacity fell from 58.7% to 42.2% over the same period. Solar and Wind Leadership: India has aggressively scaled solar and wind capacity since the late 2010s. Now appears prescient given growing geopolitical instability (West Asia crisis) and fossil fuel volatility. Global Recognition: India is one of the world’s fastest-growing renewable energy markets. International Energy Agency (IEA) and IRENA have acknowledged India’s progress. The Capacity-Generation Gap Installed Capacity vs. Actual Generation (April 2026): Renewables: 42.4% of installed capacity, but only 15.8% of actual electricity generation. Coal: 42.2% of installed capacity, but 71.8% of actual electricity generation. The Key Insight: India has succeeded in building renewable infrastructure, but not yet in replacing coal in the actual electricity mix. Renewable energy is being added on top of coal rather than displacing it. Why Coal Persists: Solar and wind are intermittent (output fluctuates with weather and time of day). Electricity demand remains continuous. Coal provides baseload reliability in the absence of large-scale battery storage and flexible grids. System Transformation: What the Next Phase Requires Moving Beyond Capacity Creation: The next phase requires moving towards system transformation itself. Key Investments Needed: Storage Infrastructure: Battery storage (lithium-ion, flow batteries) to store excess renewable energy. Pumped hydro storage (existing and under construction). As of end-2025, only 0.7 GWh of battery storage was operational in India. Grid Modernisation: Flexible grids capable of handling fluctuating renewable supply. Real-time balancing mechanisms. Transmission Connectivity: Link renewable-rich regions (Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu) with demand centres. Green Energy Corridor projects. Market Mechanisms: Market designs capable of integrating intermittent renewables at scale. Ancillary services markets for frequency regulation and balancing. Green Hydrogen: The Emerging Frontier National Green Hydrogen Mission: Launched to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production and export. Targets 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen production capacity by 2030. Strategic Importance: Green hydrogen can decarbonise hard-to-abate sectors (steel, cement, fertilisers, refineries). Can serve as long-duration storage (seasonal storage beyond battery capabilities). Current Status: Pilot projects underway. Cost of green hydrogen remains high (₹300-400 per kg); needs to fall to ₹150-200 per kg for viability. Electric Mobility Transition EV Adoption: Two-wheelers and three-wheelers lead EV adoption (high total cost of ownership advantage). Electric buses in public transport (FAME II, PM e-Bus Sewa). Passenger EVs still limited by high upfront cost and charging infrastructure. Charging Infrastructure: Public charging stations concentrated in cities; highway coverage expanding. Battery swapping for two-wheelers and three-wheelers. China Comparison: Electric vehicles and hybrids now over half of new car sales in China, reducing oil demand by over a million barrels a day. India’s EV penetration is much lower (less than 10% of new car sales). Energy Security and Geopolitical Vulnerability Import Dependence: India imports nearly 85-90% of its crude oil requirements. Nearly half of fossil fuel imports still transit through the Strait of Hormuz. West Asia Crisis Impact: Energy and fertiliser costs have almost doubled. Petrol prices increased by ₹3-4 per litre (partial pass-through). The crisis has exposed India’s continuing vulnerability to external energy shocks. The Green Transition as Energy Security: Every megawatt of renewable energy reduces import dependence. Every megawatt of battery storage reduces vulnerability to oil price shocks. India’s decision to aggressively scale renewables now appears prescient. Policy Initiatives Driving Green Transformation Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes: PLI for solar PV manufacturing (domestic cell and module production). PLI for advanced chemistry cells (battery storage). PLI for green hydrogen (electrolysers). Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs): Mandates for DISCOMs and captive users to purchase a percentage of power from renewables. RPO targets for 2030: 43% renewable energy (including hydropower). Green Energy Corridors: Transmission infrastructure for renewable-rich states. Phase I and Phase II implemented with assistance from KfW (Germany). PM-KUSUM (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan): Solar pumps for farmers. Solarisation of grid-connected pumps. Conclusion India’s green transition has expanded renewable capacity to 42.4% of installed power by March 2026, but renewables still generated only 15.8% of electricity in April 2026, while coal contributed 71.8%. The challenge now is not just adding capacity, but transforming the energy system through storage, grid modernisation, transmission networks, and green hydrogen. Despite progress, India remains vulnerable due to heavy oil imports and continued coal dependence. UPSC Mains Practice Question Despite rapid growth in renewable energy capacity, coal continues to dominate India’s electricity generation. Critically examine the gaps in India’s green transition and suggest measures needed for a comprehensive energy transformation. (250 words, 15 marks) https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2268795®=3&lang=1 Fire and Furore: Recurring Tragedies, Systemic Failures GS Paper III – Disaster Management | GS Paper II – Governance (Urban Development) Fire Safety; Building Codes; Enforcement; Regulatory Gaps; Urban Planning Introduction Recurring urban fire tragedies in India — from the Uphaar Cinema fire (1997) to recent incidents in Delhi and Muzaffarpur — reflect deep systemic failures such as overcrowding, blocked exits, unsafe modifications, poor compliance, and weak enforcement. These disasters are not isolated accidents, but outcomes of persistent governance and safety failures. Main Body The Recent Tragedies B&B Fire, Delhi (June 3, 2026): Many victims were medical tourists, lodged there due to proximity to South Delhi’s hospitals. Many were infirm and could not act quickly to escape heat or suffocation. According to Delhi Fire Services and Municipal Corporation: B&B lacked fire department clearance. Violated fire safety norms. Had more than thrice as many rooms as allowed for B&Bs. Building had been rebuilt in 2013 and reportedly exploited land-use exemptions to bypass municipal bylaws that required wider roads for fire tenders. Delhi police charged the B&B’s owner with culpable homicide not amounting to murder. ICU Fire, Muzaffarpur Hospital (June 4, 2026): Claimed four lives, including two elderly individuals. Infirm patients could not act quickly (similar vulnerability as B&B fire). Recurring Vulnerabilities Across Decades Common Factors in Deadly Fires (Uphaar 1997 to Arpora 2025 to present): Overcrowding. Blocked escape routes. Unapproved modifications to interior spaces. Poor compliance with fire safety norms. Weak enforcement by authorities. The Pattern: Prior inquiries, court rulings, and promises of reform have not prevented similar safety failures from recurring. The same vulnerabilities persist decade after decade. Who Is Answerable? The Establishment (B&B Owner/Management): Delhi police charged owner with culpable homicide not amounting to murder. However, the implication that long-standing negligence was the distal cause must extend to the absence of enforcement. The Authorities (Delhi Fire Services, Municipal Corporation): B&B lacked fire department clearance – who issued occupancy certificate? Violations existed for years – who conducted inspections? Delhi High Court had directed the municipality in January to audit the city’s hospitality hubs – was this done? These bodies are answerable to how the facility operated in this way. The Tourism Department: Misuse of provisions for B&Bs points to failures that the Tourism Department should investigate. The city’s decision to rescind B&B provisions is not adequate as an answer. The Penal System: The charge of culpable homicide not amounting to murder results inconsistently in convictions. Undermines the penal system’s ability to deter such incidents. Systemic Factors vs. Incidental Causes Incidental Causes (Day of Fire): Electrical short circuit, gas leak, human error, etc. Systemic Factors (Preserved the Risk Over Years): Poor compliance culture. Weak enforcement by authorities. Unapproved modifications tolerated. Land-use exemptions exploited to bypass fire safety requirements (wider roads for fire tenders). Absence of regular inspections. Lack of accountability for violations. The Core Insight: A deadly fire is a product of incidental causes on that day AND systemic factors that preserved the risk. The government’s response must encompass both; otherwise, it may amount to little. Why Fires Keep Happening Tolerance of Hazardous Conditions: Cost-cutting entities (establishments and governments) overlook the value of safety measures when there is no fire. Even if the measures could have prevented a fire. Cost-Benefit Calculation by Owners: Fire safety measures (sprinklers, alarms, wider exits, fire-resistant materials) cost money. Without rigorous enforcement and severe penalties, owners choose to save money. Weak Enforcement by Authorities: Inspections are infrequent, often pre-announced. Violations are not penalised consistently. Authorities blame owners for ‘clandestine’ modifications, but do not explain why these were not detected earlier. Way Forward: What the State Must Do Principled Inspections: Regular, unannounced inspections of commercial establishments (hotels, hospitals, B&Bs, nightclubs, cinemas). Risk-based prioritisation (high-occupancy, high-vulnerability facilities first). Incentives for Compliance: Lower insurance premiums for fire-compliant buildings. Faster clearances and renewals for compliant establishments. Sanctions for Violations: Severe penalties (fines, imprisonment, closure) for violations. Consistent conviction rates (currently, charges result inconsistently in convictions). Personal liability for owners and managers. Sustain a Culture of Fire Safety: Urban centres must practise fire safety as a matter of course, not as a reaction to tragedies. Public awareness campaigns on fire safety (escape routes, not blocking exits, fire extinguisher use). Address Land-Use and Building Code Exploitation: Close loopholes that allow B&Bs and other establishments to bypass fire safety requirements. Ensure wider roads for fire tender access in commercial and high-occupancy zones. Investigate Systemic Failures: Tourism Department must investigate misuse of B&B provisions. Municipal authorities must answer for failure to enforce Delhi High Court’s January directive. Conclusion The recent Delhi B&B and Muzaffarpur hospital fires highlight recurring systemic failures behind India’s deadly urban fires: overcrowding, safety violations, poor enforcement, and weak deterrence. These tragedies are not isolated accidents but consequences of institutional neglect. Sustainable reform requires strict inspections, accountability, and a culture of fire safety beyond political blame-games. UPSC Mains Practice Question Recurring fire tragedies in Indian cities reflect deeper systemic failures rather than isolated accidents. Examine the key vulnerabilities in urban fire safety and suggest reforms needed to ensure accountability and prevention. (250 words, 15 marks) https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/fire-and-furore-on-fire-accidents-in-india/article71061600.ece