The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Rubin Observatory Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile and its Simonyi Survey Telescope, which is equipped with the world’s largest camera and promises to revolutionize astronomy. Key Highlights Telescope Features: World’s largest digital camera and a wide field of view equivalent to 40 full moons aligned in a row. Utilizes a unique three-mirror system for exceptional image depth and clarity. Will capture 20 terabytes of data every night for 10 years. Major Scientific Objectives: Milky Way Structure – Map and understand the detailed structure of our galaxy. Dark Matter & Dark Energy – Help unravel the nature of unseen forces/substances. Solar System Census – Discover millions of new asteroids and comets. The Changing Sky – Provide a time-lapse view of the dynamic cosmos. Observational Method: Unlike traditional telescopes, Rubin will scan the sky continuously, without pre-selecting targets. Its software can compare new images with old ones to automatically detect changes. Significance Expected to catalogue 17 billion stars, 20 billion galaxies, and around 100,000 near-Earth objects. Has already identified 2,140 new asteroids within 10 hours of engineering data. Named after Vera Rubin, who confirmed the existence of dark matter. Learning Corner: India has established several important space observatories to advance astronomical research and space science. Here are the major ones: Astrosat – India’s First Dedicated Space Observatory Launched by: ISRO (September 28, 2015) Orbit: Low Earth Orbit (~650 km) Purpose: Multi-wavelength space telescope — observes cosmic sources in UV, visible, and X-ray bands simultaneously. Significance: India’s counterpart to NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope Used for studying black holes, neutron stars, supernovae, and galaxy evolution Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO), Hanle – Ground-Based Location: Hanle, Ladakh (4,500 m above sea level) Operated by: Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) Features: One of the highest altitude observatories in the world Home to the Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT) – optical and near-infrared telescope Importance: Ideal location for astronomical observations due to clear skies and low humidity. GROWTH-India Telescope Location: Hanle, Ladakh Joint Project: IIA and IIT Bombay under a global collaboration Purpose: Time-domain astronomy — rapid follow-up of transient events like gamma-ray bursts and gravitational wave sources Vainu Bappu Observatory (VBO) Location: Kavalur, Tamil Nadu Managed by: Indian Institute of Astrophysics Features: Houses the Vainu Bappu Telescope (VBT) — 2.3 m optical telescope Significance: One of Asia’s largest optical telescopes for visible light astronomy Udaipur Solar Observatory (USO) Location: Fatehsagar Lake, Udaipur, Rajasthan Managed by: Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad Focus: Dedicated to solar observations Unique Feature: Located on an island, minimizing air turbulence for better image quality Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Phone Tapping Category: POLITY Context: Two recent Delhi and Madras High Court rulings and the legal framework governing phone-tapping Legal Framework for Phone Tapping Government’s power to intercept communications is defined under three laws: Indian Post Office Act, 1898 – interception of postal communication Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 – tapping of voice calls Information Technology Act, 2000 – interception of electronic communication (emails, messages) Section 5(2) of the Telegraph Act permits interception during: Public emergency In the interest of public safety High Court Rulings Delhi High Court: Upheld interception in a bribery case where corruption was deemed a threat to public safety. Cited the economic scale of the offence (₹2,149.93 crore) as justification. Emphasized the broad impact of corruption on public trust and national security. Madras High Court: Quashed a 2011 MHA interception order due to lack of justification under “public emergency.” Stressed that tax evasion, in that case, did not qualify as a public emergency. Criticized outdated standards and lack of oversight in the interception process. Supreme Court Precedent In 1997, SC upheld Section 5(2) but laid down safeguards: Orders must come from the Home Secretary. Must record “reasonable satisfaction” and the need to use phone-tapping as last resort. Review Committee to examine each order within 2 months. Rule 419-A of Telegraph Rules formalizes these safeguards. Learning Corner: Phone Surveillance and Violation of Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution – A Brief Note In India, the Constitution guarantees several fundamental rights that can be impacted or violated by unauthorized phone surveillance, tapping, or hacking. Fundamental Rights Involved: Right to Privacy (Part of Article 21 – Right to Life and Personal Liberty) Recognized as a fundamental right by the Supreme Court in the landmark Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (2017) judgment. Phone tapping, surveillance, or unauthorized access to personal communication without legal sanction is a violation of this right. Freedom of Speech and Expression – Article 19(1)(a) Constant surveillance can create a chilling effect on free speech, especially for journalists, activists, and opposition leaders. Fear of surveillance may deter individuals from expressing critical or dissenting views. Protection Against Arbitrary Action – Article 14 Any discriminatory or selective surveillance can violate the right to equality before law and equal protection of the laws. Judicial View: In PUCL v. Union of India (1997), the Supreme Court ruled that telephone tapping infringes Article 21, and laid down procedural safeguards. Surveillance must be authorized, proportionate, necessary, and time-bound, or else it will be unconstitutional. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Golden Dome Category:SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : The Golden Dome is a U.S. missile defence initiative announced by President Trump in 2025. What is the Golden Dome? It proposes deploying thousands of satellites in low-Earth orbit, equipped with sensors and interceptors, to detect and neutralize threats like ballistic, cruise, and hypersonic missiles across all phases of their trajectory—even from space. Challenges to Space Law Militarization vs. Weaponization The 1967 Outer Space Treaty bans nuclear weapons in orbit but doesn’t explicitly prohibit conventional arms. The Golden Dome’s deployment of space-based interceptors blurs the line between peaceful use and militarization, raising legal and ethical concerns. Space Arms Race Countries like China warn that the project may provoke a global arms race in space. Since the Cold War, powers have avoided placing weapons in orbit. Golden Dome would break this precedent, potentially triggering copycat programs worldwide. Legal Ambiguities The treaty’s silence on conventional weapons creates ambiguity. Additionally, many of the Dome’s components are dual-use technologies, complicating oversight and raising suspicion about their true intent. Technical and Strategic Hurdles High Cost: Estimated between $175 to $500 billion, the project faces skepticism over feasibility and sustainability. Satellite Constellation: Requires thousands of satellites, increasing the risk of space debris and vulnerability to countermeasures. Integration: Meant to complement existing ground-based defenses, but technical integration is complex. Learning Corner: Outer Space Treaty (OST), 1967 What is the Outer Space Treaty? The Outer Space Treaty, officially known as the “Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies”, is the foundational international legal framework for space activities. It was adopted in 1967 under the auspices of the United Nations and remains the cornerstone of global space law. Key Features: Peaceful Use of Outer Space: Outer space shall be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. No placement of nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction in orbit or on celestial bodies. No National Sovereignty in Space: Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, use, occupation, or any other means. Freedom of Exploration: All countries are free to explore and use outer space without discrimination. Responsibility of States: Nations are responsible for national space activities, whether carried out by government or private entities. States must authorize and continually supervise non-governmental space activities. Liability for Damage: Countries are liable for any damage caused by their space objects to other countries or their property on Earth or in space. Avoidance of Harmful Contamination: States must avoid harmful contamination of space and celestial bodies and must respect the environment of outer space. Signatories and Legal Standing: As of 2025, the OST has been signed by 110+ countries, including major space powers like the USA, Russia, China, and India. It is legally binding, though interpretations vary, especially on issues like militarization vs. weaponization of space. Source :  THE HINDU Rare Earth Minerals Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: In April 2025, China imposed strict export controls on seven key rare earth elements used in magnets, batteries, and high-tech industries. Exporters must obtain licenses, undergo long approval processes, and disclose detailed end-user information. Quotas are now enforced on monthly exports. Why It Benefits Beijing Geopolitical Leverage: China dominates rare earth mining and refining globally. The controls act as a strategic tool in trade negotiations, especially against the U.S. National Security: Restricting exports weakens rival countries’ defense and technology sectors. Diplomatic Pressure: The controls forced urgent engagement from major economies like the U.S., EU, Japan, and India. Influence over Supply Chains: The new licensing regime incentivizes cooperation with China, reinforcing its global dominance. Why It Hurts Chinese Business Plunging Revenues: Chinese exporters suffered massive losses—magnet exports dropped 75% and U.S. shipments fell over 90% year-on-year. Global Disruptions: Auto and electronics industries in the U.S., EU, and India faced production halts. Domestic Strain: Weak EV demand and inventory build-ups forced Chinese producers to cut output by up to 15%. Strategic Risk: Other countries are accelerating efforts to diversify rare earth sources, threatening China’s long-term monopoly. Regulatory Burden: The new process adds red tape, uncertainty, and commercial disclosure risks for both exporters and importers. Learning Corner: Light Rare Earth Elements (LREEs) (Atomic numbers 57–64) Lanthanum (La) Cerium (Ce) Praseodymium (Pr) Neodymium (Nd) Promethium (Pm) (radioactive and rare in nature) Samarium (Sm) Europium (Eu) Gadolinium (Gd) Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREEs) (Atomic numbers 65–71) Terbium (Tb) Dysprosium (Dy) Holmium (Ho) Erbium (Er) Thulium (Tm) Ytterbium (Yb) Lutetium (Lu) Associated Rare Earth Elements (often grouped with REEs): Scandium (Sc) Yttrium (Y) Though not part of the lanthanide series, scandium and yttrium are included in rare earths because they occur in the same ore deposits and have similar chemical properties. Uses of Rare Earth Elements: Magnets (Nd, Dy, Tb) Batteries (La, Ce) Catalysts (Ce, La) Lasers and Optics (Er, Ho, Tm) Nuclear Reactors (Gd, Sm) Green tech & electronics (all) Source: THE HINDU Refugee crisis in Mizoram Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Refugee crisis in Mizoram due to Myanmar’s Chin conflict Violent clashes between rival Chin armed groups—the Chin National Defence Force (CNDF) and the Chinland Defence Force (CDF)—have forced over 4,000 people to flee into Mizoram from Myanmar in the past four days. The displaced, mainly from border villages like Khawmawi and Rihkhawdar, are taking shelter in Mizoram’s Champhai district. Zokhawthar, a key border village, has registered more than 4,000 adult refugees, with total numbers, including children, likely exceeding 5,500. Many are being accommodated by local families or in community and church halls, while civil society groups and the Mizoram government provide aid. The crisis escalated after a June 5 shootout, during which CNDF reportedly captured eight CDF camps, triggering mass civilian displacement. Mizoram’s home minister reaffirmed support for the refugees, citing both ethnic solidarity and humanitarian duty. This latest influx adds to the strain on Mizoram, which is already hosting over 30,000 refugees from Myanmar due to the ongoing civil conflict since the 2021 coup. With continued violence in Myanmar’s Chin State, there is no sign of an early return for the displaced, and the situation remains tense. Learning Corner: Myanmar’s Chin Conflict Background: The Chin conflict is part of Myanmar’s broader civil war that escalated after the military coup in February 2021. The Chin State, located in western Myanmar bordering India’s Mizoram, has seen intense fighting between ethnic armed groups and the Myanmar military (Tatmadaw), as well as internal rivalries between Chin resistance groups. Key Actors: Chin National Defence Force (CNDF) Chinland Defence Force (CDF) Myanmar military (Tatmadaw) Both CNDF and CDF are armed groups primarily composed of fighters from the Zo ethnic community, which shares cultural and ethnic ties with Mizo people in India. Geographical Context: Chin State borders India’s Mizoram and Manipur, making it a frequent refuge route during conflicts. The village of Zokhawthar in Mizoram has been a key entry point for displaced people. Humanitarian Impact: Mizoram is already hosting 30,000+ refugees from Myanmar since 2021. The recent influx has strained local resources and relief mechanisms. Mizoram’s government has extended humanitarian support citing ethnic kinship and moral responsibility. Significance: Highlights the fragile nature of ethnic resistance alliances in Myanmar. Poses security, humanitarian, and diplomatic challenges for India, especially in border management. Raises concerns about a long-term refugee situation with no political resolution in sight. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Maternal Health status in India (GS paper II - governance) Introduction (Context) Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is a key health indicator reflecting the quality of maternal healthcare in a country. As per the Sample Registration System (SRS) 2019-21, India’s MMR stands at 93 deaths per 1,00,000 live births, marking progress from 103 (2017-19). Despite national improvement, regional disparities remain high especially in Empowered Action Group (EAG) States. What is MMR? The maternal mortality rate (MMR) represents the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births during a specific time period.  It’s a crucial indicator of maternal health and the quality of healthcare services during pregnancy and childbirth.  A high MMR indicates poor access to quality healthcare, inadequate management of pregnancy complications, and broader social and economic inequalities.  Whereas, Maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes Major Medical Causes of Maternal Deaths Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH): Excessive bleeding after delivery due to failure of the uterus to contract quickly. Obstructed Labour: Caused by a narrow pelvis in malnourished young mothers Hypertensive Disorders: Conditions like preeclampsia, if undiagnosed, can cause convulsions, coma, and death due to sudden spikes in blood pressure. Sepsis: Deliveries conducted by untrained attendants often lead to infections; lack of timely antibiotics can result in fatal sepsis. Anaemia: Common underlying condition that led to complications Associated Illnesses in EAG States: Diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and chronic urinary tract infections add to pregnancy complications, increasing the risk of maternal mortality. Maternal Heath Data MMR in India has declined over the years — it was 103 in 2017-19, then 97 in 2018-20 and now 93 in 2019-21. Further, to understand the maternal mortality situation better, States have been categorised into three: 1.“Empowered Action Group” (EAG) States that comprise Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Assam;  EAG States: Madhya Pradesh: 175 Assam: 167 Others: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand – range between 100-151 2. “Southern” States which include Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu  Southern States: Kerala: Lowest MMR – 20 Karnataka: Highest among south – 63 Others: Tamil Nadu (49), Telangana (45), Andhra Pradesh (46) 3.“Other” States that cover the remaining States/Union Territories. Other States: Maharashtra: 38 Gujarat: 53 West Bengal: 109 Haryana: 106 Punjab: 98 Causes: The “Three Delays” Model 1.Delay in Recognising Danger and Seeking Help The husband and other family members often experience inertia, thinking that all deliveries are a natural process and so the mother-to-be can wait.  Also they may not have enough money or other issues at the family level that prevent them from going to a hospital.  Solutions:  Empowered, neighbourhood mothers and women’s self-help-groups have resulted in a remarkable change Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) began networking with Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANM) since 2005 (when the National Rural Health Mission (NHRM) was launched), institutional over home deliveries have become the better option.  Government is also providing financial incentives for the mother and ASHA, which proved to be beneficial for mother. 2. Delay in Reaching Healthcare Facilities Due to geographic remoteness, poor transport infrastructure or an overnight journey for a mother-to-be to reach a health facility. Many women die on the way.  Solutions: 108 ambulance service, free referral transport under NHM 3.Delay in Receiving Adequate Care at the Facility Shortage of specialists (66% vacancies in CHCs) Poor infrastructure such as lack of blood banks, functional OTs Solutions: The concept of the operationalisation of a ‘minimum four FRUs [first referral units] per district of two million population, is crucial. The “first level referral unit” with specialists such as an obstetrician, anaesthetist, paediatrician, blood bank and operation theatre was aimed at preventing maternal death at the doorstep of a hospital. Audit and accountability for care quality Steps needed Focus on basic Antenatal care, institutional delivery, staff recruitment Strengthen FRUs, blood banks, emergency transport Fine-tune emergency obstetric care, invest in training Implement maternal death surveillance and response (MDSR) effectively Fill human resource gaps (especially specialists) Expand infrastructure with accountability Enhance community education and women empowerment Case study: Kerala The Kerala has model of a Confidential Review of Maternal deaths, initiated by Dr. V.P. Paily. Kerala MMR is 20. Steps taken The use of uterine artery clamps on the lower segment Application of suction canula to overcome atonicity of the uterus Sharp lookout for and energetic management of amniotic fluid embolism, diffused intravascular coagulation, hepatic failure secondary to fatty liver cirrhosis , etc.  They even address antenatal depression and post-partum psychosis as there were a few cases of pregnant mothers ending their life. Value addition: Government Schemes National Health Mission (NHM): Strengthening infrastructure and service delivery Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY): Financial incentives for institutional births Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA): Free antenatal care on fixed days LaQshya Initiative: Improving quality of maternity care in labour rooms Poshan Abhiyan: Tackling anaemia and malnutrition Ayushman Bharat: Health insurance coverage and Health & Wellness Centres (HWCs) Conclusion Preventable maternal deaths are not just a health issue, but a human rights concern. With political will, community involvement, and robust public health systems, India can move closer to zero preventable maternal deaths and ensure safe motherhood as a right, not a privilege. Mains Practice Question Q “Despite a declining national Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), regional disparities in maternal health outcomes persist in India. Analyse the systemic and structural barriers contributing to maternal deaths. (250 words, 15 marks) Laws related to Phone Tapping (GS paper II - governance) Introduction (Context) Phone tapping or communication interception involves surveillance by the state, raising critical concerns on individual privacy, due process, and state overreach. Recent rulings by Madras and Delhi High Courts have brought to the fore divergent judicial views on when and how such surveillance can be justified. What is Phone Tapping? Phone tapping is the process of secretly listening to or recording conversations conducted over telephone or digital communication channels. It is a form of surveillance employed by law enforcement or intelligence agencies. Purpose: To prevent crimes such as terrorism, corruption, organised crime, espionage, and cybercrimes. To gather evidence during investigations against suspects. To ensure national security, public order, or sovereignty of the country. Used in exceptional circumstances where other means of information gathering are inadequate or impossible. Legal Framework for Phone Tapping in India The government’s powers to intercept communication are laid down in three pieces of legislation. Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 Section 5(2) allows central and state governments to intercept messages “on the occurrence of public emergency or in the interest of public safety”. Given that the right to free speech and the right to privacy are fundamental rights, any encroachment on these rights through surveillance is only permissible on narrow constitutional grounds. Grounds must align with reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2): Sovereignty & integrity of India Security of the State Public order Friendly relations with foreign states Preventing incitement to an offence Information Technology Act, 2000 Governs interception of emails, WhatsApp, and digital communication. Indian Post Office Act, 1898 Permits interception of postal correspondence. Recent Judicial Interpretations Both the Madras High Court and the Delhi High Court dealt with cases where the government had tapped someone’s phone to stop them from encouraging or planning a crime. Preventing someone from committing a crime is one of the legal and valid reasons allowed under the law for phone tapping. Hence the judgments are: Delhi High Court (June 2024) Upheld phone-tapping order by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in a corruption case. CBI tapped phones of an accused trying to secure a ₹2,149 crore contract through bribery. Court’s Rationale: Economic offences of such scale pose a threat to public safety. Corruption undermines governance, public trust, and economic stability. Madras High Court (July 2024) Quashed MHA’s phone-tapping order in a bribery case (₹50 lakh). Court’s Rationale: Tax evasion or bribery does not amount to “public emergency”. Surveillance was procedurally flawed and unlawful. Referred to a 2011 PIB notification: Tax evasion alone doesn’t justify tapping. Violated SC’s 1997 PUCL safeguards; hence, evidence inadmissible Procedural Safeguards: PUCL vs Union of India (1997) In its landmark 1997 ruling in People’s Union Of Civil Liberties vs Union Of India, the Supreme Court examined the constitutional validity of Section 5(2) of the Telegraph Act. While it upheld the law, the court laid down procedural safeguards for its application. SC upheld Section 5(2) but imposed strict procedural controls: Only Home Secretary (Centre or State) can approve interception. Must be reviewed by a three-member committee (Cabinet Secy, Law Secy, Telecom Secy). Valid for 2 months, subject to renewal. Tapping must be a last resort if the objective can’t be achieved by other means. Incorporated into Rule 419A of Telegraph Rules. Key Constitutional Issues Involved  Right to Privacy (Article 21) Recognized as a fundamental right by the Supreme Court in the Puttaswamy judgment (2017). Any surveillance, including phone tapping, must meet the tests of legality, necessity, and proportionality. Freedom of Speech (Article 19(1)(a)) Phone tapping can hinder free expression, especially among journalists, whistle-blowers, and dissenters. The state can restrict this right only on reasonable grounds listed under Article 19(2) (e.g., public order, sovereignty, security of the state). Due Process and Rule of Law The Supreme Court in PUCL vs Union of India (1997) laid down procedural safeguards for lawful interception. Violations of these safeguards make phone-tapping unconstitutional and the evidence inadmissible. Way Forward Enact a dedicated Surveillance Regulation Law with clear definitions and safeguards. Introduce judicial oversight mechanism for approving interception orders. Implement data minimisation, necessity, and proportionality principles. Strengthen institutional accountability for misuse or procedural violations. Public transparency through periodic disclosures and independent audits. Conclusion Phone tapping serves national interest and public security if done lawfully. Hence, balancing national interest and individual liberty remains the cornerstone of a democratic surveillance regime. Mains Practice Question Q What is phone tapping, and under what circumstances is it legally permitted in India? Discuss the constitutional concerns it raises and suggest measures to ensure accountability and protection of individual rights. (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  https://iasbaba.com/daily-current-affairs-quiz/

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Balance of Payments Category: ECONOMICS Context: India’s foreign exchange earnings from invisible exports—services and private remittance transfers—now exceed visible goods exports. Decoding context: Key Points: Definition and Shift: Visible trade refers to physical goods exports. Invisible trade includes services (like IT, finance) and private transfers (like remittances). India’s invisible exports in 2024–25: $576.54 billion, surpassing goods exports of $441.79 billion. Tangibles vs Intangibles: Goods exports grew from $66.29 billion (2003-04) to $441.79 billion (2024-25). Invisible receipts jumped sharply post-2020 due to services boom and remittance inflows. Major boost came during 2021–23 due to global recovery post-COVID. Invisible Components: Services exports: $387.54 billion in 2024–25, largely from IT, financial, and professional services. Private transfers (mainly NRI remittances): $135.43 billion, driven by Indian diaspora in the Gulf and West. Economic Significance: Invisibles are resilient to geopolitics, tariffs, and supply shocks, unlike goods trade. India maintains a goods trade deficit (e.g., -$278.1 billion in 2024–25) but balances it via a strong invisibles surplus ($263.85 billion). Strategic Advantage: India’s comparative advantage lies in exporting skills, services, and human capital rather than material goods. This has shielded the economy from global economic disruptions and enhanced macro-economic stability. Learning Corner: Balance of Payments (BoP) The Balance of Payments (BoP) is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world during a specific period, usually a year or a quarter. Main Components of BoP: Current Account Deals with day-to-day transactions of goods, services, and transfers. a) Merchandise Trade (Visible Trade): Export and import of physical goods (e.g., oil, machinery). b) Services (Invisible Trade): Export and import of intangible services like IT, banking, tourism. c) Primary Income: Income from investments and wages, such as dividends, interest, and salaries earned abroad. d) Secondary Income (Transfers): One-way transfers like remittances from NRIs, gifts, and donations. Current Account Balance = Exports – Imports (of goods, services, income & transfers) Capital Account Records capital transfers and acquisition/disposal of non-produced, non-financial assets (minor component). Financial Account Tracks investment flows across borders. a) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) b) Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) c) Loans and banking capital d) Reserve assets (like foreign exchange reserves held by the RBI) Errors and Omissions A balancing item to account for discrepancies due to data mismatches. BoP Status: If inflows > outflows → BoP Surplus If outflows > inflows → BoP Deficit India often has a current account deficit (due to goods import dependency) but maintains BoP stability through strong capital inflows and invisible receipts. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS 17th BRICS Summit 2025 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: PM Narendra Modi addressed the 17th BRICS Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Key Takeaways Emphasized that 20th-century institutions like the UNSC, WTO, and Multilateral Development Banks no longer reflect the realities of the 21st century. Urged for a multipolar and inclusive world order, with reforms in global institutions to ensure fair representation. Highlighted that two-thirds of the global population, largely from developing nations, remain underrepresented. Criticized double standards and tokenism in global commitments on development, climate finance, and technology access. Called for reforms that bring tangible outcomes—restructuring governance, leadership roles, and voting rights. Used analogies like “SIM card without network” and “21st-century software on a 20th-century typewriter” to stress outdated global systems. Welcomed Indonesia as a new BRICS member and praised Brazil’s leadership in expanding the bloc. Reiterated India’s commitment to the Global South and working with BRICS to promote inclusive global cooperation. The summit saw participation from new members such as Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, and Indonesia, focusing on building a more just and sustainable world order. Learning Corner: 17th BRICS Summit (2025) The 17th BRICS Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from July 6–7, 2025. Theme: “Reforming Global Governance for a Multipolar World” Key Highlights: Attended by leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and new members: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, and Indonesia. Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for: Greater representation of the Global South in global institutions Urgent reforms in the UNSC, WTO, and international financial institutions End to double standards in global development, climate finance, and technology access Modi emphasized that 20th-century institutions are outdated for 21st-century challenges. Welcomed Indonesia’s inclusion and praised Brazil’s leadership in driving BRICS expansion. Summit Outcomes: Reaffirmed commitment to inclusive multilateralism Supported expansion of BRICS membership Called for equitable and sustainable global development Emphasized South-South cooperation and reforms in global governance architecture Significance: Marked a shift toward making BRICS a more inclusive platform for the Global South. Strengthened BRICS’ role in shaping a more balanced international order. BRICS BRICS is a multilateral grouping of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. It was established to promote peace, development, and cooperation among developing countries and to reform global governance structures. Key Features: Formation: Originated as “BRIC” in 2006; South Africa joined in 2010, making it BRICS. Purpose: Promote economic cooperation among emerging economies Advocate for a multipolar world order Push for reforms in global institutions like the UN, IMF, and World Bank Strengthen South-South cooperation Core Pillars of Cooperation: Political and Security Economic and Financial Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges Major Initiatives: New Development Bank (NDB): Provides funding for infrastructure and development projects Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): Supports member countries during financial crises BRICS Summit: Annual meeting of leaders to discuss strategic global issues Recent Expansion: In 2024–25, BRICS expanded to include Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, and Indonesia, increasing its global influence. Significance: Represents over 40% of the world population and nearly 25% of global GDP. Acts as a voice for the Global South in shaping a more balanced and equitable international order. Source: THE HINDU Heavy Water Reactors Category:SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Indigenous 700 MW Heavy Water Reactors Get Operational Licence Key Highlights: India’s Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) has granted operational licences to two indigenously built 700 MW Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) at Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS) in Gujarat. KAPS-3 and KAPS-4 are the first Indian-designed reactors of this scale. KAPS-3 reached full power in August 2023; KAPS-4 followed in August 2024. Licensing was granted in July 2025 after safety assessments. Significance: A major step in India’s nuclear self-reliance, reinforcing the country’s capability to design, build, and operate large-scale reactors. NPCIL is now constructing 10 more 700 MW PHWRs in fleet mode across India, expanding clean energy capacity. India already operates 15 PHWRs (220 MW) and 2 PHWRs (540 MW). The 700 MW model is a technological upgrade. Technology Overview: PHWRs use natural uranium as fuel and heavy water as both moderator and coolant. Known for high safety, cost-efficiency, and suitability for India’s resource base. Future Plans: Additional 700 MW PHWRs are under construction or planned in Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka. This progress supports India’s clean energy goals and enhances energy security through indigenous technology. Learning Corner: India’s Nuclear Energy Journey Early Foundations: Visionary Leadership: India’s nuclear program was envisioned by Dr. Homi J. Bhabha, who laid out a three-stage nuclear power program to utilize India’s limited uranium and abundant thorium resources. Institutional Framework: Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) established in 1948 Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) set up in 1954 Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) established in 1987 to construct and operate nuclear power plants  Three-Stage Nuclear Power Program: Stage 1: Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) using natural uranium Stage 2: Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) using plutonium from spent fuel Stage 3: Advanced reactors using thorium-based fuel (yet to be commercially deployed) Key Milestones: 1969: First commercial nuclear power plant, Tarapur Atomic Power Station, commissioned 1974 & 1998: Conducted nuclear tests (Pokhran-I & II), demonstrating strategic capability 2008: India-US Civil Nuclear Agreement ended nuclear isolation, enabling import of uranium and international cooperation 2023–25: Indigenous 700 MW PHWRs like KAPS-3 and KAPS-4 reached full power Current Status (as of 2025): Installed capacity: ~7,500 MW Reactors in operation: 22 nuclear reactors Reactors under construction: 10+ PHWRs in fleet mode Technology mix: PHWRs, Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs), Light Water Reactors (LWRs), Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) Future Outlook: Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) in Kalpakkam expected soon Emphasis on indigenous reactor technology and thorium utilization Nuclear energy seen as critical to achieving net-zero and energy security Different Types of Nuclear Reactors Nuclear reactors are classified based on the type of fuel, moderator, and coolant used. Below are the key types relevant globally and in India: Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) Fuel: Natural uranium Moderator & Coolant: Heavy water (D₂O) Example: Kakrapar (KAPS), Rajasthan (RAPS) Features: High neutron economy Suitable for India’s limited uranium resources Indigenous design (700 MW PHWRs are India’s latest advancement) Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Fuel: Enriched uranium Moderator & Coolant: Light water Example: Tarapur Atomic Power Station Features: Steam is generated directly in the reactor core Simple design but higher risk of radioactive steam leakage Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Fuel: Enriched uranium Moderator & Coolant: Light water Example: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (Russian design) Features: Most widely used globally Coolant is kept under high pressure to prevent boiling Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) Fuel: Plutonium mixed oxide (MOX) Moderator: None Coolant: Liquid sodium Example: Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), Kalpakkam Features: Breeds more fuel than it consumes Essential for India’s second stage of nuclear program Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) (Under development) Fuel: Thorium + Uranium-233 Moderator & Coolant: Heavy water/light water Purpose: Part of India’s third stage Utilizes abundant thorium reserves High safety and passive cooling features Light Water Reactor (LWR) Fuel: Enriched uranium Moderator & Coolant: Light water Note: Includes both BWR and PWR as subtypes Used widely in international civilian nuclear programs Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) is India’s independent nuclear regulatory authority, responsible for ensuring the safe use of ionising radiation and nuclear energy. It functions under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962. Establishment: Established: November 15, 1983 By: Government of India Under: Atomic Energy Act, 1962 Mandate & Functions: Regulatory Oversight: Approves siting, design, construction, commissioning, operation, and decommissioning of nuclear facilities. Radiation Safety: Regulates use of radiation in medicine, industry, agriculture, and research. Standards & Guidelines: Frames safety codes, manuals, and procedures for nuclear and radiation facilities in line with IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) standards. Licensing: Issues licences to nuclear power plants and radiation installations after thorough safety assessment. Inspections & Enforcement: Conducts periodic inspections and enforces safety compliance, including shutdown orders if necessary. Public and Environmental Protection: Ensures that radiation exposure to workers and the public remains within prescribed limits. Structure: AERB reports to the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which is under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). It operates independently of nuclear plant operators like NPCIL to maintain objectivity. Source :  THE HINDU Great Nicobar Project Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: The Great Nicobar Island infrastructure project has sparked criticism for inadequately addressing seismic risks in its Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), despite the region’s vulnerability to major earthquakes. Key Criticisms: Downplaying Seismic Risk: The EIA relies on a limited 2019 study focused mainly on tsunami threats and overlooks broader earthquake hazards, despite the region having a high probability of major quakes. Neglect of Independent Research: Independent studies indicate the region is among India’s most seismically active, with potential for ground shaking, soil liquefaction, and land subsidence, as witnessed in the 2004 tsunami. Lack of Transparency: Critics claim the clearance process was non-transparent and prioritized technical and financial considerations over environmental and safety concerns. Official Stand: The government assures that all construction will follow Indian earthquake-resistant codes and a disaster management plan is in place. It downplays the risk of another 2004-scale earthquake in the near future. Expert Recommendations: Independent Review: Experts urge a transparent reassessment by a high-powered committee focused on seismic vulnerability. Regulatory Oversight: The National Green Tribunal had imposed a temporary stay, calling for re-evaluation of environmental and coastal regulation clearances. Learning Corner: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process used to evaluate the potential environmental consequences of a proposed development project before it is approved or implemented. It aims to ensure that decision-makers consider environmental impacts alongside economic and technical factors. Objectives of EIA: Predict environmental impacts at an early stage of project planning Propose mitigation measures to reduce adverse impacts Promote sustainable development Facilitate informed and transparent decision-making Key Components of an EIA: Screening – Determines if a project requires EIA Scoping – Identifies the key issues and impacts to be studied Impact Assessment – Evaluates potential environmental effects Public Consultation – Involves stakeholders in decision-making Environmental Management Plan (EMP) – Suggests mitigation strategies Monitoring and Compliance – Ensures project follows environmental safeguards Legal Framework in India: Governed by the Environmental Protection Act, 1986 Operationalized through the EIA Notification, 2006 (amended from time to time) Regulated by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) and State Environmental Impact Assessment Authorities (SEIAAs)   Great Nicobar Island Project The Great Nicobar Island Project is a mega infrastructure development initiative aimed at strategically transforming the southernmost island of the Andaman & Nicobar archipelago. It has significant economic, strategic, and environmental implications. Key Features: Location: Great Nicobar Island, located in the Bay of Bengal near the Malacca Strait Project Components: International Container Transshipment Terminal (ICTT) Greenfield Airport Power Plant Township for workers and residents Implementing Agency: Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO), with support from the central government Strategic Importance: Enhances India’s maritime presence in the Indo-Pacific region Aims to counterbalance Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean Facilitates secure maritime trade through proximity to major shipping routes Environmental Concerns: The island is an ecologically fragile zone, rich in biodiversity and tribal heritage Criticisms of EIA: Alleged underestimation of seismic risks, lack of transparency, and insufficient consultation Potential impact on coral reefs, mangroves, tribal communities, and wildlife habitats Current Status: Project has received environmental and coastal regulation clearances, though challenged by environmentalists and civil society groups Subject to review by the National Green Tribunal (NGT) for compliance and risk reassessment Source: THE HINDU Nipah Virus Category:SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Kerala has confirmed fresh cases of Nipah virus, prompting heightened vigilance in Malappuram and Palakkad, with an alert issued in Kozhikode due to risk of further spread Containment and Response Measures: Surveillance & Contact Tracing: Over 400 individuals are under observation across the three districts. Dedicated teams are conducting tracing, symptom monitoring, and quarantines. Medical Infrastructure: Isolation wards and ICU facilities have been activated. Malappuram has 12 patients under treatment, including 5 in ICU, while Palakkad has 4 in isolation. Containment Zones & Awareness: Affected wards have been declared containment zones. Mask mandates and movement restrictions are in place, along with door-to-door awareness campaigns. Emergency Coordination: District authorities, in collaboration with police and health departments, are managing containment, helplines, and tracking unexplained deaths. Ministerial Oversight: Health Minister Veena George is overseeing high-level review meetings to ensure swift and coordinated action. Learning Corner: Nipah Virus Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus (transmitted from animals to humans) that can also spread through contaminated food or direct human-to-human contact. It is considered a highly lethal pathogen with epidemic potential. Key Features: Causative Agent: Nipah virus, belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family Natural Host: Fruit bats of the Pteropus genus Transmission: From bats to humans via contaminated fruit or palm sap From animals (especially pigs) to humans Human-to-human through close contact or bodily fluids Symptoms: Fever, headache, muscle pain Vomiting and sore throat Dizziness, drowsiness In severe cases: encephalitis (brain inflammation), coma, and death Fatality Rate: Ranges from 40% to 75%, depending on outbreak response and healthcare access Geographical Context: First identified in Malaysia (1998–99) In India, outbreaks have occurred in West Bengal (2001, 2007) and Kerala (2018, 2019, 2021, 2023, and 2025) Treatment and Prevention: No specific antiviral treatment or licensed vaccine currently available Management is supportive, focusing on symptom relief and critical care Prevention includes: Avoiding exposure to bats and pigs Not consuming fruits fallen on the ground or palm sap Strict infection control measures in hospitals Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Employment-Linked Incentive scheme (GS Paper II – Governance, GS paper III - Economy) Introduction (Context) The Union Cabinet approved an Employment-Linked Incentive (ELI) scheme with an outlay of ₹99,446 crore. The scheme, a promise made in the 2024-25 budget, is aimed at creating employment, particularly in the manufacturing sector. Status of Employment in India According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): Urban male LFPR increased from 74.3% (2023) to 75.6% (2024). Urban female LFPR rose slightly from 25.5% to 25.8%. Overall urban LFPR increased from 50.3% to 51.0%. All-India LFPR remained steady at 56.2%, despite category-wise variations. Worker Population Ratio (WPR): Slight improvements were seen across all categories, particularly in the overall WPR (47.0% to 47.6%) in Urban areas.  At all India level overall WPR remained relatively unchanged (53.4% to 53.5%).   Unemployment Trends (PLFS 2023–24) Rural unemployment slightly declined from 4.3% to 4.2%. Urban male unemployment increased from 6.0% to 6.1% Urban female unemployment dropped from 8.9% to 8.2%. Overall urban unemployment remained stable at 6.7%. All-India unemployment rate fell slightly from 5.0% to 4.9%. Decline in unpaid female helpers in household enterprises (from 19.9% to 18.1%) contributed to lower WPR and LFPR in rural areas. Salient Provisions of the Scheme Who will implement? The Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) will implement the scheme.  It will run from August 1, 2025 to July 31, 2027. Key provisions: Newly recruited employees, with salaries up to ₹1 lakh, will get a one-month EPF wage up to ₹15,000 in two installments.  The EPFO will pay the first instalment after six months of service and the second instalment after 12 months of service — both as direct bank transfer.  A portion of the incentive will be kept in “a savings instrument of deposit account for a fixed period and can be withdrawn by the employee at a later date”.  The establishments, registered with EPFO, will get up to ₹3,000 per month, for two years, “for each additional employee with sustained employment for at least six months”.  For the manufacturing sector, incentives will be extended to third and fourth years as well. All payments to the First Time Employees under Part A of the Scheme will be made through DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) mode using Aadhar Bridge Payment System (ABPS).  Payments to the Employers under Part B will be made directly into their PAN-linked Accounts. Expert opinion:   K.E. Raghunathan (Association of Indian Entrepreneurs) suggests: Shift the scheme to the Ministry of MSMEs. Provide monthly subsidies to both employee and employer based on actual payroll. Keep the process simple and transparent for wider reach. Proposed benefits The ELI scheme aims to address India’s employment crisis by incentivising the private sector for job creation, retention and skill development. The objectives of the scheme are: Enhance private sector employment opportunities: The initiative encourages private sector companies to recruit additional staff, especially new entrants to the workforce, by providing financial rewards for job creation.   Promote youth employment: The scheme primarily aims to decrease youth unemployment by encouraging businesses to recruit young individuals, especially those joining the workforce for the first time.   Promote job retention: The ELI programme features measures to encourage job retention by offering incentives to employers who maintain elevated workforce levels over time, especially those who recruit beyond a specific threshold.   Encourage skill advancement: The initiative aligns with governmental objectives to improve skills, particularly among young people, by motivating employers to invest in training and upskilling their workforce.   Enhance formal employment: The initiative aims to formalise employment, especially in industries that have historically depended on informal labour. This involves offering incentives to employers who transition workers into the formal economy, providing advantages such as Provident Fund (PF) coverage.   Improve employment in the manufacturing sector: The programme features targeted measures for the manufacturing industry, seeking to boost job opportunities in this vital sector by promoting the recruitment of individuals new to the workforce.   Decrease economic disparity: By prioritising job creation and skill enhancement for young individuals, especially those from underprivileged backgrounds, the initiative seeks to diminish economic disparity and improve social mobility.   Assist employers in recruitment: By providing financial assistance, such as reimbursing employers for their PF contributions for new hires, the programme aims to lower employers’ expenses and motivate them to increase their staffing levels.   The ELI scheme, incentivises creation of more than 3.5 crore jobs over a period of two years. The Centre expects 1.92 crore newly employed people to get the benefit of the scheme, which comes into operation from August 1, 2025 and ends on July 31, 2027. \ View of Trade Unions Barring the RSS-backed Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS), all 10 central trade unions have questioned the scheme.  Other unions fear that workers’ money will be used to incentivise employers.  Citing the fate of the Production-Linked Incentive of 2020, wherein certain sectors were given sops by the Centre to create jobs, but the money had gone into the pockets of big companies.  They argued that the EPFO had to conduct a probe and ban certain companies after finding the scheme was misused for employers’ benefits. With ELI Scheme, the government intends to catalyse job creation in all sectors, particularly in manufacturing sector, besides incentivizing youth joining the workforce for the first time.  An important outcome of the Scheme will also be formalization of the country’s workforce by extending social security coverage for crores of young men and women. Concerns raised by experts As EPFO is only a custodian of savings of employees, how it can act as an agency to implement the scheme.  As the EPFO has no government funds in its books, there are doubts over the reimbursement of the money which could go to the employer or a newly recruited employee. As EPFO is not an agency with the responsibility of creating jobs, there are demands to create a separate agency to implement the scheme. Value Addition: EPFO EPFO is a government body under the Ministry of Labour and Employment. It manages the Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF), a retirement savings scheme for salaried employees in India. Both employee and employer contribute a portion of the salary to the EPF account every month. EPFO ensures safe investment of this money and provides returns along with pension and insurance benefits. It mainly acts as a custodian of workers’ savings, not as a job-creating or welfare-distributing agency. Conclusion In conclusion, the introduction of the Employment-Linked Incentive (ELI) schemes highlights the government’s strategic approach to addressing unemployment while driving economic growth. By offering targeted incentives to employees and employers, these schemes aim to create a more inclusive and dynamic job market. The ELI initiatives not only support workforce expansion and formalisation but also provide significant financial relief to employers, particularly SMEs, making it easy for them to grow and hire. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the key features and objectives of the Employment-Linked Incentive (ELI) Scheme. What are the major concerns raised regarding its implementation? (250 words, 15 marks) Agriculture Reforms and Biotechnology ( GS paper III – Economy, GS paper III - Science) Introduction (Context) Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s call for “Jai Anusandhan” (Hail Innovation), backed by a ₹1 lakh crore Research, Development, and Innovation (RDI) fund, aims to transform Indian agriculture. However, this vision needs the commercial adoption of genetically modified (GM) crops, which have been stuck in regulatory mechanism. What are Genetically Modified Crops? Genetically modified (GM) crops are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques.  The aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species like resistance to certain pests, diseases, environmental conditions, herbicides etc. Genetic modification is also done to increase nutritional value, production of pharmaceuticals, biofuels etc.  GM crops are also referred as genetically engineered (GE) plants, transgenic crops, living modified organisms (LMOs) or biotech crops. Benefits of GM crops: GM crops can lead to higher yields, potentially addressing food security concerns.  Some GM crops, like Bt cotton, reduce the need for synthetic pesticides, benefiting the environment.   Some GM crops are modified to have a longer shelf life, reducing food waste.  Status of GM crops As of 2023, over 200 million hectares of GM soyabean, maize, canola, and more are in cultivation across 76 countries. In India, only Bt cotton is officially approved and widely adopted since 2002. More than 90 per cent of India’s cotton area is under Bt cotton, and its seed is fed to cattle. So, in a way, a GM crop is already in our food system.  Bt Brinjal: Approved by GEAC in 2009, but commercial release is under a moratorium. GM Mustard (DMH-11): Given conditional environmental clearance in 2022, but yet to be commercialised. Impact on cotton Cotton production surged from 13.6 million bales in 2002–03 to 39.8 million bales in 2013–14, a phenomenal 193 per cent growth.  Productivity shot up by 87 per cent (from 302 kg/ha to 566 kg/ha)  Cultivated area expanded by 56 per cent, with Bt cotton dominating.  Farmers’ incomes soared, and Gujarat even witnessed an agrarian boom — the state averaged over 8 per cent annual growth in agri GDP.  India had become the world’s second-largest cotton producer after China and the second-largest exporter after the US, hitting $4.1 billion of net exports during 2011-12. However, after 2015, Cotton yield declined from 566 kg/ha (2013–14) to 436 kg/ha (2023–24). This is below the global average (~770 kg/ha) and far behind China (1,945 kg/ha) and Brazil (1,839 kg/ha). Average annual cotton production dropped by 2% since 2015 driven largely by pest outbreaks like pink bollworm and whiteflies, tangled regulations, and a prohibition on next-generation cotton seeds such as herbicide-tolerant (HT) Bt cotton. Reasons:  HT-Bt cotton, engineered to survive glyphosate spraying, has not been cleared. Despite this, the seeds have leaked into farms across Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Punjab. Industry bodies and surveys estimate that illegal HT-Bt covers 15–25 per cent of cotton acreage.  Since 2015, government intervention in private seed contracts has emerged as a major challenge to innovation in India’s cotton sector. Cotton Seed Price Control Order (2015) has slashed royalty fees, discouraging innovation, capped trait fees at 10% of MSP, with mandatory tech transfer in 30 days which resulted in reduced participation by global biotech firms Consequently, cotton exports began to decline after 2011-12, and by 2024-25, India turned into a net importer of raw cotton, with net imports valued at $0.4 billion. Status of other crops Approval for Bt brinjal and GM mustard (DMH 11), remains on hold. These crops cleared in principle by the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) haven’t received full commercial green light.  Bt brinjal has been under moratorium since 2009, while GM mustard got conditional environmental release in 2022—but commercialisation has stalled pending further regulatory checks and potentially a Supreme Court ruling.  By muzzling trait monetisation and hindering technology transfer, India’s rigid regulatory posture has stalled crop innovation, forced reliance on imports, and squandered a chance to lead the gene revolution. Way forward Create a transparent and science-based regulatory framework Encourage public-private R&D partnerships Support pilot programmes for GM crops cleared by GEAC Review SPCO 2015 to balance affordability with innovation Spread awareness to counter misinformation about GM foods Integrate GM tech with climate-smart agriculture Conclusion From plate to plough, India’s future depends on embracing gene technology. GM crops, if deployed responsibly, can be the key to enhancing productivity, ensuring food security, reducing import dependency, and empowering farmers.  Mains Practice Question Q “India’s cautious approach to genetically modified (GM) crops reflects a deep conflict between scientific innovation and regulatory hesitation.” Critically examine. (250 words, 15 marks)   Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba