The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Blackhole merger Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Scientists have detected gravitational waves from the largest black hole merger observed so far. These waves, first predicted by Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (1915), were only directly observed in 2015 with the help of LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory). Key Points: Gravitational waves are ripples in space-time caused by massive cosmic events like black hole mergers. The newly detected event involved black holes 100–150 times larger than the Sun, which challenges current theories as such sizes were not expected to exist. One of the black holes was spinning at extremely high speeds, nearing limits set by General Relativity. The event involved a merged black hole 225 times the Sun’s mass, surpassing previous records. Significance: This discovery could refine theories about black hole formation, star evolution, and universe composition. It highlights gaps in the current understanding of stellar evolution leading to black hole formation. LIGO and Global Collaboration: LIGO first detected gravitational waves in 2015. Collaborators now include Virgo (Italy) and KAGRA (Japan). A new LIGO observatory is planned in India (Maharashtra), expected by April 2030, enhancing global detection capabilities. Learning Corner: Black Holes: A black hole is a region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing—not even light—can escape it. Formed when massive stars collapse under their own gravity at the end of their life cycle. The event horizon is the boundary beyond which nothing can return. Black holes can be of different types: stellar-mass, intermediate, and supermassive (found at the centers of galaxies). According to General Relativity, black holes warp spacetime, influencing nearby matter and light. LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory): LIGO is a large-scale physics experiment and observatory designed to detect gravitational waves—ripples in spacetime caused by massive accelerating objects like merging black holes or neutron stars. It uses laser interferometry to measure incredibly small disturbances caused by passing gravitational waves. In 2015, LIGO made the first direct detection of gravitational waves, confirming a major prediction of Einstein’s theory of general relativity. The detected signal came from the merger of two black holes about 1.3 billion light-years away. Link Between Black Holes and LIGO: Merging black holes are among the most powerful sources of gravitational waves. LIGO allows scientists to observe black holes indirectly, by detecting the gravitational waves produced during such cosmic events. This has revolutionized astrophysics by opening a new window to study invisible phenomena in the universe. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) Category: ECONOMICS Context: Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) pulled out a net ₹77,901 crore from Indian equity markets during the first half of 2025. Key Highlights: Sector-wise Outflows (H1 2025): Highest Outflows: Information Technology: ₹30,600 crore FMCG: ₹18,178 crore Power: ₹15,422 crore Net Inflows: Telecommunication: ₹26,685 crore Financial Services: ₹13,717 crore Services: ₹7,294 crore FPI Shareholding: Declined to 16.09% of market capitalization as of June 30, 2025, down from 16.11% in December 2024. Month-wise Equity Sales (Q1 2025): January: ₹35,474 crore February: ₹34,574 crore March: ₹3,973 crore April-June 2025: FPIs turned net buyers: April: +₹4,223 crore May: +₹19,860 crore June: +₹14,590 crore Reason for Selling: Overvaluation in certain sectors, profit-booking, and reallocation contributed to the FPI exit in early 2025. Learning Corner: Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI): Definition: Investment by foreign entities in a country’s financial assets such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and other marketable securities. Nature: Short-term and volatile; often called “hot money.” Control: Investors do not get direct control over the business operations of the companies they invest in. Example: Buying shares of Indian companies listed on the stock exchange. Regulator: Handled by SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Definition: Investment by foreign entities in physical assets or ownership of a company in another country. Nature: Long-term and stable. Control: Investors gain control, management rights, or a significant degree of influence over the company. Example: A foreign automobile company setting up a manufacturing plant in India. Regulator: Regulated by DPIIT (Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade) and RBI. Key Differences: Feature FDI FPI Type of Investment Direct in physical/business assets Portfolio in financial assets Duration Long-term Short-term Control in Company Yes No Volatility Low High Regulatory Body DPIIT, RBI SEBI Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Missile Tests Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : India successfully conducted test-firings of multiple strategic missiles, showcasing its deterrence and operational readiness. Key Missile Tests: Akash Prime Test Location: Ladakh Altitude: Operates at over 4,500 metres Purpose: High-altitude air defense, tested after recent India-China tensions near the Line of Actual Control (LAC) Variant: Upgraded Akash missile for the Indian Army Part of: Operation Sindoor Prithvi-II and Agni-I Test Location: Integrated Test Range, Chandipur, Odisha Capabilities: Prithvi-II: ~350 km range, 500 kg payload Agni-I: 700–900 km range, 1,000 kg payload Type: Short-range, nuclear-capable ballistic missiles Use: Part of India’s strategic nuclear deterrent Learning Corner: Akash Prime Akash Prime is an indigenously developed upgraded version of the Akash surface-to-air missile system, designed and built by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) for the Indian Army. Key Features: Purpose: High-altitude air defence against aerial threats such as fighter aircraft, drones, and helicopters. Range: Short- to medium-range (similar to Akash: ~25–30 km). Altitude Capability: Specifically configured to operate at high altitudes above 4,500 meters, ideal for deployment in areas like Ladakh and the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Guidance: Equipped with improved accuracy, reliability, and low-temperature operability compared to the original Akash missile. Warhead: Can carry both conventional and nuclear warheads. Mobility: Can be launched from mobile platforms, increasing tactical flexibility. Recent Test: Successfully test-fired in Ladakh in July 2025 under Operation Sindoor.   Prithvi-II Missile Type: Short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile Developed by: DRDO under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) Range: Approximately 350 km Warhead Capacity: Up to 500 kg, can carry both conventional and nuclear warheads Guidance System: Advanced inertial navigation system Launch Platform: Mobile launchers Users: Operated by the Strategic Forces Command of the Indian Army Purpose: Tactical strike missile for battlefield use Recent Test: Successfully tested on 17 July 2025 from the Integrated Test Range, Odisha Agni-I Missile Type: Short-range nuclear-capable ballistic missile Developed by: DRDO Range: 700 to 900 km Warhead Capacity: Up to 1,000 kg, capable of delivering nuclear payloads Guidance System: Sophisticated navigation and control systems with high accuracy Launch Platform: Road/rail mobile launchers Users: Strategic Forces Command Role: Part of India’s nuclear deterrence and second-strike capability Recent Test: Also tested on 17 July 2025 from Chandipur, Odisha along with Prithvi-II Source :  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Changes in History textbooks Category: HISTORY Context: Raziyya Sultan & Nur Jahan Dropped from New Class 8 NCERT History Textbook  Key Omissions & Changes: Raziyya Sultan (ruled 1236–1240): Previously described as “more able and qualified” than her brothers; now not mentioned. Nur Jahan: Earlier credited with having coins struck and seals issued in her name; now dropped. No mention of any women rulers or queens from the Delhi Sultanate or Mughal period in the new book. Tipu Sultan and Haidar Ali: Also removed, with NCERT stating the new books are aligned with the National Education Policy 2020 and National Curriculum Framework 2023, not older content structures. Who is Newly Added: Rani Durgavati (Gond queen): Recognized for resisting Mughal attacks under Akbar in 1564. Tarabai (Maratha queen): Described as a “fearless warrior queen” who resisted Aurangzeb. Learning Corner: Raziyya Sultan Raziyya Sultan (reign: 1236–1240 CE) was the first and only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate and one of the few women in medieval Islamic history to rule independently. Key Facts: Dynasty: Slave Dynasty (Mamluk Dynasty) Father: Iltutmish, who nominated her as his successor due to her capability over his sons. Reign: 1236–1240 CE Title: Took the title “Sultan”, not “Sultana,” to assert equality with male rulers. Administration: Known for promoting merit over nobility and appointing non-Turks to key positions, which angered the Turkish nobility (Chahalgani). Challenges: Faced opposition from nobles for being a woman and for breaking orthodox norms. Downfall: Deposed and eventually killed after political instability and rebellion. Nur Jahan Nur Jahan (1577–1645) was one of the most influential women in Mughal history, known for her political power, cultural contributions, and administrative role during the reign of her husband, Emperor Jahangir. Key Facts: Birth Name: Mehr-un-Nissa Title: Given the title “Nur Jahan” meaning “Light of the World” after marrying Jahangir in 1611 CE. Political Role: Actively co-ruled with Jahangir, especially as his health declined. Issued royal farmans (decrees) in her name — rare for a Mughal empress. Had coins minted with her name — an extraordinary recognition of her authority. Administration: Influenced court appointments and foreign policy. Promoted trade and architecture, and supported widows and orphan girls. Family Influence: Her father Itimad-ud-Daulah and brother Asaf Khan held key positions. She arranged the marriage of her niece Mumtaz Mahal to Prince Khurram (later Shah Jahan). Rani Durgavati Rani Durgavati (1524–1564) was a Rajput queen of the Gond kingdom of Garha Mandla in central India (present-day Madhya Pradesh). Born into the Chandela Rajput dynasty, she married Dalpat Shah, the Gond ruler, and took over administration after his death. Renowned for her courage, administrative acumen, and military leadership, she effectively governed her kingdom and strengthened its defenses. In 1564, she fought bravely against Mughal forces led by Asaf Khan, a general under Emperor Akbar. Facing defeat, she chose to die by her own dagger rather than surrender, becoming a symbol of valour and resistance in Indian history. She is celebrated as one of the earliest women warrior rulers to fiercely resist Mughal imperialism. Tarabai Tarabai Bhosale (1675–1761) was a prominent Maratha queen and daughter-in-law of Chhatrapati Shivaji. She was the wife of Rajaram I, Shivaji’s younger son, and assumed power as regent of the Maratha empire after his death in 1700. Tarabai is remembered for her military leadership and administration during a crucial phase of Maratha history, especially for leading resistance against the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Under her leadership, the Maratha forces regained lost territories and continued guerrilla warfare, successfully stalling Mughal advances in the Deccan. She is often described as a “fearless warrior queen” and was a central figure in preserving Maratha sovereignty during a period of crisis. Later, she also played a significant role in Maratha court politics, including efforts to maintain control during succession struggles. Source: THE HINDU Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) Category: ECONOMICS Context: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation released the June 2025 Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) bulletin). Key Indicators (15+ years): Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): Overall: 54.2% Rural: 56.1% | Urban: 50.4% Worker Population Ratio (WPR): Overall: 51.2% Rural: 53.3% | Urban: 46.8% Unemployment Rate (UR): Overall: 5.6% Rural: ~5.0% | Urban: 5.6% Youth (15–29): 15.3% Female LFPR: ~35.2% (rural), ~25% (urban) Female WPR: 30.2% (overall), 33.6% (rural), 22.9% (urban) Trends (June vs May 2025): LFPR fell from 54.8% to 54.2% WPR dropped from 51.7% to 51.2% UR stayed steady at 5.6% Female UR slightly declined Youth UR rose from 15.0% to 15.3% Methodology Updates: Based on a rotational panel sampling design introduced in January 2025 Each household is surveyed four times over four months Sample size expanded: 89,493 households and 3.8 lakh persons surveyed in June 2025 Learning Corner: Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) is a nationwide labour and employment survey launched by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) in April 2017, conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO). Objectives: To provide estimates of key labour market indicators such as: Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) Worker Population Ratio (WPR) Unemployment Rate (UR) To generate data for both urban and rural areas at frequent intervals. Key Features: Uses two approaches: Usual Status (US) – for annual estimates Current Weekly Status (CWS) – for quarterly and monthly estimates Provides insights into: Workforce composition (sector-wise, gender-wise) Employment trends over time Urban-rural employment disparities Significance: Replaces the older Employment–Unemployment Survey. Aids in formulating labour, employment, and social sector policies. Helps monitor employment elasticity, job creation, and participation of vulnerable groups like women and youth. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) 1US Eases EDA Restrictions on China: Implications for India (GS paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) In May 2025, the Trump administration initially imposed stringent controls on EDA software exports to China, requiring licences for the sale of critical chip design tools from companies like Cadence, Synopsys and Siemens. However, the US government reversed course in exchange for China’s commitment to approve exports of rare earth elements to the US. This move could reshape global semiconductor dynamics, affecting India’s semiconductor growth plans. What is Semiconductor? A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity between a conductor (like copper) and an insulator (like glass).  The most used semiconductor materials are silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide. Applications Microprocessors and computer chips Memory devices (RAM, flash storage) Sensors, diodes, and transistors Smartphones, laptops, automotive electronics, industrial machines, solar cells It is almost used in everyday life. What is EDA? Electronic design automation (EDA) is a set of software, hardware, and essential services for designing chips and semiconductor devices. It is a simulated world where the circuits and designs are conceived and analyzed before making it to the real world.  Without EDA tools, chip design becomes nearly impossible due to the billions of transistors involved in modern microchips. Challenges and Opportunities for India: after lifting of ban Challenges Earlier, the USA government has asked Electronic Design Automation software makers, which include Cadence, Synopsys and Siemens to stop supplying their tech to China which had impacted China’s semiconductor industry. Now, the ban has been lifted. Chinese companies can now resume full access to cutting-edge EDA tools, potentially accelerating their chip design capabilities and market competitiveness. This could intensify competition in global semiconductor markets where Indian companies are seeking to establish themselves. Opportunities The recent US restriction showed that India depends too much on foreign EDA software (used for chip designing). This highlights the need for India to develop its own EDA tools to become self-reliant in the long run. Because of the uncertainty in US-China trade, companies will try to spread their supply chains to different countries. This could help Indian companies get more business. Big multinational companies want to reduce their dependence on Chinese suppliers. This means they might be more interested in working with Indian companies or investing in India. As companies focus on making their supply chains strong and safe, they may be ready to pay more to trusted suppliers. This could increase profits for Indian companies in the semiconductor sector. Status of Semiconductor industry in India India’s semiconductor market is anticipated to expand from Rs. 4,50,164 crore (US$ 52 billion) in 2024 to Rs. 8,95,134 crore (US$ 103.4 billion) by 2030, according to a report by the India Electronics and Semiconductor Association (IESA).  This growth is attributed to major sectors such as mobile handsets, information technology (IT), telecommunications, consumer electronics, automotive, aerospace, and defence. Mobile handsets, IT, and industrial applications alone contribute nearly 70% of the semiconductor industry’s revenue.  India’s present role in global semiconductor manufacturing is considered relatively modest. As of 2025, just 0.1 percent of global wafer fabrication capacity is accounted for by the country, and about 1 percent of annual global capital expenditure on semiconductor equipment is contributed by it.  The country’s semiconductor market, valued at $35.18 billion in 2023, is expected to grow at a remarkable 27.2 per cent CAGR through 2030.  Tata Electronics has signed strategic partnerships with Tokyo Electron for equipment and services, focusing on workforce training and R&D enhancement. Value addition: Government Initiatives  Government has approved the Semicon India programme with a total outlay of ₹76,000 crore for the development of semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem in the country. The programme aims to provide financial support to companies investing in semiconductors, display manufacturing and design ecosystem. The Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electronic Components and Semiconductors (SPECS)  provides a financial incentive of 25% on capital expenditure for electronic components, e-waste recycling, mechanics, micro/nano-electronic components, solar photovoltaic (SPV) polysilicon, SPV wafers and solar cells, specialized sub-assemblies and capital goods for manufacture of aforesaid goods.   To boost domestic manufacturing and attract investment in mobile phones value chain including electronic components and semiconductor packaging, Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI) for Large Scale Electronics Manufacturing was notified. The scheme extends an incentive of 3% to 6% on incremental sales (over base year) of goods manufactured in India and covered under target segments viz. Mobile Phones and Specified Electronic Components, to eligible companies, for a period of 5 years. Electronics Development Fund (EDF) ensures the development of critical infrastructure components within the ESDM sector. Way forward for India Strengthen R&D ecosystem with industry-academia collaboration. Develop indigenous semiconductor design and fabrication capabilities. Enhance ease of doing business and infrastructure for high-tech manufacturing. Build international partnerships for technology transfer and market access. Create a skilled workforce pipeline through specialised semiconductor engineering programmes. Conclusion India’s semiconductor industry is lacking fabrication infrastructure along with skilled workforce. With sustained government support, strategic global partnerships, and accelerated domestic capability building, India can transform from a semiconductor importer to a trusted global semiconductor partner amidst the evolving geopolitical landscape. Mains Practice Question Discuss the implications of recent US export policy reversals on India’s semiconductor ambitions. How can India strengthen its semiconductor ecosystem amidst global policy volatility? (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/us-eases-restrictions-on-china-india-semiconductor-ambitions-10133328/ Can biofuel really replace fossil fuels? (GS paper III – Environment) Introduction (Context) As part of a global initiative to switch to renewable energy sources and reduce fossil fuel consumption, attention has increasingly been focussed on biofuel production, wherein bioethanol has emerged as a promising alternative.   Analysing, whether it can become an alternative to fossil fuels. What is biofuel? Biofuel is fuel derived from biomass (organic matter from plants or animals) that can be used for energy production. Sources of biofuel: First generation: Sugarcane, beet juice, corn, rice, maize, other grains. Second generation: Agricultural waste like stalks, husks, wood, bagasse. Third generation (emerging): Algae-based biofuels. Types of Biofuels: Bioethanol: A biofuel produced by fermenting sugars and starches from crops like corn, sugarcane, and wheat. It can also be produced from cellulosic biomass like grasses and wood.  Biodiesel: A biofuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled grease through a process called transesterification.  Biogas: A biofuel produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic matter like animal waste, food waste, and sewage. It mainly consists of methane and carbon dioxide.  Biohydrogen: A biofuel produced from various biomass sources through processes like gasification and aqueous phase reforming.  Ethanol as liquid fuel Properties: Remains liquid between -114°C to 78°C. Flash point: 9°C (easy ignition). Energy density is lower than petrol, but it burns well, giving similar mileage. Use in vehicles: E5 blend (5% ethanol) works without engine changes. E10 or E15 may need minor tuning but no major modification. Formation: Microorganisms like yeast and E. coli bacteria convert sugars into ethanol. Ethanol becomes toxic for these organisms above 10% concentration, so extra purification is needed. Co-fermentation (using multiple microbes) helps improve production. Hence, the production of fuel-grade bioethanol involves six major steps: biomass selection, pretreatment, saccharification, fermentation, distillation and dehydration, and by-product recovery.  Challenge: Azeotropic ethanol contains approximately 4.4 per cent water. As water is not miscible with petrol and typically settles as sludge at the bottom of vehicle fuel tanks. When high ethanol blended fuel is added, water dissolves into the ethanol fraction, rendering the fuel unsuitable for use in unmodified engines. Biomass and its role in the carbon cycle Biomass in nature Biomass is all organic material (plants, trees, crops, etc.) present on Earth. Every year, about 250 gigatonnes (Gt) of dry biomass moves through the biosphere. Out of this, 100 Gt is carbon, circulated through processes like photosynthesis, respiration, feeding, and decomposition. Photosynthesis captures a huge amount of solar energy (about 2 × 10²¹ Joules each year globally) and converts CO₂ into plant matter. Humans manage only 0.5% of total biomass, mainly as food crops. Biomass and carbon cycle Biomass maintains a “dynamic steady state” in the carbon cycle: Carbon absorbed during plant growth is equal to carbon released when used as fuel. Fossil fuels, however, release “ancient carbon” stored underground for millions of years, adding extra CO₂ to the atmosphere. Switching to biofuels like ethanol uses existing carbon in the natural cycle. In contrast, burning fossil fuels increases radiative forcing, leading to global warming and harming biodiversity. Production of biofuel and challenges Ethanol is made by microorganisms (like yeast and bacteria) under slightly acidic conditions (pH 4-5). Microorganisms generate energy primarily through two major respiratory pathways: aerobic respiration, which requires molecular oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not.  Firth generation biofuel  Bioethanol can be easily generated from sugarcane, beet juice, corn, rice or other grains. There is ongoing controversy among scientists and economists, who argue that such diversion risks food supply shortages for populations living in poverty, especially in low and middle-income countries.  Second generation biofuel Second generation biofuel projects aim to convert the large amounts of waste biomass, such as stalks, husks, wood and bagasse, into sources of fermentable sugars.  However, the major challenge to this approach is the extraction of sugar from these highly complex and extremely stable biofibres.  It requires pre-treatments using non-renewable and environmentally taxing chemicals like corrosive acid or alkali, which is very expensive. Significance of biofuels Unlike fossil fuels, biofuels are derived from renewable biomass sources like plants and algae, making them a sustainable alternative.  When burned, biofuels generally produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels, contributing to efforts to mitigate climate change.  Biofuels offer a domestically produced alternative to imported fossil fuels, enhancing a nation’s energy independence and reducing vulnerability to global oil market fluctuations.  Biofuel production can create jobs in rural areas, revitalize agricultural economies, and provide farmers with new markets for their crops.  Beyond greenhouse gas reductions, biofuels can lead to lower emissions of other pollutants like sulfur dioxide and air toxics, improving air quality.  Biofuels, particularly ethanol and biodiesel, are suitable for use in existing vehicles, making them a practical option for decarbonizing the transportation sector.  Biofuels can be produced from various waste and residue materials, contributing to waste management and resource efficiency.  Environmental and social concerns Land use change causes deforestation and biodiversity loss. Fertilisers and decaying biomass emit N₂O and CH₄, which are more harmful than CO₂. Can lead to displacement of indigenous people and worsen climate patterns. Monoculture farming reduces biodiversity and is hard to reverse. Needs large amounts of freshwater, adding to water scarcity. Conclusion Biofuels offer a promising renewable alternative, but their ability to fully replace fossil fuels is limited by technological, environmental, and social constraints. Sustainable development of biofuel requires a careful balance between energy needs, food security, and ecological health. Mains Practice Question Discuss the challenges and opportunities of bioethanol production in India. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-essentials/can-biofuel-really-replace-fossil-fuels-10133043/   Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  https://iasbaba.com/daily-current-affairs-quiz/

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) CERN Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  CERN Collider Reveals Clue to Universe’s Bias Against Antimatter. Key Finding: For the first time, scientists have observed that the laws of physics differ between matter and antimatter in baryons (particles like protons and neutrons). This may help explain why the universe is dominated by matter despite both matter and antimatter being created in equal amounts during the Big Bang. What Was Discovered? CP (Charge-Parity) violation observed in a particle called the Λb0 baryon (Lambda b zero). CP violation breaks the symmetry between particles and antiparticles, making them behave differently. This violation has been seen in mesons before, but never in baryons until now. Experiment Details: Conducted by the LHCb collaboration at CERN using the Large Hadron Collider. Compared the decay rates of Λb0 baryons and their antimatter counterparts. Found a decay asymmetry of about 2.45%, with a statistical significance of 5.2 sigma (strong evidence). Why Is This Important? It adds a missing piece to the puzzle of why there’s more matter than antimatter. Supports the idea that CP violation in baryons could have helped the universe evolve with more matter. Could lead to “new physics” beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. Future Direction: More accurate measurement of the complex phase in baryon decays is needed. Researchers must determine whether the observed CP violation matches predictions or hints at unknown forces. Historical Context: 1967: Physicists Sakharov, Andrei, and others proposed three conditions for matter to dominate antimatter, one of which was CP violation. Until now, CP violation was seen only in mesons, not in baryons. Learning Corner: CERN CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire), or the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is one of the world’s largest and most respected centres for scientific research in the field of particle physics. Key Highlights: Established: 1954 Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland Members: 23 member states (India is an associate member since 2016) Major Functions: Fundamental Physics Research: CERN studies the basic constituents of matter by colliding particles at high energy. Large Hadron Collider (LHC): World’s most powerful particle accelerator, used to discover the Higgs boson in 2012. Technological Innovation: Develops advanced detectors, computing infrastructure (e.g. GRID), cryogenics, and medical applications like cancer therapy. India and CERN: India collaborates through institutions like TIFR, BARC, and IISc. Indian scientists contribute to detector development, grid computing, and engineering solutions. Indian companies have supplied cryogenics, precision mechanics, and electronics to CERN. Source: THE HINDU Wildfires in Europe Category: Environment Context: Climate Change is Fuelling Devastating Wildfires in Europe Wildfire Situation in 2025: 227,000 hectares of land have burned in Europe so far this year — more than double the 20-year average. Not the worst year on record (2003 & 2017 saw over 1.1 million hectares burned annually). 1,118 fires reported till July 8, compared to 716 during the same period last year. Role of Climate Change: Climate change is creating hotter and drier conditions, making wildfires more frequent and intense. Greenhouse gas emissions have warmed the Earth by 1.3°C since pre-industrial times. Europe is warming at twice the global average (WMO data). Where are Fires Happening? Severe fires in Catalonia (Spain), Marseille (France), Greece (Evia and Crete), and Syria. Greek island fires have forced thousands to evacuate. Mediterranean fires have been the worst but relatively isolated. Scientific Observations: Wildfires are worsened by early heatwaves and persistent dry spells. Once ignited, fires spread rapidly due to dry vegetation and wind. Climate change has caused earlier fire seasons and intensified fire behavior. Learning Corner: Wildfires What Are Wildfires? Wildfires are uncontrolled fires that rapidly spread across forests, grasslands, or other flammable vegetation. Causes of Wildfires Natural Causes: Lightning strikes (major cause in remote forests) High temperatures and dry conditions Anthropogenic Causes: Campfires, discarded cigarettes Agricultural burning Power lines, sparks from machinery Favourable Conditions (Fire Triangle) Fuel – Dry vegetation, trees, shrubs Heat – High temperatures, drought Oxygen – Abundant in the atmosphere Effects of Wildfires Loss of biodiversity and wildlife habitats Increased carbon emissions Degradation of air quality (PM2.5, CO, NOx) Soil erosion and desertification Threat to human lives and infrastructure Disruption of ecosystem services Global Hotspots USA – California, Oregon Australia – Bushfires (e.g., Black Summer 2019–20) Amazon Rainforest Siberia Mediterranean regions – Greece, Spain Canada – Record-breaking wildfires in 2023 Wildfires and Climate Change Rising temperatures and frequent droughts are increasing wildfire frequency and intensity. Wildfires contribute to climate change feedback loops by releasing stored carbon. Melting permafrost and peat fires are becoming more common in high-latitude regions. India and Wildfires States with frequent forest fires: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand Western Ghats and North-Eastern states are also vulnerable Major cause: man-made fires for shifting cultivation and poaching Important Reports/Initiatives Forest Survey of India (FSI): Releases forest fire reports MODIS & VIIRS Satellites: Used for real-time fire detection National Action Plan on Forest Fires (2018) by MoEFCC Fire Alert System (FAS) by FSI and ISRO Global Forest Watch Fires: Tracks global forest fires RED-Alert System: Pre-wildfire alerts for vulnerable forest areas Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PM-DDKY) Category: Polity & Governance Context : The Indian government has launched the PM-DDKY, an ambitious umbrella scheme that merges 36 existing agricultural schemes to revitalize farming in 100 low-performing districts across India. Key Features: Integration of 36 Schemes across 11 departments with involvement from states and private partners. Focus Areas include: Increasing crop productivity through sustainable practices. Promoting crop diversification toward climate-resilient and high-value crops. Expanding irrigation and water-use efficiency. Boosting rural credit and strengthening storage at panchayat/block levels. Implementation Details: Target Districts: 100 districts selected based on low crop productivity, cropping intensity, and weak credit flow. Each state/UT has at least one district. District Committees: Local “Dhan-Dhaanya Samitis” will design and monitor farm-level plans with support from progressive farmers. Monitoring: A digital dashboard will track progress across 117 indicators, guided by NITI Aayog and central nodal officers. Scheme Highlights: Key Area Details Scheme Name PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PM-DDKY) Schemes Merged 36 Duration 6 years (starting FY26) Annual Budget ₹24,000 crore Target Coverage 100 districts, 1.7 crore farmers Key Goals Productivity, sustainability, credit, storage Monitoring Framework 117 indicators, digital dashboard   Objectives: Enhance agricultural productivity and farmer incomes Promote natural and organic farming Strengthen water and soil conservation Develop district-level agricultural resilience Learning Corner: Major Agricultural Schemes in India Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) Launched: 2019 Objective: Provides ₹6,000 per year in three installments to all landholding farmer families for income support. Implementing Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) Launched: 2016 Objective: Crop insurance scheme that provides financial support in case of crop failure due to natural calamities, pests, or diseases. Premium: Farmers pay 2% for Kharif, 1.5% for Rabi, and 5% for commercial/horticulture crops. Implementing Agency: Ministry of Agriculture & State Governments Soil Health Card Scheme Launched: 2015 Objective: Provides soil health reports to farmers with recommendations on nutrient management for better crop yield and soil sustainability. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) Launched: 2015 Objective: Promotes organic farming through the adoption of traditional practices and cluster-based certification. Support: Up to ₹50,000 per hectare for 3 years, including inputs and certification. National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) Under: National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) Objective: Promotes climate-resilient farming, soil and water conservation, and efficient resource use. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY-RAFTAAR) Launched: 2007 (revised in 2017 as RAFTAAR) Objective: Assists states in boosting agriculture development, marketing infrastructure, and value chains. Flexible funding model for innovation and entrepreneurship. E-NAM (National Agriculture Market) Launched: 2016 Objective: Digital platform to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities. Integrates mandis (APMCs) across India to enable transparent price discovery. PM-Kisan Maandhan Yojana Launched: 2019 Objective: Voluntary pension scheme for small and marginal farmers (age 18–40). Benefit: Monthly pension of ₹3,000 after the age of 60. Agri-Infra Fund (AIF) Launched: 2020 Corpus: ₹1 lakh crore Objective: Provides medium-long term debt financing for post-harvest infrastructure like cold storage, warehouses, etc. Interest subsidy: Up to 3% per annum Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) Launched: 2015 Objective: “Har Khet Ko Pani” – expands irrigation coverage and improves water use efficiency. Components: Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme, Watershed Development, and Per Drop More Crop. Source :  THE HINDU Anti-Dumping Category: ECONOMICS Context: India’s actions on dumping and import surges (2025) Anti-Dumping Measures Duties Imposed: India imposed or extended anti-dumping duties on goods like: Plastic injection moulding machines (27–63% for 5 years) Chemicals such as PEDA, Acetonitrile, Vitamin A Palmitate, Insoluble Sulphur Aluminium foil and selected agricultural chemicals Focus Areas: Over 60% of actions target Chinese imports, protecting sectors like chemicals, plastics, and industrial goods. Criteria: Duties are imposed based on proof of dumping, injury to domestic producers, and causation, with adjustments to protect downstream users when necessary. Monitoring Import Surges Real-time Surveillance: The Commerce Ministry and DGFT monitor unusual spikes in imports and alert concerned ministries. World Trade Watch: Monthly reports track country-wise and product-wise surges, helping formulate trade responses and export strategies. Notable Trends: Imports rose by 4.4% (April–June 2025). Major spikes were seen in electronics, machinery, and coal, while gold and petroleum imports stagnated or declined. Specific Action – Liquid Gold: Curbs were imposed on colloidal precious metals to prevent misuse and smuggling. Institutional Mechanisms Import Monitoring Group: A new inter-ministerial group tracks diverted imports—especially from China and Vietnam—to prevent India from becoming a dumping ground for globally rerouted goods. Trade Remedies: The DGTR (Directorate General of Trade Remedies) continues active investigations and recommendations, with an increased acceptance rate of its findings. Learning Corner: Duties on Foreign Trade Foreign trade duties are taxes imposed on imports and exports to regulate international trade, protect domestic industries, and generate revenue. Customs Duty Definition: General term for duties levied on goods when they are transported across international borders. Includes: Basic Customs Duty, Countervailing Duty, Safeguard Duty, etc. Basic Customs Duty (BCD) Imposed on: All imported goods. Purpose: To protect domestic industries and generate revenue. Rates: Vary depending on product category and trade agreements. Countervailing Duty (CVD) Imposed when: A foreign country subsidizes its exports, making them cheaper. Objective: Neutralize the unfair advantage and protect domestic producers. Legal Basis: WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. Anti-Dumping Duty Imposed when: Foreign goods are sold in India at a price lower than their domestic price (dumping). Purpose: Protect Indian industry from predatory pricing. Authority: Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR). Safeguard Duty Imposed when: Sudden surge in imports threatens domestic industries. Temporary measure to allow the local industry to adjust to competition. WTO-compatible measure. Protective Duty Recommended by: Tariff Commission. Purpose: To protect specific domestic industries against imports. Nature: Temporary and selective. Social Welfare Surcharge (SWS) Rate: Usually 10% on the aggregate customs duties (excluding IGST). Objective: To finance education, health, and social welfare schemes. Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) on Imports Imposed under: GST Act. Applied on: Imports to bring them at par with domestic goods. Collected by: Central Government. Source: THE HINDU ADEETIE Scheme Category: POLITY Context: Launched on 15 July 2025 by the Union Minister for Power, the ADEETIE (Assistance in Deploying Energy Efficient Technologies in Industries & Establishments) scheme aims to accelerate energy-efficient technology adoption in MSMEs across India. It is implemented by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). Key Objectives Reduce MSME energy consumption by 30–50% Promote green technologies and improve energy productivity Contribute to India’s climate goals: 45% emission intensity reduction by 2030, Net Zero by 2070 Scheme Details Total Outlay: ₹1,000 crore Duration: FY 2025–26 to 2027–28 Interest Subvention: 5% for Micro/Small, 3% for Medium Enterprises Financial Allocation: ₹875 crore – interest subvention ₹50 crore – energy audits ₹75 crore – technical support & monitoring Investment Mobilization: Expected ₹9,000 crore, including ₹6,750 crore in MSME loans Coverage & Support Targets 14 energy-intensive sectors (e.g. steel, textiles, food processing) Covers 60 industrial clusters initially, followed by 100 more Offers: interest subsidies, energy audits, DPR preparation, tech identification, and implementation support Dedicated portal launched: adeetie.beeindia.gov.in Learning Corner: Energy Efficiency Schemes in India India has launched several initiatives to improve energy efficiency across industries, buildings, and appliances. These schemes are primarily implemented by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under the Ministry of Power. PAT Scheme (Perform, Achieve, and Trade) Objective: Improve energy efficiency in large energy-intensive industries. Mechanism: Provides energy saving targets to industries. Units exceeding targets can trade Energy Saving Certificates (ESCerts). Sectors Covered: Power, iron & steel, cement, aluminium, textile, pulp & paper, etc. UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All) Launch: 2015 Implemented by: EESL (Energy Efficiency Services Limited) Objective: Promote widespread use of LED bulbs, tube lights, and energy-efficient fans. Impact: Over 36 crore LED bulbs distributed, saving energy and reducing carbon emissions. Standards & Labeling Programme Started by: BEE Objective: Encourage energy-efficient appliances through star rating labels (1 to 5 stars). Appliances Covered: ACs, refrigerators, geysers, motors, fans, etc. Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) Target: New commercial buildings. Objective: Ensure design and construction of energy-efficient buildings. Versions: ECBC (Commercial), Eco-Niwas Samhita (Residential). Street Lighting National Programme (SLNP) Implementing Agency: EESL Objective: Replace conventional street lights with energy-efficient LED lights. Impact: Significant energy savings and lower maintenance cost for urban local bodies. DEEP Portal (Discovery of Efficient Electricity Price) Purpose: Facilitate transparent e-bidding for power procurement by DISCOMs. Promotes: Cost-effective electricity for end-users. National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) Part of: National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) Components: PAT (Perform, Achieve, and Trade) MTEE (Market Transformation for Energy Efficiency) EEFP (Energy Efficiency Financing Platform) FEEED (Framework for Energy Efficient Economic Development) Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Seismic Resilience and India’s Earthquake Preparedness (GS paper III – Disaster Management) Introduction (Context) The recent earthquakes in Myanmar, Thailand, Tibet followed by recent in Delhi, exposing the nations vulnerability to it. With earthquake activity intensifying regionally and globally, the Government of India must lead a national dialogue to enforce seismic codes rigorously. What is Earthquake? Earthquake is the sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth’s rocks.  Earth’s major earthquakes occur mainly in belts coinciding with the margins of tectonic plates. Position of India India’s seismic risk arises from the northward drift of the Indian Plate, colliding with the Eurasian Plate at 4–5 cm per year This collision forms the Himalayas, a region overdue for a “Great Himalayan Earthquake” (magnitude 8 or higher).  Examples: Bhuj earthquake (2001): Magnitude 7.7, over 20,000 deaths. Nepal earthquake (2015): Magnitude 7.8, widespread devastation. India’s seismic zones According to the seismic zoning map of the country, India is divided into four seismic zones. Zone II – Low Risk Characterised by low seismic activity, with earthquakes rarely exceeding magnitude 4.9. Covers much of southern India, including Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and parts of central India such as Madhya Pradesh. This zone faces minimal earthquake hazards compared to other regions. Zone III – Moderate Risk Experiences moderate seismic activity, with earthquakes typically between magnitude 5.0 and 6.0. Includes regions such as: Western and central India, including Mumbai, Pune, and nearby areas. Coastal states like Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Parts of the Indo-Gangetic plains, including Delhi and Bihar. Zone IV – High Risk Marked by frequent and strong seismic events, generally ranging from magnitude 6.0 to 6.9. Major areas include: The Himalayan belt, covering Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Delhi, highlighting its significant seismic vulnerability. Regions in Kashmir, Punjab, and western Uttar Pradesh. Zone V – Very High Risk Identified as the most seismically active zone in India, where earthquakes often reach magnitude 7.0 or above. Comprises: The entire northeastern states, including Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh. Northern Jammu and Kashmir. The Kutch region in Gujarat, known for the devastating 2001 earthquake. Parts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which are also prone to tsunamis due to tectonic subduction activity. Issues in Preparedness Rapid urbanisation exacerbates the risk. Construction of buildings in liquefaction-prone soils, and poorly designed high-rises without structural retrofitting. Lack of public awareness  Poor enforcement of seismic codes. For example in the recent earthquake in Myanmar, enforced codes were not implemented which have worsened the quake toll in 2025. Steps needed Rigorous enforcement of seismic codes for all new and existing structures. Retrofitting older buildings using steel jacketing, base isolation, and pile foundations. (Bangkok Uses high-strength concrete (30–40 MPa) and ductile detailing for earthquake resistance) Avoid construction on floodplains and liquefaction-prone zones. (example in Brahmaputra floodplain) Expand early warning systems to rural Zone V areas for timely evacuation. Public education campaigns on earthquake safety, kits, and drills. National dialogue involving urban planners, structural engineers, and local governments to mainstream seismic resilience in urban policy. Solutions must be tailored to regional conditions, e.g. Soft soil challenges in northeast and Sandy basin vulnerabilities in Kutch regions. Citizens should educate themselves about the need for emergency kits, safe building practices, and evacuation plans. The Bhuj disaster, where unpreparedness amplified casualties, remains a haunting lesson. Conclusion Earthquakes are inevitable natural events, but their devastation can be minimised through proactive governance, strict code enforcement, and public preparedness. Mains Practice Question Earthquakes are inevitable natural phenomena, but their impact on society is largely determined by human preparedness and policy measures. Discuss with reference to India’s seismic vulnerability and disaster management strategies. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-tectonic-shift-in-thinking-to-build-seismic-resilience/article69820061.ece   Stablecoins (GS paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) Recently, the US Senate has passed the GENIUS Act, a landmark legislation that gives American banks and even large companies like Amazon and Walmart the legal green light to issue digital dollars known as stablecoins on public blockchains. What are stablecoins? Stablecoins are digital tokens issued on blockchain platforms whose value is pegged to a stable reserve asset, such as a fiat currency or government bonds. The primary goal of stablecoins is to provide an alternative to the high volatility of popular cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin (BTC), which can make these digital assets less suitable for common transactions. About USA Stablecoin In the US model, stablecoins are backed 1:1 by US Treasury Bills, ensuring price stability while leveraging the speed and transparency of blockchain technology. This means a bank in the US would be able to issue a digital version of the dollar, backed by government bonds, and it can be used for payments across the world.  Hence it is a combination of government securities and the speed and transparency of blockchain technology. How do stablecoins work? Stablecoins are stored and exchanged on decentralized networks (known as blockchains) that serve as ledgers of all transactions. No single intermediary is required for two parties to transact in crypto assets.  Instead, participants in a network receive small transaction fees for the computation expended to verify the validity of transactions Usage Stablecoins are primarily used for trading crypto assets, transacting in goods and services, insulating against local currency instability, and sending payments across borders. Stripe allows stablecoin payments to US merchants with lower fees than cards. Used for hedging Currency Risks particularly popular in countries with volatile fiat currencies (Argentina, Nigeria, Turkey) to save in USD. According to 2024 Visa survey: 47% of users in Brazil, Turkey, Nigeria, India, and Indonesia use stablecoins for saving in dollars. Also used for Cross-Border Payments & Remittances. India’s Position In India, RBI has raised concerns about unregulated cryptocurrencies, particularly from a monetary policy and consumer protection standpoint. Hence it is using conventional tools like rate cuts. However, stablecoins are different, as they are regulated, backed by government securities, and integrate blockchain with sovereign guarantees. Where India lags? In India, there is no regulatory mechanism due to which legitimate fintech innovation remains stuck. Issues in digitising currency: Lack of regulatory clarity pushes Indian blockchain developers and fintech startups to relocate abroad. Risks of unregulated crypto turning into a “refined form of hawala”, demanding urgent regulation. Most Indian household savings remain in fixed deposits or gold, limiting formal financial market depth. Steps needed Craft a balanced policy allowing stablecoins under RBI oversight, ensuring consumer protection, monetary stability, and legal clarity. Integrate blockchain-based products into the formal economy, supporting startups to build from India rather than relocating to Singapore or Dubai. Promote awareness on safe, regulated digital assets to deepen financial inclusion. Conclusion The stablecoin ecosystem isn’t just about finance — it’s about the future of fintech. It touches payments, digital wallets, eKYC, blockchain infrastructure, cybersecurity, tax compliance, and new forms of savings and investing. Hence, India should craft a framework that reflects Indian values — trust, transparency, and stability — while embracing the potential of fintech to create jobs, strengthen the rupee, and modernise our economy. Mains Practice Question “Stablecoins represent both an opportunity and a regulatory challenge for India’s fintech ecosystem.” Elaborate (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/what-shubhanshu-shukla-came-back-to-earth-with-a-beautiful-view-10130989/   Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  https://iasbaba.com/daily-current-affairs-quiz/