Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Ganges Soft-Shell Turtle: India’s First Satellite-Tagged Specimen Released in Kaziranga Subject: Environment – Endangered Species; Conservation Technology; Wildlife Protection Act; Kaziranga; Brahmaputra Basin. Why in News? India’s first satellite-tagged Ganges soft-shell turtle (Nilssonia gangetica) was released in Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve, Assam on May 15, 2026 (Endangered Species Day) Initiative by Wildlife Institute of India (WII) in collaboration with Kaziranga authorities and Assam Forest Department Funded by National Geographic Society About the Ganges Soft-Shell Turtle Scientific Name: Nilssonia gangetica Conservation Status IUCN Red List: Endangered Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I (highest legal protection) Key Characteristics Differentiated from other riverine turtles by distinct arrowhead-shaped markings on top of the head A major river predator; also feeds on dead and decaying animal matter (important for river health) Distribution in India Found in large rivers, lakes, and reservoirs In Assam, the Brahmaputra river basin is a key habitat Threats Habitat loss (sand mining, riverbed alteration) Poaching for meat and calipee (used in traditional medicine and exotic cuisine) Accidental entanglement in fishing nets Pollution and riverine development Satellite Tagging Initiative Objective Understand seasonal movement patterns, home range, and identify critical habitats (nesting, breeding) for active management of soft-shell turtles in the Brahmaputra river basin Methodology A healthy adult turtle captured, fitted with satellite transmitter under veterinary supervision, released along the northern bank of Brahmaputra Kaziranga’s Turtle Diversity Assam is one of the world’s top priority areas in freshwater turtle conservation Of the 8 soft-shell turtles reported from India, 5 are known from the Kaziranga landscape Endangered Species Day (May 15) Observed annually on the third Friday of May Raises awareness about the importance of protecting endangered species and their habitats First proclaimed by the United States Congress in 2006; now observed globally Key Terms for Prelims Ganges Soft-Shell Turtle: Nilssonia gangetica – Endangered, Schedule I Satellite Tagging: Use of satellite transmitters to track animal movements and habitat use Kaziranga National Park & Tiger Reserve: UNESCO World Heritage Site; known for one-horned rhinoceros Wildlife Institute of India (WII): Dehradun-based autonomous institution under MoEFCC National Geographic Society: International non-profit funding conservation projects Endangered Species Day: Third Friday of May Source/Reference: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/indias-first-satellite-tagged-ganges-soft-shell-turtle-released-in-kaziranga/article70982975.ece#google_vignette Netherlands Subject: Geography – Northwestern Europe; International Relations – India-Netherlands Bilateral Ties; ICJ; ASML. Why in News? Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited the Netherlands as the second leg of his five-nation European tour (after UAE, before Sweden, Norway, Italy) in May 2026 Geographical Features Climate Temperate – gentle winters, cool summers, rainfall in every season Three Primary Geographic Regions Lowlands (lowest parts, many below sea level) Veluwe and Utrecht Hill Ridge Limburg Hills Highest Point Vaalserberg – 1,058 feet (322 metres) Major Rivers Rhine (Rijn), Meuse (Maas), Scheldt (Schelde) Largest Freshwater Lake Ijsselmeer Natural Resources One of the world’s largest natural gas fields Zinc, magnesium Unique Features Low-Lying Topography About one-quarter of the country lies below sea level Extensive system of dikes, polders, and canals – “God created the world, but the Dutch created the Netherlands” Port of Rotterdam Largest port in Europe One of the busiest ports in the world India-Netherlands Relations (Context) India PM Visit (May 2026) Focus on technology, water management, agriculture, renewable energy, and semiconductors Existing Cooperation Strategic Partnership on Water (signed 2022) – Netherlands expertise in delta management, flood control Agriculture and Horticulture – Dutch technology for precision farming, floriculture Semiconductors – ASML (Dutch company) is world leader in chip-making lithography equipment; India seeking collaboration under India AI Mission Key Terms for Prelims Polder: Low-lying land reclaimed from sea or river, protected by dikes Dike (Dyke): Embankment to prevent flooding Amsterdam: Constitutional capital; but The Hague is seat of government and Parliament International Court of Justice (ICJ): UN’s principal judicial organ – located in The Hague International Criminal Court (ICC): Also located in The Hague Eurozone: Netherlands adopted euro in 2002 (replaced Dutch guilder) ASML: Dutch company; world’s largest supplier of photolithography systems for semiconductor industry Source/Reference: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-uae-visit-live-updates-five-nation-tour-uae-netherlands-sweden-norway-italy-west-asia-crisis-brics-us-iran-conflict/liveblog/131114084.cms Chaprala Wildlife Sanctuary: Gadchiroli's Riparian Ecosystem Subject: Environment – Wildlife Sanctuary; Geography – Godavari Tributaries; Maharashtra; Pranahita River; Gond Tribe. Why in News? Telangana irrigation engineers have assured that the proposed Pranahita-Chevella barrage on River Pranahita will not submerge the Chaprala Wildlife Sanctuary located near the barrage site About Chaprala Wildlife Sanctuary Location Gadchiroli district, Maharashtra Located on the bank of the confluence of Wardha and Wainganga rivers Pranhita River flows along its western boundary During monsoons, river water swells and enters the sanctuary Indigenous Community Home to the indigenous Gond tribal community Water Bodies Several water bodies contribute to biodiversity: Murgikunta, Raikonta, and Komatkunta tanks Vegetation and Flora Vegetation Type Dominated by southern tropical dry deciduous forests interspersed with grasslands Key Tree Species Teak, arjun, salai, mahua, bel, dhawada, tendu, sissoo, semal Fauna Mammals Tiger, leopard, wild boar, sloth bear, wild dogs, langurs, blackbuck, spotted deer, sambar, jackal, mongoose Aquatic Fauna (Riparian Ecosystem) Fish, prawns, turtles Pranahita River (Context) Origin and Course Formed by the confluence of Wardha and Wainganga rivers Flows through Maharashtra and Telangana Significant tributary of the Godavari River Drainage Drains the entire Vidarbha region and southern slopes of Satpura Ranges Forest Cover River course principally through dense forests, rich in Sagwan (teak) trees Pranahita-Chevella Lift Irrigation Project Proposed to utilize river water for irrigation and drinking water supply to drought-prone areas in Telangana Key Terms for Prelims Chaprala Wildlife Sanctuary: Gadchiroli district, Maharashtra (on confluence of Wardha and Wainganga) Pranahita River: Tributary of Godavari (formed by Wardha + Wainganga) Gond Tribe: Indigenous community of central India (PVTG in some regions) Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest: Forest type with trees that shed leaves in dry season Riparian Ecosystem: Interface between land and river (supports diverse aquatic and terrestrial life) Pranahita-Chevella Project: Lift irrigation scheme for Telangana (drought-prone areas) Sagwan: Teak tree (Tectona grandis) – valuable timber species Source/Reference: https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/irrigation-engineers-fix-alignment-helping-chaprala-wildlife-sanctuary-at-pranahita-chevella-barrage-site-1956332 Bhakra Beas Management Board: Rajasthan Seeks Permanent Membership Subject: Polity – Inter-state Water Management; Geography – Indus Basin Projects; BBMB; Rajasthan’s Demand. Why in News? Rajasthan Water Resources Minister Suresh Singh Rawat sought permanent membership for Rajasthan in the Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) Rajasthan holds 52.96% share in Ravi-Beas waters but has no official member on the Board About BBMB Establishment Constituted in 1976 under the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 Purpose To manage the Bhakra Dam (on Sutlej) and Beas Dam (on Beas) – along with associated power houses and irrigation systems Regulates allocation of water and power from these projects among Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi, and Chandigarh Current Composition Full-time Chairman (appointed by Government of India) Part-time Members from Punjab and Haryana No permanent member from Rajasthan – despite being a beneficiary state Jurisdiction Hydel power stations: Bhakra Left Bank and Right Bank, Ganguwal, Kotla, Pong (all in Punjab/Himachal) Water supply: Provides irrigation water to Rajasthan (western districts), Haryana, Punjab, and Delhi Rajasthan’s Dependence Irrigation, drinking water, and other requirements of western Rajasthan districts depend on BBMB system Rajasthan is situated at the tail-end of the system – vulnerable to inequitable distribution Bhakra and Beas Dams – Quick Facts Bhakra Dam (Himachal Pradesh) River: Sutlej Type: Concrete gravity dam Height: 226 metres (one of the highest gravity dams in the world) Reservoir: Gobind Sagar Named after: Bhakra village Part of: Bhakra Nangal Project (multi-purpose) Beas Dam (Punjab) River: Beas Location: Pong Dam (also known as Maharana Pratap Sagar) Part of: Beas Project Nangal Dam (Punjab) Located downstream of Bhakra Diverts water into two canals: Nangal Hydel Channel and Bhakra Canal Key Terms for Prelims BBMB: Bhakra Beas Management Board (est. 1976 under Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966) Bhakra Dam: Highest concrete gravity dam in India (226 m); on Sutlej river; reservoir Govind Sagar Beas Dam (Pong Dam): On Beas river; reservoir Maharana Pratap Sagar Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966: Created Haryana; transferred territories; established BBMB Gobind Sagar: Reservoir of Bhakra Dam (named after Guru Gobind Singh) Maharana Pratap Sagar: Reservoir of Pong Dam (Beas Dam) Ranjit Sagar Dam: On Ravi river (Thein Dam) – also part of Indus basin projects Source/Reference: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajasthan/rajasthan-seeks-permanent-membership-in-bhakra-beas-management-board/article70984024.ece#google_vignette Western Disturbance & Deadly UP Storms: Climate Change Link Subject: Geography – Western Disturbance; Climatology – Extreme Weather; Climate Change – Localised Wind Strengthening. Why in News? Devastating storms in Uttar Pradesh on May 13-14, 2026 killed over 117 people Caused by interaction of multiple weather systems – wind speeds exceeded very severe cyclone threshold (119 km/hr) at some locations Western Disturbance (WD) – Context What is WD? Extra-tropical storm originating in Mediterranean Sea region Travels eastward via subtropical westerly jet stream Normally brings winter rain to northwest India and snow to Western Himalayas Anomaly (Climate Change Impact) WD activity has increased during summer and monsoon months Decreased during winter period – shift in seasonal pattern Contributed to unseasonal storms in May Climate Change Link Mechanism Warmer atmosphere holds more moisture (7% more per 1°C warming) Global average temperature has risen by ~1.2°C in last ~180 years This creates a cycle – more moisture → more energy for storms Pressure Gradient Effect Larger pressure gradient between equator and polar regions has decreased Slows down planetary winds But localised winds in convective storm systems and cyclones become stronger Observed Impacts Tornadoes, cyclones, thunderstorms – all showing localised strengthening Key Terms for Prelims Western Disturbance: Extra-tropical storm from Mediterranean; winter rain/snow source for northwest India Upper Air Cyclonic Circulation: Cyclonic system at higher atmospheric levels (not surface) Low-pressure trough: Elongated area of low pressure Convection: Vertical movement of warm, moist air leading to thunderstorm formation Planetary Winds: Large-scale global wind systems (westerlies, trade winds, polar easterlies) Pressure Gradient: Difference in atmospheric pressure over distance (drives wind speed) Source/Reference: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/explosive-winds-in-the-deadly-uttar-pradesh-storms-a-symptom-of-warming (MAINS Focus) Petrol Price Hike: Inflationary Pressures and Cascading Effects GS Paper III – Economy (Inflation; Energy Security) | GS Paper II – Governance Fuel Pricing; Monetary Policy; Supply Chain Disruptions; West Asia Crisis   Introduction After more than four years, India raised petrol and diesel prices by ₹3 per litre and CNG prices by ₹2 per kg due to rising global crude oil prices amid the West Asia crisis and disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz. While the direct impact on inflation is limited, higher transport costs may increase food and essential commodity prices.   Main Body Why the Hike Happened Global Crude Oil Price Surge: Global oil prices surged past $120 per barrel after the Strait of Hormuz was severely disrupted following US-Israeli attacks on Iran. Prices later eased to the 100–105 per barrel range. Before the West Asia conflict, crude oil was trading below $75 per barrel—a more than 50% jump in just three months. OMC Losses: State-run fuel retailers stopped daily price revisions in April 2022 to shield consumers from volatile global oil prices (post-Russia-Ukraine invasion). OMCs incurred losses during that period and recouped them later when prices fell. The recent surge in crude prices made price adjustments unavoidable. India’s Delay: India was among the last major economies to raise retail fuel prices. The government had kept prices unchanged through the election period. Direct Impact on Inflation Weight of Fuel in CPI: Petrol and diesel together account for nearly 5% of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Direct Impact Calculation: A ₹3 increase translates into roughly a 3% rise in fuel prices. This alone could have a direct impact of about 0.15% (15 basis points) on headline CPI inflation. To this must be added the effects of earlier hikes in LPG and CNG prices. Expert View (Madan Sabnavis, Bank of Baroda): “From an inflation perspective, the impact is significant… there will certainly be upward pressure on inflation.” Potential for Further Hikes: This may not be a one-time increase. Experts assume another round of increases may follow. A ₹3 per litre hike may not be sufficient to fully offset OMC losses. Emkay expects a ₹10 per litre fuel price hike in the immediate future (either in one shot or via creeping hikes over 2-3 weeks), covering only about 50% of OMC under-recoveries. Indirect (Secondary) Effects on Inflation Transmission Mechanism: Higher CNG prices lead to higher auto fares (buses, taxis, autos). Higher diesel prices raise transportation costs for goods. As transportation costs rise, the impact filters through multiple sectors of the economy, including agriculture. Sectors Most Immediately Impacted: Agriculture (fertiliser transport, farm machinery fuel, produce transport). Food (transport from farm to market, cold chain costs). FMCG (distribution and logistics costs). Steel (mining, transport of raw materials and finished goods). E-commerce (last-mile delivery costs). Tourism (bus, taxi, flight fuel costs). Inflation Pass-Through: Even if 60% to 70% of the increase in fuel prices is passed on to consumers, the overall impact on inflation may not be very significant in the near term. Sujan Hajra (Anand Rathi): “Even if fuel inflation crosses 10%, headline CPI inflation is still likely to remain around 5%… within the 4.5% to 5% range.” Emkay estimates the hike could push inflation up by ~75 basis points (including second-order effects), causing a meaningful drag on consumption. Distinguishing Direct vs. Indirect Effects Direct Impact: Immediate rise in the inflation index due to increased fuel costs. Visible immediately in the next CPI release. Estimated at 0.15% for the ₹3 hike (more if further hikes occur). Indirect Effects: Broader and emerge over time (next 2-3 months). Higher transportation costs lead to increased prices of goods and services across multiple sectors. More difficult to estimate but potentially larger than direct impact. The Cascading Chain: Crude price rise → OMC losses → retail fuel price hike → higher transport costs → higher food and essential commodity prices → broader inflation. Implications for Monetary Policy RBI’s Dilemma: The fuel price hike adds upward pressure on inflation at a time when growth is already slowing. RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee had kept the repo rate unchanged at 5.25% in its April meeting, citing supply shock concerns. Further fuel price hikes (expected ₹10 per litre) could push inflation higher, forcing RBI to choose between: Raising rates to curb inflation (which would hurt growth). Keeping rates unchanged (which would allow inflation to rise). Base Effect: The base effect could influence the overall inflation trajectory. Even after accounting for that, inflation is expected to stay broadly within the 4.5% to 5% range, according to some experts.   Conclusion After over four years, India raised petrol and diesel prices by ₹3 per litre and CNG by ₹2 per kg amid a sharp rise in global crude prices due to the West Asia crisis. While the direct CPI impact is limited, higher transport costs may raise food and essential prices, affecting sectors like agriculture, FMCG, and tourism, while complicating the RBI’s balance between inflation control and growth.   UPSC Mains Practice Question Examine the causes of the recent fuel price hike and its impact on inflation, key sectors, and monetary policy. (250 words, 15 marks)   https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/how-fuel-prices-hike-could-impact-inflation-and-and-your-daily-expenses-expert-says-food-transport-costs-to-rise-11778821134485.html The Superfood Sweetener: Jaggery Production and Processing in India GS Paper III – Economy (Agriculture; Food Processing) | GS Paper I – Society (Nutrition) Sugarcane Diversification; Rural Livelihoods; Value Addition; Exports; Nutritional Security   Introduction India produces over 70% of the world’s jaggery, supporting nearly 2.5 million rural livelihoods and providing a nutritious alternative to refined sugar. Rising exports and government initiatives like PMFME, PM Kisan SAMPADA, ODOP, and GI tagging are boosting value addition and rural enterprise development.   Main Body Production and Economic Significance India produces over 70% of global jaggery. 20–30% of sugarcane output goes to jaggery (sugarcane production: 444.9 million tonnes in 2024-25). Top producing states: Uttar Pradesh (48.5%), Maharashtra (24.1%), Karnataka (10.5%). The sector supports approximately 2.5 million rural livelihoods through decentralized, small-scale cottage industries. Export Growth and Domestic Demand Exports grew from USD 197 million (2015-16) to USD 406.8 million (2024-25) – a 106.5% increase. Volume increased by 61.2% (from 292.8 MT to 471.9 MT). Major export destinations: Indonesia, USA, UAE, Nigeria, Nepal. Domestic jaggery sales reached about 5,000 metric tonnes annually by August 2024. Jaggery and honey recorded a CAGR of 15–20% during 2021-24. Nutritional Value and Health Benefits Retains minerals lost in sugar refining: calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper, manganese. Iron content: 10-13 mg per 100 grams (helps address anaemia). Trace vitamins: folic acid, B-complex, vitamins A, C, D, E. Provides sustained energy (complex sucrose digested slowly). Ayurvedic benefits: treats throat/lung infections, supports digestion, detoxifies respiratory tract. Natural detoxifying agent; supports blood purification, reduces fatigue, maintains blood pressure. Jaggery in Nutrition Interventions: Tamil Nadu Model Jaggery constitutes 27% of the complementary food mix (Sathumavu) under Tamil Nadu’s ICDS framework. Distributed as Take-Home Rations to eligible beneficiaries for 300 days each year. Procured from 25 women-run cooperatives (1,450 members, mostly widows and vulnerable women). Provides nutritious food to nearly 32.75 lakh beneficiaries. Integrates nutrition support with livelihood generation. Value Addition: Case Study Farmer Anthonisamy (Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu) produces organic jaggery powder. Organic jaggery powder: ₹75 per kg vs conventional jaggery: ₹50 per kg. Production cost for both: about ₹30 per kg. Organic gives nearly double the profit margin (₹45 vs ₹20). Diversified products: jaggery-flavoured chocolate and coconut. Government Policy Support PMKSY (CEFPPC): 5 jaggery processing units approved; ₹17.07 crore grants-in-aid. PMFME Scheme: 3,528 jaggery-based micro units supported; ₹102.31 crore subsidies. One District One Product (ODOP): Jaggery identified in 19 districts. AGMARK certification: Jaggery is a notified commodity (quality assurance and export readiness). GI Tagged Jaggery Varieties Kolhapur jaggery (Maharashtra): Golden colour, high sucrose content. Muzaffarnagar gur (Uttar Pradesh): Export-oriented, high-quality cane. Marayoor and Central Travancore jaggery (Kerala): Purity, medicinal value, traditional processing. GI recognition strengthens regional branding, promotes traditional practices, and improves market access for rural producers.   Conclusion India produces over 70% of global jaggery, supporting 2.5 million rural livelihoods, while exports have grown rapidly to USD 406.8 million in 2024–25. Rich in iron and minerals, jaggery is also being integrated into nutrition programmes like Sathumavu Scheme. Government schemes, GI tagging, and value-added organic production are strengthening the sector, though scaling up processing, quality standards, and nutrition integration remains essential.   UPSC Mains Practice Question Examine the economic and nutritional significance of India’s jaggery sector and the role of value addition, GI tagging, and nutrition integration in its growth. (250 words, 15 marks)   https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2261676&reg=3&lang=1 Quantum and AI Sovereignty: Defining India's Next-Generation Growth GS Paper III – Science & Technology (Indigenous Development) | GS Paper III – Economy (Industrial Policy) Quantum Technologies; Artificial Intelligence; Deep-Tech Financing; RDI Fund; National Security   Introduction Union Minister Jitendra Singh highlighted that quantum and AI sovereignty will shape India’s future growth. The RDI Fund and National Quantum Mission aim to boost private-sector R&D, deep-tech innovation, and quantum-secure communication, supporting India’s transition towards an innovation-driven economy.   Main Body Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) Fund Scheme Purpose and Progress: Aims to accelerate private sector participation in R&D through institutional and financial support mechanisms. Technology Development Board (TDB) became the first Second Level Fund Manager to launch calls, sign agreements, and release funds. Received 124 project proposals worth over ₹25,000 crore within a short period. 22 companies selected for funding; 15 selected through Bharat Innovates 2026 (global showcase in Nice, France, June 2026). First electronic fund disbursement: ₹50 crore to M/s Eyestem Research Private Limited. Five High-Impact RDI Projects Approved Advanced Lithium-ion Battery Cells (Maharashtra): Patented 3-Dimensional Electrode Architecture (3DEA) technology for cost-efficient battery production. Project Garud (Telangana): Indigenous 500 kg-class modular satellite platform for mass production and constellation-scale deployment. Cell Therapies for Incurable Diseases (Karnataka): First-in-class therapies for Geographic Atrophy and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Intelligent Mobile Life Support System (Uttar Pradesh): Portable ICU-grade emergency care platform with AI-assisted guidance for Indian conditions. Project Sabal-200 (Uttar Pradesh): Indigenous unmanned helicopter with payload exceeding 200 kg for high-altitude logistics, disaster response, and surveillance. National Quantum Mission: Progress and Preparedness Achievements: India is among select countries investing in quantum communication, computing, sensing, and materials. Original target: 2,000 km quantum-secure communication in eight years. Achieved nearly half (approx. 1,000 km) in less than four years. Quantum-Safe Infrastructure: Emerging quantum computing may challenge existing cryptographic systems in banking, governance, telecom, and strategic infrastructure. Post-quantum cryptography, quantum key distribution, and quantum-safe infrastructure are critical for long-term national security. India must prepare for the “Q-Day” scenario when current encryption becomes vulnerable. Report on “Quantum-Safe Ecosystem in India” released, recommending national preparedness across finance, healthcare, governance, and defence. Compendium and Policy Reforms Compendium on RDI Scheme status report released, detailing proposals, sector-wise distribution, approved projects, and funding trends. Space sector reforms have demonstrated how strategic policy interventions unlock innovation and public participation. Bharat Innovates 2026 will showcase India’s technology innovation globally.   Challenges: RDI Fund is in early stages; long-term commercialization impact remains to be seen. Quantum-safe infrastructure requires coordination across multiple ministries. Private sector R&D investment in India remains low (less than 1% of GDP).   Conclusion India’s RDI Fund Scheme has approved major deep-tech projects in batteries, space, healthcare, and unmanned systems, with proposals worth over ₹25,000 crore. Meanwhile, the National Quantum Mission is advancing quantum-secure communication and quantum-safe infrastructure, strengthening India’s push towards AI and quantum sovereignty under Atmanirbhar Bharat and Viksit Bharat 2047.   UPSC Mains Practice Question Examine the role of the RDI Fund and the National Quantum Mission in strengthening India’s deep-tech ecosystem and quantum-safe infrastructure. (250 words, 15 marks)   https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2261737&reg=3&lang=1  

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Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) India-UAE Strategic Partnership: Energy, Investment, Defence & AI Subject: International Relations – India-UAE Bilateral; Energy Security; Defence Partnership; AI Supercomputing; Strategic Chokepoint. Why in News? Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Abu Dhabi as the first leg of a six-day, five-nation tour (UAE, Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Italy) on May 15, 2026 Reiterated India’s support for safe navigation through the Strait of Hormuz – critical for global energy and food security Key Outcomes Energy Cooperation Strategic Petroleum Reserves: Agreement to raise UAE’s participation in India’s strategic petroleum reserves to 30 million barrels (SPRL + ADNOC) LPG Supply: Long-term arrangement between Indian Oil Corporation and ADNOC Defence Partnership Framework for Strategic Defence Partnership covering: Industrial collaboration Maritime security Cyber defence Information exchange Technology & AI Supercomputing Cluster: Agreement between India’s C-DAC and UAE’s G-42 to set up an 8 exaflop supercomputing facility Cerebras Chip: UAE President presented a Cerebras chip to PM Modi – will power India’s supercomputing facility under India AI Mission Trade & Logistics MAITRI Virtual Trade Corridor: Digital framework linking customs and port authorities to streamline cargo movement, reduce costs, cut transit times Maritime Sector Ship Repair Cluster at Vadinar (Gujarat) Skill development framework for maritime sector Strategic Significance Strait of Hormuz Context India’s energy imports pass through this critical chokepoint (25-30% of global oil) Iran-Israel-US war (since Feb 2026) has disrupted navigation India’s backing for safe passage signals strategic alignment with UAE India AI Mission 8 exaflop supercomputing facility will boost India’s AI capabilities Cerebras chips are advanced AI processors (competitors to NVIDIA) MAITRI Virtual Trade Corridor “MAITRI” stands for Multimodal Advanced Industrial Trade Relationship Initiative (suggested) Digital platform for seamless cargo movement Key Terms for Prelims Strait of Hormuz: Chokepoint between Iran and Oman; 25-30% of global oil passes through Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR): Emergency crude oil stockpiles (India has 5.33 MMT capacity at 3 locations) ADNOC: Abu Dhabi National Oil Company – UAE’s state-owned oil company C-DAC: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (India’s premier R&D org for supercomputing) G-42: UAE-based AI and cloud computing company Cerebras Chip: Advanced AI processor (wafer-scale engine) Exaflop: 10¹⁸ floating-point operations per second (unit of supercomputing speed) RBL Bank: Indian private sector bank (receiving $3 billion from Emirates NDB) Source/Reference: https://www.newsonair.gov.in/pm-modi-to-embark-on-a-six-day-visit-to-uae-netherlands-sweden-norway-italy-today/ Mission Karmayogi: AI-Integrated Governance Framework Subject: Polity – Civil Services Reforms; Governance – Capacity Building; Mission Karmayogi; iGOT; AI Integration. Why in News? Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh stated that Mission Karmayogi is steadily moving towards an AI-integrated governance framework, linking capacity building, competency development, technology, and public service delivery What is Mission Karmayogi? Full Name National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB) Launched September 2, 2020 Nodal Ministry Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) , Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions Objective To build a future-ready, citizen-centric civil service with the right attitudes, skills, and knowledge aligned with the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047 Key Components iGOT Karmayogi (Integrated Government Online Training) Digital learning platform for civil servants Offers role-specific, competency-based courses Accessible anytime, anywhere (on-boarded over 30 lakh users) Capacity Building Commission (CBC) Established to coordinate and standardize capacity building efforts across ministries Approves annual capacity building plans HR Management Module Maintains individual civil servant profiles (skills, competencies, training history) Data-driven postings and career progression Monitoring and Evaluation Framework Tracks training effectiveness and impact on service delivery AI Integration (2026 Update) Moving towards AI-integrated governance framework AI used for: Personalized learning paths on iGOT Predictive analytics for training needs Automation of administrative processes Enhancing grievance redressal efficiency Governance Reforms Impact (2014-2026) CPGRAMS (Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System) Annual grievances received: increased from ~2 lakh (2014) to 25-30 lakh (present) Reflects growing public trust due to improved responsiveness and accountability Digital Life Certificates (Jeevan Pramaan) 10-11 crore certificates already generated Enables pensioners to complete formalities digitally without physical visits Key Terms for Prelims Mission Karmayogi: National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB) – launched 2020 iGOT Karmayogi: Integrated Government Online Training – digital learning platform Capacity Building Commission (CBC): Nodal body for capacity building coordination CPGRAMS: Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System Digital Life Certificate (Jeevan Pramaan): Biometric-enabled digital certificate for pensioners DoPT: Department of Personnel and Training – nodal ministry for Mission Karmayogi Source/Reference: https://www.newsonair.gov.in/mission-karmayogi-steadily-moving-towards-an-ai-integrated-governance-framework-says-union-minister-jitendra-singh/ Advance Authorisation Scheme: Gold Import Capped at 100 kg, Compliance Tightened Subject: Economy – Foreign Trade Policy; Advance Authorisation; Gold Imports; Export Promotion; DGFT. Why in News? Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) capped gold imports under the Advance Authorisation (AA) scheme at 100 kilograms New restrictions introduced amid surging gold imports (all-time high of USD 71.98 billion in FY 2025-26) and rising import duty (raised to 15% from 6% a day earlier) Move aims to curb non-essential imports and ease pressure on foreign exchange reserves What is Advance Authorisation Scheme? Definition Scheme allowing duty-free import of inputs (raw materials, components) that are physically incorporated into export products Operates on standard input-output norms (SIONS) – specifying quantity of input allowed per unit of output Key Features Export Obligation: Must export finished goods of specific value within prescribed time (typically 18 months) Value Addition: Minimum 15% value addition required (except for gems & jewellery – 10.1% for certain categories) Purpose: Boosts export competitiveness by exempting import duties on inputs New Restrictions (DGFT Notification) Provision Detail Capping gold imports Maximum 100 kg per Advance Authorisation First-time applicants Mandatory physical inspection of manufacturing facility by regional authority Export performance linkage Subsequent authorisations only after fulfilling 50% of export obligation of preceding AA Fortnightly reporting Certified by independent chartered accountant (gold import/export details) Monthly reporting Regional authorities to submit consolidated reports to DGFT HQ Why These Restrictions? Import Surge Context India’s gold imports surged >24% to all-time high of USD 71.98 billion in FY 2025-26 Volume terms: 721.03 tonnes (down 4.76% from previous year – reflecting price impact) Recent Duty Hikes Basic Customs Duty on gold/silver: raised to 15% (from 6%) – May 2026 3% Integrated GST (IGST) imposed on gold/silver imports earlier (temporarily disrupted bank imports, sharp fall in April shipments) Macroeconomic Pressure Elevated crude oil prices (West Asia crisis) Pressure on foreign exchange reserves Non-essential imports (gold, silver) targeted for curbs Gems & Jewellery Sector Context AA scheme widely utilised by exporters in gems & jewellery sector India is world’s second-largest gold consumer (after China) Nearly all gold requirement imported – no domestic mining of significance Key Terms for Prelims Advance Authorisation (AA): Duty-free import of inputs for export production DGFT: Directorate General of Foreign Trade – under Ministry of Commerce SION: Standard Input Output Norms – prescribed input quantities per unit of export Export Obligation: Mandatory export value to be achieved under AA Value Addition: Minimum percentage of value to be added in exported product (15% standard; 10.1% for some jewellery) SEIS: Service Exports from India Scheme (different scheme; do not confuse) MEIS: Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (predecessor to RoDTEP; now phased out) Source/Reference: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/govt-caps-gold-imports-under-advance-authorisation-at-100-kg-tightens-compliance-rules/articleshow/131097025.cms Rakchham Chitkul Wildlife Sanctuary: High-Altitude Biodiversity Hotspot in Kinnaur Subject: Environment – Wildlife Sanctuary; Himalayan Biodiversity; IBA; Critically Endangered Brown Bear; Kinnaur. Why in News? Himalayan brown bear (sow with two cubs) photographed inside the sanctuary in May 2026 after a gap of nearly seven years  A horned lark was recorded for the first time at the sanctuary in May 2026, marking the first formal documented record of the species from the Kinnaur region  The sanctuary also hosted an international bird-watching programme in October 2025, with participants from 15 countries recording over 35 bird species  About Rakchham Chitkul Wildlife Sanctuary Location Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh Also known as Sangla Wildlife Sanctuary or Raksham Chitkul Wildlife Sanctuary  Establishment Established in 1962  Area Approximately 650 sq km (larger ecological area); core protected area spans 30.98 sq km  Altitude Ranges from 3,200 to 5,486 metres above sea level  Unique Climate Located in a dry trans-Himalayan zone – does not experience monsoons (unlike other Himachal sanctuaries)  Trekking Route Lamkhanga Pass – connects Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh) to Gangotri region (Uttarakhand)  Ecological Significance Flora Forest types: Dry Alpine Scrub, Dry Temperate Coniferous Forest, Upper West Himalayan Temperate Forests Key species: Rhododendrons, Chilgoza pine (Pinus girardiana), Deodar (Cedrus deodara), oak, juniper Medicinal herbs: Dhup (Jurinea macrocephala), Karu (Gentiana kurroo), Patish (Aconitum heterophyllum), Kuth (Saussurea lappa) – important in Ayurvedic medicine  Fauna Snow leopard (Uncia uncia) Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus) Himalayan black bear (Ursus thibetanus) Musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) Bharal (blue sheep), Himalayan tahr, Goral, Serow, Leopard, Common langur  Avifauna Western Tragopan (Vulnerable – IUCN) – the site’s qualifying species for IBA status  Himalayan Monal, Koklass Pheasant, Kaleej Pheasant Horned lark – first recorded in sanctuary in May 2026 Over 170 bird species recorded in Kinnaur district  Himalayan Brown Bear (Key Facts) Parameter Detail Scientific Name Ursus arctos isabellinus Other Names Himalayan Red Bear, Isabelline Bear; Denmo (Ladakhi) IUCN Status Critically Endangered Distribution in India Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand (small, fragmented populations) Altitude 3,000 – 5,500 metres (above timberline) Diet Omnivorous (grasses, roots, insects, small mammals like marmots, pikas) Hibernation Winters in dens Yeti Legend Believed by some that its ability to walk upright gave rise to Yeti legend Recent Sighting (May 2026) A female bear with two cubs photographed – indicates a healthy, suitable habitat  Second photographic evidence from the region (first was in 2016-17)  Key Terms for Prelims Rakchham Chitkul Wildlife Sanctuary: Also known as Sangla Wildlife Sanctuary (Kinnaur, HP; established 1962) Lamkhanga Pass: Connects Kinnaur (HP) to Gangotri (Uttarakhand) Himalayan Brown Bear: Ursus arctos isabellinus – IUCN Critically Endangered Western Tragopan: Tragopan melanocephalus – Vulnerable pheasant species; qualifying species for IBA status Horned Lark: First recorded in sanctuary in May 2026 Chilgoza Pine: Pinus girardiana – edible pine nuts; found in sanctuary Baspa Valley: Valley where sanctuary is located; site of Baspa I and Baspa II hydroelectric projects Key Biodiversity Area (KBA): Site of international significance for biodiversity conservation Important Bird Area (IBA): BirdLife International designation Source/Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakchham_Chitkul_Wildlife_Sanctuary PCOS as PMOS: Renaming for Better Diabetes Prevention Subject: Health – Women’s Health; Non-Communicable Diseases; Diabetes Prevention; Metabolic Syndrome; PCOS. Why in News? A debate has emerged on renaming Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) to Polycystic Ovary Metabolic Syndrome (PMOS) in India to highlight its strong link with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes risk The proposed name change aims to shift focus from “reproductive disorder” to “metabolic disorder” – encouraging earlier intervention for diabetes prevention What is PCOS? Definition A common hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age Characterized by: Irregular or absent menstrual periods Excess androgen (male hormone) levels Polycystic ovaries (multiple small follicles on ultrasound) Prevalence in India Affects approximately 20-25% of Indian women of reproductive age (one of the highest rates globally) Increasing due to lifestyle changes (sedentary habits, processed foods) Why Rename PCOS to PMOS? The Metabolic Link Parameter PCOS PMOS (Proposed) Primary focus Reproductive (cysts, infertility) Metabolic (insulin resistance, diabetes risk) Key driver Hormonal imbalance Insulin resistance (underlying cause) Long-term risk Infertility Type 2 diabetes (50-70% of PCOS women develop by age 40) Scientific Rationale 70-80% of women with PCOS have insulin resistance – regardless of body weight Insulin resistance leads to compensatory hyperinsulinemia (high insulin levels) High insulin drives excess androgen production (thus the reproductive symptoms) PCOS women have 4-7 times higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes Proposed Name: PMOS (Polycystic Ovary Metabolic Syndrome) Emphasizes the metabolic rather than just ovarian aspect Encourages early screening for diabetes and cardiovascular risk Promotes lifestyle interventions (diet, exercise) over symptom-specific treatments Diabetes Prevention in PCOS Women Why Early Intervention Matters Diabetes develops 5-10 years earlier in PCOS women than in general population Many PCOS women remain undiagnosed until they present with infertility Prevention Strategies Intervention Key Action Lifestyle modification Weight loss (5-10% reduces insulin resistance significantly) Diet Low glycemic index; reduce refined carbs and sugars Exercise 150-300 minutes/week (improves insulin sensitivity) Metformin First-line medication to improve insulin sensitivity Screening Regular HbA1c and fasting glucose from age 18 Policy Implications Integrate PCOS management into non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention programs Screen PCOS women for diabetes at diagnosis (not just later in life) Cover metformin under Ayushman Bharat or other schemes for PCOS Current Status of PCOS in India Awareness Gap Many women (and even some doctors) still think PCOS is “just about irregular periods” Lack of awareness about long-term metabolic consequences Government Initiatives (Relevant) National NCD Program – covers diabetes screening but does not explicitly flag PCOS as a risk group PM-JAY – covers infertility treatment in some states, but not preventive metabolic care for PCOS Poshan Abhiyaan – could integrate PCOS nutrition counseling Key Terms for Prelims PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome): Hormonal disorder with ovarian cysts, irregular periods, excess androgens PMOS (Polycystic Ovary Metabolic Syndrome): Proposed name emphasizing metabolic component Insulin Resistance: Reduced ability of cells to respond to insulin → high insulin levels → metabolic dysfunction Hyperinsulinemia: Excess insulin in blood; drives androgen production in PCOS Metformin: Anti-diabetic drug; improves insulin sensitivity Androgen: Male hormone (testosterone); excess causes acne, facial hair, male-pattern balding HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin test for long-term blood sugar control Source/Reference: https://indianexpress.com/article/health-wellness/pcos-pmos-renaming-change-indian-women-prevent-diabetes-10698647/ (MAINS Focus) Prime Minister's Visit to the UAE: Advancing Energy, Technology, Connectivity and Strategic Cooperation GS Paper II – International Relations (Bilateral Relations) India-UAE Strategic Partnership; Energy Security; Defence Cooperation; Maritime Infrastructure; AI and Supercomputing   Introduction India-UAE strategic partnership is built on political trust, economic cooperation, and strong people-to-people ties. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s May 2026 visit to the United Arab Emirates deepened cooperation in energy, defence, AI, infrastructure, investment, and skill development. Bilateral trade crossed US$100 billion in FY 2025–26, with both nations aiming to reach US$200 billion by 2032.   Main Body Historical Ties to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Historical Background: Trade in pearls, dates, spices, textiles, and fisheries connected western India with the Gulf region for centuries. Formal diplomatic relations established in 1972. Prime Minister Modi’s 2015 visit was the first by an Indian Prime Minister in 34 years. PM Modi has visited UAE seven times since 2014; UAE President has visited India five times. Current Status: UAE is one of India’s largest trading partners, a major energy supplier, and a key investor in infrastructure and renewable energy. Bilateral merchandise trade crossed US100billionforthefirsttime(US101.25 billion in FY 2025-26). Committed to doubling bilateral trade to US$200 billion by 2032. Trade, Investment and Energy Cooperation Investment Ties: Bilateral Investment Treaty signed in February 2024; entered into effect from August 31, 2024. Cumulative FDI from UAE into India: US$25.19 billion (April 2000 to March 2025), making UAE the seventh-largest overseas investor in India. UAE’s Sovereign Wealth Funds have a strong presence in India (real estate, infrastructure, energy, private equity, financial services). Local Currency Settlement (LCS) system enables trade and remittances in INR and AED, reducing dollar dependence and transaction costs. Energy Trade: In FY 2024-25, UAE was India’s: Fourth largest source of crude oil. Third largest source of LNG. Largest supplier of LPG. Second largest export destination for India’s finished petroleum products. UAE is the only country participating in India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserve programme. Defence and Maritime Cooperation Defence Cooperation: Joint Defence Co-operation Committee (JDCC) at Ministry level. MoU on Defence Cooperation signed in June 2003. Annual Service (Army, Naval, Air) Staff Talks to discuss security and defence cooperation. Maritime Infrastructure: MoU between Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) and Drydocks World (DDW) for setting up Ship Repair Cluster at Vadinar, Gujarat. Boosts shipping, port, and coastal infrastructure. Strengthens India’s position as a maritime and logistics hub. Advances Make in India initiative. MoU between CSL, DDW, and Centre of Excellence in Maritime & Shipbuilding (CEMS) on Skill Development in Ship Repair. Strengthens capabilities of Indian maritime workforce. Supports Skill India Mission. Creates future-ready workforce for global maritime industry. Strategic Energy Agreements Outcome 1: MoU between Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Limited (ISPRL) and Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC): Strengthens India’s energy security through deeper hydrocarbon cooperation. Enhances Strategic Petroleum Reserves framework. Improves resilience against global supply disruptions and energy market volatility. Creates opportunities in LNG and LPG storage infrastructure. Outcome 2: Strategic Collaboration Agreement between Indian Oil Limited (IOCL) and ADNOC on LPG supplies: Strengthens India’s long-term LPG supply security. Ensures stable and reliable energy source for domestic demand. Reinforces UAE’s position as one of India’s most trusted energy partners. Technology and Supercomputing Outcome: Term Sheet for setting up 8 Exaflop Super Computing Cluster in partnership between C-DAC (India) and G-42 (UAE): Accelerates India’s sovereign AI and high-performance computing capabilities. Strengthens supercomputing infrastructure. Boosts IndiaAI Mission. Supports digital innovation, AI research, and next-generation technological development. Strategic Defence Partnership Framework Outcome: Framework for the Strategic Defence Partnership: Strengthens defence industrial cooperation. Encourages joint partnerships, co-development, and greater industry engagement. Promotes innovation and technology sharing in strategic sectors. Supports cooperation in advanced defence manufacturing and capabilities. Expected to enhance national and regional security cooperation. Investment Commitments and People-to-People Ties Investment Commitments: Strengthen economic and financial cooperation. Boost investments in India’s infrastructure and banking sectors. Enhance long-term capital flows and investor confidence. Support India’s economic development and infrastructure expansion goals. People-to-People Ties: Indians constitute the largest group of expatriates in the UAE. They form the backbone of the UAE economy and society. Diaspora remains a consistent source of remittance to India, positively impacting forex reserves.   Conclusion India-UAE merchandise trade crossed US$101.25 billion in FY 2025–26, with a target of US$200 billion by 2032. The United Arab Emirates is India’s seventh-largest investor, with cumulative FDI of US$25.19 billion, while the Local Currency Settlement system reduces dollar dependence. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s May 2026 visit strengthened cooperation in energy security, defence, maritime infrastructure, AI, supercomputing, skill development, and long-term investment, making the partnership increasingly future-oriented.   UPSC Mains Practice Question India-UAE ties have expanded beyond trade into energy, defence, and technology. Examine the significance of the 2026 Prime Ministerial visit for India’s energy security and technological ambitions. (250 words, 15 marks)   https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2261611&reg=3&lang=1   https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_UAE2024n.pdf Dam Rehabilitation: Strengthening Infrastructure through Policy and Technology GS Paper III – Infrastructure (Water Resources) | GS Paper III – Disaster Management | GS Paper II – Governance Dam Safety; Ageing Infrastructure; Rehabilitation Projects; Institutional Framework   Introduction India has 6,628 large dams, with over 26% older than 50 years, highlighting the need for rehabilitation and safety upgrades. The Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP) and the Dam Safety Act, 2021 strengthen dam safety through inspection, maintenance, and disaster prevention, while digital platforms like DHARMA and Early Warning Systems enhance real-time monitoring.   Main Body Status of Dams in India Scale and Distribution: India ranks third globally with 6,628 specified dams. 6,545 dams are operational; 83 are under construction. Gross water storage capacity: approximately 330 billion cubic metres. These dams are critical for national food, energy, and water security. Age Profile: Over 26% (1,681 dams) are more than 50 years old. 291 dams are more than 100 years old. About 42% fall within the 25–50 years age bracket. India’s oldest dam, Kallanai (Grand Anicut) in Tamil Nadu, has functioned for nearly 2,000 years. Ownership Pattern: 98.5% (6,448 dams) are owned by State Governments. Central Public Sector Undertakings: 49 dams (0.7%). Private entities: 36 dams (0.6%). Central Government: 12 dams (0.2%). State-wise Distribution: Maharashtra has the highest number of specified dams, followed by Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Odisha. Sedimentation Challenge: Analysis of 439 reservoirs (CWC data) shows average 19% loss of gross storage capacity. Average reservoir age: 42 years. Average annual loss of storage: 0.74% (about 1.81 MCM per reservoir per year). Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP) DRIP Phase I (2012–2021): Launched in April 2012 with World Bank support. Covered 223 dams across seven states: Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Uttarakhand. Rehabilitation and modernisation of dam structures completed. Dam safety inspections and evaluations conducted. Emergency Action Plans (EAPs) developed. Capacity building and training programmes implemented. Dam Health and Rehabilitation Monitoring Application (DHARMA) introduced. DRIP Phase II and III (2021 onwards): Operationalised in October 2021. Co-financed by World Bank and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). Total project outlay: ₹10,211 crore (Phase II: ₹5,107 crore; Phase III: ₹5,104 crore). External loan: ₹7,000 crore; State and central agencies share: ₹3,211 crore. Duration: 10 years (each phase six years with two years overlap). Rehabilitation proposals for 191 dams (₹5,053 crore) approved. Total expenditure up to March 31, 2025: ₹2,225 crore. Major physical rehabilitation works completed at 43 dams. Coverage of DRIP Phases II and III: 736 dams across 19 states and three central agencies (CWC, Bhakra Beas Management Board, Damodar Valley Corporation). Major dams covered: Bhakra Dam (Himachal Pradesh), Ranjit Sagar Dam (Punjab), NTR Sagar and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam (Telangana), Gandhi Sagar Dam (Madhya Pradesh), Kadana (Gujarat), Jirgo Dam (Uttar Pradesh), Imphal barrage (Manipur), Myntdu Leshka Dam (Meghalaya), Silabati Barrage and Gayathri Dam (West Bengal). Four Components of DRIP Phases II and III: Rehabilitation of dams and associated structures to improve safety and performance. Institutional strengthening to enhance dam safety systems at state and central levels. Revenue generation measures to support sustainable operation and maintenance. Project management for effective implementation. Institutional Framework: Dam Safety Act, 2021 Key Provisions: Came into force on December 30, 2021. Provides comprehensive framework for surveillance, inspection, operation, and maintenance of specified dams. A “specified dam” refers to a dam more than 15 metres in height, or between 10 and 15 metres if it satisfies prescribed technical criteria. Compliance with provisions is now a statutory obligation of dam owners with definite timelines. Four-Tier Institutional Mechanism: National Committee on Dam Safety (NCDS): Apex body responsible for formulating policies and recommending regulations. Has held eleven meetings since its constitution in February 2022. National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA): Regulatory and implementing arm. State Committees on Dam Safety (SCDS): State-level policy bodies. State Dam Safety Organisations (SDSO): Responsible for surveillance, inspection, and compliance at state level. All 31 dam-owning States have constituted SDSO. Key Safety Provisions Mandated by the Act: Regular inspections (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon). Installation of instrumentation systems. Comprehensive dam safety evaluations. Risk Assessment Studies. Inflow Forecasting and Early Warning Systems. Integrated Operation of Reservoirs. Hazard Potential assessment. Preparation of Operation & Maintenance Manual and Emergency Action Plans (EAPs). Obligation on dam owners to allocate adequate funds for maintenance and repairs. Key Achievements under the Act: Registration of all 6,628 specified dams on DHARMA platform. Launch of DHARMA web-based platform and mobile application for dam safety monitoring. Conduct of about 13,000 dam inspections annually, with digital records. Rapid Risk Screening of specified dams using web-based assessment tool; completed for 5,553 specified dams. Publication of 20 regulations in the Official Gazette under the Act. Establishment of the National Centre for Earthquake Safety of Dams at MNIT Jaipur. Mandatory Inspections and Classification Inspection Regime: Dam owners mandated to carry out pre-monsoon and post-monsoon inspections (regulation notified on April 24, 2024). Classification of Dams: Category I: Critical deficiencies that may lead to failure if not addressed. Category II: Major deficiencies requiring prompt remedial action. Category III: Minor or no deficiencies. 2025 Inspection Results: Category I: 3 dams. Category II: 188 dams. Suitable remedial measures being taken by dam owners in a time-bound manner. Capacity Building and Centres of Excellence Centres of Excellence on Dam Safety: IIT Roorkee: Focus on Seismic Hazard Mapping and Reservoir Sedimentation. IISc Bangalore: Focus on Comprehensive Risk Assessment of dams, advanced construction and rehabilitation, and material testing for dams. National Centre for Earthquake Safety of Dams at MNIT Jaipur. Academic Programmes: M. Tech Programme on Dam Safety started at IIT Roorkee and IISc Bengaluru from 2021-22. Offences and Penalties Chapter X of the Dam Safety Act, 2021: Punishment for obstruction or refusal to comply with directions: imprisonment up to one year, or fine, or both. If such obstruction or refusal results in loss of lives or imminent danger: imprisonment up to two years. Conclusion India, home to 6,628 specified dams, faces growing safety concerns as over 26% are more than 50 years old. DRIP Phases I–III and the Dam Safety Act, 2021 strengthen rehabilitation, monitoring, and regulation through institutions like NDSA and digital platforms such as DHARMA. Annual inspections and technical support from institutions like Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and Indian Institute of Science aim to improve dam safety, though effective large-scale implementation remains crucial.   UPSC Mains Practice Question India’s ageing dams pose growing safety and storage challenges. Examine the role of DRIP and the Dam Safety Act, 2021 in strengthening dam safety, and discuss the key challenges in rehabilitation and monitoring. (250 words, 15 marks)   https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/centre-modernising-736-dams-under-rs-10211-crore-rehabilitation-programme/articleshow/131138622.cms?from=mdr