Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Quality Council of India (QCI) Category: Polity and Governance Context: Recently, Quality Council of India (QCI) announced a set of next-generation quality reforms on the eve of Sushasan Divas 2025. About Quality Council of India (QCI): Nature: It is a non-profit autonomous organisation registered under Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860. Establishment: It was set up in 1997 jointly by the Government of India and the Indian Industry, represented by the three premier industry associations, i.e., Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI). Nodal ministry: It is under the administrative control of the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Objective: It has been established to create a mechanism for independent third-party assessment of products, services, and processes. Significance: It works as the national accreditation body. It also plays a pivotal role at the national level in propagating, adoption, and adherence to quality standards in all important spheres of activities. Composition: The council comprises 38 members, with equal representation from the government, industries, and other stakeholders. Accreditation services: It also promotes the adoption of quality standards relating to Quality Management Systems, Food Safety Management Systems, and Product Certification and Inspection Bodies through the accreditation services provided by the National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (NABCB).  Boards under QCI: National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories (NABL) National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (NABH) National Accreditation Board for Education & Training (NABET) National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (NABCB)  National Board for Quality Promotion (NBQP). Source: News on AIR Valmiki Tiger Reserve Category: Environment and Ecology Context: The tiger population in the Valmiki Tiger Reserve (VTR) has increased more than sevenfold, rising from eight in 2010 to 54 in the last census conducted in 2022. About Valmiki Tiger Reserve: Location: It is located at the India-Nepal border in the northern part of the West Champaran District of Bihar. Establishment: It was established as the 18th Tiger Reserve of India under Project Tiger in 1994. Uniqueness: It is the only tiger reserve of Bihar and forms the easternmost limit of the Himalayan Terai forests in India. Landscape: Situated in the Gangetic Plains bio-geographic zone of the country, the forest has a combination of Bhabar and Terai tracts. Bordered by: It is surrounded by the Royal Chitwan National Park of Nepal in the north and the river Gandak on the western side, with the Himalayan mountains as a backdrop. Tribal Presence: The Tharu tribe is the dominant indigenous community in the region. Rivers: The rivers Gandak, Pandai, Manor, Harha, Masan, and Bhapsa flow through various parts of the reserve. Vegetation: The reserve boasts a variety of vegetation types, including tropical wet deciduous forests, grasslands, savannas, and riverine forests.  Flora: Sal trees dominate the forests, but the region also features species like teak, bamboo, semal, and khair. Fauna: Tiger, leopard, fishing cat, leopard cat, sambar, hog deer, spotted deer, black buck, gaur, sloth bear, langur, rhesus monkey, etc. Source: The Times of India Samudra Pratap Category: Defence and Security Context: Recently, the Indian Coast Guard inducted the first in-built Pollution Control Vessel (PCV), SAMUDRA PRATAP under the 02 PCV project of Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL). About Samudra Pratap: Nature: It is the largest ship in the ICG fleet, significantly enhancing the Coast Guard’s operational reach and capability. Construction: It is indigenously designed and constructed by Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL). Uniqueness: It is the first indigenously designed and built Pollution Control Vessel of the Indian Coast Guard. Significance: It is the first Indian Coast Guard ship to be equipped with Dynamic Positioning capability (DP-1), with FiFi-2 / FFV-2 notation certificate. Structure: It is approximately 114.5 meters long and 16.5 meters wide, with a displacement of 4,170 tonnes. Capacity: It has a displacement capacity of 4,170 tonnes. Capability: It is equipped with advanced systems to detect oil spills. It is capable of high precision operations, recover pollutants from viscous oil, analyse contaminants, and separate oil from contaminated water. Armament: The vessel is equipped with state-of-the-art technology, including a 30mm CRN-91 gun, two 12.7mm stabilised remote-controlled guns with integrated fire control systems. Advanced systems: It consists of Integrated Bridge System, Integrated Platform Management System, Automated Power Management System, and a high-capacity external firefighting system. Source: PIB Haka Dance Category: History and Culture Context: Recently, a Sikh Nagar Kirtan or religious procession in South Auckland, New Zealand, was protested in the form of a traditional tribal “haka” dance. About Haka Dance: Origin: It is a traditional dance of the indigenous Māori people of New Zealand.  Nature: It is known for its powerful energy, fierce facial expressions (pukana), and physical movements like stamping, hand gestures, and chanting.  Mythology: Rooted in Māori mythology, the dance is associated with Tāne-rore, the son of the sun god Tama-nui-te-rā. The shimmering heat of a summer day is seen as the spirit of Tāne-rore dancing, represented by the trembling hand movements (wiri) in the Haka.  Significance: Haka varies by tribal region, with many haka telling the story of significant events in a tribe’s history. It symbolizes tribal pride, strength, and unity. Evolution: Traditionally, the haka was performed for war, to celebrate achievements, or to welcome guests. Today, it is performed at important occasions like sporting events, weddings, and funerals. Popularity: It became known to the world at large when, in the early 20th century, it was incorporated into the pregame ritual of New Zealand’s national rugby union team, the All Blacks. It also made headlines globally in November 2024 when two lawmakers used Haka to protest against a bill in the New Zealand parliament. Source: The Indian Express Rashtriya Prerna Sthal Category: Miscellaneous Context: Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Rashtra Prerna Sthal in Lucknow, dedicated to Atal Bihari Vajpayee, marking his 101st birth anniversary. About Rashtriya Prerna Sthal: Location: It is located on the banks of the Gomti River in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Development: It is developed by the Lucknow Development Authority (LDA) on a 65-acre site along the Gomti Riverfront (Vasant Kunj Yojana). Area: It is spread across 65 acres.  Environmental significance: The site was notably constructed on reclaimed land that previously held approximately 6.5 lakh metric tonnes of legacy waste, serving as a model for urban environmental restoration. Dedicated leaders: The memorial honours three primary nationalist icons: Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Former PM and Bharat Ratna recipient. Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee: Founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya: Proponent of the “Integral Humanism” philosophy. Statues: The sprawling complex also features 65-foot-high bronze statues of BJP ideologues Syama Prasad Mookerjee and Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya, alongside Vajpayee. Each statue weighs 42 tonnes and has a water body surrounding their platforms. Museum: It consists of a state-of-the-art lotus-shaped museum covering 98,000 square feet. It uses digital and immersive technologies (3D projection, holographs) across five galleries to showcase India’s national journey. Cost: Constructed at an approximate cost of ₹230 crore, the complex is envisioned as a permanent national asset dedicated to fostering leadership values, national service, cultural consciousness, and public inspiration. Public Amenities: It includes an amphitheatre with a capacity for 3,000 people, meditation and yoga centres, and a large rally ground. Significance: It has been developed as a landmark national memorial and inspirational complex of enduring national significance. Source: DD News (MAINS Focus) Child Marriage in India: A Persistent Social Scourge Undermining Human Development (UPSC GS Paper I – Society: Women, Social Empowerment; GS Paper II – Government Policies and SDGs)   Context (Introduction) Despite a steady decline over the last two decades, child marriage remains a deeply entrenched social practice in India, weakening outcomes in health, education, poverty alleviation and gender equality, and threatening India’s commitment to end it by 2030.   Current Status: Progress with Deep Regional and Social Gaps Declining National Trend, Uneven Reality: National surveys show child marriage among women has fallen from nearly half in the mid-2000s to about one-fourth by 2019–21, reflecting policy attention and social change. Large Absolute Numbers Persist: Given India’s population size, even reduced percentages translate into millions of girls married before 18, keeping India among countries with the highest absolute burden. Inter-State Variations: Eastern and central States such as West Bengal, Bihar, Tripura, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan continue to report high prevalence, indicating uneven social development. Rural and Marginalised Communities Most Affected: Child marriage is concentrated in rural areas, among Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and minority communities, reinforcing cycles of disadvantage. Slow Progress among Young Adults: High prevalence among women aged 18–29 shows that recent cohorts continue to be affected despite legal prohibition. Threat to SDG Commitments: Experts note that failure to curb child marriage undermines progress on multiple development goals related to health, education, poverty and gender equality.   Key Drivers of Child Marriage Poverty and Economic Insecurity: Girls from the poorest households are several times more likely to be married early, as marriage is viewed as a coping strategy to reduce economic burden. Low Educational Attainment: Girls with little or no schooling face a dramatically higher risk of early marriage, as education delays marriage and improves bargaining power. Gender Norms and Patriarchy: Deep-rooted beliefs around female chastity, honour and caregiving roles continue to prioritise early marriage over girls’ autonomy. Inadequate School Infrastructure: Lack of secondary schools, safe transport, toilets and hostels pushes adolescent girls out of education, increasing vulnerability. Weak Law Enforcement: Low reporting, poor registration of marriages and limited convictions under child marriage laws reduce deterrence. Unintended Legal Consequences: The use of stringent child protection laws has sometimes driven underage girls towards unsafe, informal solutions, worsening health risks.   Socio-economic Impacts Poor Maternal and Child Health Outcomes: Early pregnancies are linked to higher maternal mortality, anaemia, malnutrition and low birth weight. Intergenerational Poverty Trap: Girls married young are more likely to drop out of school, have fewer skills and remain in low-income households. Educational Discontinuity: Marriage almost always marks the end of formal education for girls, limiting lifetime earnings. Reduced Female Workforce Participation: Early marriage and childbirth restrict women’s entry into paid work, weakening demographic dividend gains. Higher Exposure to Domestic Violence: Evidence shows child brides face higher risks of spousal violence and limited decision-making power. Strain on Public Services: Poor health and nutrition outcomes increase long-term pressure on healthcare and welfare systems.   Government Efforts and Policy Response Legal Framework: The Prevention of Child Marriage Act, 2006, provides for annulment, penalties and protection, forming the backbone of legal action. Awareness Campaigns: Initiatives such as Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat Abhiyan aim to mobilise communities through sustained social messaging. Girl Child Education and Incentives: Conditional cash transfers and scholarship schemes seek to keep girls in school and delay marriage. Gender-Focused Campaigns: Programmes like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao combine advocacy with investments in education and welfare. Convergence with Health and Nutrition Schemes: Adolescent health programmes address anaemia, nutrition and reproductive health risks. Local Governance Involvement: Panchayats, frontline workers and women’s self-help groups are increasingly involved in prevention efforts.   Reforms Needed Target the Poorest and Most Vulnerable: Social protection and livelihood support for vulnerable families can reduce economic incentives for early marriage. Strengthen Secondary Education Access: Expanding schools, hostels, toilets and safe transport for adolescent girls is critical. Improve Law Enforcement Sensitively: Focus on prevention, counselling and community resolution rather than only punitive action. Address Gender Norms at Community Level: Long-term engagement with parents, religious leaders and boys is essential to shift attitudes. Enhance Data and Monitoring: District-level tracking and early warning systems can help identify high-risk areas. Integrate Health, Education and Legal Responses: A coordinated approach across sectors is necessary to break the cycle of early marriage.   Conclusion Child marriage in India is not merely a legal issue but a multidimensional development challenge. Unless poverty, education deficits, health risks and gender inequality are addressed together, India’s goal of ending child marriage by 2030 will remain aspirational rather than achievable.   Mains Question Analyse the reasons for persistence of Child marriage and evaluate the effectiveness of government interventions.(250 words, 15 marks) Source: The Hindu How Lower-Income States Are Catching Up: India’s Quiet Growth Shift (UPSC GS Paper III – Indian Economy: Growth, Federal Finance, Infrastructure)   Context (Introduction) India’s recent growth story shows an important shift: several historically poorer States are now growing faster than richer ones, driven mainly by sustained public investment in infrastructure and supportive Centre–State fiscal coordination.   What Has Changed in India’s Growth Pattern?  Earlier Divergence, Now Convergence: Before the pandemic, richer States consistently outpaced poorer ones; after FY19, lower-income States began growing faster, reversing the earlier trend. Key Catch-Up States: Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Bihar have shown a clear improvement in relative growth performance. Why This Matters Nationally: Since India’s GDP is the sum of State GSDPs, faster growth in populous lagging States significantly lifts overall national growth. Unexpected Post-Pandemic Outcome: Contrary to fears, poorer States did not suffer lasting damage from COVID and instead improved growth momentum. Early but Broad-Based Trend: The convergence is recent but visible across multiple States, suggesting structural change rather than a one-off rebound. Inclusive Growth Signal: Narrowing regional growth gaps strengthen the foundations of long-term, inclusive development.   The Main Engine: State Capital Expenditure Public Investment Drives Growth: Higher State spending on roads, urban infrastructure and logistics emerged as the strongest factor explaining faster growth. Infrastructure Catch-Up: Emerging States sharply increased infrastructure investment, improving connectivity and reducing costs for businesses. Crowding-In Private Investment: Public capex boosted investor confidence, encouraging private firms to invest alongside the State. Stronger Growth Multipliers: Capital spending generates more output and jobs than routine revenue spending. Governance Signal: Sustained capex signals policy stability and reform intent, shaping long-term growth expectations. Complements Central Projects: State investments filled critical gaps around national highways, railways and logistics corridors.    How Centre–State Finance Made This Possible Post-Pandemic Revenue Support: Higher transfers after COVID improved State finances and enabled investment. Capex Loans to States Programme: Low-cost, ring-fenced loans ensured funds were used only for capital projects. Rapid Scale-Up: The programme expanded significantly over six years, giving States predictable funding. Protection of Capex: States chose to widen deficits rather than cut infrastructure spending. Fiscal Coordination Success: Cooperation between Centre and States reduced pro-cyclical investment cuts. Stability Despite GST Changes: Capex loans cushioned States even after GST compensation ended.   Risks to the Convergence Momentum Slower Central Tax Growth: Recent moderation in nominal GDP growth and successive direct and indirect tax cuts have slowed the Centre’s gross tax revenues. Since around 41% of the divisible tax pool is shared with States, any slowdown directly compresses State revenues, as seen in the decline in aggregate State receipts in FY25 after several years of steady growth. Rising State Fiscal Deficits: To protect capital expenditure, many States allowed deficits to widen post-pandemic. As a result, several States are now operating close to or above 3% of GSDP, limiting their capacity to absorb future revenue shocks without cutting spending. Expansion of Welfare and Cash Transfers: Ahead of recent State elections, governments in States such as Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Telangana expanded cash transfer and subsidy schemes. While socially important, these schemes raise committed revenue expenditure and reduce fiscal space for infrastructure. Risk of Capital Expenditure Squeeze: State budgets show that when revenue pressure intensifies, capex is often the first adjustment variable. With revenues already softening in FY25, prolonged stress could force States to scale back infrastructure projects. Uneven Fiscal Capacity Across States: Richer States have stronger own-tax bases and borrowing capacity, while poorer States remain more dependent on central transfers. This makes emerging States such as Bihar and Assam more vulnerable to revenue volatility. Fragility of Policy Continuity: Infrastructure investment requires multi-year commitment, but past experience shows that changes in political priorities or fiscal stress can abruptly interrupt capex cycles, diluting long-term growth benefits.   What Needs to Be Done to Sustain Catch-Up?  Expand Capex Loans Programme: Larger and more predictable multi-year funding can stabilise State investment planning. Protect Infrastructure Spending: Capex should be prioritised over short-term revenue expenditure. Use Deregulation Fully: States must implement labour and business reforms to convert infrastructure into jobs. Attract Labour-Intensive Manufacturing: Emerging States can leverage wage advantages in textiles, footwear and furniture. Link Capex with Private Investment: Public projects should be designed to crowd in private capital. Leverage Global Supply-Chain Shifts: States can integrate into mid-tech manufacturing as firms diversify production locations.   Conclusion India’s future growth hinges on sustained State-led convergence. With State capital expenditure now exceeding 4% of GDP and the Centre targeting Viksit Bharat by 2047, emerging States are poised to drive growth. If infrastructure investment, fiscal discipline and reforms continue, convergence can deepen. However, revenue stress and policy discontinuity could derail progress, making long-term Centre–State coordination essential.   Mains Question “India’s growth story is increasingly being written at the State level.” Discuss this statement in light of recent trends in State finances, infrastructure investment, and regional development.  (250 words, 15 marks)   Source: Indian Express     

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project Category: Geography Context: India’s largest hydropower power project, Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project, finally began operating with one of its eight units after 20 years of work. About Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project: Nature: It is a run-of-the-river hydro project being constructed on the Subansiri River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra. Location: It is located at Gerukamukh on the Arunachal Pradesh–Assam border. Development: The project is being developed by the state-run National Hydro Power Corporation (NHPC). The construction of the project has been underway since 2005. Capacity: Its capacity is 2,000 MW, and it consists of eight units of 250 MW each. Uniqueness: It will be the single largest hydroelectric plant in India when completed. Financing: The project cost was met through 70% equity and 30% debt financing by the provision of a term loan. The central government is providing budgetary support as part of the equity component. Structure: It consists of a concrete gravity dam, which will be 116 m high from the riverbed level and 130 m from the foundation. The length of the dam will be 284 m. The gross storage capacity of the reservoir will be 1.37 km3. Other features: The powerhouse will comprise eight Francis-type turbines capable of generating 250 MW of electricity each.  It will also have eight horseshoe-shaped headrace tunnels, eight horseshoe-shaped surge tunnels , and eight circular penstocks. A tailrace channel (35 m long and 206 m wide) will take the water discharged by the turbines back to the river. Source: Deccan Herald PM-SETU Scheme Category: Government Schemes Context: The Ministry of Skill Development has invited industry leaders to participate in the PM-SETU scheme, marking a shift towards an industry-led model of vocational training. About PM-SETU Scheme: Full Form: PM-SETU stands for Pradhan Mantri Skilling and Employability Transformation through Upgraded ITIs.  Nature: It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched to strengthen India’s vocational training ecosystem. Objective: It aims to modernise the ITI ecosystem by upgrading 1000 government ITIs across India into modern, industry-aligned training institutions Nodal Ministry: It comes under Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship. Implementation: It is implemented as a hub-and-spoke model, with 200 hub ITIs linked to 800 spoke ITIs. Each hub will be equipped with advanced infrastructure, innovation and incubation centres, production units, training of trainer facilities, and placement services, while the spokes will extend access and outreach.  Funding:  The financial outlay for the schemes is Rs. 60,000 crores, over a five- year period. Financing partners: The initiative is backed by global co-financing from the World Bank and Asian Development Bank. Components: Introduce new, demand-driven courses and revamp existing ones in collaboration with industry; Set up Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) with credible Anchor Industry Partners to manage clusters and ensure outcome-based training; Create pathways for long-term diplomas, short-term courses, and executive programs; Strengthen 5 National Skill Training Institutes in – Bhubaneswar (Odisha), Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Hyderabad (Telangana), Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), Ludhiana (Punjab), as Centres of Excellence with global partnerships. Source: News on AIR   K-4 Missile Category: Defence and Security Context: Recently, India tested an intermediate-range ballistic missile called K-4, from the nuclear-powered submarine INS Arighaat in the Bay of Bengal. About K-4 Missile: Nature: Kalam-4 or K-4 Missile, is a nuclear-capable intermediate-range submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) designed mainly for deployment on Arihant-class submarines. Each Arihant-class submarine can carry four K-4 missiles.  Development: K-4 was indigenously developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Structure: The 12-metre-long missile weighing 17 tonnes has a two-stage solid-fuel system.  Range: It has a range of around 3,500 km. It is a major improvement over the older K-15 missile, which had a much shorter range of only 750 kilometers. Payloads: It can carry payloads, up to 2 tons, including a nuclear warhead. Uniqueness: One of its key features is its ability to be cold-launched from underwater, which allows the missile to be ejected from the submarine before the engine ignites. Accuracy: It is guided by an advanced inertial navigation system supported by GPS and India’s NavIC system. This combination ensures high accuracy, with a reported circular error probable of less than 10 metres.  Launch Mechanism: It is a “cold-launched” missile, meaning it is ejected from the submarine using gas pressure before its engine ignites once it clears the water. The missile is also equipped with manoeuvring features that help it evade missile defence systems. Source: The Times of India Melghat Tiger Reserve Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, BNHS along with the Maharashtra Forest Department, successfully carried out the tagging of 15 long-billed vultures at Melghat Tiger Reserve. About Melghat Tiger Reserve: Location: It is located in the Amaravati district of Maharashtra. It is located on the southern offshoot of the Satpura Hill Range in Central India, called Gavilgarh Hill. Establishment: It was established as a wildlife sanctuary in 1967 and was declared a tiger reserve in 1974.  Nomenclature: The name ‘Melghat’ means the confluence of various ‘ghats’ or valleys, as is typical from the landscape of this tiger Reserve. Uniqueness: It was the first tiger reserve in Maharashtra. It was among the first nine tiger reserves notified in 1973-74 under Project Tiger. Vegetation: The forest is tropical dry deciduous in nature, dominated by teak. Rivers: The reserve is a catchment area for five major rivers: the Khandu, Khapra, Sipna, Gadga, and Dolar, all are tributaries of the river Tapti. Boundaries: The Tapti River and the Gawilgadh ridge of the Satpura Range form the boundaries of the reserve. Tribes: The Korkus are the largest tribal community in Melghat. Other communities include the Gawli community, the Gond tribe, and several other smaller tribal communities. Flora: Some of the common species are teak, Lagerstroemia Parviflora, Terminalia Tomentosa, Ougeinia Oojeinensis, Emblica Officinalis, Bamboo, etc. Fauna: Apart from Tigers the other prominent animals are Sloth Bear, Indian Gaur, Sambar deer, Leopard, Nilgais, dhole, hyena, jungle cat, langur, etc.  It is also considered a stronghold of the critically endangered forest owlet. Source: Deccan Herald Thanjavur Painting Category: History and Culture Context: Recently, Department of Posts undertook the transmission of a priceless Thanjavur painting of Shri Ram from Bengaluru to Ayodhya using its Logistics Post service. About Thanjavur Painting: Origin: This classical South Indian art form developed under the Nayakas of Thanjavur, who were feudatories of the Vijayanagara Empire. Zenith: It reached its peak under the Maratha rulers of Thanjavur (17th–19th centuries), particularly under the patronage of King Serfoji II (Sarfoji Maharaj). Influences: It reflects a blend of Vijayanagara, Maratha, Deccani, and later European (Company) styles. Base materials: Tanjore or Thanjavur paintings are created on wooden panels, commonly known as palagai padam. These are traditionally created on canvas affixed to wooden planks, typically made from jackfruit or teak, and bound with Arabic gum. Significance: It has received the Geographical Indication tag. Rich Colours: These paintings are known for their vibrant colours. They often use bright shades of red, blue, green, and gold leaf-work to create an opulent effect. Visual Style: These are characterized by vibrant colours (red, blue, green), compact compositions, and figures with rounded, cherubic faces and almond-shaped eyes. Theme: Tanjore paintings typically depict Hindu gods and goddesses, especially figures like Lord Krishna, Lord Ganesha, and Goddess Lakshmi. Technique: Gesso Work: A paste made of limestone powder and a binding agent (sukkan or makku) is used to create raised, embossed areas, giving a three-dimensional effect. Gold Leaf: Genuine 22-carat gold foil is layered over the gesso work. Embellishments: Inlays of glass beads, pearls, and precious or semi-precious stones (diamonds, rubies) are used for ornamentation. Source: PIB   (MAINS Focus) India’s Foreign Policy in 2025: From Diplomatic Promise to Structural Stress (UPSC GS Paper II – International Relations: Bilateral Relations, Neighbourhood, Global Order)   Context (Introdcution) India’s foreign policy in 2025 exposed a widening mismatch between diplomatic ambition and global constraints, as economic coercion, great-power uncertainty, and neighbourhood instability diluted outcomes despite sustained high-level engagement.   Economic and Energy Security: Growing External Vulnerabilities Trade Coercion and Export Stress: The U.S. imposition of a 25% reciprocal tariff on Indian goods hit labour-intensive sectors like textiles, gems and jewellery, and seafood; Commerce Ministry data show these sectors employ over 45 million workers, amplifying domestic employment risks. Stalled Mega Trade Deals: Despite commitments, Bilateral Trade Agreements with the U.S. and EU remained unsigned, reflecting what WTO assessments call “new-generation protectionism” driven by domestic politics in advanced economies. Remittance and Mobility Pressures: Restrictions on H-1B visas weakened remittance flows, which RBI data shows contribute nearly 3% of India’s GDP and act as a stabiliser of the current account. Russian Oil Dependence: India imported over $50 billion worth of crude oil from Russia in 2025, cushioning inflation but increasing exposure to secondary sanctions, a risk highlighted by the International Energy Agency. Sanctions as Economic Tools: The U.S. surcharge on Russian oil imports exemplifies what economists term “weaponised interdependence”, where trade links are used for geopolitical leverage. Limited Economic Diversification: FTAs with the UK, Oman and New Zealand improved market access, but together account for less than 6% of India’s total trade, limiting their macroeconomic impact.   Great Power Relations: Alignment without Assurance Conditional U.S. Partnership: While defence interoperability continued, India faced trade penalties, confirming RAND Corporation assessments that U.S. partnerships are increasingly transactional rather than strategic. Reduced Strategic Salience: The 2025 U.S. National Security Strategy mentioned India narrowly in Indo-Pacific terms, unlike the 2017 NSS that described India as a “leading global power”, signalling diminished prioritisation. China Engagement without De-escalation: Restoration of flights and visas with China did not translate into LAC disengagement; the Ministry of Defence confirms that over 60,000 troops remain forward-deployed. Persistent Security Costs: Sustained border tensions have increased India’s defence expenditure to nearly 2% of GDP, crowding out developmental spending, as flagged by the Fifteenth Finance Commission. Russia’s Strategic Constraints: Despite strong optics, India–Russia summits yielded limited outcomes, reflecting Moscow’s bandwidth constraints amid prolonged conflict in Ukraine, noted by SIPRI. Strain on Strategic Autonomy: India’s balancing act faced limits as competing powers demanded clearer alignment, narrowing traditional non-aligned space.   Global Strategic Order: Declining Norms and Rising Uncertainty Erosion of Rules-Based Order: Global acceptance of ceasefire proposals in Ukraine and Gaza, criticised by UN experts, suggests weakening commitment to sovereignty and accountability. Multilateral Paralysis: UN Security Council deadlock and WTO dispute settlement paralysis reduced faith in rule-based solutions, as highlighted in UN Secretary-General reports. China’s Alternative Governance Push: China’s Global Governance Initiative reflects its attempt to reshape norms, particularly in development finance and digital governance. Shrinking Middle-Power Space: Think tanks like Brookings note that polarisation has reduced opportunities for bridge-building diplomacy by middle powers such as India. India’s Normative Ambiguity: India’s calls for UN reform lack an articulated blueprint for post-Western global governance. Values–Interests Tension: Balancing sovereignty, democracy, and strategic interests became harder in an increasingly transactional system.   Regional and Neighbourhood Security Challenges Persistent Terror Threats: The Pahalgam attack reaffirmed intelligence assessments that cross-border terror infrastructure remains intact despite earlier deterrence actions. Limited Diplomatic Support: Post-strike responses saw sympathy but not endorsement, reflecting IISS findings that states avoid endorsing cross-border retaliation. Political Flux in South Asia: Transitions in Bangladesh and Nepal reduced predictability; MEA reports indicate slowed project implementation and diplomatic engagement. Myanmar Instability: Elections under military supervision constrained India’s democratic outreach, limiting its Act East leverage. External Players in South Asia: Growing defence cooperation between Pakistan and third countries diluted India’s regional influence. Inconsistent Neighbourhood Focus: Experts argue India’s episodic engagement contrasts with China’s sustained economic presence.   Structural Weaknesses in India’s Diplomacy Over-reliance on Optics: High-visibility summits did not translate into binding outcomes, reinforcing critiques of “performative diplomacy”. Weak Coalition Building: India struggled to mobilise collective responses, unlike smaller middle powers that leverage issue-based coalitions. Credibility Deficit: International scrutiny of domestic democratic practices weakened India’s normative leverage, as noted in V-Dem and Freedom House reports. Reactive Policy Orientation: Foreign policy responses often followed crises rather than shaping agendas. Underused Economic Statecraft: Trade, technology standards, and development finance were not fully integrated into strategic diplomacy. Communication Gaps: Ambiguity in official narratives affected credibility during security crises.   Way Forward: Expert-Guided Strategic Recalibration Economic Diplomacy at the Core: NITI Aayog and OECD studies stress aligning trade, supply chains, and technology partnerships with foreign policy goals. Diversified Trade Architecture: WTO data shows rising protectionism; experts recommend deeper FTAs with middle powers in Africa, Latin America, and ASEAN. Clear Strategic Signalling: Strategic analysts advocate defining escalation thresholds and red lines to enhance deterrence credibility. Neighbourhood First 2.0: ORF and IDSA suggest sustained infrastructure, energy, and connectivity investments to stabilise South Asia. Coalition-Based Multilateralism: Brookings recommends issue-based coalitions on climate, digital public infrastructure, and development finance. Normative Consistency: UNDP governance assessments underline that external advocacy gains credibility only when aligned with domestic democratic practice.   Conclusion India’s foreign policy challenges in 2025 stem less from diplomatic failure and more from structural shifts in global politics. Strategic clarity, economic statecraft, and coalition-building are essential to convert engagement into durable influence.   Mains Question India’s foreign policy in 2025 highlights the limits of symbolism in a transactional global order. Examine the structural challenges involved and suggest a forward-looking strategy based on expert assessments.(250 words, 15 marks) Source: The Hindu Doping Menace in Indian Sports: Institutional Gaps and Reform Imperatives (UPSC GS Paper II – Government Policies and Interventions; GS Paper IV – Ethics in Sports and Public Institutions)   Context (Introduction) India’s repeated ranking as the global leader in doping cases, even as it aspires to host mega sporting events, has exposed deep institutional, ethical and governance deficits in its sports ecosystem, demanding urgent systemic reform.   Current Status: Scale and Trends of Doping in India High Global Ranking in Doping Cases: According to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) 2024 report, India recorded 260 adverse analytical findings (AAFs) out of 7,113 tests (3.6%), the highest globally for the third consecutive year. Disproportionate Positivity Rate: While India ranked only 7th globally in number of tests, its positivity rate remained far higher than sporting powers like China (24,214 tests, 91 AAFs), indicating systemic issues beyond testing volume. Persistent Post-COVID Trend: AAFs rose from 125 (2022) to 213 (2023), suggesting that doping is not episodic but structurally embedded. Recent Improvement, but Fragile: NADA claims a reduced positivity rate of 1.5% in 2025 (110 positives out of 7,068 tests), though experts caution against over-interpretation without independent audits. International Reputational Risk: Repeated IOC scrutiny threatens India’s credibility as a future Olympic host, especially ahead of the 2030 Commonwealth Games and 2036 Olympic bid. Health and Career Consequences: Medical literature cited by WADA links prolonged doping to cardiovascular, hormonal and psychological damage, making it a public health concern.   Structural and Ethical Drivers of Doping Incentive-Driven Sports Ecosystem: The Sports Ministry acknowledges that government jobs under sports quota and assured pensions incentivise “win-at-all-costs” behaviour, especially in lower-income athletes. Monetisation of Medals: High cash rewards for international medals, without commensurate ethical oversight, distort athlete motivation. Support-System Complicity: NADA reports confirm cases where coaches and support staff were suspended for abetting doping, pointing to institutionalised malpractice. Awareness Deficit: Despite initiatives like the ‘Know Your Medicine’ app, WADA’s compliance reviews highlight inadequate grassroots-level education on prohibited substances. Testing Avoidance Culture: Instances of athletes evading sample collection reflect weak deterrence and enforcement capacity. Ethical Erosion in Sports Culture: From a GS-IV lens, doping reflects compromised values of integrity, fairness, and respect for rules—core to sporting ethics.   Institutional Limitations of NADA Lack of Functional Independence: NADA functions under the Sports Ministry, raising concerns of conflict of interest, contrary to WADA’s emphasis on operational autonomy. Funding Constraints: India’s anti-doping expenditure remains modest compared to global best practices, limiting advanced testing and intelligence-led investigations. Capacity Gaps: Shortage of trained doping control officers and forensic expertise reduces effectiveness against evolving synthetic substances. Weak Deterrence Mechanisms: Delayed adjudication and limited lifetime bans dilute the punitive impact. Reactive, Not Preventive Approach: Current efforts are skewed towards testing rather than ecosystem-wide prevention and behavioural change. Compliance Pressure from IOC: Repeated observations from international bodies indicate that incremental reforms may not suffice.   Reform Measures Undertaken Legislative Strengthening: The National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Act, 2025 aims to align domestic law with WADA Code requirements. Expanded Testing Regime: NADA has increased testing coverage post-pandemic, improving detection probability. Awareness Campaigns: Targeted outreach programmes for athletes and coaches have been scaled up. Digital Interventions: Apps and online modules seek to reduce inadvertent doping. Staff Accountability: Action against complicit support personnel marks a shift towards ecosystem responsibility. Alignment with International Norms: Legal harmonisation has reduced the risk of WADA non-compliance sanctions.   Way Forward:  Ensure Institutional Independence: Sports law experts and WADA guidelines recommend transforming NADA into a statutorily independent authority, insulated from executive control. Enhanced and Predictable Funding: Comparative studies show countries with lower positivity rates invest significantly more in anti-doping R&D and intelligence. Shift from Detection to Prevention: UNESCO’s sports integrity frameworks stress embedding ethics education from junior levels. Reform Incentive Structures: Experts suggest decoupling employment benefits from short-term medal outcomes and linking them to clean-sport compliance. Strengthen Adjudication and Penalties: Fast-track tribunals and stricter sanctions can raise deterrence. Technology and Intelligence Integration: Use of AI-based profiling and international data-sharing, as practised in Europe, can counter next-generation doping methods.   Conclusion India’s doping crisis is not merely a sporting failure but an institutional and ethical one. Without an independent, well-funded NADA and incentive-aligned reforms, India’s global sporting ambitions will remain undermined by credibility deficits.   UPSC Mains Question India’s repeated ranking among the highest in doping violations reflects deeper governance and ethical challenges in sports administration. Examine the causes and suggest reforms to strengthen India’s anti-doping framework.(250 words, 15 marks)   Source: The Hindu    

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve Category: Environment and Ecology Context: To promote tourism and wildlife conservation, Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve recently launched a poster and trailer of a documentary entitled “Enchanting Mukundra.” About Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve: Location: It is spread across 4 districts of Rajasthan- Bundi, Kota, Jhalawar & Chittorgarh. It was once a hunting preserve belonging to the Maharaja of Kota. Other names: It is also known as the Darrah Wildlife Sanctuary. Establishment: It was declared a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1955. It was notified as a National Park in 2004. And, it was declared a Tiger Reserve in 2013, becoming Rajasthan’s third tiger reserve (after Ranthambore and Sariska). Boundaries: It is situated in a valley formed by two parallel mountains, viz. Mukundra and Gargola. Components: It encompasses the area of Mukandra National Park, Darrah Sanctuary, Jawahar Sagar Sanctuary, and part of Chambal Sanctuary (from Garadia Mahadev to Jawahar Sagar Dam), forming its core/critical tiger habitat.  Connectivity: It is strategically located between Ranthambore and Madhya Pradesh’s Kuno National Park, making it a vital corridor for tiger movement. Rivers: It is located on the eastern bank of the Chambal River. And, it is traversed by four rivers- Chambal, Kali, Ahu, and Ramzan. Vegetation: It primarily comprises of dry deciduous forests. Flora: It includes Kala Dhok, or Kaladhi, is the predominant species, along with Khair, Ber, Kakan, Raunj, etc. Fauna: The important fauna includes Leopard, Sloth bear, Nilgai, Chinkara, Spotted Deer, Small Indian Civet, Toddy Cat, Jackal, Hyena, Jungle Cat, Common Langur, etc. The common reptiles and amphibians are Pythons, Rat Snake, Buff-striped keelbacks, Green keelback, crocodiles, Gharial, Otter, and Turtles. Source: The Week Akash-NG Missile System Category: Defence and Security Context: Recently, DRDO successfully completed the User Evaluation Trials of Next Generation Akash missile (Akash-NG) system. About Akash-NG Missile System: Nature: Akash Next Generation (Akash-NG) is a state-of-the-art surface-to-air missile (SAM) defence system.  Development: It was developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and produced by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL).  Objective: It is designed to protect vulnerable areas and points from air attacks. Legacy: It succeeds the original Akash missile system, which has been operational with the Indian Air Force since 2014 and the Army since 2015. Weight: The next-generation variant is lighter, weighing approximately 350 kilograms compared to the original’s 720 kilograms. Advanced features: It features an indigenously developed Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA), multi-function radar and an Active Radio Frequency (RF) Seeker for high precision. Range: It is designed to engage multiple targets simultaneously, with a range of up to 30 km and an altitude of 18 km. Firing rate: It has the ability to engage up to 10 targets simultaneously, with a firing rate of one missile every 10 seconds. Speed: It can reach speeds up to Mach 2.5. Propulsion: It uses a dual-pulse solid rocket motor, which is lighter and more efficient than the older ramjet engine. Deployment: The system can also be deployed in various configurations, including mobile and fixed installations. Indigenization: It reflects the “Atmanirbhar Bharat” initiative, with nearly all subsystems, including the seeker and command-and-control units, being developed in-house. Enhanced Mobility: The system is canisterized, meaning it is stored in specialized compartments that improve shelf life and allow for rapid deployment across different terrains. Source: News on AIR Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti Category: History and Culture Context: Recently, the Supreme Court declined urgent hearing of a plea against the practice of offering a ‘Chadar’ by the Prime Minister at the Dargah of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti. About Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti: Early Life: He was born in 1141 CE in Sijistan (modern-day Sistan, Iran). He was later orphaned at age 14 and turned to spirituality after a meeting with the mystic Ibrahim Qandozi. He was a very important Sufi saint.  Other names: People often call him Gharīb Nawāz, which means ‘Benefactor of the Poor’ (for his service to the needy). Education: He studied Islamic theology in the famous learning centres of Samarkand and Bukhara. Spiritual Lineage: A follower of Sunni Hanafi theology, he became the disciple of Hazrat Khwaja Usman Harooni, who later initiated him into the Chishti order. Arrival in India: He arrived in India around 1192 CE, coinciding with the Second Battle of Tarain. He finally settled in the city of Ajmer during the reign of Sultan Iltutmish in Delhi and Prithviraj Chauhan in Ajmer. Significance: He is famous for bringing the Chishti Order of Sufism to India. He preached love, tolerance, charity, and detachment from materialism, and established a Khanqah in Ajmer to serve the poor. Prominent disciples: His legacy was carried forward by notable saints like Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki (Delhi), Baba Farid (Punjab), and Nizamuddin Auliya (Delhi). Dargah: After his death in 1236 CE, Moinuddin Chishti was buried in Ajmer. His tomb is visited by people of all faiths and it is now known as the Dargah Sharif, or the Ajmer Sharif Dargah. Architectural style of tomb: The architectural style of Dargah Sharif purely reflects the Mughal style of architecture. All Mughal rulers from Humayun to Shah Jahan have made modifications in the structure. Source: Economic Times Paliyar Tribe Category: Society Context: A total of 17 families (all from Paliyar tribe) in Dindigul district have petitioned the Dindigul Collector to develop their existing settlement as a formal village. About Paliyar Tribe: Location: They are an indigenous tribal community primarily found in the hilly regions of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Nomenclature: Historically, the Paliyars were spread all over the Dindigul district and the Sirumalai Palani hills, adjacent to the Western Ghats. As they inhabited the Palani hills, they were known as Panaiyars.  Other names: They are and have been known by multiple names, such as the Paliyans, Pazhaiyarares, and Panaiyars. Language: They primarily speak a dialect related to Tamil, reflecting their Dravidian linguistic heritage. Occupation: Traditionally, the Paliyars were hunters and gatherers, residing in the forests of the Western Ghats. Presently, they have transformed into traders of forest products, food cultivators, and beekeepers, with some working intermittently as wage labourers, mostly on plantations. Significance: They are recognized for their extensive knowledge and traditional practices pertaining to the use of medicinal plants. Society: Palliyars have small communities called kudis, sometimes living in caves or mud shelters.  Burial practice: The Paliyar tribes never burned the dead bodies. They had the customary practice of burying the dead bodies in an area near to their residential area on the western side. Religious beliefs: They worship nature-based spirits like Vanadevadai and the deity Karuppan. They have a special ceremony to invoke rain and protect the forest spirits. Festivals: Their festivals centre around agricultural gratitude, ancestor worship, and nature, with key events being Paliya Ulsavam, Mazhai Pongal, and Masimagam. These involve nature-based rituals, dancing, and music. Source: The Hindu Shakti Scholars Young Research Fellowship Category: Government Schemes Context: Recently, NCW launched SHAKTI Scholars Young Research Fellowship programme, inviting applications to undertake policy-oriented research on issues affecting women. About Shakti Scholars Young Research Fellowship: Nature: It is a six-month program aimed at supporting emerging scholars in researching women’s issues in India.  ​Launched by: It is an initiative of the National Commission for Women. Duration: The fellowship lasts for six months. Objectives: To encourage research on women’s issues from a multidisciplinary perspective.  ​To promote academic and policy-oriented studies that contribute to gender equality, safety, and empowerment.  ​To provide opportunities for young scholars to engage in meaningful research that can support the Commission’s mandate Eligibility: ​Academic: Must hold at least a graduate degree; preference is given to those completed or pursuing Masters, M.Phil., or Ph.D. in relevant fields. Nationality & Age: The fellowship is open to Indian citizens aged between 21 and 30 years who hold at least a graduation degree from a recognised institution. Financial Support: Selected candidates will receive a research grant of Rs 1 lakh to undertake a six-month study. Research areas:  These include women’s safety and dignity, gender-based violence, legal rights and access to justice, cyber safety, implementation of the Prevention of Sexual Harassment (POSH) framework ETC. Source: News on AIR (MAINS Focus) Why Manufacturing Has Lagged in India (UPSC GS Paper III – Indian Economy: Industrialisation, Growth, Employment, Inequality) Context (Introduction) Despite beginning the 20th century at income levels comparable to China and South Korea, India’s manufacturing sector has stagnated, limiting job creation, productivity growth and broad-based income expansion.   Current Status of Manufacturing in India (with data) Low and Stagnant GDP Share: Manufacturing contributes ~15% of India’s GDP (World Bank, 2023), compared to ~27% in China and ~25% in South Korea during their peak industrialisation phases. Weak Employment Absorption: As per the Periodic Labour Force Survey (2022–23), manufacturing employs only ~11.6–12% of India’s workforce, far below East Asian peers during their growth phase. Services-Dominated Growth: I ndia’s services sector contributes over 55% of GDP but employs a much smaller share of workers, leading to jobless or low-quality employment growth. Rising Inequality: Oxfam (2023) notes that the top 10% in India hold over 77% of national wealth, reflecting growth without mass employment or wage gains.   Reasons for Manufacturing Underperformance Public Sector Wages and ‘Dutch Disease’ Effect: Economist Arvind Subramanian argues that relatively high government salaries raised economy-wide wages and prices. Manufacturing firms, with lower productivity, could not match these wages, making Indian manufacturing less competitive. Real Exchange Rate Pressure: Higher domestic prices increased imports and reduced price competitiveness of exports, even without sharp nominal rupee appreciation. Cheap Labour Trap: India’s abundant labour reduced incentives for firms to invest in automation and productivity-enhancing technology. Evidence from ASI: The Annual Survey of Industries (2022–23) shows fixed capital grew by 10.6%, while employment grew only 7.4%, with capital per worker rising to ₹23.6 lakh, indicating capital deepening without mass job creation.   Why High Wages Did Not Trigger Innovation Missed ‘Induced Innovation’ Pathway: In countries like Britain, Germany and South Korea, high wages pushed firms to innovate. In India, manufacturing failed to respond similarly. Stagnant Private Sector Wages: Entry-level salaries in IT and manufacturing-linked services have shown minimal real growth since the early 2000s (ILO and NITI Aayog studies), despite rapid firm-level expansion. Platform Economy without Productivity Gains: Many Indian unicorns (food delivery, ride-hailing) rely on labour abundance rather than technological upgrading, reinforcing low-wage equilibrium.   Way Forward Technology-Led Industrialisation: Promote adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies—automation, robotics, AI and advanced manufacturing—through targeted incentives and R&D support. Human Capital and Skill Deepening: Align skilling missions with industrial needs, focusing on technical education, apprenticeships, and continuous reskilling. Labour Market Reforms with Security: Balance flexibility with social security to encourage formal employment and productivity-linked wage growth. Strengthen Industrial Ecosystems: Develop integrated manufacturing clusters with plug-and-play infrastructure, logistics connectivity, and supplier networks beyond existing coastal hubs. MSME Upgradation and Scale: Support MSMEs in technology adoption, access to credit, and integration into global value chains. Stable and Predictable Policy Regime: Ensure consistency in industrial, trade, and tax policies to reduce uncertainty and encourage long-term investment. Export Competitiveness with Value Addition: Shift focus from low-cost exports to high-value manufacturing through standards, quality upgrading, and innovation. Balanced Wage Policy: Encourage wage growth aligned with productivity to induce innovation rather than suppress wages through labour abundance. Public–Private Collaboration: Leverage partnerships between government, industry and academia to drive innovation, technology diffusion, and skill development.   Conclusion India’s manufacturing lag stems not only from policy choices like high public sector wages but from a deeper failure to induce technological upgrading. Without productivity-led manufacturing growth, India risks persistent jobless growth, rising inequality, and incomplete structural transformation.   Mains Question India’s manufacturing sector has failed to replicate the industrial success of East Asian economies. Examine the structural and policy factors behind this lag, and suggest measures to revitalise manufacturing-led growth.(250 words, 15 marks)   Source: The Hindu Bureau of Port Security (BoPS): Strengthening India’s Coastal and Port Security Architecture (UPSC GS Paper III – Security Challenges and their Management in Border Areas; GS Paper II – Governance, Centre–State Relations)   Context (Introduction) Amid rapid maritime expansion and rising non-traditional security threats, India has established the Bureau of Port Security under the Merchant Shipping Act, 2025 to create a unified, statutory framework for port and coastal security governance.   What is the Bureau of Port Security (BoPS)? Statutory Basis: BoPS has been constituted under Section 13 of the Merchant Shipping Act, 2025 as a dedicated regulatory authority for port and ship security. Administrative Control: It functions under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, and is modelled on the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security. Core Mandate: BoPS provides regulatory oversight, coordination, and standard-setting for security of ships, ports, and port facilities across major and non-major ports. International Compliance: It is empowered to enforce global norms such as the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code, ensuring India’s ports meet international maritime security standards.   Why Was BoPS Needed? (Challenges in Coastal Security) Fragmented Security Architecture: Currently, coastal and port security responsibilities are divided among multiple agencies — Indian Coast Guard, Central Industrial Security Force, State maritime police, and the Navy — leading to coordination gaps and delayed response. Expanding Threat Spectrum: India faces growing risks of maritime terrorism, arms and drug smuggling, human trafficking, illegal migration, piracy, and poaching. Increasing digitalisation of ports has also exposed vulnerabilities to cyber-attacks on port IT systems. Rapid Maritime Growth: According to official data, India’s cargo handling rose from 974 MMT in 2014 to 1,594 MMT in 2025; inland waterways cargo increased eightfold to 145.5 MMT. Higher traffic amplifies security risks if governance does not keep pace. Absence of a Single Regulator: Earlier, no single statutory body existed exclusively for port security regulation, audits, and compliance monitoring.   How BoPS Addresses These Challenges Single-Point Regulatory Authority: BoPS acts as the nodal body for security oversight, reducing inter-agency overlaps and closing coordination gaps. Standardisation of Security Protocols: Under BoPS, the CISF is designated as a recognised security organisation to prepare uniform security plans, conduct risk assessments, and train personnel across ports. Graded Security Framework: Security measures will be implemented based on threat perception, ensuring flexibility without compromising vigilance. Cybersecurity Focus: BoPS is expected to host a dedicated cybersecurity division to protect port IT and logistics systems, in coordination with national cyber agencies. Information Sharing and Intelligence Coordination: BoPS will facilitate collection and exchange of maritime security intelligence, strengthening preventive and deterrent capacity.   Link with India’s Maritime Vision and Legal Reforms Maritime India Vision 2030: BoPS aligns with India’s goal of developing “best-in-class port infrastructure”, where security is integral to efficiency and investor confidence. Modernised Port Laws: The creation of BoPS complements the replacement of the Indian Ports Act, 1908 with the Indian Ports Act, 2025, along with the Coastal Shipping Act, 2025, aimed at ease of doing business, safety, and sustainability. Global Standing: Nine Indian ports now feature in the World Bank’s Container Port Performance Index, making robust security governance essential for maintaining credibility.   Concerns and Criticisms Maritime Federalism: Coastal States have raised concerns that new port laws expand Union control over non-major ports, potentially diluting State autonomy. Powers of Inspection: Critics argue that broad inspection and entry powers under the new laws lack explicit judicial safeguards, raising civil liberty concerns. Implementation Capacity: The effectiveness of BoPS will depend on staffing, technical expertise, and seamless coordination with existing maritime forces.   Way Forward Clear Centre–State Coordination Protocols to address federal concerns while ensuring uniform security standards. Capacity Building through specialised training in maritime and cyber security. Strong Accountability and Audit Mechanisms to balance security powers with procedural safeguards. Technology Integration using AI, surveillance systems, and real-time data sharing for proactive threat detection.   Conclusion The Bureau of Port Security represents a critical institutional reform to match India’s expanding maritime footprint with a coherent security architecture. Its success will hinge on cooperative federalism, technological capacity, and transparent governance.   Mains Question India’s expanding maritime economy has exposed gaps in coastal and port security governance. Examine the role of the Bureau of Port Security in addressing these challenges and discuss the concerns associated with recent port law reforms.(250 words, 15 marks)   Source: The Hindu