The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Myopia: The Growing Global Epidemic – 50% of World Projected by 2050 Subject: Science & Tech – Optics; Public Health – Myopia Epidemic; Child Health; Preventive Healthcare; National Programme for Control of Blindness. Why in News? Myopia has become a major global public health concern, with projections estimating that nearly half the world’s population (4.75 billion people) will be myopic by 2050. In India, myopia among urban children has increased from 4.44% (1999) to 21.15% (2019) and is projected to rise to nearly 48% by 2050. What is Myopia? Definition A common vision condition where close objects look clear but far objects look blurry (nearsightedness). How it Occurs (Optics) In a normal eye, light passes through the cornea and lens and is focused onto the retina. In a myopic eye, the eyeball is too long from front to back. Light entering the eye is focused too far forward – in front of the retina rather than on its surface. The longer the eyeball, the more severely nearsighted a person will be. Symptoms Squinting, eyestrain, headaches, significant visual impairment. Correction Negative (minus) powered concave lenses (glasses or contact lenses) shift focus back onto the retina. For adults: refractive surgeries (LASIK, PRK, etc.). Why is Myopia a Public Health Concern? High Myopia (defined as refractive error of -6 dioptres or greater) is associated with: Retinal detachment Myopic macular degeneration Glaucoma Early cataract formation Potentially irreversible visual impairment and blindness Causes: Genetic and Environmental Factors Genetic Predisposition Parental history of myopia increases risk. Example from article: mother myopic since 17; child myopic from age 10. Environmental Factors (Driving the “Pandemic”) Increased near work (reading, writing, screen-based learning) Reduced outdoor time (less exposure to natural daylight) Smartphone and TV exposure from very early age (infants as young as 8 months) Academic coaching culture (long hours in tuitions, IIT coaching) COVID-19 pandemic normalised online classes, digital homework, virtual tuitions Urban lifestyle – children spend most waking hours indoors The 20-20-20 Rule For every 20 minutes of near work, look at an object 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds. Prevention and Management (Three Levels) Primary Prevention (Before Onset) Increase outdoor exposure – at least 2 hours of outdoor activity per day (stimulates retinal dopamine release, which inhibits excessive axial elongation). Reduce unnecessary indoor screen-based learning. Public awareness campaigns. Parental education on healthy visual habits. Secondary Prevention (Early Detection) Compulsory eye examinations before preschool entry (around 3 years of age) and before formal schooling (around 6 years of age). Annual school eye screening programmes – mandatory. Timely spectacles and anti-myopia interventions. Tertiary Prevention (Prevent Progression to High Myopia) Optical interventions (myopia-control spectacles, contact lenses). Pharmacological treatments (low-dose atropine eye drops). Behavioural modifications (outdoor time, reduced near work). Regular long-term follow-up. Treatment Options Glasses (concave lenses): First-line for children and adults Contact lenses: Alternative to glasses Low-dose atropine drops: Slows progression (pharmacological) Myopia-control spectacles: Special designs (e.g., DIMS lenses) Refractive surgery (LASIK, PRK): Adults only (rare exceptions for children) Challenges in India Access and affordability – advanced myopia-control interventions expensive, not covered by insurance or public health systems. Urban academic pressure – IIT coaching, long school hours, digital homework. Lack of compulsory eye screening policies – no national mandate for preschool or annual school eye exams. Key Terms for Prelims Myopia: Nearsightedness – eyeball too long; image focuses in front of retina Concave lens (minus power lens): Corrects myopia by diverging light rays Axial length: Distance from front to back of the eye (excessive = myopia) Dioptre (D): Unit of refractive power of lens High myopia: Refractive error of -6 dioptres or greater Retinal dopamine: Chemical that inhibits excessive eye growth; stimulated by bright outdoor light 20-20-20 rule: Eye exercise to reduce near-work strain Atropine: Medication used in low doses to slow myopia progression LASIK/PRK: Refractive surgeries for permanent correction (adults only) Brien Holden Vision Institute: Global eye health research organisation (myopia projections) Possible Prelims MCQs Q1: In a myopic eye, where is the image of a distant object formed? In front of the retina Q2: Which type of lens is used to correct myopia? Concave lens (minus power) Q3: According to projections, what percentage of the world’s population is expected to be myopic by 2050? ~50% Q4: What is the recommended daily outdoor activity duration to help prevent myopia? 2 hours Q5: High myopia is generally defined as a refractive error of: -6 dioptres or greater Q6: Which medication is used in low doses to slow myopia progression? Atropine Source/Reference: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/the-myopia-pandemic-how-changing-childhoods-are-blurring-our-future/article70977912.ece#google_vignette Egocentric Data Collection: India Emerges as Global Hotspot Amid Privacy & Labour Concerns Subject: Science & Tech – AI Data Collection; Polity – Data Privacy; Labour – Worker Rights; Ethics – Surveillance Capitalism. Why in News? India has become a major global centre for egocentric data collection – first-person video and sensor recordings captured from workers’ perspectives using wearable cameras. This data is used to train robotics and embodied AI systems, including Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models for humanoid robots. The trend is driven by inexpensive labour and relatively weak worker protections in India, raising concerns over privacy, consent, surveillance, and job displacement. What is Egocentric Data? Definition Video and sensor recordings captured from the perspective of the person performing a task. Recorded using cameras attached to the head, chest, or wrist of workers. What it Captures Exactly what a worker sees while carrying out activities: assembling components, handling objects, stocking shelves, etc. Detailed hand movements, object interactions, and environmental complexity – often missed in conventional static camera footage. Why it is Critical for AI Training Unlike traditional robotics datasets recorded through static cameras, egocentric data replicates the viewpoint robots would have while operating in real-world environments. Essential for training Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models, which combine visual understanding, language processing, and physical movement. How the Process Works Step 1: Data Collection Workers across factories, warehouses, kitchens, and retail spaces wear head-mounted cameras. Hundreds of thousands of hours of real-world activity are recorded. Step 2: Data Annotation Raw footage is manually annotated by human reviewers. Actions are broken down into smaller tasks – e.g., “pick screw”, “align panel”, “tighten fastener”. AI systems learn patterns and imitate human behaviour from annotated data. Step 3: AI Training The annotated data is used to train advanced robotics systems and humanoid AI models. VLA models powered by this data are viewed as essential for future humanoid robots capable of performing industrial, warehouse, and household tasks. Why India is a Hotspot Inexpensive labour – cost-effective for large-scale data collection and annotation. Relatively weak worker protections – less regulatory friction compared to Western countries. Large workforce – availability of workers across various sectors (factories, warehouses, retail, kitchens). Growing AI ecosystem – demand from robotics firms and AI companies. Key Concerns For Workers Job displacement fears – workers are helping train machines that could eventually replace them. Lack of compensation – workers creating valuable behavioural datasets often do not share in long-term commercial gains generated by AI systems trained using their data. Consent issues – unclear whether workers are fully informed and have consented to data collection and usage. Privacy Wearable cameras may unintentionally capture faces, conversations, and sensitive workplace activities. Potential for misuse of recorded data. Ethical and Legal Gaps No clear regulatory framework for egocentric data collection in India. Questions over ownership of behavioural data – who owns the data? The worker? The employer? The AI company? Lack of transparency about where data is stored and who has access. Key Terms for Prelims Egocentric Data: First-person video and sensor recordings from the perspective of the person performing a task. VLA Models (Vision-Language-Action Models): AI systems combining visual understanding, language processing, and physical movement. Embodied AI: Artificial intelligence systems that can interact with and learn from physical environments (e.g., robots, humanoids). Humanoid Robots: Robots designed to resemble and mimic human movements and behaviour. Behavioural Data: Data capturing human actions, movements, and interactions. Data Annotation: Manual labelling of video frames to break actions into smaller, machine-readable tasks. Surveillance Capitalism: Economic system centred on the commodification of personal data (context for ethical concerns). Possible Prelims MCQs Q1: Egocentric data used to train robotics and embodied AI systems is primarily collected from: Wearable cameras on workers (head, chest, wrist) Q2: Which type of AI model combines visual understanding, language processing, and physical movement for humanoid robots? Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models Q3: According to the report, why has India become a hotspot for egocentric data collection? Inexpensive labour and relatively weak worker protections Q4: What is a major ethical concern raised by workers regarding egocentric data collection? They are helping train machines that could replace their jobs Q5: Which Indian law is the primary framework for data protection but may not adequately cover workplace egocentric data collection? Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 Source/Reference: https://www.moneycontrol.com/artificial-intelligence/india-becomes-hotspot-for-egocentric-ai-data-collection-amid-privacy-concerns-report-article-13926334.html/amp Lake Kariba: World's Largest Man-Made Lake by Volume – Rising Waters Bring Hope Subject: Geography – Man-Made Lakes; Energy – Hydroelectric Power; Environment – Climate Change Impacts; Africa – Zambezi River. Why in News? After a decade of erratic rains and heatwaves, Lake Kariba’s water levels have risen steadily since March 2026 due to increased inflows from the upper Zambezi catchment area. For the first time since 2019, water levels have reached the lake’s usable storage for generating electricity. This brings hope for reduced power cuts, expanded fish breeding grounds, revived tourism, and reduced human-wildlife conflict. About Lake Kariba Location On the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe. Located in the Zambezi River Valley. Size and Scale Approximately 40 km wide and long. World’s largest man-made lake by volume (not by surface area – Lake Volta in Ghana is larger by area). Created by the Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River. Primary Purpose Built to generate hydroelectric power for Zambia and Zimbabwe. Also supports: fishing, tourism, wildlife conservation. Dam Operator Zambezi River Authority (jointly owned by Zambia and Zimbabwe) manages the dam and lake operations. Seasonal Fluctuations and Climate Pressures Normal Pattern Seasonal rises and falls due to rainfall in the upper Zambezi catchment. 2010s to 2024 (Prolonged Drought) Prolonged droughts and heatwaves caused water levels to drop drastically. 2024: Levels fell to just 13% of usable storage for electricity generation. This led to: power cuts (loadshedding) in Zambia and Zimbabwe, reduced fish breeding, fishing income loss, tourism decline, and increased human-crocodile conflict. 2026 Recovery Since March 2026, steady rise due to increased inflows from the upper Zambezi catchment. Levels reached usable storage for electricity generation for the first time since 2019. Expected to continue rising until July 2026. Impact of Low Water Levels (Past Problems) Ecological Impact Decreased breeding areas for fish and crocodiles. Crocodiles had less food, leading them to steal fish from fishing nets (damaging nets and costing fishers time and money). Fisheries Impact Fishers suffered lower catches due to overfishing, use of unregulated gear (small mesh nets), and invasion by crayfish. Some resorted to “fish driving” (herding fish into nets by beating water or making noise) – illegal and dangerous. Human-Wildlife Conflict Increased competition over fish resources led to fatal crocodile attacks on fishers while removing fish from nets. Tourism Impact Houseboats and boating restricted when water levels too low for navigation. Power Generation Impact Reduced hydroelectric output led to loadshedding and blackouts in cities and towns, affecting daily life and industries. Benefits of Rising Water Levels (2026) Fish spawning areas become more abundant → fish population regenerates → higher catches → increased revenue and food security for local fishers. Reduced competition between fishers and crocodiles → fewer human-wildlife conflicts. Fishers can avoid illegal practices like fish driving. Water-based tourism (fishing, game viewing, boating into river estuaries) can thrive again. Key Terms for Prelims Lake Kariba: World’s largest man-made lake by volume (Zambia-Zimbabwe border; Zambezi River) Kariba Dam: Hydroelectric dam on Zambezi River; major power source for Zambia and Zimbabwe Zambezi River Authority: Jointly owned by Zambia and Zimbabwe; manages Kariba Dam Usable Storage: Portion of reservoir water that can be used for electricity generation Loadshedding: Planned power cuts due to insufficient generation capacity Fish Driving: Illegal fishing practice of herding fish into nets (beating water, making noise) Crayfish: Invasive species in Lake Kariba affecting native fish populations Upper Zambezi Catchment: Rainwater collection area that feeds into Lake Kariba Hydroelectric Power: Electricity generated from flowing water (renewable energy) Human-Wildlife Conflict: Negative interactions between humans and wild animals (crocodile attacks on fishers) Floating Solar Panels: Solar photovoltaic panels installed on water surfaces (emerging technology for Lake Kariba) Possible Prelims MCQs Q1: Lake Kariba, the world’s largest man-made lake by volume, is located on the border of which two countries? Zambia and Zimbabwe Q2: Which river was dammed to create Lake Kariba? Zambezi River Q3: Which invasive species has been affecting fish populations in Lake Kariba? Crayfish Source/Reference: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/amp/story/water/lake-karibas-rising-waters-bring-hope-to-communities-in-zambia-and-zimbabwe Ethiopia: WTO Accession Protocol Signed with India – Strategic Partnership Subject: Geography – Horn of Africa; International Relations – India-Ethiopia Strategic Partnership; WTO Accession; African Union. Why in News? India and Ethiopia signed the bilateral accession protocol in the context of Ethiopia’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Geneva on May 23, 2026. Bilateral relations between India and Ethiopia were elevated to a Strategic Partnership during PM Modi’s visit to Ethiopia in December 2025. About Ethiopia Location Landlocked country in East Africa. Lies entirely within tropical latitudes. Located in the Horn of Africa – the easternmost projection of the African continent. Bordering Countries (6) Eritrea (north) Djibouti (northeast) Somalia (east) Kenya (south) South Sudan and Sudan (west) Capital Addis Ababa (also headquarters of the African Union) Currency Ethiopian Birr (ETB) Major Rivers Blue Nile (originates in Ethiopia; confluence with White Nile in Sudan) Omo River Awash River Major Lake Lake Tana (northwest of Ethiopian Highlands; source of Blue Nile) Highest Point Mount Ras Dejen – 4,533 metres Natural Resources Gold, potash, natural gas, copper, platinum. India-Ethiopia Relations Strategic Partnership Elevated during PM Modi’s visit to Ethiopia in December 2025. Trade and Investment India is Ethiopia’s second-largest trading partner. Indian companies are among the leading foreign investors in Ethiopia (investments in agriculture, manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, infrastructure). WTO Accession Support India has consistently supported the accession of developing countries and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) to the WTO. The bilateral accession protocol signed in Geneva (May 23, 2026) is a key step in Ethiopia’s WTO accession process. Key Terms for Prelims Ethiopia: Largest and most populous country in the Horn of Africa; landlocked; capital Addis Ababa Addis Ababa: Capital of Ethiopia; headquarters of the African Union (AU) WTO Accession Process: Requires consensus of all 164 members (165 after Ethiopia joins); involves bilateral market access negotiations Bilateral Accession Protocol: Bilateral agreement between acceding country and an existing WTO member on market access terms Least Developed Country (LDC): UN classification for low-income countries facing structural impediments to sustainable development (Ethiopia is an LDC) Blue Nile: Major tributary of the Nile River; originates at Lake Tana, Ethiopia Lake Tana: Largest lake in Ethiopia; source of Blue Nile Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD): Large hydropower dam on Blue Nile (Ethiopia) – downstream concerns for Sudan and Egypt Horn of Africa: Region including Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea (and sometimes Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya) Strait of Bab el-Mandeb: Not directly relevant but connects Red Sea to Gulf of Aden; Ethiopia is landlocked but uses Djibouti’s ports Port of Djibouti: Main seaport for Ethiopia (landlocked) African Union (AU): Continental body of 55 member states; headquartered in Addis Ababa Possible Prelims MCQs Q1: Ethiopia is a landlocked country located in which region of Africa? Horn of Africa Q2: What is the capital of Ethiopia? Addis Ababa Q3: Which major river originates from Lake Tana in Ethiopia? Blue Nile Q4: India and Ethiopia signed a bilateral accession protocol in May 2026 related to Ethiopia’s entry into which international organization? World Trade Organization (WTO) Q5: The African Union (AU) is headquartered in: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Q6: India is Ethiopia’s ____ largest trading partner. Second Q7: The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is built on which river? Blue Nile Source/Reference: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/trade/exports/insights/india-ethiopia-sign-bilateral-accession-protocol-for-addis-ababas-wto-membership-in-geneva/articleshow/131272512.cms?from=mdr Ayushman Bharat: PM-JAY Expansion to West Bengal & ABDM Crosses 100 Crore Health Records Subject: Social Justice – Health; Economy – Health Insurance; Governance – Digital Health Mission; PM-JAY; ABDM; NHM. Why in News? Union Health Minister Jagat Prakash Nadda reviewed healthcare programmes with West Bengal CM Suvendu Adhikari and urged faster implementation of Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY, HPV vaccination, and TB elimination campaigns. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) achieved a major milestone with over 100 crore health records successfully linked with Ayushman Bharat Health Accounts (ABHA). What is Ayushman Bharat? Launched: September 23, 2018 (PM Modi) Two Major Components Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) – health insurance scheme Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) – digital health ecosystem Implementing Agency National Health Authority (NHA) – under Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) Definition World’s largest government-funded health insurance scheme. Provides ₹5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalisation. Coverage Covers over 12 crore families (approximately 55 crore beneficiaries) – bottom 40% of population (Socio-Economic Caste Census – SECC 2011). No cap on family size and age – all members covered. Benefits Cashless treatment at empanelled public and private hospitals. Pre-existing conditions covered from day one. Free treatment – no co-payment or deductibles. Funding Pattern 60:40 for most states (Centre:State). 90:10 for North-Eastern and Himalayan states. 100% Central funding for Union Territories without legislature. West Bengal Status (May 2026) Centre urging West Bengal to accelerate implementation of PM-JAY. Discussions on strengthening healthcare infrastructure, including proposals for new medical colleges and an AIIMS in north Bengal. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) Launched: September 27, 2021 (PM Modi) Outlay: ₹1,600 crore for 5 years (2021-22 to 2025-26) Objective Build a comprehensive digital health ecosystem for the country. Develop backbone to support integrated digital health infrastructure. Key Components Component Description ABHA Number (Ayushman Bharat Health Account) 14-digit health ID for hassle-free access and sharing of health records digitally Healthcare Professionals Registry (HPR) Repository of all healthcare professionals (modern and traditional medicine) Health Facility Registry (HFR) Includes public and private health facilities (hospitals, clinics, diagnostic labs, pharmacies) Health Information Exchange and Consent Manager (HIE-CM) Enables citizens to securely access and share health records with informed consent Unified Health Interface (UHI) Open protocol for various digital health services; network of End User Applications and Health Service Provider applications National Health Claims Exchange (NHCX) Enables exchange of standardised health claim-related information between payers, providers, beneficiaries Achievement (May 2026) Over 100 crore health records successfully linked with ABHA numbers. National Health Mission (NHM) Allocation for West Bengal (2026-27) First tranche released: ₹527.58 crore Focus Areas Discussed Faster implementation of PM-JAY HPV vaccination TB elimination campaigns Maternal health monitoring Disease preparedness Ayushman Arogya Mandirs Strengthening healthcare infrastructure (new medical colleges, AIIMS in north Bengal) Key Terms for Prelims Ayushman Bharat: Two flagship health initiatives (PM-JAY + ABDM) PM-JAY: Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana – ₹5 lakh per family per year health cover ABDM: Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission – digital health ecosystem NHA (National Health Authority): Implementing agency for Ayushman Bharat ABHA Number: 14-digit Ayushman Bharat Health Account number SECC 2011: Socio-Economic Caste Census (basis for PM-JAY beneficiary selection) NHM: National Health Mission (umbrella programme for rural and urban health) HPV Vaccine: Human Papillomavirus vaccine (cervical cancer prevention) TB elimination: India’s target to eliminate TB by 2025 (ahead of SDG 2030 target) Ayushman Arogya Mandir: Upgraded Health and Wellness Centres (formerly Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres – AB-HWC) Cashless treatment: No out-of-pocket payment at empanelled hospitals National Health Claims Exchange (NHCX): Standardised health claims platform Unified Health Interface (UHI): Open network for digital health services Health Information Exchange and Consent Manager (HIE-CM): Consent-based health data sharing Possible Prelims MCQs Q1: Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) provides health cover of: ₹5 lakh per family per year Q2: The implementing agency for Ayushman Bharat is: National Health Authority (NHA) Q3: The ABHA number is: 14-digit number Source/Reference: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/centre-rolls-out-major-health-support-for-bengal-urges-state-govt-to-accelerate-ayushman-bharat/videoshow/131293017.cms (MAINS Focus) Cockroaches and Dissent: Satire, State Power, and Free Speech GS Paper II – Polity & Governance (Fundamental Rights) | GS Paper IV – Ethics Freedom of Speech (Article 19); Satire and Dissent; Weaponisation of Law; Role of Judiciary   Introduction The blocking of the satirical Cockroach Janata Party’s X account highlights the growing misuse of state power to silence humour, satire, and dissent. The real concern is not unemployed youth mocking authority, but the increasing weaponisation of laws to curb free expression in the name of national security.   Main Body The CJI’s Remarks: Dehumanisation and Controversy What the CJI Said: Compared unemployed youth drifting into journalism and activism with parasites and cockroaches. Later clarified he meant those who enter legal profession, media, and social media with “fake and bogus degrees.” Why the Clarification Did Not Help: Did not clear the impression of a repressive scolding. Not in keeping with the grace and generosity that remains the hallmark of his high office. The Political Context: The CJI’s criticism was misdirected in the political context it came in. The subsequent blocking of the satirical CJP account best makes this case. The Cockroach Janata Party (CJP): Satire as Dissent Origin: An internet phenomenon, a meme party formed tongue firmly in cheek. A satirical collective responding to the CJI’s “cockroach” remarks. What Happened to CJP’s X Account: The X handle has been withheld. Following a direction of the Centre. After inputs from the Intelligence Bureau. Invoking national security. The Irony: The CJI criticised “cockroaches.” The state then blocked a satirical account named after that very metaphor. This makes the case that the real problem lies elsewhere. The Expanding Lexicon of Dehumanisation Terms Used to Stigmatise: Undocumented immigrants: called “termites.” Activists and critics: tarred as “urban Naxal.” Political opponents: beaten with sticks of “anti-national” and “traitor.” The Consequence: Overuse of these terms shrinks spaces for political engagement with all points of view. Necessary in a robust democracy. Weaponisation of Law to Quell Dissent The Real Problem: Not in the restless young of this country (employed or unemployed, with or without dubious degrees). Lies in the too-frequent resort by the state, strong-armed and hard-eyed, to weaponisation of the law. To quell voices of satire and humour, difference and dissent. National Security as a Pretext: IB cited national security to get the account blocked. But cockroaches are hard to exterminate—as is the instinct to poke fun at power and hold it to account in a democracy. The Judiciary’s Role: Custodian of Free Speech What the Supreme Court Must Be: The institution where individual freedoms and liberties are restored and protected. The custodian of constitutional guarantees for individual rights, including the right to free speech (Article 19). The Contradiction: The CJI himself used dehumanising language. The state then blocked satirical speech invoking national security. The judiciary cannot be seen as endorsing such suppression. The CJI’s Duty: He must, with due respect, reconsider the framing of his remarks. The SC must remain the space where freedoms are protected, not undermined. India’s Democratic Framework: Youth Inside the System South Asian Context: Recent sudden and even violent outbreaks of Gen Z-led movements that have unseated governments. Fuelled by disillusions over dwindling jobs, rising prices, corruption, and inequalities. The Made in India Difference: The CJI overlooks this crucial Indian USP. The young have often participated in and led movements against corruption, for reform: JP upsurge of the 1970s. Anna Hazare mobilisation more recently. India’s Capacious Democracy: India’s democratic framework has proved itself to be capacious. Its young have taken a position inside it, as part of it, not outside of it. This is why the CJI’s comments are even more dispiriting. Conclusion Chief Justice Surya Kant’s “cockroach” remark and the blocking of the satirical Cockroach Janata Party’s X account reflect a troubling trend of using dehumanising language and state power to curb satire and dissent. India’s democratic tradition has long accommodated youth-led political engagement, making such intolerance toward humour and criticism deeply concerning.   UPSC Mains Practice Question The blocking of the Cockroach Janata Party’s X account raises concerns over the misuse of law to suppress satire and dissent. Critically examine its implications for free speech and the judiciary’s role in protecting it. (250 words, 15 marks)   https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/cji-surya-kant-cockroach-janata-party-satire-censorship-editorial-10703256/ Cyber Warfare: Outpacing Global Legal Accountability GS Paper III – Security (Cyber Security) | GS Paper II – International Relations Cyber Warfare; International Law; State Responsibility; Attribution; India’s Cyber Diplomacy   Introduction Recent US-Israel-Iran tensions show how cyber operations now complement conventional warfare, with hacking used to disrupt communication and shape information flows before physical strikes. Incidents linked to groups like Handala Hack Team highlight the growing role of cyber conflict, even as applying international law to such warfare remains difficult.   Main Body The Legal Framework: What Applies in Principle Article 2(4) of the UN Charter: Prohibits the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state. Applies to cyberspace in principle. Framework of State Responsibility: When cyber operations affect infrastructure or essential services, serious legal issues may arise. Such actions could lead to state responsibility and even claims for compensation, in theory. The Problem: Determining when conduct crosses the threshold to become an internationally wrongful act or prohibited use of force is the most complicated part. In practice, establishing this threshold remains extremely difficult. The Attribution Gap: Political Certainty vs. Legal Proof Why Attribution is Difficult: Cyber operations are secretive and routed through multiple networks and jurisdictions. Even when governments are reasonably certain about who is responsible, it is much harder to translate that into legally admissible evidence. Creates a gap between political certainty and legal proof. Consequence: Victims of cyber operations rarely succeed in bringing cases before courts or obtaining remedies through legal processes. The problem is not simply whether the law applies, but whether it can actually be used. Forum Constraints: Where Can Cyber Disputes Be Heard? International Courts (ICJ): Sensitive cyber disputes are unlikely to be heard without the consent of states. States may not consent because they want to avoid escalation or disclosure of sensitive intelligence. Domestic Courts: Foreign states are often protected by sovereign immunity. Domestic courts face similar challenges. The Result: Very few forums where cyber-related claims can be effectively heard. Many cyber incidents are handled politically or diplomatically, rather than through courts. Strategic Reasons to Avoid Legal Processes Why States May Avoid Litigation: Bringing a case might escalate inter-state tensions or invite retaliation. May require the disclosure of sensitive intelligence or capabilities. Evidence involves technical data, classified intelligence, and complex chains of causation. Extremely difficult in a court setting to show who carried out an operation, how much damage it caused, and how it led to specific harm. The Result: Legal action is both complicated and uncertain. States prefer political or diplomatic handling. Existing International Instruments: Focus on Cybercrime, Not State Responsibility Budapest Convention on Cybercrime (2001): Focuses on cybercrime and law enforcement. Does not address state responsibility for cyber operations as part of geopolitical conflict. UN Convention against Cybercrime (Negotiated Recently): Aims to create a broader global framework to address cybercrime. Falls short in addressing state responsibility. The Gap: Incidents of cyber operations are becoming more frequent and, in some cases, more damaging. Yet they rarely lead to legal consequences. International law is still relevant, but applying it to this type of conflict remains a significant challenge. India’s Stakes and Responsibilities India’s Growing Vulnerability: Increasingly reliant on digital infrastructure across finance, energy, and governance. Faces both greater vulnerability and has a larger stake in shaping international regulations. What India Must Do: Strengthen domestic cyber resilience. Engage actively in international discussions on accountability, attribution, and responsible behaviour in cyberspace. Help shape cyber norms. The Broader Challenge: Not only to recognise that cyber operations have become part of modern conflict. But also to ensure that the law is able to respond in a meaningful way. If cyber operations continue to expand without credible pathways to accountability, the gap between law and reality will only widen. Conclusion Recent US-Israel-Iran tensions show how cyber operations are increasingly integrated with conventional warfare. While international law principles apply in theory, challenges of attribution, jurisdiction, and state reluctance make accountability difficult. For India, strengthening engagement on cyber norms and accountability is vital as digital infrastructure becomes central to national security.   UPSC Mains Practice Question Despite growing cyber warfare threats, enforcing international law remains difficult due to attribution challenges and weak accountability mechanisms. Critically examine. What role can India play in shaping global cyber norms? (250 words, 15 marks)   https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/cyber-warfare-is-outpacing-global-legal-accountability/article71011864.ece  

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Bond Yields Surge to Near Two-Decade High: Impact on Asian Equities Subject: Economy – Bond Markets; Global Inflation; Foreign Portfolio Investment; Iran War Impact; Asian Equities. Why in News? Global long-term bond yields have climbed to their highest level in almost two decades, reaching levels last seen during the 2008 global financial crisis. The surge is driven by rising global inflation expectations following the Iran war, which has disrupted the Strait of Hormuz and sent Brent crude above $110 a barrel. Foreign investors have accelerated selling in Asian equities in response, with net outflows of $24.75 billion so far in May 2026. What are Bond Yields? Definition The return an investor earns on a government bond, expressed as a percentage. Bond prices and yields move in opposite directions: When bond prices fall → yields rise When bond prices rise → yields fall Long-term yields (10 years and above) Reflect market expectations of future inflation and economic growth. Rising long-term yields indicate expectations of higher inflation and tighter monetary policy. Current Situation (May 2026) Key Drivers of Yield Surge Iran war (West Asia crisis) – disruption of Strait of Hormuz (25-30% of global oil passes through). Brent crude surged above 110 per barrel – up from 70 pre-war. Rising global inflation expectations – central banks expected to keep interest rates higher for longer. Yield Levels Average yield on sovereign debt due in 10 years or more – highest since July 2008. 30-year US Treasury yield – climbed to highest level since 2007. Impact on Asian Equities Foreign Portfolio Outflows (May 2026 so far) Total outflows: $24.75 billion from Asian equities (South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines). Outflows in the last week alone: $17.27 billion (record). Why Rising Yields Hurt Equities Higher long-term borrowing costs weigh on valuations, particularly in growth-heavy markets (technology, future earnings). Mechanism Higher bond yields → investors shift from equities to bonds (risk-free returns more attractive). Higher discount rates → reduce present value of future earnings (especially for growth stocks). Tightening financial conditions → corporate borrowing costs rise → margins compress. Key Terms for Prelims Bond Yield: Return on a government bond (inversely related to bond price) Long-term yields: Yields on bonds with 10+ years maturity; reflect inflation expectations Strait of Hormuz: Key oil chokepoint (25-30% of global oil); disrupted by Iran war Brent crude: International benchmark for oil prices Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI): Short-term, volatile capital flows (stocks, bonds) Growth stocks: Equities of companies expected to grow faster than market (more sensitive to discount rates) De-risking: Reducing exposure to risky assets (equities) during uncertainty US Treasury yields: Benchmark for global borrowing costs Possible Prelims MCQs Q1: Global long-term bond yields have recently climbed to their highest level since: 2008 (global financial crisis) Q2: The surge in global bond yields is primarily driven by: Rising inflation expectations and Iran war Q3: Bond prices and bond yields have which relationship? Inverse relationship (opposite directions) Q4: The 30-year US Treasury yield has climbed to its highest level since: 2007 Source/Reference: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-20/global-long-bond-yields-climb-to-highest-in-almost-two-decades Muga Silk: Assam's GI-Tagged 'Golden Silk' Gifted to World Leaders Subject: Art & Culture – Handloom; GI Tag; Muga Silk; Assam; Diplomatic Gifts; Cultural Soft Power. Why in News? Prime Minister Narendra Modi gifted a Muga silk stole and a Shirui Lily silk stole to Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni during his five-nation diplomatic tour (UAE, Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Italy) in May 2026. The Muga silk stole was also presented to other world leaders, highlighting India’s rich textile heritage. About Muga Silk Basic Details Known as the “Golden Silk” of Assam. A rare and prestigious textile from the Brahmaputra Valley. Valued for its natural golden hue, durability, and eco-friendly production (no artificial dyes). Production Obtained from the semi-domesticated, multivoltine silkworm Antheraea assamensis. Silkworms feed on aromatic leaves of Som (Machilus bombycina) and Soalu (Litsaea polyantha) plants. Reared on trees similar to tasar silk. Cultural Significance Muga culture is specific to the state of Assam – an integral part of Assamese tradition and culture. Used in traditional attire: sarees, mekhalas, chaddars, etc. Geographical Indication (GI) Tag Received GI tag in 2007 (under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999). Shirui Lily Silk (Gifted Alongside) Inspiration Draws inspiration from the misty heights of Shirui Kashong peak in Manipur. Inspired by the rare Shirui Lily – a delicate bell-shaped flower with pale pinkish-white petals that blooms nowhere else in the world. Cultural Significance (Manipur) For the Tangkhul Naga community of Manipur, the Shirui Lily symbolises purity, identity, and cultural pride. Cultural Resonance (Italy) The lily holds deep cultural resonance in Italy, where it has long symbolised purity, grace, and artistic refinement, frequently appearing in Renaissance art. Key Terms for Prelims Muga Silk: “Golden Silk” of Assam; GI-tagged (2007); from silkworm Antheraea assamensis Som and Soalu: Host plants for Muga silkworm Multivoltine: Multiple generations per year (silkworm) Shirui Lily: Rare flower endemic to Shirui Kashong peak, Manipur; symbol of Tangkhul Naga community Tangkhul Naga: Indigenous community of Manipur Renaissance Art: Cultural movement in Europe (14th-17th centuries); Italy was its birthplace Madhubani Painting: GI-tagged folk art from Mithila region, Bihar Blue Pottery: GI-tagged art from Jaipur, Rajasthan Bidriware: Silver inlay metalwork from Bidar, Karnataka (Deccan) Rogan Painting: Textile art from Kutch, Gujarat Kesar Mangoes: GI-tagged mango from Gujarat (Queen of Mangoes) Kalanamak Rice: “Buddha Rice” from Terai region, Uttar Pradesh Gobindobhog Rice: Aromatic short-grain rice from West Bengal Joha Rice: Aromatic rice from Brahmaputra Valley, Assam Red Rice: Indigenous grain from Palakkad, Kerala Loktak Tea: Tea from hills surrounding Loktak Lake (largest freshwater lake in Northeast India), Manipur Pattachitra (Tala Pattachitra): Ancient palm leaf art form from Odisha Possible Prelims MCQs Q1: Muga silk is obtained from which silkworm species? Antheraea assamensis Q2: Muga silk is primarily produced in which Indian state? Assam Q3: In which year did Muga silk receive the Geographical Indication (GI) tag? 2007 Q4: The rare Shirui Lily, which inspired a silk stole gifted to Italy’s PM, is endemic to which peak in Manipur? Shirui Kashong peak Q5: The Tangkhul Naga community of Manipur regards the Shirui Lily as a symbol of: Purity, identity, and cultural pride Q6: Kalanamak rice, gifted to FAO Director-General, is also known as: Buddha Rice Q7: Kesar mangoes, gifted to UAE President, are a GI-tagged fruit from which state? Gujarat Source/Reference: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pms-gifts-muga-silk-stole-for-italy-pm-ladakhi-stole-for-sweden-pm-kesar-mangoes-for-uae-president/article71006083.ece#google_vignette UMMID Programme: India's First National Initiative for Rare Genetic Disorders Subject: Science & Tech – Rare Genetic Disorders; Health – National Policy for Rare Diseases; Precision Medicine; DBT. Why in News? Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh dedicated the UMMID Programme to the nation on May 21, 2026. The programme is India’s first comprehensive national effort to address inherited genetic disorders through an integrated approach encompassing diagnosis, counselling, prevention, training, and public health awareness. What is UMMID Programme? Full Form Unique Methods of Management of Inherited Disorders Launch National initiative led by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) , Ministry of Science & Technology. Objective To improve diagnosis and management of inherited and rare genetic disorders. Promote early intervention and affordable healthcare for families affected by rare genetic disorders. Alignment Supports implementation of the National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD) 2021 by creating structured care pathways for patients. Three Major Pillars NIDAN Kendras Centres for diagnostics and counselling. Nearly 30 NIDAN Kendras established across the country. Ensure advanced genomic healthcare reaches beyond metropolitan centres. Outreach Programmes in Aspirational Districts Focused outreach in underserved regions and Aspirational Districts. Specialised Training Centres For capacity building of healthcare professionals. Clinician training, genetic counselling, and community outreach. Key Features Integrated Framework Genetic diagnostics Prenatal and newborn screening Genetic counselling Clinician capacity-building Community outreach UMMID Dashboard Launched to strengthen nationwide access to diagnostics, counselling, outreach, and programme monitoring for inherited disorders. National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD) 2021 Definition of Rare Disease (India) Prevalence of less than 1 in 10,000 population (WHO defines rare diseases as affecting 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 2,000 people globally). Categories of Rare Diseases (NPRD 2021) Group 1: Diseases curable with one-time treatment (e.g., forms of thalassemia, lysosomal storage disorders). Group 2: Diseases requiring long-term treatment (e.g., hemophilia, cystic fibrosis). Group 3: Diseases with no curative treatment but manageable (e.g., metabolic disorders). Key Provisions Financial support up to ₹20 lakh for treatment of Group 1 diseases (under PM-JAY). Focus on prevention, screening, and early diagnosis. Promotion of research and development for rare diseases. Significance Fills a Long-Standing Gap Inherited and rare genetic disorders remained neglected for decades because: Diagnosis itself was difficult. Treatment was inaccessible. Medicines were either unavailable or prohibitively expensive. India’s Genetic Diversity India’s vast genetic diversity makes the challenge complex – requires robust ecosystem of early screening, genetic diagnostics, prenatal counselling, clinician training, and community outreach. Foundation for Precision Medicine Genomic and precision medicine will shape the future of healthcare. Treatment protocols for diseases such as diabetes, cardiac ailments, and cancers may increasingly be based on the individual genetic profile of patients. Alignment with Healthcare Reforms Affordable, accessible, preventive, and citizen-centric healthcare (Ayushman Bharat, wellness centres, affordable medicines). Key Terms for Prelims UMMID: Unique Methods of Management of Inherited Disorders – DBT initiative for rare genetic disorders NIDAN Kendra: Diagnostic and counselling centres under UMMID (Nearly 30 established) NPRD 2021: National Policy for Rare Diseases (2021) – framework for rare disease management Rare Disease (India definition): Prevalence less than 1 in 10,000 population Department of Biotechnology (DBT): Nodal ministry for UMMID (under Ministry of Science & Technology) Precision Medicine: Individualised treatment based on patient’s genetic profile Genetic Counselling: Process of advising individuals about genetic risks and testing options Aspirational Districts: Districts identified for priority development (NITI Aayog) BRIC: Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council (Dr. Rajesh S. Gokhale, Director General) Possible Prelims MCQs Q1: The UMMID Programme is an initiative of which ministry/department? Department of Biotechnology (Ministry of Science & Technology) Q2: What does ‘NIDAN Kendra’ refer to under the UMMID Programme? Diagnostic and counselling centre Q3: UMMID Programme supports the implementation of which national policy? National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD) 2021 Q4: As of May 2026, how many individuals have benefited from the UMMID Programme? 3 lakh Q5: In India, a rare disease is defined as one with a prevalence of less than: 1 in 10,000 population Source/Reference: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2263736&reg=3&lang=1 India-Africa Forum Summit-IV Postponed Due to Ebola Outbreak Subject: International Relations – India-Africa Relations; Health – Ebola Outbreak; PHEIC; South-South Cooperation; Vaccine. Why in News? The 4th India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS-IV), scheduled to be held in New Delhi from May 28-31, 2026, has been postponed. The decision was taken jointly by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and the African Union (AU) due to the Ebola virus outbreak in parts of Africa (DRC and Uganda). About Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) What is Ebola? A severe, often fatal illness in humans caused by the Ebola virus (genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae). First identified in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (then Zaire). Transmission Animal-to-human: Through contact with infected animals (fruit bats, primates) – fruit bats are natural hosts. Human-to-human: Direct contact with bodily fluids (blood, saliva, sweat, urine, feces, breast milk) of infected persons. Also through contact with contaminated surfaces or materials (needles, bedding). Symptoms Sudden onset of fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, sore throat. Followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function. Internal and external bleeding (hemorrhagic fever). Fatality Rate Up to 90% in severe outbreaks (average ~50%). Treatment and Prevention No licensed cure; supportive care (hydration, oxygen, treating specific symptoms). Vaccines available: rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo) – approved by FDA and WHO prequalified (2019). Two monoclonal antibody treatments (Inmazeb and Ebanga) approved (2020). Current Outbreak (May 2026) Outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Uganda. Declared PHEIC by WHO on May 17, 2026. About India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) Establishment 2008 – highest apex institutional platform for dialogue and cooperation between India and African countries. Purpose Strengthen political dialogue, economic cooperation, trade, investment, technology transfer, capacity building, and people-to-people relations. Reflects shared commitment to South-South cooperation, inclusive development, multilateralism, and sustainable partnerships. Objectives of IAFS Strengthen diplomatic and strategic relations between India and African countries Promote economic cooperation and increase bilateral trade and investment Encourage technology transfer, innovation, and industrialization Enhance cooperation in health, agriculture, education, and infrastructure Support sustainable development and regional integration Foster youth empowerment, entrepreneurship, and skills development Strengthen peace, security, and maritime cooperation Promote South-South cooperation and multilateral collaboration Key Terms for Prelims IAFS: India-Africa Forum Summit – highest institutional platform for India-Africa cooperation (est. 2008) African Union (AU): Continental body of 55 African member states; HQ: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Ebola Virus Disease (EVD): Severe, often fatal illness (first identified 1976, Ebola River, DRC) PHEIC (Public Health Emergency of International Concern): WHO’s highest level of global health alert rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo): Ebola vaccine (FDA approved, WHO prequalified 2019) Filoviridae: Viral family of Ebola and Marburg viruses Fruit bats: Natural hosts of Ebola virus South-South Cooperation: Exchange of resources, technology, and knowledge between developing countries ICWA: Indian Council of World Affairs – foreign policy think tank (HQ: New Delhi) ICCR: Indian Council for Cultural Relations – promotes cultural exchange (under Ministry of External Affairs) Possible Prelims MCQs Q1: The India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) was established in which year? 2008 Q2: How many India-Africa Forum Summits have been held so far (as of May 2026)? Three Q3: Which organization declared the Ebola outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)? WHO Q4: In which year was the Ebola virus first identified? 1976 Q5: What is the name of the approved Ebola vaccine? rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo) Q6: What are the natural hosts of the Ebola virus? Fruit bats Q7: Which Indian foreign policy think tank’s Africa-related events were also cancelled along with IAFS-IV? Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA) Q8: The African Union (AU) is headquartered in: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Source/Reference: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-africa-forum-summit-postponed-in-wake-of-ebola-virus-outbreak/article71005909.ece https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp8p2g8yp8do Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary: Haryana's First 'Nakshatra Vatika' – Astrological Garden Subject: Environment – Wildlife Sanctuary; Art & Culture – Nakshatra System; Haryana; Seonsar Forest; Tropical Deciduous. Why in News? Haryana’s first constellation garden (Nakshatra Vatika) has been developed at the Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary (Seonsar Forest) in the Pehowa area of Kurukshetra district. Developed jointly by the Haryana Saraswati Heritage Development Board (HSHDB) and the Haryana State Board for Wildlife. The garden features saplings representing all 27 Nakshatras, aiming to connect youth with traditional knowledge of plants associated with each Nakshatra. About Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary Location Kaithal and Kurukshetra districts, Haryana Also known as Seonsar Forest Area Approximately 4,452.85 hectares Cultural and Ecological Significance Tied to the mythical Saraswati River – believed to have flowed through the region. The sanctuary is home to ancient archaeological remains – bricks dating back to Kushan and Gupta periods (over 1,500 years ago). A 400-year-old water well made of small lakhauri bricks (associated with Mughal empire era). Flora Tropical deciduous forest vegetation. Dense clusters of Kikar, Neem, Shisham, and Peepal trees. Fauna Mammals: Blue Bull (Nilgai), Wild Boar, Spotted Deer, and the rare Hog Deer. Birds: Over 250 species of resident and migratory birds, especially during winter. Nakshatra Vatika (Constellation Garden) What is it? A garden developed on the theme of astrology. Saplings representing all 27 Nakshatras have been planted. Scientific and spiritual significance of each tree is described and documented at the site. Purpose Disseminate knowledge regarding specific plants associated with each Nakshatra. Guide children (increasingly engrossed in digital world) back toward a natural environment. Encourage visitors who reach Kurukshetra for religious tourism to explore wildlife and understand scientific principles behind Nakshatras. Location within Sanctuary Developed near the forest rest house in Seonsar Forest. What are Nakshatras? Definition In Indian astronomy, the 27 (or 28) lunar mansions or constellations that the Moon passes through during its monthly cycle. Used in Hindu astrology for determining auspicious timings (muhurta). Connection with Trees Each Nakshatra is associated with a specific tree/shrub (e.g., Peepal, Banyan, Palash, etc.). These trees are considered sacred or beneficial for those born under that Nakshatra. Key Terms for Prelims Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary: Also known as Seonsar Forest (Kaithal and Kurukshetra districts, Haryana) Nakshatra Vatika: Constellation garden with saplings of all 27 Nakshatras Lakhauri bricks: Small-sized bricks used in Mughal-era architecture Kushan period: Ancient Indian dynasty (1st-3rd centuries CE) Gupta period: Golden age of ancient India (4th-6th centuries CE) Saraswati River: Mythical river mentioned in Rigveda; believed to have flowed through Haryana Hog Deer (Axis porcinus): Rare deer species found in the sanctuary Nilgai (Blue Bull): Largest antelope in Asia; Schedule III under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 Possible Prelims MCQs Q1: Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary (Seonsar Forest) is located in which state? Haryana Q2: The Nakshatra Vatika at Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary features saplings of how many Nakshatras? 27 Q3: Which ancient periods are associated with the archaeological remains found in the sanctuary? Kushan and Gupta Q4: What type of forest vegetation is found in Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary? Tropical deciduous forest Q5: Which rare deer species is found in Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary? Hog deer Q6: Lakhauri bricks found in the sanctuary are associated with which era? (b) Mughal era Source/Reference: https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/haryana-saraswati-heritage-development-board-state-wildlife-department-develops-nakshatra-vatika/ (MAINS Focus) On Measuring Freedom of the Press in India: Rankings as Blunt Instruments GS Paper II – Polity & Governance (Media) | GS Paper IV – Ethics Press Freedom; International Rankings; Media Regulation; State Control   Introduction A Norwegian journalist cited the World Press Freedom Index, where India ranks 157, below countries like Ukraine, Qatar, and Oman. Yet such rankings often ignore biases within supposedly “free” media—illustrated when a Norwegian newspaper depicted Prime Minister Narendra Modi as a snake charmer. International indices are useful for spotting broad trends, but they remain imperfect and cannot be treated as absolute measures.   Main Body The Ranking: India at 157 World Press Freedom Index (Reporters Without Borders): Norway ranked number one. India ranked 157. Ukraine (at war): 55, Qatar: 75, Burkina Faso: 110, Oman: 127, Kuwait: 136. The Paradox: Countries that do not even hold pro forma elections rank higher than India. A country at war (Ukraine) ranks 102 places above India. What the Ranking Does Not Account For: The quality of journalism is not a criterion. Racism of the “freest press” does not affect its standing. Example: Norwegian mainstream newspaper portrayed Modi as a snake charmer. Methodological Problems with the Index Dubious Methodology: Rankings are often methodologically dubious. Frequently corrupted by subjective factors. Sometimes corrupted by outright prejudice. The Index’s Own Undermining: The index’s own methodology undermines its conclusions at the extremes. No amount of fine print can sustain the argument that Kuwait belongs far above India on any honest measure of press freedom. Comparative Context: A largely homogenous country (Norway: 95% speak Norwegian, 60% affiliated to Church of Norway) is not comparable to a large, diverse country riven by conflicting viewpoints. The Real State of Press Freedom in India Press Conferences and Interviews: Modi has not addressed a press conference as Prime Minister. After a joint appearance with US President Trump, he took a couple of questions in February 2025. Press conferences and probing interviews have become rare across India’s leadership. One-Way Political Communication: No leader wants to take questions—whether in legislature or media. Political communication has become a one-way street: principal actor broadcasts without being contested. This applies to several Opposition leaders as well. State Control: State control of media is an extension of the control the state seeks to enforce across other domains of people’s lives: movement, thinking, learning, mingling of populations. Market Forces: Indian media is under severe stress from market forces and from state measures alike. The Problem with Selective Dismissal of Rankings Curiously Selective Approach: Those who dismiss Western standards as irrelevant are selectively selective. They dismiss the Press Freedom Index but in the same breath celebrate a random ranking on Ease of Doing Business. Or a foreign country’s national honour conferred on their leader. The Convenience of Dismissal: The convenience of the dismissal gives it away. No global ranking is required to establish that Indian media is under severe stress. No amount of fine print can sustain the argument that Kuwait belongs far above India on any honest measure of press freedom. The Better Argument: Rankings as Blunt Instruments What Rankings Are Good For: Useful for identifying broad patterns. Gauging trends over time. What Rankings Are Not Good For: Unreliable as precise judgements. Cannot capture the complexity of a large, diverse country like India. Cannot account for cultural, linguistic, and social heterogeneity. The Norwegian Example: Norway: 55 lakh people, 95% speak Norwegian, 60% affiliated to Church of Norway. Media, society, and state share broadly the same consensus. Not comparable to India’s diversity. The Indian Reality: Large, diverse country riven by conflicting viewpoints about everything. State is simultaneously trying to control the thinking of its people. Political contestation produces a multitude of media narratives—and a multitude of pressures. Conclusion India’s low ranking in the World Press Freedom Index raises concerns, but the index itself has methodological limitations and often overlooks biases within “free” Western media, such as racist portrayals of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. At the same time, India’s media environment faces real challenges—declining press interactions, one-way political communication, market pressures, and state constraints. International rankings are therefore best seen as broad indicators, not absolute judgments.   UPSC Mains Practice Question International indices like the World Press Freedom Index are useful yet imperfect measures. Critically examine their utility and limitations in assessing press freedom in India. (250 words, 15 marks)   https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/on-measuring-freedom-of-the-press-in-india/article71007644.ece The Quad Question: Rejuvenate, Neglect or Abandon? GS Paper II – International Relations (Regional Groupings; Indo-Pacific) Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad); US-China Competition; India’s Strategic Autonomy   Introduction Revived in 2017 amid converging Indo-Pacific interests, the Quad—comprising India, Australia, Japan, and the United States—emerged as a key platform for promoting a rules-based regional order, marked by its first Leaders’ Summit in 2021. However, shifting geopolitical priorities under President Donald Trump, including a softer approach towards China and greater focus on the Middle East and western hemisphere, have weakened the grouping’s momentum. As Quad foreign ministers meet in New Delhi, the central question is whether the bloc will be revitalised, sidelined, or gradually abandoned.   Main Body The Quad’s Journey: Summits and Working Groups Leader-Level Summits (Six so far): Four in person, two virtual. Two summits each in 2021 and 2022, one each in 2023 and 2024. Vision statement issued at the fifth summit (2023). Working Groups and Partnerships Added Over Time: Maritime Security (IPMDA, joint exercises, MAITRI). Critical and Emerging Technologies (technology standards, supply chains, 5G, open RAN, semiconductors). Health Security (initially vaccine working group during Covid, later broadened). Climate (green shipping network, clean hydrogen partnership, Q-CHAMP). Cyber Security (launched as working group, upgraded to partnership). Space (satellite data portal, space situational awareness cooperation). Infrastructure (coordination group; cable connectivity, ports of the future, HADR). Critical Minerals Initiative (announced at July 2025 foreign ministers’ meeting). Progress: Progress by working groups has varied from fair to negligible. Quad spread itself too thin over a wide canvas of activities. China as a Constant Theme Evolution of Quad Statements on China: Initial references remained generic: “opposing coercion.” Later became more specific and pointed: militarisation of disputed islands, maritime militia, aggressive actions of coast guard. The Quad’s Position: Quad was never meant to contain China. Purpose: safeguard against ongoing and potential unfair practices and coercion. Enhance soft power deterrence and resilience against coercion. China’s Response (2018): Quad is a “headline-grabbing idea…that would dissipate like the sea foam in the Pacific or Indian Ocean.” Why the Quad is on “Life Support” De-prioritisation by Trump Administration (Second Term): Lack of interest from the US became evident from mid-2025 onwards. Next summit expected end of 2025/early 2026 in India did not materialise. US signaling lower emphasis on centrality of Indo-Pacific region. US may prefer to approach Western Pacific and Indian Ocean with separate, distinctive strategies. US stress on “burden sharing” by allies and partners (hard power deterrence). New Tensions in US-India Relations: US tariffs on India. Realignments and narratives after Operation Sindoor. Severe adverse impact of Middle East war. Russia and Iran-related sanctions by the US. US Warming Up to China: New conception of future international order. “Constructive Strategic Stability” announced – elevates China to peer status with US. Aims to avoid competition turning pernicious and causing extensive economic damage. Trump’s Upgraded Priorities: Western hemisphere. Middle East. India’s Position: Supportive but Adaptable Despite Difficulties (Last 16 Months): India has continued to proactively support Quad initiatives. India sees the value this group brings to the region. India’s Strategic Autonomy: India should be able to adapt if Quad remains relegated to low priority. India has faced bigger challenges: US tariffs, Operation Sindoor aftermath, Middle East war, US sanctions on Russia and Iran. India’s Contributions: US has assessed that India can make meaningful contributions only in the Indian Ocean region (not the Western Pacific). The Strategic Rationale for the Quad Remains Strong China’s Trajectory: China continues to focus on political economy, not addressing an increasingly fragmented international system. Great leap forward through industrial scale, pole position in supply chains, leverage in resources and input materials. Progressively creating material structures to enhance ability to dominate across domains. Seeking consequent subordination of others in the region. The Risk of Inertia: Any inertia in collective efforts to provide alternatives would only hasten Chinese dominance in the region and beyond. Stability and Rule of Law: Critical as the global community has no bandwidth left to absorb another shock. The Way Forward: Options for Quad Foreign Ministers Option 1: Rejuvenate Trim, sharpen, and make the agenda more outcome-oriented. Increase quantification of targets under various pillars. Reassure other countries in the region that Quad will continue to work for the common good. Announce plans for the next leaders’ summit. Option 2: Neglect Continue without clear direction or leadership. Working groups continue but without momentum. Gradual decline in relevance. Option 3: Abandon Quad dissipates like sea foam, as China predicted in 2018. Collective efforts to provide alternatives to Chinese dominance cease. Current Indications: Support is likely for reenergising momentum. If all members agree on enduring value, the Quad can be revived. Conclusion Since its revival in 2017, the Quad—comprising India, Australia, Japan, and the United States—has expanded its agenda across security, technology, health, climate, and infrastructure, though with uneven outcomes. The grouping now faces uncertainty due to shifting priorities under President Donald Trump, growing US-China accommodation, and new US-India tensions. Yet, with China continuing to expand its regional influence, the Quad remains strategically relevant. Re-energising it through a sharper, more focused, and outcome-oriented agenda is essential to prevent the grouping from losing credibility and momentum.   UPSC Mains Practice Question The Quad faces growing uncertainty due to shifting U.S. priorities and emerging strains in U.S.-India relations. Critically examine the challenges before the Quad and suggest the future course the grouping should adopt. (250 words, 15 marks)   https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/quad-indo-pacific-geopolitics-life-support-trump-china-10701639/