Archives
(PRELIMS Focus)
Subject: Art & Culture / History (Temple Architecture, Vijayanagara Empire, UNESCO World Heritage Sites)
Why in News?
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) recently removed additional internal walls constructed inside the Virupaksha Temple gopuram at Hampi, Karnataka, during conservation and restoration work. The step was taken to preserve the structural and historical authenticity of the monument.
About Virupaksha Temple
- Located at Hampi in Vijayanagara district, Karnataka.
- Dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, a form of Shiva.
- One of the oldest continuously functioning temples in India.
Historical Significance
- Originally built during the 7th century CE under the Chalukyas.
- Expanded significantly during the Vijayanagara Empire, especially under Krishnadevaraya in the 16th century.
- Survived the destruction of Hampi after the Battle of Talikota (1565).
Architectural Features
Dravidian Style Temple
- Massive gopuram (gateway tower) rising about 50 metres.
- Pillared halls, ornate carvings, and temple courtyards.
- Contains murals and inscriptions linked to Vijayanagara rulers.
Unique Scientific Feature
- Famous for the pinhole camera effect, where an inverted shadow of the gopuram appears inside a dark chamber.
Key Facts for UPSC Prelims
- Part of the Group of Monuments at Hampi, a UNESCO World Heritage Site (1986).
- Situated on the banks of the Tungabhadra River.
- Associated with the Pampa Devi cult, from which “Hampi” derives its name.
UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage
UPSC frequently asks questions on:
- Features of Dravidian temple architecture
- Vijayanagara administration and culture
- UNESCO heritage sites in India
- Temple conservation by ASI.
Virupaksha Temple is important because it represents the continuity of Hindu temple traditions and the architectural grandeur of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Source/Reference:
Subject: Environment & Ecology (International Environmental Initiatives, UNEP, Plastic Pollution, Sustainable Development)
Why in News?
World Environment Day (WED) was observed on 5 June 2026 with renewed global focus on combating plastic pollution and promoting sustainable lifestyles. Discussions in India also highlighted the role of states in restricting single-use plastics, including early plastic-bag bans by Himalayan states.
About World Environment Day
- Celebrated annually on 5 June.
- Established by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) during the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment (1972).
- First celebrated in 1973.
- Led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
Objectives
- Raise awareness on environmental challenges.
- Encourage government, industry, and citizen participation in environmental protection.
- Promote sustainable consumption and conservation practices.
Plastic Pollution and India
Recent campaigns under World Environment Day have strongly focused on:
- Single-use plastic reduction
- Waste management
- Circular economy
- Recycling and sustainable alternatives.
India and Plastic Bag Ban
- Sikkim, which in 1998 became the first Indian state to ban disposable plastic bags, is also among the first to target single-use plastic bottles.
- India imposed a nationwide ban on several identified single-use plastic items from 1 July 2022 under the Plastic Waste Management Rules.
Key Facts for UPSC Prelims
- UNEP headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya.
- Stockholm Conference slogan: “Only One Earth.”
- Related Indian law:
- Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
- Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016.
UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage
UPSC frequently asks questions on:
- International environmental observances
- UNEP and global environmental governance
- Plastic pollution and waste-management rules
- Sustainable development initiatives.
World Environment Day is important for linking current environmental campaigns with broader themes such as climate change, biodiversity conservation, pollution control, and sustainable consumption patterns.
Source/Reference:
Subject: Indian Polity & Governance / Economy / Internal Security (Border Area Development, Rural Infrastructure, Centrally Sponsored Schemes)
Why in News?
The Government recently reviewed the implementation of the Viksit Vibrant Village Programme (VVP) to accelerate infrastructure development and livelihood generation in villages located along India’s international borders. The initiative aims to prevent migration from remote frontier regions and strengthen border security through inclusive development.
About the Vibrant Village Programme (VVP)
- Announced in the Union Budget 2022–23.
- A Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) focused on the comprehensive development of villages near India’s northern land borders.
- Implemented by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
Objectives of the Programme
- Improve quality of life in border villages.
- Develop border villages as:
- Tourism hubs
- Cultural centres
- Self-sustaining growth clusters.
- Reduce outmigration from remote frontier areas.
- Enhance border security through population retention and infrastructure creation.
Coverage and Components
Geographical Coverage
Targets villages in states/UTs bordering:
- China (LAC)
- Nepal
- Bhutan.
States covered include:
- Arunachal Pradesh
- Himachal Pradesh
- Uttarakhand
- Sikkim
- Ladakh.
Key Development Areas
- Road connectivity
- Renewable energy
- Digital infrastructure
- Health and education facilities
- Skill development and tourism promotion.
Key Facts for UPSC Prelims
- Focuses on villages within 0–10 km of the international border.
- Envisages convergence of multiple central schemes.
- Inspired partly by China’s “model border villages” strategy.
UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage
The programme links:
- Border security with socio-economic development,
- Infrastructure creation with strategic concerns,
- Rural development with demographic stability.
UPSC may ask questions on:
- Centrally Sponsored Schemes
- Border management initiatives
- Difference between LAC, LOC, and international boundaries
- Development strategies in Himalayan border regions.
The scheme is also important in the context of India’s strategic competition and infrastructure development along the northern borders.
Source/Reference:
https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2268315®=3&lang=1
Subject: Indian Polity & Governance / Science & Technology (e-Governance, Digital India, Public Service Delivery, Administrative Reforms)
Why in News?
The Government of India recently invited nominations for the National Awards for e-Governance (NAeG) 2026, recognizing innovative digital governance initiatives that improve transparency, efficiency, and citizen-centric public service delivery. The awards are part of efforts to strengthen India’s digital governance ecosystem.
About National Awards for e-Governance
- Instituted by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) under the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions.
- Aim:
- Encourage innovation in governance through Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
- Promote citizen-centric digital administration.
- Recognize excellence in public sector digital initiatives.
Key Features
Eligible Participants
- Central Ministries/Departments
- State Governments
- District administrations
- Local bodies and public sector organizations.
Focus Areas
- Digital service delivery
- Ease of living
- Transparency and accountability
- AI and emerging technologies in governance
- Inclusive governance initiatives.
Key Facts for UPSC Prelims
- Linked with flagship initiatives such as:
- Digital India
- Minimum Government, Maximum Governance
- Awards are presented during the National Conference on e-Governance (NCeG).
- Evaluation parameters include:
- Innovation
- Replicability
- Measurable public impact
- Sustainability.
UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage
UPSC frequently asks questions on:
- e-Governance initiatives and digital governance architecture
- Role of ICT in public administration
- Digital inclusion and service delivery mechanisms
- Institutions involved in administrative reforms.
The NAeG is significant because it reflects India’s transition towards technology-driven governance and highlights how digital tools are being integrated into welfare delivery, grievance redressal, and administrative transparency.
Source/Reference:
https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2268817®=3&lang=1
Subject: Indian Polity & Governance / Social Development (Youth Empowerment, Citizen Participation, Government Initiatives, Digital Platforms)
Why in News?
The MY Bharat (Mera Yuva Bharat) Platform recently entered the Guinness World Records for organizing the world’s largest online quiz participation campaign. The achievement highlighted the government’s efforts to engage youth through digital participation and nation-building activities.
What is MY Bharat?
- MY Bharat (Mera Yuva Bharat) is an autonomous body established by the Government of India for youth engagement and empowerment.
- Launched in 2023 to provide a technology-driven institutional framework for constructive youth participation.
Objectives of MY Bharat
- Encourage youth participation in:
- Community service
- Nation-building activities
- Volunteerism
- Leadership development.
- Create a bridge between youth aspirations and governance systems.
- Promote experiential learning and civic responsibility.
Institutional Features
- Operates under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.
- Replaces and restructures the role previously played by the Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS) framework in youth mobilization.
- Uses a digital platform to connect youth with:
- Volunteering opportunities
- Skill development programmes
- Civic initiatives
- Government campaigns.
Key Facts for UPSC Prelims
- Target age group: 15–29 years.
- Focus areas:
- Climate action
- Disaster response
- Health awareness
- Social innovation
- Digital literacy.
- Designed in line with the vision of “Viksit Bharat 2047.”
UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage
UPSC may ask questions on:
- Government institutions related to youth development
- Role of digital platforms in participatory governance
- Difference between NYKS, NSS, and MY Bharat
- Community participation and demographic dividend.
The initiative is important in understanding how India seeks to harness its large youth population for governance, social development, and nation-building through technology-enabled engagement.
Source/Reference:
Subject: Economy / Social Development / Government Schemes (Skill Development, Employment Generation, Human Resource Development)
Why in News?
A Parliamentary Standing Committee recently criticized the implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), pointing to a mismatch between skill training provided under the scheme and actual industry demand. The panel highlighted concerns regarding employability outcomes and placement effectiveness.
About PMKVY
- Launched in 2015 under the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).
- Implemented by the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC).
- Flagship scheme under the broader Skill India Mission.
Objectives of PMKVY
- Provide industry-relevant skill training to youth.
- Enhance employability and productivity.
- Promote certification of prior learning and informal skills.
- Bridge the gap between industry demand and workforce capabilities.
Key Components
Short-Term Training (STT)
- Training for school/college dropouts and unemployed youth.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
- Certification of existing informal skills acquired through experience.
Special Projects
- Skill training in special sectors, regions, and institutions.
Issues Highlighted by Parliamentary Panel
- Training not aligned with local industry requirements.
- Weak placement records and post-training employment tracking.
- Underutilization of trained manpower.
- Quality concerns in training centres.
Key Facts for UPSC Prelims
- PMKVY operates through:
- Sector Skill Councils (SSCs)
- Accredited training partners.
- Focus sectors include:
- Manufacturing
- Healthcare
- Construction
- Electronics
- Green jobs.
- PMKVY 4.0 emphasizes:
- Industry 4.0 skills
- AI
- Robotics
- Coding and emerging technologies.
UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage
UPSC frequently asks questions on:
- Government employment and skill-development schemes
- Human capital formation
- Vocational education and workforce readiness
- Institutions such as NSDC and Sector Skill Councils.
PMKVY is significant in understanding India’s efforts to leverage its demographic dividend while addressing unemployment, skill gaps, and changing technological demands in the economy.
Source/Reference:
Subject: International Relations / Economy / Geography (India–ASEAN Relations, Digital Payments, Southeast Asia, Cross-Border Financial Connectivity)
Why in News?
India recently launched UPI-based payment services in Cambodia through a partnership between NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL) and ACLEDA Bank Plc. The initiative enables Indian travellers to make seamless QR-code payments across Cambodia and marks a major step in India’s digital financial diplomacy in Southeast Asia.
About Cambodia
- A country located in mainland Southeast Asia.
- Capital: Phnom Penh
- Currency: Cambodian Riel
- Member of ASEAN.
- Borders:
- Thailand (west)
- Laos (north)
- Vietnam (east)
- Major river: Mekong River
- Important lake: Tonlé Sap Lake.
India–Cambodia Digital Payment Linkage
UPI–KHQR Integration
- NPCI International partnered with ACLEDA Bank Plc. to enable UPI acceptance in Cambodia.
- Uses Cambodia’s national QR framework called Bakong KHQR.
- Indian travellers can now make QR payments at over 4.5 million merchant outlets in Cambodia.
Future Bi-Directional System
- Cambodian citizens visiting India will later be able to use domestic payment apps to scan Indian UPI QR codes.
- Strengthens cross-border fintech interoperability and tourism.
Key Facts for UPSC Prelims
- Cambodia was historically influenced by Indian culture during the Angkor Empire.
- Famous heritage site: Angkor Wat (UNESCO World Heritage Site).
- India’s UPI is now operational in multiple countries including:
- Singapore
- UAE
- Bhutan
- Nepal
- Sri Lanka
- France
- Mauritius
- Qatar
- Cambodia.
UPSC Analysis: Static–Dynamic Linkage
This topic connects:
- India’s Act East Policy
- ASEAN engagement
- Fintech diplomacy and Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)
- Cross-border payment systems.
UPSC may ask questions on:
- ASEAN member countries
- Mekong region geography
- India’s UPI international expansion
- Cultural linkages between India and Southeast Asia.
The development also highlights India’s growing role in exporting digital governance and payment infrastructure globally.
Source/Reference:
(MAINS Focus)
GS Paper III – Environment & Ecology (Climate Change) | GS Paper III – Economy (Infrastructure; Employment)
Climate Adaptation Economy; Net-Zero by 2070; Green Jobs; Investment Opportunities
Introduction
World Environment Day highlights the urgent reality of climate change, reflected in extreme and unpredictable weather events. With global temperatures already rising above 1.1°C and climate disasters causing massive economic losses, the focus must shift from debating climate change to investing in adaptation and turning it into a driver of sustainable economic growth.
Main Body
The Economic Case for Adaptation
The “Adaptation Economy”:
- Global climate adaptation market estimated at roughly US$30-35 billion in 2025.
- Encompasses: climate-resilient infrastructure, water management systems, early-warning technologies, resilient agriculture, cooling technologies, climate analytics, and adaptation services.
- Expected to grow to US$95-140 billion by 2030 with an annual growth rate of roughly 10-16%.
High Return on Investment:
- Global Commission on Adaptation: investing $1.8 trillion globally in climate adaptation by 2030 could generate more than $7 trillion in net economic benefits (nearly 4:1 return).
- United Nations: adaptation investment needs in developing countries could exceed $300 billion annually by 2030.
Current Losses:
- Climate-related disasters inflict economic losses of roughly US$300-320 billion annually worldwide.
- Weather-related events account for more than 90% of the damage.
India’s Opportunity: Net-Zero by 2070
Investment Requirement:
- According to NITI Aayog, India will require cumulative investments of approximately US$22.7 trillion by 2070 to achieve its net-zero target.
- Roughly US$500 billion annually for the next four-and-a-half decades.
Dual Objective:
- Achieving net-zero emissions by 2070 while simultaneously pursuing rapid economic growth.
- Often framed as a challenge, this can equally be viewed as an economic opportunity.
India’s Strengths:
- Already among the world’s fastest-growing renewable energy markets.
- Entrepreneurial talent, engineering capability, large domestic market, and growing innovation ecosystem.
- Potential to become a global hub for climate solutions.
Sectoral Opportunities for India
Energy:
- Solar energy (ambitious targets; 42.4% of installed capacity by March 2026).
- Green hydrogen (National Green Hydrogen Mission).
- Battery manufacturing (PLI for advanced chemistry cells).
- Electric vehicles and sustainable mobility.
Agriculture:
- Most directly exposed to climate variability (heat stress, droughts, floods, shifting pest dynamics).
- Requires new generation of climate-resilient seeds, stress-tolerant varieties.
- Irrigation infrastructure, cold storage, and thermostable vaccines.
- These are no longer just scientific pursuits – they are major commercial opportunities.
Infrastructure:
- Vast market for climate-resilient construction materials.
- Advanced cooling systems.
- Water management technologies.
- Climate-appropriate transportation systems.
- Resilient urban planning.
Digital Services and Energy Management:
- Climate analytics and early-warning technologies.
- Smart grid management.
- Energy efficiency services.
Job Creation Potential
Sectors Expected to Create Millions of Jobs:
- Manufacturing (solar panels, batteries, electric vehicles, green hydrogen equipment).
- Engineering (climate-resilient infrastructure design).
- Construction (retrofitting buildings, building new resilient infrastructure).
- Digital services (climate analytics, early-warning systems).
- Energy management (smart grids, renewable integration).
The Transition:
- The transition to a low-carbon economy could create millions of new jobs across these sectors.
Adaptation vs. Mitigation
Not a Substitute:
- Adaptation is not a substitute for mitigation.
- Reducing greenhouse gas emissions remains critical to avoid the consequences of climate change.
Complementary Approach:
- Countries that view climate change as both a challenge AND an opportunity will build the industries, create the jobs, and shape the economies of the future.
- Adaptation is becoming a driver of economic growth, not just a cost to be borne.
What India Needs to Do
Leverage Existing Strengths:
- Already among world’s fastest-growing renewable energy markets.
- Entrepreneurial talent, engineering capability, large domestic market.
Seize the Adaptation Market:
- Global adaptation market expected to reach US$95-140 billion by 2030.
- India can capture a significant share.
Integrate Adaptation into Development:
- Not a separate agenda; should be mainstreamed into infrastructure, agriculture, urban planning, and industry.
- Every rupee spent on resilient infrastructure is an investment in future growth.
Broaden the Conversation:
- The question is no longer whether the climate is changing.
- The question is how to adapt to it and optimise investments in building technologies, businesses, and industries needed to make adaptation a driver of economic growth.
Conclusion
Climate change is not only an environmental challenge but also a major economic opportunity. As climate disasters intensify and the global adaptation market expands rapidly, India can leverage its talent, innovation ecosystem, and large market to become a global hub for climate solutions. The focus must now shift from acknowledging climate change to investing in adaptation as a driver of sustainable growth and jobs.
UPSC Mains Practice Question
- Climate adaptation presents both environmental and economic opportunities. Examine how India can leverage the growing climate solutions market to achieve its net-zero goals and emerge as a global climate leader. (250 words, 15 marks)
GS Paper II – Governance (Social Justice) | GS Paper II – Polity
Census 2027; Data Integrity; Policy Formulation; Open Defecation; Enumerators’ Challenges
Introduction
Concerns over Census 2027 data collection in Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh raise serious questions about data integrity and reliability. While re-verification is a normal process, it must ensure accurate representation of reality rather than manipulate perceptions or sanitise data.
Main Body
Issues Faced by Enumerators in Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan:
- Director of Census Operations issued a circular to district-level officials regarding discrepancies identified in field data.
- Objective: to ensure data are accurately recorded using appropriate options in the questionnaire.
- However, in some cases, enumerators have been told to record data based on assumptions.
- Example: If some households do not have toilets, enumerators have been told to check whether toilets are available nearby, on the basis of which the entry can be changed from “open defecation” to “access to latrine”.
Uttar Pradesh:
- Message seems to be not to present facts as they are.
- Raises concerns about data integrity and reliability for a crucial and sensitive exercise.
- Enumerators advised “not to select options that may show the government in a poor light”.
The Tension with the Open Defecation Free (ODF) Campaign
Progress Made:
- Many States have made tangible progress under the Swachh Bharat Mission.
- For administrative purposes, including funding, it is reasonable to classify cities and villages as ODF, ODF Plus, and ODF Plus Model.
The Conflict:
- It would be unrealistic to conclude that the problem of open defecation has been completely eliminated.
- The critical question: whether such classification reflects reality and comes into conflict with the enumerators’ work.
- Enumerators are being asked to change “open defecation” to “access to latrine” if a toilet is available nearby (not necessarily used).
The Risk:
- Data may reflect policy targets (ODF status) rather than ground reality (actual behaviour).
- This undermines the credibility of the Census and the Swachh Bharat Mission itself.
The Principle: Re-verification Must Reflect Reality, Not Manage Perceptions
Legitimate Re-verification:
- Is a normal part of any study or survey.
- Helps identify and correct genuine errors in data collection.
Illegitimate Data Sanitisation:
- Changing data to avoid showing the government in a poor light.
- Recording data based on assumptions (e.g., “access to latrine” instead of observed “open defecation”).
- This is not re-verification; it is data manipulation.
The Core Principle:
- Data must reflect reality accurately, not manage perceptions.
- Data sanitisation must not be undertaken under the guise of re-verification.
Why Data Integrity Matters for the Census
Significance of the Census:
- Hardly needs reiteration – it is the foundation of governance.
- Public policies and welfare schemes are formulated on the basis of Census data.
- Allocation of resources, delimitation of constituencies, and affirmative action policies depend on accurate Census data.
Financial Outlay:
- ₹11,718 crore for the entire country.
- Such a large investment is wasted if data are sanitised to manage perceptions.
The Responsibility:
- Policymakers must ensure that Census data are accurate and credible.
- They must also sensitise people to provide correct information, as policies ultimately benefit them.
Way Forward: Protecting Enumerators and Data Integrity
For the Union Government:
- Send a clear message that data sanitisation must not be undertaken under the guise of re-verification.
- Recognise and resolve the legitimate difficulties faced by enumerators.
- Be liberal in enhancing allowances for enumerators to ensure efficient and timely work.
- Be conscious of the financial outlay (₹11,718 crore) and the need to make reliable data publicly available.
For State Governments (Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh):
- Withdraw any instructions that ask enumerators to record data based on assumptions.
- Ensure that re-verification is used to correct genuine errors, not to manage perceptions.
- Do not penalise enumerators for recording facts that may show the government in a poor light.
For the Census Organisation:
- Provide clear guidelines on the difference between legitimate re-verification and data sanitisation.
- Ensure that enumerators are trained to record observed reality, not assumptions.
- Establish an independent mechanism for enumerators to report pressure to manipulate data.
Conclusion
Pressure on Census 2027 enumerators to alter responses raises serious concerns about data integrity and public trust. Re-verification must ensure accuracy, not perception management. The government must prevent data sanitisation, address enumerators’ challenges, and safeguard the credibility of the Census and welfare schemes.
UPSC Mains Practice Question
- Census credibility depends on accurate and unbiased data collection. Examine the challenges faced by Census 2027 enumerators and suggest measures to protect data integrity and ensure reliable enumeration. (250 words, 15 marks)