Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Exercise Khaan Quest 2026: Multinational Peacekeeping Exercise in Mongolia Subject: International Relations / Defence & Security (Military Exercises, UN Peacekeeping Operations, India–Mongolia Relations) Why in News? A contingent of the Indian Army is participating in Exercise Khaan Quest 2026, a multinational military exercise being conducted in Mongolia from 14–28 June 2026. The exercise focuses on enhancing interoperability among participating nations for United Nations peacekeeping operations (UNPKOs). About Exercise Khaan Quest Khaan Quest is an annual multinational military exercise hosted by Mongolia. Initiated in 2003 as a bilateral exercise between Mongolia and the United States. It evolved into a multinational peacekeeping exercise from 2006 onwards. The exercise is designed to improve coordination among armed forces participating in UN peacekeeping missions. Objectives of the Exercise Enhance interoperability among participating militaries. Train troops for UN Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKOs). Strengthen cooperation in multinational military environments. Improve capabilities in humanitarian assistance and disaster response. Promote regional peace and security. Key Features of Khaan Quest 2026 Hosted by the Mongolian Armed Forces. Participation from military contingents of multiple countries. Focus on: Peacekeeping operations. Counter-insurgency scenarios. Protection of civilians. Checkpoint operations. Humanitarian assistance. Disaster relief operations. Includes command-post and field-training components. India’s Participation The Indian contingent is represented by personnel from the Kumaon Regiment of the Indian Army. Participation reflects India’s continued commitment to: UN peacekeeping. Capacity building with friendly foreign countries. Strengthening defence cooperation with Mongolia and other partner nations. India and UN Peacekeeping India is among the largest contributors to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. More than 2,90,000 Indian peacekeepers have served in various UN missions since independence. Indian troops have participated in missions across Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. India–Mongolia Relations Mongolia is often described as India’s “Spiritual Neighbour” due to historical Buddhist linkages. Relations were elevated to a Strategic Partnership in 2015. Cooperation areas include: Defence and security. Mining and energy. Culture and Buddhism. Capacity building. UPSC Prelims-Oriented Analysis Khaan Quest is important because UPSC frequently asks questions on military exercises and participating countries. The exercise also links with topics such as UN Peacekeeping Operations, India’s defence diplomacy, and India–Mongolia relations. Source/Reference https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2274656®=48&lang=2 Smart Seed Coating Technology: ICAR’s Innovation for Climate-Resilient Agriculture Subject: Agriculture / Science & Technology (Seed Technology, Climate-Resilient Agriculture, Agricultural Biotechnology, ICAR Institutions) Why in News? The ICAR–Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research (ICAR-IIOR), Hyderabad has developed a patented Smart Seed Coating Technology aimed at improving seed quality, crop establishment, and resilience against climate-induced stresses. The technology has shown significant yield improvements in field demonstrations and is being promoted for large-scale adoption. What is Smart Seed Coating Technology? It is a biopolymer-based, biodegradable seed enhancement platform developed by ICAR-IIOR. The technology creates a protective multilayer coating around seeds. It integrates multiple inputs into a single coating, including: Beneficial microorganisms Micronutrients Plant growth promoters Crop protection agents Biostimulants How Does It Work? Seeds are encapsulated with eco-friendly biopolymers. After sowing, the coating interacts with soil moisture. Nutrients and beneficial biological agents are released gradually near the root zone. This creates a favorable microenvironment for germination and early plant growth. Key Features Fully biodegradable and environmentally friendly. Delivers multiple crop inputs through a single treatment. Customizable for cereals, pulses, oilseeds, millets, cotton, vegetables, and horticultural crops. Enhances tolerance to drought, temperature stress, pests, and diseases. Benefits Observed Multi-location trials reported productivity gains ranging from 12% to 37%. Demonstrations in Telangana recorded yield increases of nearly 30% in groundnut and soybean. Improved germination, root development, and input-use efficiency. Reduced cultivation costs and increased farm profitability. About ICAR-IIOR Located in Hyderabad, Telangana. Functions under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Nodal institute for research on oilseed crops in India. UPSC Prelims-Oriented Analysis The technology links current developments with static topics such as seed treatment, sustainable agriculture, biotechnology applications in farming, and climate adaptation strategies. UPSC may ask about the institution involved, the role of biopolymers, or the advantages of seed coating technologies in modern agriculture. Source/Reference https://ddindia.co.in/2026/06/icar-iior-unveils-smart-seed-coating-technology-to-boost-crop-yields-and-climate-resilience/ Green Hydrogen Certification Scheme of India (GHCI): Building Trust in the Green Hydrogen Economy Subject: Science & Technology / Environment / Economy (Green Hydrogen, Renewable Energy Transition, National Green Hydrogen Mission, Energy Certification Frameworks) Why in News? The Union Minister for New and Renewable Energy recently launched the Green Hydrogen Certification Portal of India under the Green Hydrogen Certification Scheme of India (GHCI). Developed by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), the portal aims to ensure transparent certification and regulatory compliance for green hydrogen producers. What is the Green Hydrogen Certification Scheme of India (GHCI)? Launched by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in April 2025. Provides a national framework for certifying hydrogen as “Green Hydrogen.” Evaluates greenhouse gas emissions across the entire hydrogen production cycle. Ensures that only hydrogen produced using renewable energy and within prescribed emission limits can be officially labelled as green hydrogen. Objectives of the Scheme Establish transparency, traceability, and credibility in the green hydrogen market. Facilitate domestic and international trade in green hydrogen. Support India’s transition towards low-carbon energy systems. Enable exports by aligning production with globally accepted sustainability standards. Green Hydrogen Certification Portal Acts as a digital platform for certification and compliance. Enables producers to apply for certification and verify emission standards. Strengthens monitoring and regulatory oversight of the hydrogen value chain. National Green Hydrogen Mission Approved with an outlay of ₹19,744 crore up to 2029–30. Targets: Production of 5 Million Metric Tonnes (MMT) of green hydrogen annually by 2030. Addition of 125 GW of renewable energy capacity. Investments of about ₹8 lakh crore. Reduction of nearly 50 MMT of CO₂ emissions annually. Related Developments Standards for Green Ammonia and Green Methanol were finalized in 2026. More than 120 hydrogen-related standards have been adopted or published by agencies such as BIS and PESO. UPSC Prelims-Oriented Analysis This topic connects static concepts such as hydrogen production, renewable energy, carbon neutrality, and energy transition with current policy initiatives. UPSC may ask about the ministry administering the scheme, the distinction between green and grey hydrogen, or the objectives of the National Green Hydrogen Mission. Source/Reference: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2274212®=3&lang=1 Etalin Hydroelectric Project: India’s Largest Proposed Hydropower Project Subject: Geography / Environment & Ecology / Economy (Hydropower Projects, River Systems of Northeast India, Renewable Energy, Environmental Impact Assessment) Why in News? NHPC Limited recently signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) with the Government of Arunachal Pradesh for the development of the 3,097 MW Etalin Hydroelectric Project (EHEP) in Dibang Valley district. The project is expected to become India’s largest hydropower project upon completion. About the Etalin Hydroelectric Project Located in Dibang Valley district of Arunachal Pradesh. Proposed on the Dri and Tangon Rivers, tributaries of the Dibang River. The Dibang River is a major tributary of the Brahmaputra River. Installed capacity: 3,097 MW. Developed by NHPC Ltd. Estimated investment: around ₹30,000 crore. Key Features Planned as a Run-of-the-River (RoR) hydropower project. To be implemented under the Build, Own, Operate and Transfer (BOOT) model. Lease period: 40 years from the Commercial Operation Date (COD). NHPC will undertake: Preliminary investigations Pre-Feasibility Report (PFR) Detailed Project Report (DPR) Financing, construction, operation and maintenance. Strategic Importance Energy Security Will significantly boost India’s renewable energy capacity. Provides stable and dispatchable power compared to solar and wind energy. Northeast Development Harnesses Arunachal Pradesh’s vast hydropower potential. Expected to generate employment and infrastructure development in the region. Climate Goals Supports India’s clean energy transition and decarbonization efforts. Environmental Concerns The project has been one of India’s most debated hydropower proposals because: It lies within the ecologically sensitive Eastern Himalayas. Large forest diversion has been proposed. The area is known for rich biodiversity and endemic species. Concerns have been raised regarding wildlife habitats and cumulative impacts on the Dibang basin. About the Dibang River Originates in the high Himalayas of Arunachal Pradesh near the India–Tibet region. Joins the Lohit and Siang rivers in Assam to form the Brahmaputra system. The basin is known for high hydropower potential. UPSC Prelims-Oriented Analysis The Etalin Project is important because it links hydropower development, river geography, renewable energy, biodiversity conservation, and environmental governance. UPSC may ask about: The river basin in which the project is located. Difference between Run-of-the-River and storage-based hydropower projects. Major tributaries of the Brahmaputra. Hydropower projects in Arunachal Pradesh. Source/Reference https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-nhpc-ink-deal-for-3097-mw-etalin-hydro-project/ National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI): Backbone of India’s Internet Infrastructure Subject: Science & Technology / Governance (Internet Infrastructure, Domain Name System (DNS), Internet Governance, Digital India) Why in News? The National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) celebrated its 23rd Foundation Day (19 June 2026) and highlighted its role in strengthening India’s digital ecosystem. The event emphasized NIXI’s contribution to faster internet access, domestic traffic routing, digital sovereignty, and internet governance capacity-building. What is NIXI? The National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) is a not-for-profit organization established in 2003 under the aegis of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). It was created to facilitate the exchange of domestic internet traffic within India rather than routing it through servers located abroad. Objectives of NIXI Keep domestic internet traffic within India. Reduce dependence on international bandwidth. Improve internet speed and reduce latency. Enhance security and reliability of internet services. Promote internet penetration and digital inclusion. Major Functions of NIXI Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) Provides a neutral platform where Internet Service Providers (ISPs) exchange domestic internet traffic directly. Operates numerous Internet Exchange Points across India. Reduces routing costs and improves Quality of Service (QoS). INRegistry Manages India’s .IN country-code top-level domain (ccTLD). Also administers .भारत (.Bharat) domains in Indian languages. IRINN (Indian Registry for Internet Names and Numbers) Allocates: IPv4 addresses IPv6 addresses Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs) Supports growth of India’s internet ecosystem. Internet Governance Initiatives Runs the Internet Governance Internship & Capacity Building Scheme (IGICBS) to develop expertise among students and professionals. UPSC Prelims-Oriented Analysis NIXI is important from the perspective of Digital India, internet governance, cybersecurity, data localization, and digital sovereignty. UPSC can ask questions on: Difference between NIXI, ICANN, and IRINN. Meaning of ccTLD and Internet Exchange Point. Functions of NIXI regarding .IN domain management and IP address allocation. Source/Reference https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2274704®=48&lang=1 Spilomena malabarica: New Pest-Eating Wasp Discovered in the Western Ghats Subject: Environment & Ecology / Science & Technology (Biodiversity, Species Discovery, Western Ghats, Biological Pest Control) Why in News? Researchers have discovered a new species of predatory wasp named Spilomena malabarica from the Malabar region of Kerala in the Western Ghats. The species is noteworthy for its role as a natural predator of crop pests and adds to the rich biodiversity of one of India’s most important ecological hotspots. About Spilomena malabarica A newly identified species of wasp belonging to the genus Spilomena. Discovered in Kerala’s Western Ghats. Named “malabarica” after the historic Malabar region. Belongs to the family Crabronidae, a group of solitary hunting wasps. Key Characteristics Small-sized solitary wasp. Predatory in nature. Feeds on tiny insects and pests, particularly those harmful to crops. Constructs nests in natural cavities and crevices. Ecological Importance Natural Pest Control Acts as a biological control agent by preying on agricultural pests. Reduces dependence on chemical pesticides. Supports sustainable and eco-friendly farming practices. Indicator of Biodiversity Discovery highlights the rich but still underexplored biodiversity of the Western Ghats. Indicates the presence of healthy and functioning ecosystems. About the Western Ghats One of the world’s eight “hottest hotspots” of biodiversity. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Extends across six states: Gujarat (small stretch) Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala Tamil Nadu Known for high levels of endemism in plants, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and insects. About Biological Pest Control A method of controlling pests using natural predators, parasites, or pathogens. Considered an environmentally sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides. Important component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Advantages Eco-friendly. Reduces pesticide residues. Conserves biodiversity. Improves long-term agricultural sustainability. UPSC Prelims-Oriented Analysis The discovery is important because UPSC frequently asks questions on newly discovered species, biodiversity hotspots, and biological pest control mechanisms. The topic also links environmental conservation with sustainable agriculture. Static–Dynamic Linkage Western Ghats biodiversity. Biological control agents in agriculture. Insect diversity and ecosystem services. Conservation of endemic species. Source/Reference https://inshorts.com/en/amp_news/a-new-pest-eating-wasp-discovered-in-kerala-1781763151218 Mimeusemia kali: New Forester Moth Species Discovered in the Western Ghats Subject: Environment & Ecology (Biodiversity, Species Discovery, Western Ghats, Protected Areas) Why in News? Researchers have discovered a new species of forester moth named Mimeusemia kali from the Kali Tiger Reserve in Karnataka. This is the first new species of forester moth reported from India in nearly three decades, highlighting the rich and still unexplored biodiversity of the Western Ghats. About Mimeusemia kali A newly discovered species of Forester Moth. Belongs to the family Zygaenidae. Named after the Kali Tiger Reserve, where it was discovered. Identified through detailed morphological and genetic analysis. Key Characteristics Exhibits metallic coloration typical of forester moths. Day-flying moth unlike many nocturnal moth species. Associated with forest ecosystems of the Western Ghats. Contributes to ecological processes such as pollination and food-web dynamics. About Forester Moths (Family: Zygaenidae) Commonly known as Forester Moths or Burnet Moths. Mostly active during the daytime. Known for bright metallic colours. Many species possess chemical defenses that deter predators. Distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. About Kali Tiger Reserve Located in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka. Lies within the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot. Earlier known as Anshi-Dandeli Tiger Reserve. Named after the Kali River. Important Fauna Tiger Leopard Black Panther Asian Elephant Gaur Hornbills King Cobra Ecological Significance One of the largest protected forest landscapes in southern India. Rich in endemic flora and fauna. Serves as an important wildlife corridor in the Western Ghats. Why is the Discovery Important? Biodiversity Significance Indicates that several insect groups in India remain scientifically undocumented. Strengthens the ecological importance of the Western Ghats. Conservation Relevance Helps improve understanding of species distribution and ecosystem health. Supports evidence-based conservation planning in protected areas. Scientific Importance Expands knowledge of the family Zygaenidae in South Asia. Highlights the role of taxonomic research in biodiversity conservation. Western Ghats: A Biodiversity Hotspot Recognized as one of the world’s most important biodiversity hotspots. Extends across six Indian states. Home to thousands of endemic species. Several regions are designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. UPSC Prelims-Oriented Analysis UPSC frequently asks questions on newly discovered species, protected areas, biodiversity hotspots, and endemic fauna. The discovery of Mimeusemia kali is important because it combines all these themes and reinforces the significance of the Western Ghats as a centre of biological diversity. Source/Reference https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/after-30-years-new-forester-moth-species-discovered-in-karnatakas-kali-tiger-reserve/articleshow/131812083.cms (MAINS Focus) International Day of Yoga 2026: From Soft Power to Preventive Healthcare GS Paper II – Governance & International Relations | GS Paper III – Health Introduction The International Day of Yoga (IDY) 2026, themed “Yoga for Healthy Ageing” (स्वस्थ आयु के लिए योग), reflects the growing recognition of yoga as a tool for preventive healthcare, healthy lifestyles, and active ageing. Over the last decade, IDY has evolved from a UN-designated observance into a global wellness movement, strengthening India’s cultural diplomacy while promoting holistic health worldwide. Why is IDY 2026 Significant? Promoting Healthy Ageing Focuses on improving mobility, cognitive health, mental well-being, and functional independence among ageing populations. Addresses rising challenges of: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) Lifestyle disorders Mental health concerns. Strengthening Preventive Healthcare Aligns with the shift from curative to preventive healthcare. Supports the vision of: Ayushman Bharat Fit India Movement National Health Policy’s wellness-based approach. India’s Soft Power Success UN adopted June 21 as IDY in 2014 with support from 175 countries. Yoga was inscribed on UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2016. Today IDY is celebrated in over 190 countries. Key Initiatives under IDY 2026 Yoga 365 Encourages yoga as a daily practice rather than a one-day event. Promotes integration into schools, workplaces, homes, and communities. Targeted Yoga Protocols Introduction of 10 Yoga Protocols for: Diabetes Hypertension Asthma Mental health issues Senior citizens, women, children, and de-addiction programmes. Technology-Driven Outreach Yoga Sangam Portal for registrations and participation. Yoga Park Portal for mapping dedicated yoga spaces. Innovative Initiatives “Yoga for Air Travel” protocol for long-distance travellers. Nationwide awareness campaigns and MyGov competitions. UPSC-Relevant Dimensions Health Governance Reduces healthcare burden through preventive interventions. Complements WHO’s emphasis on healthy ageing and wellness. International Relations Enhances India’s cultural diplomacy and global leadership in traditional knowledge systems. Strengthens people-to-people connections across nations. Economic Dimension Supports wellness tourism, AYUSH industry, and holistic healthcare markets. Social Dimension Promotes community participation, mental well-being, and social cohesion. Challenges Scientific validation and standardisation of therapeutic claims. Limited awareness in rural and underserved regions. Need for trained yoga professionals. Risk of commercialization overshadowing traditional philosophy. Way Forward Integrate yoga into primary healthcare and school curricula. Expand evidence-based research through AYUSH institutions. Promote workplace and community wellness programmes. Strengthen global collaborations through WHO and international yoga centres. Focus on inclusivity for elderly, women, and vulnerable groups. Conclusion The evolution of International Day of Yoga from an annual celebration to the Yoga 365 movement signifies India’s effort to mainstream preventive healthcare and holistic well-being. By combining cultural heritage, public health, and global outreach, yoga has emerged as an important instrument for achieving healthier societies and strengthening India’s soft-power influence in the 21st century. UPSC Mains Practice Question International Day of Yoga has evolved from a cultural observance into a global movement for preventive healthcare and wellness. Analyse its significance for public health, India’s soft power, and sustainable development. (15 Marks, 250 Words) https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2275594®=3&lang=1 Ashtalakshmi: Transforming India’s North-East into a Growth and Strategic Gateway GS Paper III – Economy, Infrastructure & Regional Development Introduction India’s North-East, comprising eight states collectively known as Ashtalakshmi, is undergoing rapid transformation through improved connectivity, social infrastructure, and strategic investments. Driven by the Act East Policy, PM-DevINE, and major infrastructure projects, the region is increasingly being viewed as a bridge between India and Southeast Asia, contributing to national integration, economic growth, and border security. Significance of North-East Development Economic Importance Rich in hydropower, oil, gas, forests, bamboo, and tourism potential. Improved connectivity boosts trade, investment, and employment. Supports regional economic integration and reduces development disparities. Strategic Importance Shares borders with China, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal. Serves as the gateway for India’s Act East Policy. Strengthens border infrastructure and national security. Social Importance Better access to healthcare, education, housing, and drinking water. Enhances inclusion of remote and tribal communities. Key Drivers of Transformation Connectivity Revolution Expansion of highways, railways, airports, and inland waterways. Landmark projects: Bogibeel Bridge, Sela Tunnel, regional airports under UDAN. Digital connectivity through BharatNet and telecom expansion. Governance Initiatives PM-DevINE, NESIDS, and North Eastern Council (NEC). Focus on infrastructure, livelihoods, tourism, and social development. Energy and Green Growth Vast hydropower potential. Emerging opportunities in renewable energy and sustainable development. Key Challenges Economic Limited industrialisation and private investment. High logistics costs and small market size. Social Youth unemployment and skill gaps. Uneven development across states. Environmental Infrastructure projects in ecologically fragile regions. Concerns regarding biodiversity loss and displacement. Security and Governance Legacy of insurgency and border management challenges. Administrative capacity constraints in project implementation. Way Forward Develop economic corridors alongside transport infrastructure. Promote tourism, agro-processing, bamboo, and organic farming. Strengthen skill development and entrepreneurship. Ensure environmentally sustainable infrastructure. Enhance cross-border trade and connectivity under the Act East Policy. Foster cooperative federalism between Centre, States, and local institutions. Conclusion The North-East is gradually shifting from a peripheral region to a strategic growth hub. Sustained investments in connectivity, human capital, and sustainable development can transform Ashtalakshmi into a key driver of Viksit Bharat 2047, while strengthening national integration and India’s regional influence. UPSC Mains Practice Question The North-East has emerged as a critical pillar of India’s economic and strategic vision. Analyse the opportunities and challenges in transforming the region into a gateway for growth and regional integration. (15 Marks, 250 Words) https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2275554®=3&lang=1
Recent Posts
View allThe Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here
Archives (PRELIMS Focus) World Gold Council (WGC): Why Central Banks Are Increasing Gold Reserves Subject: Economy (External Sector & Monetary System) (Gold Reserves, Central Banks, Foreign Exchange Reserves, International Financial Institutions) Why in News? According to the World Gold Council (WGC) Central Bank Gold Reserves Survey 2026, a record 45% of central banks surveyed expect to increase their gold holdings over the next 12 months. Further, 89% of respondents believe global central bank gold reserves will continue to rise, reflecting gold’s growing importance in reserve management amid geopolitical and economic uncertainties. Members include leading gold mining companies worldwide. Promotes responsible gold mining, investment, and research on gold markets. Key Functions Publishes reports on global gold demand and supply. Conducts the annual Central Bank Gold Reserves Survey (CBGR). Develops international standards for gold markets. Provides data through Goldhub, WGC’s research platform. a year. Only 1% expect a decline in holdings. Store of long-term value. ** in global reserves to decline over the next five years, while gold’s share is expected to increase. and India’s Foreign Exchange Reserves** Reserve Assets Include Foreign currencies. Gold reserves. Special Drawing Rights (SDRs). Reserve Tranche Position (RTP) in the ****. Why Central Banks Hold Gold No counterparty risk. Universally accepted asset. Protection during financial crises. Diversification from currency-based assets. UPSC Prelims-Oriented Analysis Static–Dynamic Linkage Gold reserves as a component of foreign exchange reserves. Role of central banks in reserve management. IMF-related reserve assets (SDR and RTP). Trends in global monetary systems and reserve diversification. Source/Reference: https://www.thehindu.com/business/central-banks-to-increase-gold-reserves-over-next-12-months-wgc-survey/article71109776.ece REWARD Programme: Rejuvenating Watersheds for Climate-Resilient Agriculture Subject: Environment & Ecology / Agriculture / Rural Development (Watershed Management, Rainfed Agriculture, Land Resource Conservation, World Bank-Assisted Programmes) Why in News? The National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) recently organized the Second National-Level Consultation Meeting on the draft National Technical Guidelines (NTG) for improved watershed management under the REWARD Programme. The consultation focused on strengthening scientific, technology-driven, and climate-resilient watershed development across India. What is the REWARD Programme? REWARD stands for Rejuvenating Watersheds for Agricultural Resilience through Innovative Development. It is a World Bank-assisted programme implemented by the Department of Land Resources (DoLR), Ministry of Rural Development. Aims to improve watershed management in rainfed regions through modern technologies, scientific planning, and community participation. Supports sustainable management of land and water resources while enhancing agricultural productivity and climate resilience. Objectives of REWARD Improve productivity in rainfed agricultural areas. Enhance groundwater recharge and water security. Restore degraded landscapes. Build resilience against climate change and drought. Strengthen post-project sustainability of watershed assets. Promote data-driven watershed governance. Key Features Scientific Watershed Management Use of Land Resource Inventory (LRI) and hydrological assessments. Adoption of evidence-based planning approaches. Technology Integration Drone-based mapping and high-resolution imagery. Remote Sensing and GIS-enabled monitoring. Decision Support Systems (DSS). Technology-enabled Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E). AI-enabled applications and digital platforms. Community Participation Greater involvement of: Farmers Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) Local watershed institutions NGOs and technical service providers. Institutional Framework Key Agencies Department of Land Resources (DoLR) National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) World Bank National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Indian Council of Agricultural Research Current REWARD States Karnataka Odisha Important Themes under NTG Land Resource Inventory (LRI) Hydrology Watershed Sustainability Livelihood Promotion Community Mobilization Remote Sensing & GIS-based Web Portals Climate Resilience Groundwater Recharge UPSC Prelims-Oriented Analysis Static–Dynamic Linkage Links with: Watershed Development Programmes. Rainfed Area Development. Desertification and Land Degradation. Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Adaptation. Source/Reference: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2274394®=48&lang=1 Mombasa Declaration 2025: Strengthening Global South Cooperation in the Blue Economy Subject: International Relations / Environment & Ecology (Blue Economy, Sustainable Ocean Governance, Indian Ocean Region, Global South Cooperation) Why in News? The Mombasa Declaration was adopted during the Global South Blue Economy Summit 2025 held in Mombasa, Kenya. The declaration emphasizes sustainable utilization of ocean resources, marine conservation, climate resilience, and enhanced cooperation among developing countries to harness the potential of the Blue Economy. What is the Mombasa Declaration? A joint declaration adopted by countries participating in the Global South Blue Economy Summit. Named after Mombasa, Kenya’s major Indian Ocean port city. Focuses on balancing economic growth from marine resources with environmental sustainability. Seeks to strengthen collaboration among developing countries in ocean-based sectors. Key Objectives of the Declaration Sustainable Blue Economy Development Promote sustainable use of marine and coastal resources. Support ocean-based livelihoods while preserving marine ecosystems. Marine Conservation Combat marine pollution, including plastic waste. Protect coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, and marine biodiversity. Climate Resilience Enhance adaptation strategies for coastal communities vulnerable to: Sea-level rise Coastal erosion Extreme weather events Blue Finance Mobilize investments for sustainable marine infrastructure and conservation projects. Encourage innovative financing mechanisms for ocean governance. Capacity Building and Technology Transfer Facilitate knowledge sharing, scientific research, and marine technology cooperation among Global South countries. What is the Blue Economy? According to the World Bank, the Blue Economy refers to the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and jobs while preserving the health of marine ecosystems. Major Components Fisheries and aquaculture Maritime transport Coastal tourism Offshore renewable energy Marine biotechnology Seabed resources Importance for India India has a coastline of approximately 7,500 km. Blue Economy is a key pillar of India’s maritime vision under: SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) Maritime India Vision 2030 Deep Ocean Mission Strengthens India’s engagement with African and Indian Ocean littoral countries. UPSC Prelims-Oriented Analysis Static–Dynamic Linkage Ocean governance and sustainable development. International environmental agreements. India’s maritime strategy in the Indian Ocean Region. Source/Reference: https://africa.com/fifteen-countries-adopt-mombasa-declaration-to-advance-fisheries-transparency-and-combat-illegal-fishing/ Kashmir Saffron: India's ‘Red Gold’ Amid Rising Global Demand Subject: Agriculture / Economy / Geography (Geographical Indication (GI) Tags, High-Value Crops, Horticulture, Kashmir Valley Agriculture) Why in News? The ongoing geopolitical tensions in West Asia and a significant decline in saffron production in Iran—the world’s largest saffron producer—have led to a surge in global demand for Kashmir Saffron. Consequently, prices and exports of Kashmiri saffron have increased despite a decline in local production. What is Kashmir Saffron? Saffron is obtained from the dried stigmas of the flower Crocus sativus. Known as “Red Gold” due to its high value. India is among the few countries producing saffron, with cultivation concentrated in Jammu & Kashmir. Major cultivation area: Pampore, often called the Saffron Town of India. Key Characteristics Why Kashmir Saffron is Unique Higher concentration of: Crocin (colour) Safranal (aroma) Picrocrocin (flavour) Longer and thicker stigmas than many competing varieties. Distinct deep-red colour and strong fragrance. GI Tag Kashmir Saffron received a Geographical Indication (GI) Tag in 2020, enhancing authenticity and export potential. Recent Developments Iran’s production reportedly declined significantly, creating supply shortages in global markets. Kashmiri saffron prices increased from around ₹2.5 lakh/kg to ₹3.2–3.7 lakh/kg in many markets. Exports have risen to destinations such as: UAE, USA, UK, Gulf countries. Challenges Facing Saffron Cultivation Erratic rainfall and climate change. Inadequate irrigation infrastructure. Urbanization and shrinking saffron fields. Adulteration in markets. Rising cultivation costs. Government Initiatives National Saffron Mission (NSM) Launched in 2010. Focuses on: Irrigation facilities. Quality improvement. Scientific post-harvest management. Farmer support and productivity enhancement. India International Kashmir Saffron Trading Centre Located at Pampore. Supports grading, storage, branding, and marketing of saffron. UPSC Prelims-Oriented Analysis Static–Dynamic Linkage GI-tagged agricultural products of India. High-value horticultural crops. Climate change impacts on agriculture. Agricultural exports and value chains. Source/Reference: https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/india/2026/Jun/16/iran-war-fuels-global-demand-surge-for-kashmir-saffron-prices-exports-rise-amid-output-dip World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought 2026: Restoring Land, Securing the Future Subject: Environment & Ecology (Desertification, Land Degradation, Drought, UNCCD, Sustainable Land Management) Why in News? World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought was observed globally on 17 June 2026 to raise awareness about land degradation, desertification, and drought. The observance highlighted the urgent need for sustainable land management and ecosystem restoration to achieve global environmental and development goals. About the World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought Observed annually on 17 June. Established by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 1994. Marks the adoption of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) on 17 June 1994. Aims to promote public awareness regarding desertification, drought resilience, and land restoration. Theme for 2026 “Restore the Land. Unlock the Opportunities.” Focuses on the economic, social, and environmental benefits of restoring degraded land. Emphasizes job creation, food security, water security, and climate resilience through land restoration. What is Desertification? Desertification refers to land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas resulting from: Climatic variations Human activities Major Causes Deforestation Overgrazing Unsustainable agricultural practices Soil erosion Excessive groundwater extraction Climate change United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification One of the three Rio Conventions, along with: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Convention on Biological Diversity Legally binding international agreement on land degradation. Headquarters: Bonn. India became a Party in 1996. Land Degradation in India Key Facts According to the Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas of India, around 29.7% of India’s geographical area is affected by land degradation and desertification. Major affected states include: Rajasthan Gujarat Maharashtra Karnataka Jharkhand India’s Commitment Restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030. Achieve Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) targets under UNCCD. Important Government Initiatives National Action Programme (NAP) to Combat Desertification India’s primary strategy under UNCCD. PMKSY – Watershed Development Component Promotes soil and water conservation. Green India Mission Enhances forest and tree cover. National Afforestation Programme Supports ecological restoration of degraded lands. REWARD Programme Promotes climate-resilient watershed management in rainfed regions. UPSC Prelims-Oriented Analysis Static–Dynamic Linkage Environment conventions and protocols. Climate change adaptation. Soil conservation and watershed management. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 15 (Life on Land). Source/Reference: https://newsonair.gov.in/world-day-to-combat-desertification-and-drought-observed-globally-to-raise-awareness-on-land-degradation/ Kishau Dam Project: Strategic Hydropower and Water Storage Project in the Yamuna Basin Subject: Geography / Environment / Economy (River Valley Projects, Hydropower Development, Inter-State Water Management, Yamuna River System) Why in News? The long-pending Kishau Dam Project has moved forward after Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand resolved an eight-year deadlock over cost-sharing and implementation. The project is expected to improve hydropower generation, water storage, irrigation, and flood control in the Yamuna basin. About the Kishau Dam Project Kishau Dam is a multipurpose storage project proposed on the Yamuna River. It is located on the border of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The project is being developed under the framework of the Upper Yamuna River Board (UYRB). It is one of the largest storage projects planned in the Yamuna basin. The proposed installed hydropower generation capacity is 660 MW. Objectives of the Project Hydropower Generation Produce renewable electricity for northern India. Strengthen energy security in the region. Water Storage Create a large reservoir for regulated water release. Ensure water availability during dry seasons. Irrigation and Drinking Water Benefit downstream states such as Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. Improve agricultural productivity and urban water supply. Flood Management Help moderate floods during the monsoon season by regulating river flow. About the Yamuna River The Yamuna is the largest tributary of the Ganga River. It originates from the Yamunotri Glacier near the Bandarpunch range in Uttarakhand. Important tributaries include Tons, Chambal, Sind, Betwa, and Ken. A frequently asked UPSC fact is that the Tons River contributes more water than the Yamuna at their confluence. Upper Yamuna River Board (UYRB) Established in 1995 following the 1994 inter-state agreement on Yamuna waters. Responsible for regulating and monitoring water sharing among basin states. Member states include Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Delhi. Challenges Rehabilitation and resettlement of affected populations. Ecological impacts on Himalayan River ecosystems. Concerns regarding biodiversity loss and submergence of land. Inter-state coordination and financial commitments. UPSC Prelims-Oriented Analysis The project links static topics such as the Yamuna River System, river valley projects, hydropower development, and inter-state water management with current developments. UPSC may ask about the location of the project, the river involved, the role of UYRB, or important tributaries of the Yamuna. Source/Reference https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/8year-deadlock-over-kishau-dam-project-ends-says-sukhu-after-meeting-with-shah-101781633030106.html (MAINS Focus) India's Counter-Terrorism Transformation: From Reactive Management to Proactive Deterrence GS III – Internal Security Challenges to Internal Security through Terrorism, Linkages of Terrorist Groups, and Security Forces Introduction Over the past 12 years, India’s counter-terrorism framework has shifted from reactive crisis management to a proactive, doctrine-driven system. Earlier challenges included high terrorist incident rates, frequent unrest in J&K, and limited legal tools to designate individuals as terrorists. Since then, India has strengthened its legislative, institutional, operational, and diplomatic responses, culminating in the 2026 National Counter-Terrorism Policy “PRAHAAR.” Background and Conceptual Foundation Historical Context and Challenge Landscape (2014) Pakistan’s ISI continued providing training, arms, and financial support to LeT, JeM, and Hizbul Mujahideen Kashmir separatism sustained by Over-Ground Worker networks complicating governance Emergence of ISIS introduced online radicalisation and self-radicalised attack threats Legal framework lacked provisions to designate individuals as terrorists Constitutional and Legal Framework Evolution UAPA Amendment Act, 2019: Empowered Central Government to designate individuals as terrorists; 57 individuals designated including Masood Azhar, Dawood Ibrahim Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023: First statutory definitions for terrorism and organised crime; death penalty where terrorist act results in death NIA Amendment Act, 2019: Expanded jurisdiction to include cyber terrorism and offences outside India PMLA Amendments: Sharper instruments to trace and confiscate terror-linked assets Significance and Rationale Institutional Strengthening and Intelligence Integration NIA Transformation: Budget grew from ₹91.32 crore (2014-15) to ₹394.66 crore (2024-25); conviction rate of 92.70% – highest globally MAC Network: Connects 28 central and state agencies; ₹500 crore technological upgrade with AI/ML-enabled analytical tools NATGRID: Connects 11 Central User Agencies, all 28 States and 8 UTs; GANDIVA tool enables multi-source intelligence analysis CCTNS 2.0: Connects all 17,798 police stations, eliminating information silos Operational Doctrine: From Strategic Restraint to Deterrence Surgical Strikes (2016): Pre-emptive action against terrorist launch pads across LoC Balakot Airstrike (2019): Precision strike against JeM training facility in Pakistan Operation Sindoor (2025): Targeted terrorist infrastructure in Pakistan and PoJK Established principle: Terrorist attacks invite swift, calibrated, multidimensional consequences Key Issues and Challenges Evolving Nature of Terror Threats Terrorist networks moving towards decentralised, digitally mediated communication Use of end-to-end encrypted platforms, dark web, and cryptocurrencies “White-collar radicalisation”: Educated, economically secure youth drawn into extremism Radicalisation diffusing into educational institutions and workplaces Counter-Radicalisation Gap India’s response remains primarily security-centric (intelligence gathering, disruption, prosecution) PRAHAAR acknowledges need to “attenuate conditions enabling terrorism” but implementation weak Global best practices offer lessons: UK’s “Prevent” strategy for early identification Denmark’s Aarhus Model for community engagement Germany’s HAYAT programme for family intervention Technological and Fifth Generation Warfare Challenges Fifth Generation Warfare blurs traditional boundaries between war and peace Terrorist groups collaborate with organised criminal networks Exploitation of e-commerce platforms for procuring materials Drone-based attacks emerging as new threat vector NSG Ajit Doval’s “0.5 front”: Modern conflicts extend beyond military engagements Way Forward Strengthening Counter-Radicalisation Ecosystem Develop dedicated national counter-radicalisation policy complementing counter-terrorism framework Establish early identification mechanisms through multi-agency coordination Implement deradicalisation programs in prisons with continuous monitoring Engage community leaders, religious heads, and NGOs Develop counter-narrative campaigns addressing online radicalisation Technological and Institutional Modernisation Continue investment in AI/ML-enabled threat detection Expand NATGRID’s analytical capabilities Develop capabilities against drone-based threats and cyber-attacks Strengthen CyMAC with adequate resources and state-level integration Enhance public-private partnerships with e-commerce platforms and social media companies Diplomatic and Legal Consolidation Continue leveraging FATF and UN platforms to expose state-sponsored terrorism Pursue UN Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT) Expand Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties and extradition arrangements Codify PRAHAAR into operational guidelines for all states and agencies Establish clear accountability mechanisms for consistent implementation across federal structure Conclusion India’s counter-terrorism transformation reflects a shift from managing terror to dismantling its root causes. The PRAHAAR doctrine consolidates reforms across prevention, response, capacity-building, and global cooperation. However, emerging threats like online radicalisation and hybrid warfare require continuous adaptation. Security now involves society alongside the state, aiming toward a resilient, development-focused “Jan-Kalyan” outcome. Practice Question “India’s counter-terrorism strategy has shifted from reactive response to proactive deterrence, but gaps in counter-radicalisation remain.” Critically examine and suggest a way forward for a holistic internal security framework. (250 words, 15 marks) https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2275007®=3&lang=1 India's Employment Transformation: From Reform to Rozgar GS III – Indian Economy Employment Generation, Labour Reforms, and Inclusive Development Introduction India’s employment landscape has shifted significantly over the past decade, supported by initiatives like Make in India, Digital India, Startup India, and Skill India. From economic fragility in 2013 to a leading startup and digital economy today, employment generation has strengthened, reflected in improved employment elasticity. The PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PMVBRY), with a ₹1 lakh crore outlay targeting 3.5 crore jobs, marks a major push toward large-scale job creation. Background and Conceptual Foundation Historical Context and Challenge Landscape (2014) India counted among “Fragile Five” economies in 2013 with high inflation, fiscal deficit, and currency volatility Employment elasticity of 0.008 between 2011-12 and 2017-18 indicated weak job creation Social security coverage limited to only 25 crore people (19% of population) in 2015 Limited formal sector job creation; informal economy dominated employment landscape Policy Framework Evolution Make in India (2014): Manufacturing promotion through FDI liberalisation and infrastructure development Digital India (2015): Digital public infrastructure creating new employment opportunities Startup India (2016): Built one of the largest startup ecosystems globally Skill India (2015): Skill development and vocational training expansion PM Mudra Yojana (2015): Micro-financing for entrepreneurship National Career Service Portal: Digital job matching platform Significance and Measurable Outcomes Employment Generation 17 crore jobs created between 2014-24 (compared to 2.9 crore during 2004-14) as per RBI KLEMS data Employment elasticity improved from 0.008 (2011-12 to 2017-18) to 1.11 (2017-18 to 2023-24) Employment rate increased from 46.8% (2017-18) to 57.4% (2025) Unemployment declined to ~3.1%, below global average of 4.8% EPFO payroll data: 8 crore formal-sector jobs added between 2017-2025 Social Security Expansion Coverage increased from 25 crore (19%) in 2015 to 94 crore (64.3%) in 2025 International recognition: International Social Security Association’s Award for Outstanding Achievement in Social Security (2025) Multiple schemes integrated: Employee State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan (PMSYM) National Pension System (NPS) expansion Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PMVBRY) Outlay: Nearly ₹1 lakh crore Target: 3.5 crore employment opportunities over two years Part A (Worker Incentive): First-time employees receive financial assistance up to ₹15,000 in two instalments Part B (Employer Incentive): Incentives up to ₹3,000 per employee per month Up to 4 years for manufacturing employers Up to 2 years for other sectors Current Disbursement: ₹2,400 crore incentives to 15 lakh beneficiaries through DBT Nationwide Implementation: Events across 200 major industrial clusters Key Issues and Challenges Quality of Employment Precarious employment: Gig economy workers lack traditional benefits and job security Platformisation of work: Rapid growth of app-based platforms without adequate regulatory framework Underemployment: Educated youth working in jobs below their skill levels Informal sector dominance: Despite formalisation efforts, large workforce remains in informal employment Skill-Job Mismatch Skill gap: India’s workforce lacks industry-relevant skills despite Skill India initiatives Technological disruption: Automation and AI threaten traditional job categories Educational outcomes: Disconnect between academic curricula and industry requirements Limited vocational training penetration: Only small percentage of workforce has formal vocational training Regional Disparities Uneven industrial development: Employment concentrated in few states Rural-urban divide: Limited non-farm employment opportunities in rural areas Migration challenges: Seasonal migration creates social and economic vulnerabilities MSME constraints: Small enterprises face compliance burden affecting formalisation Labour Law Implementation Multiple Labour Codes: Implementation challenges across 4 codes (Code on Wages, Industrial Relations, Social Security, OSH & Working Conditions) Compliance burden: Small businesses struggle with multiple registrations and returns Union representation: Declining union membership affecting worker bargaining power Contracted workforce: Growing practice of contract labour limiting job security Way Forward Strengthening Employment Quality Universal Social Security: Extend coverage to all workers including gig and platform employees Code of Practice: Develop regulatory framework for platform economy addressing wages, benefits, working conditions Quality monitoring: Track not just job creation but job quality indicators Productivity-linked wages: Incentivise productivity improvement in informal sector Skill Ecosystem Reform Industry-driven curricula: Regular curriculum revision based on industry 4.0 requirements National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme: Expand apprenticeship opportunities Digital skilling: Focus on AI, data analytics, and emerging technologies Lifelong learning: Create platforms for continuous skill upgrading MSME and Entrepreneurship Support Compliance simplification: Single window for labour and tax compliance Technology adoption: Support MSMEs in Industry 4.0 adoption Credit access: Expand MUDRA and other micro-financing mechanisms Cluster development: Focus on MSME clusters for infrastructure and market access Regional and Rural Focus Rural non-farm sector: Promote rural entrepreneurship and agro-processing Infrastructure development: Improve connectivity and logistics in backward regions State-level strategies: Customised employment strategies for different states District-level monitoring: Create employment surveillance at district level Conclusion India’s employment transformation reflects reforms, digital infrastructure, and welfare-led growth. Job creation has risen significantly from 2004–14 to 2014–24, supported by proactive policies. The PMVBRY scheme introduces a worker–employer partnership model to boost employment generation. However, challenges like job quality, skill gaps, and gig economy regulation persist. Moving toward Viksit Bharat, inclusive growth must ensure equitable distribution of economic gains. Practice Question India’s employment shift reflects a ‘reform–rozgar’ model, but job quality and gig economy issues remain. Critically examine in the context of India’s labour market and suggest measures for sustainable, quality employment. (250 words, 15 marks) https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-decade-of-empowerment-from-reform-to-rozgar-10746794/