Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Kalam & Kavach 3.0: 'Taking JAI Forward With I²' Subject: Defence – Indigenous Manufacturing; Aatmanirbharta; Tri-Service Integration; iDEX; Defence Industrial Corridors. Why in News? Raksha Rajya Mantri Shri Sanjay Seth will inaugurate the third edition of Kalam & Kavach at Manekshaw Centre, New Delhi on May 14, 2026 Theme: ‘Taking JAI Forward With I²’ Premier strategic platform for defence transformation discussions What is JAI? Jointness Aatmanirbharta Innovation I² stands for: Indigenisation International Collaboration Key Thematic Discussions Future Warfighting Technologies AI-enabled warfare Autonomous systems Hypersonic technologies Quantum-enabled C4ISR (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance) Emerging space and low-earth orbit threats Tri-service integration Aatmanirbharta & Defence Manufacturing MSME participation iDEX-driven innovation ecosystems Defence industrial corridors (Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh) Indigenous production capabilities Production scalability for Viksit Bharat@2047 Global Partnerships Co-development models Technology transfer frameworks Trusted international collaborations Significance Aligned with Aatmanirbhar Bharat vision Focus on jointness (tri-service integration) – a key reform priority after creation of CDS post (2019) Platform for start-ups and innovators (iDEX ecosystem) Key Terms for Prelims Kalam & Kavach: Defence conference series (named after Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam – “Kalam”; Kavach means shield) JAI: Jointness, Aatmanirbharta, Innovation I²: Indigenisation and International Collaboration CISC: Chief of Integrated Defence Staff to the Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee C4ISR: Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance iDEX: Innovations for Defence Excellence (DRDO’s startup incubator) Defence Industrial Corridors: Two corridors – Tamil Nadu (Chennai, Hosur, Coimbatore, Salem, Tiruchirappalli) and Uttar Pradesh (Agra, Aligarh, Chitrakoot, Jhansi, Kanpur, Lucknow) Source/Reference: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2260748&reg=3&lang=1 Essential Religious Practices: Centre Challenges Judicial Creativity in Sabarimala Review Subject: Polity – Fundamental Rights; Articles 25 & 26; Religious Freedom; ERP Doctrine; Sabarimala. Why in News? A nine-judge Bench of the Supreme Court, headed by Chief Justice Surya Kant, is hearing a reference in the Sabarimala review case Solicitor General Tushar Mehta, representing the Centre, argued that the ‘essential religious practices’ (ERP) test is not found in the Constitution and has been used to restrictively interpret Articles 25 and 26 Centre’s Key Arguments Presumption of Protection The Constitution presumes every religious practice is protected unless it violates public order, morality, and health The burden lies on the challenger to prove violation, not on the religious denomination to prove essentiality ‘ERP’ is Judicial Creativity The phrase ‘essential religious practices’ is absent in the text of the Constitution Articles 25 and 26 have been given restrictive meanings by courts (only fundamental rights to be treated this way) Articles 25 and 26 are Interconnected Individual freedom of conscience (Article 25) is linked to denominational rights (Article 26) Article 26 is a manifestation of individual right in a collective form “Fundamental rights are not islands” No Protection for “Rituals” People need not go to a temple to be religious A small lamp lit in a hut is an equally poignant expression of faith – auto-theism (individual freedom of conscience to explore one’s inner self) Constitutional Framework Article 25 (Freedom of Conscience and Religion) Subject to public order, morality, health, and other provisions Right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion State can regulate economic, financial, political, or secular activities associated with religious practice State can provide for social welfare and reform of Hindu religious institutions (all sects included) Article 26 (Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs) Every religious denomination or section has right to: Establish and maintain institutions for religious purposes Manage its own affairs in matters of religion Own and acquire movable/immovable property Administer property in accordance with law The ERP Doctrine – Background Origin Shirur Mutt case (1954): Supreme Court held that only “essential” parts of a religion are protected under Articles 25 and 26 Court would determine essentiality based on teachings, tenets, and beliefs of that religion Criticism Courts become theologians – deciding what is essential and what is not Leads to judicial overreach into religious matters Centre now argues for presumption of protection rather than essentiality test Sabarimala Context (Original 2018 Judgment) Supreme Court (5-judge) held that ban on entry of women (10-50 years) is not an essential religious practice Court allowed women of all ages to enter Sabarimala Ayyappa temple Review petitions referred to 7-judge Bench, later expanded to 9-judge Bench Key Terms for Prelims ERP (Essential Religious Practices): Judicial test to determine which practices are protected under Article 25 Auto-theism: Individual freedom of conscience to explore one’s own inner self (term used by Mohan Gopal) Shirur Mutt case (1954): Origin of ERP doctrine Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs Sabarimala case (2018): SC allowed entry of women (10-50 years) to Ayyappa temple Nine-judge Bench: Currently hearing reference on religious freedom questions Source/Reference: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/all-religious-practices-presumed-protected-unless-they-violate-public-order-health-morality-centre-in-sabarimala-review-hearing/article70975320.ece#google_vignette MSP for Kharif Crops 2026-27: Cabinet Approves Hike Subject: Economy – MSP; Agriculture – Kharif Crops; Energy – Coal Gasification; Infrastructure – Namo Bharat. Why in News? Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved increase in Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for 14 Kharif crops for Marketing Season 2026-27 Highest hike: Sunflower Seed (₹622/quintal) , followed by Cotton (₹557) and Sesamum (₹500) Total 14 Kharif crops covered (including paddy, jowar, bajra, ragi, maize, tur, moong, urad, groundnut, soyabean, sunflower, sesamum, nigerseed, cotton) Estimated procurement: Over 824 lakh metric tonnes Estimated payout to farmers: ₹2.60 lakh crore What is MSP? Definition Minimum price at which government procures crops from farmers Announced before sowing season (Kharif: June-July; Rabi: October-November) Based on recommendations of Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) Formula A2+FL (actual paid-out costs + imputed value of family labour) – at least 1.5 times C2 (comprehensive cost including rent, interest) – used for broader analysis but not for price fixation Key Terms for Prelims MSP: Minimum Support Price – announced by CCEA based on CACP recommendations CCEA: Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs – approves MSP CACP: Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (attached office of Ministry of Agriculture) A2+FL: Cost formula (actual paid-out costs + family labour) – used for MSP calculation Kharif Crops: Sown in June-July, harvested September-October (depends on southwest monsoon) Dholera SIR: Special Investment Region in Gujarat (part of Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor) MIHAN: Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur Syngas: Synthesis gas (CO + H₂) produced from coal gasification Lothal NHMC: National Maritime Heritage Complex at Lothal (ancient Indus Valley port) Source/Reference: https://www.newsonair.gov.in/cabinet-approves-msp-for-kharif-crops-for-2026-27-season/ Coal Gasification Scheme: ₹37,500 Crore Push for Energy Security Subject: Economy – Energy Security; Coal Gasification; Import Substitution; Atmanirbhar Bharat; National Coal Gasification Mission. Why in News? Union Cabinet approved Scheme for Promotion of Surface Coal/Lignite Gasification Projects on May 13, 2026 with a financial outlay of ₹37,500 crore  Targets gasification of 75 million tonnes (MT) of coal/lignite, advancing the national goal of 100 MT by 2030  Aims to reduce import dependence on LNG (50%+ imported), urea (~20%), ammonia (~100%), and methanol (80-90%)  What is Coal Gasification? Process: Thermochemical conversion of coal/lignite into synthesis gas (syngas) – a mixture of CO, CO₂, H₂, and CH₄  Types: Surface gasification (coal mined first) and Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) – scheme focuses on surface gasification  End Products: Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG), ammonia (for fertilisers), methanol, DME, and other petrochemicals  Key Features of the Scheme Financial Incentives Maximum 20% of Plant & Machinery cost – disbursed in 4 equal instalments linked to project milestones  Selection through transparent competitive bidding  Incentive Caps Single project: ₹5,000 crore  Single product (except SNG/Urea): ₹9,000 crore  Single entity group (all projects): ₹12,000 crore  Additional Reforms Coal linkage tenure extended to 30 years under Non-Regulated Sector (NRS) auction framework  Scheme is technology-agnostic; adoption of indigenous technologies encouraged  Import Substitution Context India’s import bill for substitutable products (LNG, urea, ammonia, methanol, coking coal) stood at ₹2.77 lakh crore in FY2025  West Asia crisis has exposed vulnerability of import dependence  Background and Existing Projects National Coal Gasification Mission launched in 2021  Earlier ₹8,500 crore scheme (Jan 2024) – 8 projects worth ₹6,233 crore under implementation  India holds 401 billion tonnes of coal and 47 billion tonnes of lignite reserves  Coal accounts for over 55% of India’s energy mix  Current Operational Projects Jindal Steel Ltd: India’s only operational gasification project (Odisha’s Angul district)  CIL-GAIL: Coal-to-SNG plant in West Bengal  CIL-BHEL: Coal-to-ammonium nitrate plant in Odisha  NTPC plans to enter coal gasification (5-10 MT syngas per year over 3-4 years)  Key Terms for Prelims Syngas (Synthesis Gas): Mixture of CO, CO₂, H₂, CH₄ produced from coal/lignite gasification  Surface Gasification: Coal mined first, then converted to gas in above-ground reactors  Underground Coal Gasification (UCG): Coal converted to gas while still buried underground  SNG (Synthetic Natural Gas): Methane-rich gas substitute for natural gas  DME (Dimethyl Ether): Clean fuel substitute for diesel/LPG  NRS (Non-Regulated Sector): Coal linkage auction framework for sectors not under government price control  EPC (Engineering, Procurement, Construction): Foreign contractors – scheme aims to reduce reliance  Source/Reference: https://www.ndtv.com/business-news/what-is-coal-gasification-cabinet-plan-37500-crore-ashwini-vaishnav-iran-war-india-energy-import-fuel-11493694 Wholesale Price Index (WPI) April 2026: Inflation Jumps to 8.3% Driven by Fuel & Power Subject: Economy – WPI; Inflation Measurement; West Asia Crisis Impact; Fuel & Power; DPIIT. Why in News? Annual WPI inflation for April 2026 stood at 8.3% (provisional) , up sharply from 3.88% in March 2026 Released by Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) , Ministry of Commerce and Industry on May 14, 2026 Base Year: 2011-12 Key Inflation Numbers All Commodities (Weight 100%) April 2026 WPI: 167.0 (provisional) YoY inflation: 8.30% (vs. 3.88% in March) MoM change: +3.86% Fuel & Power (Weight 13.15%) – Biggest Driver April 2026 WPI: 181.7 YoY inflation: 24.71% (vs. 1.05% in March) MoM change: +18.22% Mineral oils: +29.37% MoM Petrol: +32.40% YoY; HSD: +25.19% YoY Primary Articles (Weight 22.62%) April 2026 WPI: 202.4 YoY inflation: 9.17% Crude petroleum & natural gas: +67.18% YoY; Crude petroleum alone: +88.06% YoY Manufactured Products (Weight 64.23%) April 2026 WPI: 151.6 YoY inflation: 4.62% 21 of 22 NIC groups saw price increases Basic metals: +7.00% YoY; Textiles: +7.30% YoY; Chemicals: +5.09% YoY Food Index (Weight 24.38%) April 2026 WPI: 195.1 YoY inflation: 2.31% (up from 1.85% in March) Key Drivers of April 2026 Inflation (8.3%) Fuel & Power (24.71% YoY) Primary driver of headline inflation Driven by West Asia crisis (Iran-Israel-US war) – crude oil supply disruptions, Strait of Hormuz closure Crude Petroleum & Natural Gas (67.18% YoY) Crude petroleum alone: 88.06% YoY Direct impact of geopolitical conflict Manufactured Products (4.62% YoY) Broad-based increase across textiles, metals, chemicals Non-Food Articles (12.18% YoY) Oil seeds: 22.24% YoY Trend Analysis (Last 6 Months) Key Observation: WPI has surged from deflationary territory (Nov 2025) to 8.3% in April 2026 – sharpest increase in recent years, driven entirely by fuel price shock West Asia Crisis Context Iran-Israel-US war began February 28, 2026 Strait of Hormuz effectively closed – 25-30% of global oil supply disrupted Crude oil prices surged from ~70/barrel(pre-war)to 112-115/barrel India imports 85%+ of crude oil – direct pass-through to WPI Policy Implications RBI MPC context: WPI at 8.3% far exceeds RBI’s comfort zone; CPI (retail inflation) for March at 3.4% but will likely rise RBI’s inflation target: 4% with 2-6% band – WPI now well above upper band RBI may need to reconsider rate cuts or even consider rate hikes if inflation persists Key Terms for Prelims WPI (Wholesale Price Index): Measures price changes at wholesale/bulk transaction level DPIIT: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade – releases WPI Base Year: 2011-12 (current series) MoM Change: March to April 2026: +3.86% YoY Inflation: April 2026 vs. April 2025: +8.30% Fuel & Power: Highest contributor (24.71% YoY) Mineral oils: Sub-component of Fuel & Power (includes petrol, diesel, ATF) West Asia crisis (2026): Iran-Israel-US war; Strait of Hormuz closure Crude petroleum: 88.06% YoY inflation – primary driver Source/Reference: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2260905&reg=3&lang=1 (MAINS Focus) The 'Cinematisation' of Politics: Narrative Over Change GS Paper I – Society (Social Issues) | GS Paper II – Polity & Governance | GS Paper I – Indian Heritage & Culture Political Communication; Role of Media and Cinema in Politics; Youth Politics; Electoral Behaviour   Introduction The rise of Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam reflects a restless youth seeking not just political change, but a compelling narrative and sense of purpose. Unlike the protest-driven Dravidian movements of the 1960s, this shift emerged through social media and cinematic storytelling, showing that modern politics must inspire like cinema to engage young voters.   Main Body The Crisis of Purpose Among Youth Routine and Purposelessness: Life in 2026 for a youth of the State is routine: a nine-to-five job, endless scrolling through social media platforms. Beyond personal goals, life hardly allows one a purpose, let alone a larger-than-life vision for a revolution. Cinema offers an augmented reality where purpose is celebrated—explaining the frenzy for escapist cinema and the decline of political news consumption. Political Indifference and Illiteracy: TVK followers were repeatedly criticised as “tharkuri” (imbecile) for their alleged lack of political insight or inability to articulate why they wanted to vote for Vijay. “Anna will do us good”—how or from what? They never bothered. This political indifference stems from the State’s inability to educate the youth in their language; depoliticised campuses have long caused this aversion to politics. Cinema as Narrative: The Hero-Villain Framework Narrative Over Policy: Audiences need to feel a win—cinema offers a narrative. A narrative is what Vijay, a face they have seen serving them with a purpose, offered when he tagged the DMK as “theeya sakthi” (evil force). The narrative was clear: Vijay had to win; it didn’t matter why the DMK had to lose. For an actor to win, politics must become his playground; politics must become cinema. The Climax Strategy: Vijay’s election campaign—urging children to ask parents to vote for TVK, repeatedly symbolising the DMK as a villain—seemed straight out of the climax of a summer blockbuster. The DMK did not lose to an actor who sold dreams, but to a strategist who offered the satisfaction of a social media campaign win. This victory feels so personal to most voters because they have essentially beaten the force that was unofficially declared unbeatable. The Deeper Issue: What ‘Change’ Really Means Change as a Pre-Election Commodity: Many TVK supporters wished for government change due to crimes against women in the previous five years. This is one definition of ‘change’ they attested to. However, will similar social media campaigns hold TVK accountable should crimes against women occur during their reign? If not, like most election manifestos these days, ‘change’ is just a pre-election commodity. What Real Change Requires: Crimes against women do not need a mere change in government—they need a government that acknowledges deep-seated patriarchy and takes steps towards abolishing the socio-political factors leading to sexual assaults. Until then, a change in this regard wouldn’t be concrete. Cinematic Politics and Democratic Stability The Need for Dramatic Flair: For the interest of youth ‘audiences’ in politics to sustain, politics needs to become more. They need to see variety; stability can seem boring. Development shouldn’t just improve upon something—it should demolish something pre-existing, for lack of dramatic flair would be akin to death. There must be development, but through a steady supply of ‘something different’. The Risk: This approach prioritises narrative over substance, spectacle over governance. Voters who don’t bother about what happens to the hero after the climax may disengage once the electoral drama ends. Historical Context: Dravidian Movement (1960s) vs. Cinematic Politics (2026) 1960s Student Movement (Dravidian politics): Built through protests against an oppressive force (caste hierarchy, Brahminical dominance, Hindi imposition). Ideological grounding: rationalism, anti-caste, federalism, self-respect movement. Campus-based mobilisation: students as political actors. Demand for structural change: social justice, representation, language rights. 2026 Cinematic Politics (TVK phenomenon): Built on social media, in the minds of youth, not through street protests. Narrative-driven: hero vs. villain framework, not ideological. Depoliticised campuses; mobilisation through online platforms, not campus politics. Demand for ‘a change’ (undefined) – change as a feeling, not a programmatic demand. Way Forward: Beyond Cinematisation For Political Leaders: Narrative must be backed by governance substance after the election. The hero-villain framework works for campaigning; policy and administration require different skills. Accountability cannot end at the climax. For Educators and Institutions: Depoliticised campuses need to be revived as spaces for political education. Political literacy in regional languages must be prioritised. Critical thinking about narratives, not just emotional engagement with them. For Citizens and Voters: Recognise that ‘change’ without definition is a pre-election commodity. Hold governments accountable on the same metrics used to defeat the previous one. Demand both narrative and substance.   Conclusion The rise of Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam reflects the growing “cinematisation” of politics, where youth seek narrative and purpose more than mere political change. However, cinematic campaigns alone cannot address deep issues like crimes against women, which require structural reforms. Without effective governance, “change” risks becoming just another pre-election spectacle.   UPSC Mains Practice Question With the rise of Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam in Tamil Nadu, examine the growing ‘cinematisation’ of politics and its impact on democratic accountability and governance. (250 words, 15 marks)   https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/tvk-vijay-tamizhaga-vettri-kazhagam-tamil-nadu-elections-cinematic-politics-crisis-of-purpose/article70956218.ece Closing Cervical Cancer Gap in India: Prevention and Equity GS Paper II – Social Justice (Health) | GS Paper I – Society (Women’s Issues) HPV Vaccination; Cervical Cancer Screening; Health Equity; National Immunisation Programme   Introduction A study in The Lancet estimates that India could prevent over 10 million cervical cancer cases by achieving the WHO’s 90-70-90 targets on HPV vaccination, screening, and treatment. Despite cervical cancer being highly preventable, limited healthcare access and social inequalities continue to burden women, especially in rural and marginalised communities.   Main Body The Burden: Preventable but Persistent India’s Cervical Cancer Crisis: More than 1.2 lakh new cases annually. Roughly 80,000 deaths each year. One of the world’s heaviest cervical cancer burdens. The Tragedy: Cervical cancer is among the most preventable forms of cancer. Yet prevention (vaccination, screening) remains out of reach for most women. The WHO 90-70-90 Targets: 90% of girls fully vaccinated with HPV vaccine by age 15. 70% of women screened with a high-performance test at ages 30 and above. 90% of women identified with disease receive appropriate treatment. The Lancet Projection: India can prevent more than 10 million cervical cancer cases over the next century if targets are achieved. The HPV Vaccine: A Long Road to National Programme History of HPV Vaccine in India: First introduced in India in 2008. Uptake remained limited due to: Safety concerns (unfounded but persistent). Patchy information dissemination. Logistical gaps. Sociocultural barriers. Recent Progress (February 2026): HPV vaccination programme for adolescent girls launched. India now among a handful of countries that include HPV vaccine in their national immunisation programmes. The Challenge: Participation has been uneven. Disparities within states and between districts. Screening Rates: Alarmingly Low and Uneven National Screening Rate: Only around 2% of eligible women undergo regular testing. State-Level Disparities: Tamil Nadu: screening rates above 10% (best performer). Assam and West Bengal: rates as low as 0.2% (worst performers). The Consequence: A disease that disproportionately punishes the vulnerable. Women in rural, poor, and marginalised communities die because they are never screened. The Inequity Gap: Who Is Left Behind Geographic Disparities: North-eastern states (Assam) and eastern states (West Bengal) have near-zero screening. Southern states (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka) perform better but still far from target. Socio-Economic Disparities: Poorer households cannot afford screening or treatment. Socially marginalised communities (SC, ST, OBC) have lower access. Urban-Rural Divide: Screening and vaccination reach urban centres. Rural districts remain largely uncovered. Way Forward: Targeted Outreach and Diagnostic Integration Integrate HPV Nucleic Acid Testing into National Essential Diagnostics List: Proposed by experts to expand screening reach and accuracy. HPV DNA testing is more sensitive than Pap smear. Can be deployed in district hospitals and primary health centres. Targeted Outreach for Vaccination: Focus on districts with low coverage (Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, UP, Jharkhand). School-based vaccination drives (like for tetanus and Rubella). Community engagement to address sociocultural barriers and safety concerns. Strengthen Screening Infrastructure: Train ASHA workers and ANMs to collect samples for HPV testing. Link screening to existing health programmes (Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram, Ayushman Bharat). Ensure follow-up and treatment for screen-positive women. Treatment Access: 90% of identified patients must receive treatment. Link to PM-JAY for financial protection. Strengthen district hospital capacity for early-stage cervical cancer treatment (surgery, radiation). Learning from Tamil Nadu Why Tamil Nadu Succeeds (10%+ screening rate): Strong public health infrastructure. High female literacy and health awareness. Effective district-level implementation. Political prioritisation of health. What Other States Can Learn: Screening can be integrated into routine antenatal and family planning services. ASHA workers can be effective mobilisers if trained and compensated. Data tracking at district level enables accountability.   Conclusion India can prevent over 10 million cervical cancer cases by achieving the WHO’s 90-70-90 targets, yet it still bears one of the world’s highest burdens. Despite launching a national HPV vaccination programme in 2026, low screening rates, healthcare gaps, and social barriers continue to hinder prevention. Expanding HPV testing and targeted outreach can significantly reduce this preventable disease burden.   UPSC Mains Practice Question Despite a high cervical cancer burden, HPV vaccination and screening rates in India remain low. Examine the barriers to achieving the WHO’s 90-70-90 targets and suggest targeted measures to improve prevention and screening. (250 words, 15 marks)   https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/close-cervical-cancer-gap-in-india-focus-on-prevention-equity-10688167/ Empowering the Grassroots Economy: A Comprehensive Push for Rural and Semi-Urban MSMEs GS Paper III – Economy (Industrial Policy; Inclusive Growth) | GS Paper II – Governance MSMEs; Rural Employment; Formalisation; Credit Access; Digital Platforms   Introduction India’s MSMEs contribute over 31% to GDP, nearly 49% to exports, and support livelihoods for 32.8 crore people, making them central to inclusive growth. Government initiatives such as Udyam registration, credit support schemes, and digital platforms like GeM, TReDS, and SAMADHAAN are improving formalisation, market access, and ease of doing business across rural and semi-urban India.   Main Body Sectoral Overview: Scale and Significance Economic Contribution: Contribute about 31.1% to India’s GDP. Account for 48.58% of total exports. Generate around 35.4% of manufacturing output. Provide livelihoods to approximately 32.8 crore people (second-largest source of employment after agriculture). Enterprise Base: More than 7.47 crore enterprises across manufacturing, services, and trade. A large share operates in rural and semi-urban areas. Support local value chains, promote non-farm employment, and contribute to regional economic development. Formalisation Milestone (as of March 2026): Over 7.9 crore enterprises registered through Udyam Portal (4.72 crore) and Udyam Assist Platform (3.21 crore). Udyam Assist Platform (launched January 2023) brings Informal Micro Enterprises (IMEs) into the formal financial system. Credit and Financial Support Measures Credit Guarantee Scheme (CGS) – CGTMSE: Facilitates collateral-free and third-party guarantee-free credit to Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs). Ceiling of guarantee coverage enhanced from ₹5 crore to ₹10 crore for banks (Union Budget 2025-26). Special provision for MSEs promoted by transgender entrepreneurs: 10% concession in guarantee fees + enhanced guarantee coverage up to 85%. Self-Reliant India (SRI) Fund: ₹50,000 crore equity support through Fund of Funds mechanism (₹10,000 crore from Government, ₹40,000 crore from Private Equity and Venture Capital). As of November 2025: supported 682 MSMEs with investments worth ₹15,442 crore. Union Budget 2026-27 provided additional ₹2,000 crore. Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS): Launched 2020; extended till March 2023. Guarantees amounting to ₹3.61 lakh crore issued; benefited 1.19 crore borrowers. SBI research: saved 14.6 lakh MSME accounts from slipping into NPA; 98.3% belonged to micro and small enterprises. Legal and Institutional Support for Delayed Payments MSMED Act, 2006: Buyers mandated to make payments to MSEs within 45 days of acceptance of goods or services. 161 Micro and Small Enterprises Facilitation Councils (MSEFCs) set up across States and UTs for dispute adjudication. SAMADHAAN Portal (October 2017): Technology-enabled mechanism for MSEs to file and monitor delayed payment applications online. Cases automatically referred to MSEFCs. Sub-portal (June 2020) tracks payment dues from Central Ministries, Departments, and CPSEs. As of December 2022: ₹1,65,034 crore paid to MSMEs by Central Ministries/Departments/CPSEs since May 2020. Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) Portal (June 2025): End-to-end digitized resolution of delayed payment cases. Reduces time and cost involved in redressal. Digitalisation and Market Access Initiatives Key MSME Digital Platforms: Udyam Portal: Online MSME registration and Udyam Registration Number. Government e-Marketplace (GeM): Public procurement; MSMEs sell directly to government buyers. Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS): Invoice financing through multiple financiers. MSME Champions Portal: Grievance redressal and handholding support. MSME SAMBANDH: Monitoring public procurement from MSMEs. PMEGP Portal: Application, approval, and tracking of PMEGP-supported projects. PM Vishwakarma Portal: Registration and support to traditional artisans. Online Dispute Resolution Portal: Digital resolution of disputes. Entrepreneurship and Livelihood Promotion Schemes Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP): Credit-linked subsidy scheme implemented through KVIC. Maximum project cost: ₹50 lakh (manufacturing), ₹20 lakh (service/business). Margin Money Subsidy: 35% (rural), 25% (urban) for special categories (SC/ST, OBC, minorities, women, ex-servicemen, PwD, North-East, Hill and Border areas). From FY 2021–22 to FY 2025–26: over 5.8 lakh projects supported; bank loans over ₹60,000 crore sanctioned; margin money subsidy over ₹13,450 crore disbursed; estimated employment generation of nearly 36.3 lakh persons. PM Vishwakarma Scheme (2023): End-to-end support for artisans and craftspeople across 18 traditional trades. Components: formal recognition (PM Vishwakarma Certificate), skill upgradation (Basic Training 5–7 days, Advanced Training 15+ days with ₹500/day stipend), toolkit incentive up to ₹15,000 (e-vouchers). Collateral-free loans up to ₹3 lakh (two tranches) at 5% interest (Government provides 8% interest subvention). As of March 2026: over 30 lakh artisans registered; 26.7 lakh completed skill verification; 23.7 lakh undergone basic training; nearly 5.9 lakh loans (~₹5,050 crore) approved; over 25.8 lakh e-vouchers issued. Inclusion of Traders and Transition Support Inclusion of Traders under MSME (July 2021): Retail and wholesale traders included within MSME ambit. Enabled registration on Udyam Portal and Priority Sector Lending benefits. Support during MSME Classification Transition: Non-tax benefits continue for three years when an MSME graduates to a higher classification category. Removes disincentive for smaller enterprises to scale up. Way Forward: Strengthening the MSME Ecosystem Continued Convergence: Between digital platforms (GeM, TReDS, Udyam), financial institutions (banks, SIDBI, CGTMSE), and grassroots implementation agencies (KVIC, DICs). Focus on Last-Mile Entrepreneurs: Artisans, rural traders, first-generation micro enterprise owners, women entrepreneurs, SC/ST/OBC entrepreneurs, and persons with disabilities. Policy Reinforcements: ₹10,000 crore SME Growth Fund and additional allocations to SRI Fund (Union Budget 2026-27). Mandate TReDS across Central Public Sector Enterprises.   Conclusion MSMEs are vital to India’s economy, contributing over 31% to GDP, nearly 49% to exports, and supporting 32.8 crore livelihoods. Government initiatives such as Udyam formalisation, credit support schemes, legal safeguards, and digital platforms like GeM and SAMADHAAN are strengthening finance, market access, and timely payments, while programmes like PMEGP and PM Vishwakarma are boosting employment and grassroots entrepreneurship.   UPSC Mains Practice Question Examine the Government’s MSME support strategy and the role of GeM, TReDS, and SAMADHAAN in addressing credit, payment, and market-access challenges. (250 words, 15 marks)   https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2260904&reg=3&lang=1  

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Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Why Are Some People Mosquito Magnets? Science of Attraction Subject: Science & Tech – Mosquito Behaviour; Health – Vector Borne Diseases; NVBDCP; Malaria; Dengue. Why in News? A new study published in the journal Cell (May 2026) has identified the key factors that make certain individuals more attractive to mosquitoes than others Key Findings Primary Attractant: Carboxylic Acids People who are “mosquito magnets” produce high levels of carboxylic acids on their skin These acids are produced by skin microbiota (natural bacteria living on human skin) Carboxylic acid levels remain stable over time – if you are a magnet today, you will likely remain one How the Study Was Conducted Researchers placed nylon stockings on participants’ arms for six hours to capture skin odour Stockings were placed in traps – mosquitoes consistently swarmed towards high-carboxylic acid samples Cell-free control had negligible attraction Other Attraction Factors Factor Impact Body heat Mosquitoes detect thermal signals Carbon dioxide (CO₂) Exhaled CO₂ indicates presence of living host Skin microbiota Produces carboxylic acids (primary long-term attractant) Why Mosquitoes Bite Female mosquitoes need a blood meal to obtain protein for egg development Male mosquitoes feed only on nectar (do not bite) Vector Control Measures in India Government Programmes National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) – under Ministry of Health National Dengue Control Programme National Malaria Elimination Programme (target 2030) Methods Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITBN) – especially for malaria Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) Larval source management (breeding site elimination) Biological control (Gambusia fish – larvivorous fish) Source/Reference: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/why-are-some-people-mosquito-magnets/article70969100.ece/amp/ NEET-UG 2026 Cancelled: NTA Orders Re-Test After Paper Leak Subject: Polity – Education; Governance – NTA; Current Affairs – NEET Cancellation; Paper Leak; Why in News? National Testing Agency (NTA) cancelled the NEET-UG 2026 examination conducted on May 3, 2026 following evidence of paper leak A re-test will be conducted in the “minimal possible time” (schedule to be announced in 7-10 days) About NTA Establishment Created in November 2017 under Ministry of Education Registered as Society under Societies Registration Act, 1860 Mandate Conducts entrance examinations for higher education institutions Known for computer-based testing (CBT) , though NEET is currently pen-and-paper (OMR-based) Key Examinations Conducted NEET-UG (medical), JEE-Main (engineering), CUET (central university admission), UGC-NET, GPAT, CMAT, etc. Previous Controversy (2024) NEET-UG 2024 also faced paper leak allegations An expert committee recommended reform measures (under review) This is the second consecutive year of NEET paper leak controversy Computer-Based Test (CBT) – A Policy Question Challenge for CBT NTA has capacity for only 1.5 lakh CBT candidates per day NEET has 22 lakh candidates – would require multiple days of testing Would need different question papers and score normalisation Key Terms for Prelims NTA: National Testing Agency (established 2017 under Ministry of Education) NEET-UG: National Eligibility cum Entrance Test for Undergraduate medical admissions CBI: Central Bureau of Investigation – probing the leak Zero Error Zero Tolerance: NTA DG’s policy for entrance tests OMR: Optical Mark Recognition – used for pen-and-paper answer sheets CBT: Computer-Based Testing – digital exam format Source/Reference: https://www.thehindu.com/education/neet-ug-2026-cancelled-to-be-reconducted-paper-leak-nta-may-12-2026/article70968713.ece BRICS Foreign Ministers' Meet in Delhi: West Asia Divisions Test Bloc Subject: International Relations – BRICS; Multilateralism; New Development Bank; India’s Chairmanship. Why in News? BRICS Foreign Ministers’ Meeting on May 14-15, 2026 in New Delhi chaired by Dr. S. Jaishankar Sharp divisions among members over West Asia crisis (Iran-Israel-US war) threaten joint statement India assumes BRICS Chairmanship for 2026 (fourth time: 2012, 2016, 2021, 2026) About BRICS Origin Term “BRIC” coined by Jim O’Neill (Goldman Sachs) in 2001 Formalised in 2006; first summit in Yekaterinburg (2009) South Africa joined in 2010 Current Members (11) Founding (5): Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa Joined 2024: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE Joined 2025: Indonesia Key Statistics 40% of world population 30% of global GDP 25% of world economy Key BRICS Institutions New Development Bank (NDB) Established 2014 (Fortaleza Declaration); operational 2015 HQ: Shanghai, China Authorised Capital: $100 billion Voting: Equal rights (unlike IMF/World Bank) India’s Projects: 20 projects worth $4.87 million Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) $100 billion pool for Balance of Payments crises India’s contribution: 18billion(sameasBrazil,Russia;China41 bn, South Africa $5 bn) Delhi Meeting: Challenges West Asia Divisions Iran vs UAE differences over language on US-Israel attacks Consensus already failed at senior officials’ MENA meeting (April 23-24) Outcome Joint statement uncertain – may be replaced by Chair Statement Key Participation China’s Wang Yi – skipping (scheduling conflict with Trump’s China visit) Russia’s Lavrov and Iran’s Araghchi – attending Araghchi-Jaishankar bilateral on sidelines India’s Chairmanship Theme “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability” India to host BRICS Summit in September 2026 Source/Reference: https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/May/12/west-asia-divisions-loom-over-brics-foreign-ministers-meet-in-delhi IMD Launches AI-Powered Block-Level Monsoon Forecast Subject: Geography – Monsoon Forecasting; Science & Tech – AI in Weather; IMD; Block-level Forecasts. Why in News? IMD launched first AI-enabled block-level monsoon forecast on May 12, 2026 Covers 3,196 blocks across 15 states + 1 UT (rainfed regions) Key Features Forecast timeline: 4 weeks in advance (issued every Wednesday) Error margin: ~4 days Technology: Blends numerical weather prediction with AI and machine learning Developed with: IITM Pune and NCMRWF Purpose Enables farmers to time sowing precisely Shift from conventional to impact-based forecasting Uttar Pradesh Pilot Separate high-resolution system for UP 1 km resolution (downscaled from 12.5 km global models) Valid for 10 days Uses Doppler radars, satellites, automatic rain gauges 2026 Monsoon Context Below normal rainfall projected due to developing El Niño First half (June-July) stable; shortfall expected August-September Key Terms IMD: India Meteorological Department (est. 1875; under MoES) IITM Pune: Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology NCMRWF: National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting AgriStack: Digital platform for farmer services Rainfed regions: Areas dependent on rainfall (no irrigation) Source/Reference: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/imd-unveils-weather-model-to-provide-block-level-forecast-of-monsoon-journey/article70970694.ece Five Principles of India's Diplomacy Subject: International Relations – Indian Foreign Policy; Strategic Principles; Multilateral Diplomacy; Geopolitical Strategy. Why in News? Strategic affairs analyst outlined five principles of Indian diplomacy in the context of global turbulence (West Asia crisis, US-China rivalry, shifting multilateralism) The Five Principles Reciprocity Stand by trusted partners when they need you India maintains consistent support for allies on core issues (e.g., UAE’s support on Kashmir and cross-border terrorism) Expects reciprocal backing during times of threat Diversification Expand strategic engagement beyond traditional partners India’s outreach to Europe, Africa, and Southeast Asia Smaller states possess capabilities relevant to economic, industrial, and technological modernisation Strategic Flexibility Pursue pragmatic interests without rigid ideological alignment India engages with both BRICS and Quad forums Avoids “vacuous ideological slogans” while securing national interests across competing power centres Strategic Expansion Deepen engagement with emerging regions, especially Africa Africa offers: youthful populations, expanding markets, and critical minerals essential for future global economy Domestic Renewal No diplomatic activism compensates for internal economic stagnation Rapid internal reform and economic reinvention are prerequisites for leveraging global opportunities Key Terms for Prelims Reciprocity: Mutual exchange of support between trusted partners Diversification: Broadening strategic engagement beyond traditional allies Strategic Flexibility: Pragmatic engagement with competing power centres without ideological rigidity BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa + new members Quad: Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (India, US, Japan, Australia) Static-Dynamic Linkage Static (International Relations Syllabus) Panchsheel (1954): Five principles of peaceful coexistence (mutual respect for territorial integrity, non-aggression, non-interference, equality, peaceful coexistence) Gujral Doctrine (1996-98): Unilateral goodwill towards neighbours without expecting reciprocity Dynamic (Current Affairs – May 2026) India’s balancing act: Engages both BRICS and Quad West Asia crisis (2026) testing reciprocity principle Africa outreach – strategic expansion under India’s G20 presidency legacy Domestic reform – economic growth as foundation of diplomatic influence Source/Reference: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/c-raja-mohan-writes-in-a-shifting-world-order-five-principles-should-guide-indias-diplomacy-10686420/ Cancer Immunotherapy May Alter Blood-Brain Barrier: Double-Edged Role Subject: Science & Tech – Cancer Immunotherapy; PD-1 Inhibitors; Blood-Brain Barrier; DKK1; Brain Metastases. Why in News? Study published in Cancer Discovery (May 2026) by Yuval Shaked’s team at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Found that PD-1 inhibitors (a class of cancer immunotherapy) can make the blood-brain barrier (BBB) more permeable This explains why some patients develop brain metastases during treatment and suggests new ways to improve drug delivery to the brain Key Findings How PD-1 Inhibitors Affect BBB Treatment prompts immune cells to produce a protein called DKK1 DKK1 disrupts cells that maintain blood vessel stability Results in weaker barrier proteins and increased immune cell entry into brain Leads to leaky BBB – observed only with anti-PD-1, not with other immune checkpoint inhibitors Double-Edged Role Positive Effect Negative Effect Allows chemotherapy drugs (e.g., cisplatin) to enter brain May allow circulating cancer cells to enter brain Improves drug delivery for brain metastases Increases risk of new brain metastases in resistant cancers Anti-PD-1 + cisplatin improved survival in mice Explains why some patients develop brain lesions during treatment Clinical Observations Biomarker Potential Higher levels of plasma DKK1 linked to greater brain metastases and shorter progression-free survival Could help identify patients at higher risk of developing brain metastases during treatment May explain increased contrast on MRI scans (not just “pseudoprogression” but actual BBB leakage) Implications for Treatment For resistant patients – BBB opening could be exploited to improve drug delivery to brain For responsive patients – risk of new metastases needs monitoring Combination of chemotherapy + immunotherapy already used in high-risk patients with brain metastases who test positive for immune biomarkers Findings need validation in larger human trials Key Terms for Prelims PD-1 Inhibitors: Type of immune checkpoint inhibitor cancer immunotherapy Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB): Tightly packed cells controlling passage from blood to brain tissue DKK1: Protein produced by immune cells after anti-PD-1 treatment; mediates BBB leakage Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs): Drugs that block signals preventing immune cells from attacking tumours Brain Metastases: Cancer that has spread to the brain from primary tumour elsewhere Pseudoprogression: Apparent tumour growth on imaging that is actually inflammation (not true progression) Discordant Responses: Different treatment outcomes in different parts of the body Source/Reference: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/cancer-immunotherapy-may-reshape-brains-barrier-to-metastasis/article70969178.ece Water Crisis in India: Structural Scarcity, Governance Gaps & Climate Pressures Subject: Geography – Water Resources; Economy – Blue Economy; Disaster Management – Drought; Schemes – Jal Jeevan Mission. Why in News? Since January 2026, over 600 million people have been affected by water shortages across states, driven by a combination of supply-side disruptions, pollution, and climate-induced rainfall variability. As of May 2026, parts of Maharashtra and Jharkhand are implementing strict water management measures to mitigate the emerging El Niño risk, which is forecasted to further weaken the summer monsoon. Scale and Magnitude of the Crisis India supports 18% of the world’s population but has access to only 4% of global freshwater resources. Key indicators reflect a deepening emergency: Water Stress: Over 600 million citizens live in “high to extreme” water stress conditions. About 342 million people lack access to safe drinking water, contributing to nearly 200,000 deaths annually. Per Capita Decline: Available water has dropped to roughly 1,100–1,400 cubic meters per year, well below the international water stress threshold of 1,700 m³. Quality Crisis: India ranks 120th out of 122 countries on the Global Water Quality Index. Approximately 70% of the water supply is contaminated by sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural chemicals. Major Urban Flashpoints (2026) Delhi: Severe Yamuna pollution raised ammonia levels, forcing shutdown of major water treatment plants and disrupting supply for over 2 lakh people. Maharashtra: Despite good reservoir storage, the state is enforcing water rationing and preparing for possible El Niño-driven drought conditions. Jharkhand: BJP protests in Dhanbad highlighted growing concerns over water scarcity, power cuts, and alleged failures in rural welfare schemes. Root Causes Groundwater Overuse: India extracts over 25% of global groundwater, with excessive agricultural use and several districts facing critical depletion. Structural Inefficiency: Nearly 40% of treated water is lost through leaks and poor governance, while fragmented state-level regulation weakens enforcement. Storage Deficit: Despite high annual rainfall, inadequate storage infrastructure limits India’s usable water capacity significantly. Government Initiatives (Reforms) Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM): Extended until 2028 to provide tap water to all rural homes; currently focuses on last-mile connectivity. Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABY): Community-led groundwater management in over-exploited blocks. Namami Gange Programme: Aims to cleanse the Ganga basin through sewage treatment infrastructure. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): Promoting drip/sprinkler irrigation (micro-irrigation) to save water. Composite Water Management Index (NITI Aayog): Benchmarking state performance to drive competition in water reforms. Key Terms for Prelims Composite Water Management Index: NITI Aayog’s tool ranking states on water governance Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain campaign focusing on rainwater harvesting SGD 6: UN goal for clean water and sanitation (aligned with JJM) Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): Umbrella scheme for irrigation efficiency Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABY): World Bank-funded groundwater management project Source/Reference: https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bmc-mumbai-10-percent-water-cut-may-15-lake-levels-el-nino-10684253/ (MAINS Focus) West Asia Crisis Opens Space for Fertiliser Policy Reform GS Paper III – Economy (Agriculture; Food Security) | GS Paper III – Environment Fertiliser Subsidy; Import Dependence; Nutrient Imbalance; Direct Income Support   Introduction PM Modi’s call to halve chemical fertiliser use may be impractical, but its core message—reducing overdependence and promoting balanced use—is valid. India relies heavily on imports for fertiliser inputs like natural gas, phosphate, potash, and sulphur, making it vulnerable to global disruptions such as the West Asia conflict and Strait of Hormuz closure. Years of subsidies have encouraged excessive urea and DAP use, damaging soil health. With supply and subsidy burdens rising, urgent fertiliser reforms are unavoidable.   Main Body India’s Fertiliser Vulnerability Limited Domestic Reserves: Very little natural gas (feedstock for urea). Hardly any rock phosphate (for DAP). No potash reserves; no elemental sulphur reserves. Heavy import dependence for all major fertilisers and raw materials. The Supply Shock: Unlike previous price shocks (2008, 2021-22), the current crisis is a supply shock. Availability itself is in question, not just price. The Strait of Hormuz closure has disrupted up to 30% of global fertiliser trade. The Subsidy Regime: Encouraging Overuse and Imbalance Historical Shift: Farmers initially used ammonium sulphate (20.5% N, 23% S) and single super phosphate (16% P, 11% S). These gave way to urea (46% N) and DAP (46% P). Newer products have high nutrient content but lack other macro or micronutrients. Low Nutrient Use Efficiency: Only one-third of nitrogen in urea is absorbed by plants. Rest lost through volatilisation (as ammonia gas) or leaching underground. Farmers need products that deliver nutrients more efficiently. Soil Damage: Overuse of urea and DAP has caused severe soil nutrient imbalances. Deficiency of sulphur, zinc, and other micronutrients is widespread. Organic matter content in soils has declined. Why the Current System Fails How It Works: Government fixes retail prices; subsidy is difference between import parity and retail price. Subsidy bill is open-ended (depends on global prices and import volumes). Why It Fails During Supply Shock: Subsidies boost demand (farmers pay less, use more). But supply is constrained (imports blocked). Result: shortages, black markets, diversion. Fiscal Unsustainability: Subsidy bill already huge (over ₹1.5 lakh crore annually). During supply shock, either subsidies skyrocket or shortages worsen. The Reform Proposal: Direct Income Support The Proposal: Free or raise retail fertiliser prices to import parity levels. Replace product-wise subsidy with a per-acre payment (e.g., ₹5,000 per acre) for all cultivating farmers. Redirect money from fertiliser subsidy savings and PM-Kisan into direct income support. How It Would Work: Farmers receive cash transfer per acre. Farmers then buy fertilisers (or other inputs) at market prices. Choice of input mix left to farmer (not distorted by subsidised prices). Advantages: Removes price distortion (no more urea overuse because it’s cheap). Encourages balanced nutrient use. Reduces fiscal burden (capped per-acre payment, not open-ended subsidy). Farmers get cash for seeds, water, labour, or fertilisers as needed. Addressing Concerns: Small farmers benefit proportionally more (same per-acre amount). PM-Kisan database already exists (over 10 crore farmers). Transition period can ease adjustment. Complementary Reforms Promote complex fertilisers (NPK with micronutrients) through market prices. Promote bio-fertilisers and organic manure. Strengthen soil health card scheme for crop-specific recommendations. Promote neem-coated urea and fertigation for better efficiency. Expand domestic natural gas-based urea production (new plants). The Political Economy of Reform Why Reform Has Been Delayed: Fertiliser subsidy is politically sensitive (farmers vote). Industry lobby benefits from product-wise subsidy. Bureaucratic inertia. Why Reform Is Now Possible: Supply shock makes existing system unworkable (cannot subsidise what is not available). West Asia crisis provides political cover for hard choices. PM-Kisan exists as delivery mechanism. The Window of Opportunity: “When product availability is itself a problem, how much can one subsidise?” The crisis has made the present system unsustainable both fiscally and physically. Reform cannot wait any longer.   Conclusion India’s heavy dependence on imported fertiliser inputs is exposed by the West Asia conflict and Strait of Hormuz disruption. Decades of subsidies have promoted excessive urea and DAP use, worsening soil imbalances and fiscal burdens, while urea efficiency remains low.  The proposed reform is to reduce product-based subsidies, align prices closer to market levels, and provide direct per-acre income support to farmers using savings from fertiliser subsidies and PM-Kisan. The current crisis highlights the urgency of long-pending fertiliser reforms.   UPSC Mains Practice Question The West Asia crisis has exposed the weaknesses of India’s fertiliser subsidy regime. Examine its key vulnerabilities and suggest reforms for balancing farmer welfare with fiscal sustainability. (250 words, 15 marks)   https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/west-asia-crisis-opens-space-for-fertiliser-policy-reform-10686471/ How BRICS Can Provide Mortar for a New World Order GS Paper II – International Relations (Bilateral & Regional Groupings) BRICS; Global South; Multipolarity; De-dollarisation; India’s Foreign Policy   Introduction India’s foreign policy stands at a strategic crossroads: it is both a key Quad partner aligned with the West and the 2026 BRICS president representing the Global South. Rising tensions—seen in trade disputes, missed joint statements, and differences over global financial reforms—highlight the limits of simple “multi-alignment.” The real challenge for India is whether it can balance these competing roles while emerging as a credible leader of a divided Global South.   Main Body The Genesis of BRICS: From Acronym to Institution The Conceptual Birth (2001): Jim O’Neill of Goldman Sachs published ‘Building Better Global Economic BRICs’. Argued that G7 structure failed to account for tectonic shifts in global productivity. In purchasing power parity terms, Brazil, Russia, India, and China accounted for almost a quarter of global GDP. O’Neill’s Prediction on India: He predicted India might be the “least eager” to join a formal club. New Delhi might view collective obligations as an unwelcome constraint on its domestic policy or independent advice. The Political Birth (2006): September 2006 on the sidelines of UN General Assembly. India represented by Defence Minister Pranab Mukherjee (standing in for PM Manmohan Singh). The joint statement asserted that “economic weight must equal political power”. India’s Nuanced Approach: Complementary, Not Confrontational The Middle Path: While Brazil and China wanted a counter-hegemonic force, India stressed BRICS was “complementary” to existing structures. Not envisaged as a replacement for Western-led institutions. The Shift After 2008 Financial Crisis: The ‘Great Recession’ exposed the fragility of Western financial dominance. At the first formal summit in Yekaterinburg (June 2009), PM Manmohan Singh advocated a multipolar vision. He remarked that the crisis had shown existing governance structures needed reform to ensure the developing world’s voice was heard. BRICS Today: Expansion and Institutional Heft Membership Expansion: Four nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China) became five (South Africa added in 2010). 2024: Massive expansion added Egypt, UAE, Ethiopia, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. 2025: Indonesia added as full member; partner country status for 10 others (Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Vietnam, etc.). BRICS now controls a staggering share of world’s energy resources and maritime trade routes. Key Institutions: New Development Bank (NDB): Approved infrastructure projects worth about $43 billion; provides alternative to IMF’s often-stringent conditions. Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): $100 billion safety net for balance-of-payments crises. BRICS Pay (2026): Facilitates trade in local currencies, bypassing US dollar and SWIFT network. Other initiatives: Remote-sensing satellite data sharing, vaccine R&D centre, BRICS Startup Forum. The Kazan Declaration (2024): Bloc committed itself to “a just and democratic world order”. No longer positioned as an add-on to G7. US Resistance: Trump’s Economic Warfare Escalating Threats: July 2025: Trump dismissed BRICS as “fading out”. October 2025: Shifted to explicit economic warfare, declaring BRICS an “attack on the dollar”. Threatened 100% tariffs on any nation moving away from the dollar. Limitations of US Approach: US Supreme Court intervened to limit executive overreach on tariffs. Attempt to isolate Iran backfired (Iran demonstrated economic and military resilience). American public showed little appetite for another conflict. India’s BRICS Presidency (2026): Challenges and Fissures Low-Key Presidency: Unlike the over ₹4,000 crore spent on the G20 carnival (2023), the BRICS presidency has been low-key. Follows a strong Brazilian presidency. Rio de Janeiro Declaration (July 2025): Unanimously condemned US and Israeli attack on Iran. Warned that unilateral actions dismantle the foundations of international law. Current Challenges: Deputy foreign ministers’ meeting on West Asia and North Africa (April 23-24) ended without a joint statement. Iran and UAE reportedly at loggerheads. India tried to soften language (removing references to East Jerusalem as Palestinian capital, using “occupying power” for Israel). Iran wanted a stronger stance. The Risk: If differences are not bridged at the foreign ministers’ meeting, the September summit may prove difficult. India may have to choose a direction: remain with the South (as tradition) or align more closely with the West. Otherwise, things can fall between two stools. The Way Forward: India’s Strategic Choices The Dual Identity Test: India cannot indefinitely straddle both camps without facing consequences. As BRICS president, India must champion Global South causes (reform of global financial architecture, de-dollarisation, sovereign decision-making). As Quad partner, India must maintain strategic ties with the US, Japan, and Australia. Possible Paths: Continued multi-alignment: Manage frictions issue by issue; risk being trusted by neither side. Lean towards the South: Prioritise BRICS and Global South leadership; accept US tariff and diplomatic consequences. Lean towards the West: Prioritise Quad and Western alliance; risk losing credibility as Global South champion. The Stakes: BRICS now represents a significant share of global GDP, population, energy resources, and trade routes. The bloc’s 2024 Kazan Declaration committed to “a just and democratic world order”. India’s presidency will determine whether BRICS becomes a cohesive counterweight to G7 or remains a fractured coalition. Conclusion BRICS has transformed into a major voice of the Global South, expanding its membership and strengthening institutions like the New Development Bank and BRICS Pay. Yet India’s 2026 presidency faces challenges, including internal divisions over West Asia and balancing BRICS commitments with its Quad partnership. India now confronts a strategic choice: deepen leadership of the Global South or move closer to the West, as its handling of upcoming BRICS meetings will shape both its global role and BRICS’ future relevance.   UPSC Mains Practice Question India’s simultaneous role in the Quad and BRICS highlights its strategic balancing challenge. Examine the internal divisions within BRICS and assess whether the grouping can emerge as a credible alternative to G7-led global governance. (250 words, 15 marks)   https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinion/2026/May/11/how-brics-can-provide-mortar-for-a-new-world-order