IASbaba's Flagship Course: Integrated Learning Programme (ILP) - 2024  Read Details

Posts

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 14th October 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   X-BAND RADAR  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: After devastating floods and landslides killed more than 200 people in Kerala’s Wayanad district in July 2024, the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences approved an X-band radar to be installed in the district. Background: – A torrential downpour triggered the landslide in the valley instantly wiping out habitations. Key takeaways Radar is short for ‘radio detection and ranging’. The device uses radio waves to determine the distance, velocity, and physical characteristics of objects. A transmitter emits a signal aimed at an object whose characteristics are to be ascertained (in meteorology, this could be a cloud). A part of the emitted signal is echoed by the object back to the device, where a receiver tracks and analyses it. Weather radar, also known as a Doppler radar, is a common application of this device. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency of sound waves as their source moves towards and away from a listener. In meteorology, Doppler radars can reveal how fast a cloud is moving and in which direction based on how the cloud’s relative motion changes the frequency of the radiation striking it. Doppler radars can monitor weather conditions and anticipate new wind patterns, the formation of storms, etc. What is an X-band radar? Doppler radar relies on Rayleigh scattering, when the scatterer is much smaller than the wavelength of the radiation. A radar trying to ‘see’ smaller particles like rain droplets or fog will need to use radiation of lower wavelengths, like in the X-band. An X-band radar is radar that emits radiation in the X-band of the electromagnetic spectrum: 8-12 GHz, corresponding to wavelengths of around 2-4 cm (this is in the microwave part of the spectrum.) The smaller wavelengths allow the radar to produce images of higher resolution. However, the greater the frequency of some radiation, the faster it will be attenuated. So X-band radars have a relatively shorter range. In Wayanad, the new radar is expected to be able to monitor the movements of particles, such as soil, to inform landslide warnings. The device will also perform high temporal sampling, that is, rapidly sample its environs, allowing it to spot particle movements happening in shorter spans of time. How many radars does India have? In its X-band radar network, India has both wind-finding and storm-detecting radars, and some with dual capabilities. The country also uses S-band radars (2-4 GHz) for long-range detection. In September, the Union Cabinet cleared the ₹2,000-crore ‘Mission Mausam’ to upgrade meteorological infrastructure in the country. This includes installing up to 60 meteorological radars until 2026 under the Mission’s first phase. Source: The Hindu SCUTTLING PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO INFORMATION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: There is a severe backlash against the Right to Information (RTI) Act, which has just entered its 20th year, and those who use it. Background: – From exposing corruption in the delivery of basic rights to bringing to light the truth behind the opaque electoral bonds scheme, the RTI Act has been used by citizens to hold power to account. Key takeaways Vacant Posts & Dysfunctional Commissions: Governments are scuttling the RTI Act by not appointing information commissioners. A 2023-24 report of the Satark Nagrik Sangathan,a citizens group that campaigns for transparency in government functioning, shows that: Seven out of 29 information commissions across the country were defunct in 2023-24. Jharkhand’s commission has been non-functional for over four years, Tripura’s for three years, and Telangana’s for 1.5 years. Maharashtra’s commission has over 1 lakh pending cases, and six out of 11 commissioner posts are vacant. Central Information Commission (CIC) has eight out of 11 posts vacant. More than 4 lakh appeals and complaints are pending in information commissions across India. Ineffective Appointments: Most commissioners appointed are retired officials or those with political ties, often reluctant to act against violations of transparency. The report by Satark Nagrik Sangathan shows that commissions did not impose penalties in 95% of the cases where penalties could be imposed. This failure sends a signal that violating the law will not invite consequences. This destroys the framework of incentives and disincentives built into the RTI Act, promotes a culture of impunity, and exasperates applicants who seek information. Regressive Amendments: 2019 Amendments: Empowered the central government to control tenure, salaries, and post-retirement benefits of commissioners, reducing the autonomy of information commissions. Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: It included a provision to amend the RTI law to exempt all personal information from disclosure. The RTI Act of 2005 provided for protection of the privacy through section 8(1)(j). In order to invoke this section to deny personal information, at least one of the following grounds had to be proven: information sought had no relationship to any public activity or public interest; or information sought was such that it would cause unwarranted invasion of privacy, and the information officer was satisfied that there is no larger public interest that justified disclosure. The DPDP Act amended section 8(1)(j) to expand its purview and exempt all personal information from the ambit of the RTI Act. It also deleted a key provision in the law, which gave citizens a right to information at par with MPs and MLAs. Threats to RTI Activists: Nearly 100 people have been killed for using the RTI Act, and many more have been assaulted or threatened, according to Transparency International India data. The Whistleblowers Protection Act, passed in 2014, remains non-operational due to a lack of implementation rules. Erosion of Democracy: The RTI Act has played a crucial role in redistributing power and reshaping the government-citizen relationship. Any erosion of the RTI Act, through inaction or regressive amendments, is a direct threat to the democratic framework. Source: The Hindu EUROPA CLIPPER MISSION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: NASA is set to launch Europa Clipper mission today. Background: – The spacecraft is scheduled to launch from Nasa’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida aboard a Falcon Heavy rocket. About Europa Clipper Mission Europa Clipper Mission is a NASA mission aimed at exploring Jupiter’s moon Europa, which is considered one of the top candidates in the search for extraterrestrial life. The mission is expected to last several years, with the spacecraft making multiple  flybys of Europa. The main objective of the Europa Clipper mission is to determine whether Europa’s subsurface ocean could support life. The mission will investigate the moon’s ice shell, ocean, composition, and geology. Europa Clipper is the largest spacecraft NASA has ever developed for a planetary  mission. Its solar arrays span over 100 feet (30 meters) when deployed. The spacecraft is expected to reach Jupiter and begin its scientific investigations by April 2030 The mission ends in 2034 with a planned crash into Ganymede — Jupiter’s biggest moon and the solar system’s too. What will Nasa’s Europa Clipper do? Nasa’s spacecraft is equipped with nine state-of-the-art instruments. It includes high-resolution cameras, magnetometers, and an ice-penetrating radar, all designed to study the composition, geology, and nature of Europa’s ice shell and underlying ocean. Once reaching Jupiter, Europa Clipper will perform 49 close flybys of Europa, swooping as low as 16 miles about the moon’s surface. Then while orbiting, the spacecraft will scan nearly the entire moon while minimising its exposure to Jupiter’s intense radiation belts. The Europa mission represents a major step in our quest to understand the potential for life beyond Earth. It paves the way for future exploration of ocean worlds in our solar system. Europa, the superstar among Jupiter’s many moons One of Jupiter’s 95 known moons, Europa is almost the size of our own moon. It’s encased in an ice sheet estimated to be 10 miles to 15 miles or more thick. Scientists believe this frozen crust hides an ocean that could be 80 miles or more deep. The Hubble Space Telescope has spotted what appear to be geysers erupting from the surface. Discovered by Galileo in 1610, Europa is one of the four so-called Galilean moons of Jupiter, along with Ganymede, Io and Callisto. Like Europa, Jupiter’s jumbo moon Ganymede is thought to host an underground ocean. But its frozen shell is much thicker — possibly 100 miles thick — making it tougher to probe the environment below. Callisto’s ice sheet may be even thicker, possibly hiding an ocean. Source: Business Standard SERIOUS FRAUD INVESTIGATION OFFICE (SFIO)  Syllabus Prelims – ECONOMY Context: The Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) recorded the statement of daughter of Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan and owner of a now-dormant information technology firm, raising a political storm. Background: The Union Corporate Affairs Ministry had ordered an SFIO inquiry based on the finding of the Interim Settlement Board (ISB) under the Central Board of Direct Taxes. About Serious Fraud Investigation Office The Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) is a specialized agency established under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), tasked with investigating serious financial frauds in India. It plays a critical role in ensuring corporate governance and financial integrity, especially concerning complex and large-scale frauds. The SFIO was set up in 2003 based on the recommendations of the Naresh Chandra Committee on Corporate Governance. It gained statutory status under the Companies Act, 2013 (Section 211), empowering it to investigate frauds relating to companies. It is a multi-disciplinary organization, consisting of experts in the field of accountancy, forensic auditing, banking, law, information technology, investigation, company law, capital market and taxation, etc. for detecting and prosecuting or recommending for prosecution white-collar crimes/frauds. SFIO is headed by a Director as Head of Department in the rank of Joint Secretary to the Government of India. SFIO take up for investigation cases characterized by – complexity and having inter-departmental and multi- disciplinary ramifications. substantial involvement of public interest to be judged by size, either in terms of monetary the possibility of investigation leading to or contributing towards a clear improvement in systems, laws or procedures SFIO Investigate into the affairs of a company on: – on receipt of a report of the Registrar or inspector under section 208 of the Companies Act, 2013. on intimation of a special resolution passed by a company that its affairs are required to be investigated in the public interest on request from any department of the Central Government or a State Government. Key Features: Autonomy: SFIO functions autonomously but operates within the framework provided by the MCA. Coordination with Other Agencies: It coordinates with other regulatory bodies like SEBI, CBI, RBI, and the Enforcement Directorate (ED) during investigations. Investigation Process: Investigations are initiated upon referral by the Central Government, based on material suggesting fraud. The SFIO submits its report to the government, which may lead to prosecution. High-profile cases such as the Satyam scam, IL&FS crisis, and Kingfisher Airlines case have been investigated by the SFIO. Recent Amendments and Reforms: To strengthen SFIO, amendments to the Companies Act, 2013 have expanded its powers, including the authority to summon individuals and seize company records during investigations. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016, has further enhanced the agency’s role in investigating corporate insolvency cases with fraudulent activities. Source: The Hindu SHALE GAS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: A study, released by the science & technology ministry recently, indicates significant shale gas generation potential in eastern South Karanpura coalfield in Jharkhand. Background: – The South Karanpura coalfield in the Ramgarh district of Jharkhand, consisting of 28 major coal blocks, is well-established for its substantial deposits of workable coal. About Shale Gas Shale gas is a type of natural gas trapped within shale formations, which are fine-grained sedimentary rocks with low permeability. It is considered an unconventional source of natural gas and is extracted through a process called hydraulic  fracturing, or “fracking.” Key Features: Composition: Shale gas primarily consists of methane (CH4), along with small amounts of other gases like ethane, propane, and butane. Extraction Process: The extraction involves injecting a high-pressure mixture of water, sand, and chemicals into the shale formation to create  fractures, allowing the trapped gas to escape and be collected. India has significant potential for shale gas exploration and production. The  Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas has identified several basins with potential  shale  gas reserves, including: Cambay Basin in Gujarat Assam-Arakan Basin in the Northeast Gondwana Basin in central India Krishna-Godavari Basin in Andhra Pradesh Cauvery Basin in southern India Indo-Gangetic Plains Government Initiatives: In 2013, the Government of India introduced a policy allowing exploration and exploitation of shale gas by national oil companies like ONGC and Oil India Ltd.. The Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP), launched in 2016, simplified regulations, providing a uniform licensing system and encouraging investment in shale gas exploration. In 2018, the government further relaxed rules to allow existing contractors under Production Sharing Contracts (PSC) to explore shale oil and gas resources. Challenges for Shale Gas Development in India: Water Scarcity: Hydraulic fracturing requires large amounts of water, which is a scarce resource in many shale-rich regions of India. Environmental Concerns: Potential environmental risks include groundwater contamination, seismic activity, and surface water pollution, raising opposition from environmental groups. Technological Limitations: India lacks domestic expertise in advanced shale gas extraction technologies, which are critical for commercial-scale production. Source: Times of India Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to Shale Gas in India, consider the following statements: Shale gas extraction primarily involves hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques. India has large-scale commercial production of shale gas, making it a significant part of its energy mix. The Cambay and Krishna-Godavari basins are identified as potential shale gas reserves in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) With reference to the Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO), consider the following statements: The SFIO was given statutory status under the Companies Act, 2013. SFIO can investigate a company’s affairs only on the recommendation of the Registrar of Companies. SFIO is a multi-disciplinary agency consisting of experts in various fields like accountancy, law, forensic auditing, and information technology. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) With reference to NASA’s Europa Clipper Mission, consider the following statements: The primary objective of the mission is to investigate whether Europa’s subsurface ocean could support life. Europa Clipper is the largest spacecraft NASA has developed for a planetary mission. The Europa Clipper mission will end with a planned crash into Jupiter’s moon Europa in 2044. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  14th October 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  12th October – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  c Q.2) – a Q.3) – b

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 14th October 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   X-BAND RADAR  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: After devastating floods and landslides killed more than 200 people in Kerala’s Wayanad district in July 2024, the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences approved an X-band radar to be installed in the district. Background: – A torrential downpour triggered the landslide in the valley instantly wiping out habitations. Key takeaways Radar is short for ‘radio detection and ranging’. The device uses radio waves to determine the distance, velocity, and physical characteristics of objects. A transmitter emits a signal aimed at an object whose characteristics are to be ascertained (in meteorology, this could be a cloud). A part of the emitted signal is echoed by the object back to the device, where a receiver tracks and analyses it. Weather radar, also known as a Doppler radar, is a common application of this device. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency of sound waves as their source moves towards and away from a listener. In meteorology, Doppler radars can reveal how fast a cloud is moving and in which direction based on how the cloud’s relative motion changes the frequency of the radiation striking it. Doppler radars can monitor weather conditions and anticipate new wind patterns, the formation of storms, etc. What is an X-band radar? Doppler radar relies on Rayleigh scattering, when the scatterer is much smaller than the wavelength of the radiation. A radar trying to ‘see’ smaller particles like rain droplets or fog will need to use radiation of lower wavelengths, like in the X-band. An X-band radar is radar that emits radiation in the X-band of the electromagnetic spectrum: 8-12 GHz, corresponding to wavelengths of around 2-4 cm (this is in the microwave part of the spectrum.) The smaller wavelengths allow the radar to produce images of higher resolution. However, the greater the frequency of some radiation, the faster it will be attenuated. So X-band radars have a relatively shorter range. In Wayanad, the new radar is expected to be able to monitor the movements of particles, such as soil, to inform landslide warnings. The device will also perform high temporal sampling, that is, rapidly sample its environs, allowing it to spot particle movements happening in shorter spans of time. How many radars does India have? In its X-band radar network, India has both wind-finding and storm-detecting radars, and some with dual capabilities. The country also uses S-band radars (2-4 GHz) for long-range detection. In September, the Union Cabinet cleared the ₹2,000-crore ‘Mission Mausam’ to upgrade meteorological infrastructure in the country. This includes installing up to 60 meteorological radars until 2026 under the Mission’s first phase. Source: The Hindu SCUTTLING PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO INFORMATION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: There is a severe backlash against the Right to Information (RTI) Act, which has just entered its 20th year, and those who use it. Background: – From exposing corruption in the delivery of basic rights to bringing to light the truth behind the opaque electoral bonds scheme, the RTI Act has been used by citizens to hold power to account. Key takeaways Vacant Posts & Dysfunctional Commissions: Governments are scuttling the RTI Act by not appointing information commissioners. A 2023-24 report of the Satark Nagrik Sangathan,a citizens group that campaigns for transparency in government functioning, shows that: Seven out of 29 information commissions across the country were defunct in 2023-24. Jharkhand’s commission has been non-functional for over four years, Tripura’s for three years, and Telangana’s for 1.5 years. Maharashtra’s commission has over 1 lakh pending cases, and six out of 11 commissioner posts are vacant. Central Information Commission (CIC) has eight out of 11 posts vacant. More than 4 lakh appeals and complaints are pending in information commissions across India. Ineffective Appointments: Most commissioners appointed are retired officials or those with political ties, often reluctant to act against violations of transparency. The report by Satark Nagrik Sangathan shows that commissions did not impose penalties in 95% of the cases where penalties could be imposed. This failure sends a signal that violating the law will not invite consequences. This destroys the framework of incentives and disincentives built into the RTI Act, promotes a culture of impunity, and exasperates applicants who seek information. Regressive Amendments: 2019 Amendments: Empowered the central government to control tenure, salaries, and post-retirement benefits of commissioners, reducing the autonomy of information commissions. Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: It included a provision to amend the RTI law to exempt all personal information from disclosure. The RTI Act of 2005 provided for protection of the privacy through section 8(1)(j). In order to invoke this section to deny personal information, at least one of the following grounds had to be proven: information sought had no relationship to any public activity or public interest; or information sought was such that it would cause unwarranted invasion of privacy, and the information officer was satisfied that there is no larger public interest that justified disclosure. The DPDP Act amended section 8(1)(j) to expand its purview and exempt all personal information from the ambit of the RTI Act. It also deleted a key provision in the law, which gave citizens a right to information at par with MPs and MLAs. Threats to RTI Activists: Nearly 100 people have been killed for using the RTI Act, and many more have been assaulted or threatened, according to Transparency International India data. The Whistleblowers Protection Act, passed in 2014, remains non-operational due to a lack of implementation rules. Erosion of Democracy: The RTI Act has played a crucial role in redistributing power and reshaping the government-citizen relationship. Any erosion of the RTI Act, through inaction or regressive amendments, is a direct threat to the democratic framework. Source: The Hindu EUROPA CLIPPER MISSION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: NASA is set to launch Europa Clipper mission today. Background: – The spacecraft is scheduled to launch from Nasa’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida aboard a Falcon Heavy rocket. About Europa Clipper Mission Europa Clipper Mission is a NASA mission aimed at exploring Jupiter’s moon Europa, which is considered one of the top candidates in the search for extraterrestrial life. The mission is expected to last several years, with the spacecraft making multiple  flybys of Europa. The main objective of the Europa Clipper mission is to determine whether Europa’s subsurface ocean could support life. The mission will investigate the moon’s ice shell, ocean, composition, and geology. Europa Clipper is the largest spacecraft NASA has ever developed for a planetary  mission. Its solar arrays span over 100 feet (30 meters) when deployed. The spacecraft is expected to reach Jupiter and begin its scientific investigations by April 2030 The mission ends in 2034 with a planned crash into Ganymede — Jupiter’s biggest moon and the solar system’s too. What will Nasa’s Europa Clipper do? Nasa’s spacecraft is equipped with nine state-of-the-art instruments. It includes high-resolution cameras, magnetometers, and an ice-penetrating radar, all designed to study the composition, geology, and nature of Europa’s ice shell and underlying ocean. Once reaching Jupiter, Europa Clipper will perform 49 close flybys of Europa, swooping as low as 16 miles about the moon’s surface. Then while orbiting, the spacecraft will scan nearly the entire moon while minimising its exposure to Jupiter’s intense radiation belts. The Europa mission represents a major step in our quest to understand the potential for life beyond Earth. It paves the way for future exploration of ocean worlds in our solar system. Europa, the superstar among Jupiter’s many moons One of Jupiter’s 95 known moons, Europa is almost the size of our own moon. It’s encased in an ice sheet estimated to be 10 miles to 15 miles or more thick. Scientists believe this frozen crust hides an ocean that could be 80 miles or more deep. The Hubble Space Telescope has spotted what appear to be geysers erupting from the surface. Discovered by Galileo in 1610, Europa is one of the four so-called Galilean moons of Jupiter, along with Ganymede, Io and Callisto. Like Europa, Jupiter’s jumbo moon Ganymede is thought to host an underground ocean. But its frozen shell is much thicker — possibly 100 miles thick — making it tougher to probe the environment below. Callisto’s ice sheet may be even thicker, possibly hiding an ocean. Source: Business Standard SERIOUS FRAUD INVESTIGATION OFFICE (SFIO)  Syllabus Prelims – ECONOMY Context: The Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) recorded the statement of daughter of Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan and owner of a now-dormant information technology firm, raising a political storm. Background: The Union Corporate Affairs Ministry had ordered an SFIO inquiry based on the finding of the Interim Settlement Board (ISB) under the Central Board of Direct Taxes. About Serious Fraud Investigation Office The Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) is a specialized agency established under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), tasked with investigating serious financial frauds in India. It plays a critical role in ensuring corporate governance and financial integrity, especially concerning complex and large-scale frauds. The SFIO was set up in 2003 based on the recommendations of the Naresh Chandra Committee on Corporate Governance. It gained statutory status under the Companies Act, 2013 (Section 211), empowering it to investigate frauds relating to companies. It is a multi-disciplinary organization, consisting of experts in the field of accountancy, forensic auditing, banking, law, information technology, investigation, company law, capital market and taxation, etc. for detecting and prosecuting or recommending for prosecution white-collar crimes/frauds. SFIO is headed by a Director as Head of Department in the rank of Joint Secretary to the Government of India. SFIO take up for investigation cases characterized by – complexity and having inter-departmental and multi- disciplinary ramifications. substantial involvement of public interest to be judged by size, either in terms of monetary the possibility of investigation leading to or contributing towards a clear improvement in systems, laws or procedures SFIO Investigate into the affairs of a company on: – on receipt of a report of the Registrar or inspector under section 208 of the Companies Act, 2013. on intimation of a special resolution passed by a company that its affairs are required to be investigated in the public interest on request from any department of the Central Government or a State Government. Key Features: Autonomy: SFIO functions autonomously but operates within the framework provided by the MCA. Coordination with Other Agencies: It coordinates with other regulatory bodies like SEBI, CBI, RBI, and the Enforcement Directorate (ED) during investigations. Investigation Process: Investigations are initiated upon referral by the Central Government, based on material suggesting fraud. The SFIO submits its report to the government, which may lead to prosecution. High-profile cases such as the Satyam scam, IL&FS crisis, and Kingfisher Airlines case have been investigated by the SFIO. Recent Amendments and Reforms: To strengthen SFIO, amendments to the Companies Act, 2013 have expanded its powers, including the authority to summon individuals and seize company records during investigations. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016, has further enhanced the agency’s role in investigating corporate insolvency cases with fraudulent activities. Source: The Hindu SHALE GAS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: A study, released by the science & technology ministry recently, indicates significant shale gas generation potential in eastern South Karanpura coalfield in Jharkhand. Background: – The South Karanpura coalfield in the Ramgarh district of Jharkhand, consisting of 28 major coal blocks, is well-established for its substantial deposits of workable coal. About Shale Gas Shale gas is a type of natural gas trapped within shale formations, which are fine-grained sedimentary rocks with low permeability. It is considered an unconventional source of natural gas and is extracted through a process called hydraulic  fracturing, or “fracking.” Key Features: Composition: Shale gas primarily consists of methane (CH4), along with small amounts of other gases like ethane, propane, and butane. Extraction Process: The extraction involves injecting a high-pressure mixture of water, sand, and chemicals into the shale formation to create  fractures, allowing the trapped gas to escape and be collected. India has significant potential for shale gas exploration and production. The  Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas has identified several basins with potential  shale  gas reserves, including: Cambay Basin in Gujarat Assam-Arakan Basin in the Northeast Gondwana Basin in central India Krishna-Godavari Basin in Andhra Pradesh Cauvery Basin in southern India Indo-Gangetic Plains Government Initiatives: In 2013, the Government of India introduced a policy allowing exploration and exploitation of shale gas by national oil companies like ONGC and Oil India Ltd.. The Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP), launched in 2016, simplified regulations, providing a uniform licensing system and encouraging investment in shale gas exploration. In 2018, the government further relaxed rules to allow existing contractors under Production Sharing Contracts (PSC) to explore shale oil and gas resources. Challenges for Shale Gas Development in India: Water Scarcity: Hydraulic fracturing requires large amounts of water, which is a scarce resource in many shale-rich regions of India. Environmental Concerns: Potential environmental risks include groundwater contamination, seismic activity, and surface water pollution, raising opposition from environmental groups. Technological Limitations: India lacks domestic expertise in advanced shale gas extraction technologies, which are critical for commercial-scale production. Source: Times of India Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to Shale Gas in India, consider the following statements: Shale gas extraction primarily involves hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques. India has large-scale commercial production of shale gas, making it a significant part of its energy mix. The Cambay and Krishna-Godavari basins are identified as potential shale gas reserves in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) With reference to the Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO), consider the following statements: The SFIO was given statutory status under the Companies Act, 2013. SFIO can investigate a company’s affairs only on the recommendation of the Registrar of Companies. SFIO is a multi-disciplinary agency consisting of experts in various fields like accountancy, law, forensic auditing, and information technology. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) With reference to NASA’s Europa Clipper Mission, consider the following statements: The primary objective of the mission is to investigate whether Europa’s subsurface ocean could support life. Europa Clipper is the largest spacecraft NASA has developed for a planetary mission. The Europa Clipper mission will end with a planned crash into Jupiter’s moon Europa in 2044. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  14th October 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  12th October – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  c Q.2) – a Q.3) – b

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 12th October 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   JAYAPRAKASH NARAYAN Syllabus Prelims & Mains – HISTORY Context: Jayaprakash Narayan, popularly known as Lok Nayak, was born on 11 October 1902 in Bihar’s Saran district. As we commemorate his 122nd birth anniversary this year, his legacy as a people’s leader and champion of their cause continues to inspire. Background: – He played a noteworthy role in the Indian national struggle and especially in leading the call for ‘Total Revolution‘ during the Emergency. Key takeaways The first encounter of Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) with freedom struggle happened during the Swadeshi movement. He gave up his foreign clothes and footwear in support. From the beginning, he was influenced by Gandhi. In December 1920, Gandhi visited Patna with the message of Non-cooperation. Inspired by his speech, JP wanted to invest all his time into political work but was held back by apprehension. His misgivings disappeared when Maulana Abul Kalam Azad visited Patna and prompted students. JP quit college and became part of the Non-Cooperation Movement. In 1922, he left India to study at the University of California, Berkeley, where Karl Marx’s ideas influenced him. In 1929, upon returning to India, he joined the Indian National Congress. During the Civil Disobedience Movement, when all the prominent leaders were arrested, JP kept the Congress functional. He began working on building an extensive illegal underground network distributing literature and recruiting supporters. Several warrants were issued against him, eventually leading to his arrest in 1932. Influenced by Socialist ideas, the young congressmen in Bihar founded the Bihar Socialist Party in 1931, JP was associated with the organisation since its inception. JP became instrumental in the formation of the All India Congress Socialist Party (CSP) in 1934 with Narendra Deva as president and himself as secretary. It was during the Quit India Movement (1942) that JP came to the forefront. He along with Ram Manohar Lohia and Aruna Asaf Ali, took charge of the movement after all the senior leaders were arrested. Soon, he was also arrested under Defence India Rules. He was taken to Hazari Bagh Central Jail from where he escaped in November 1942. JP organised an “Azaad Dasta” (armed guerrilla revolutionaries) in Nepal after escaping from jail. JP hoped to launch a countrywide revolution. However, he was arrested in September 1943, exactly ten months and ten days after he escaped from Hazaribagh jail. It was only in 1946 that he was released from jail. Following Independence, JP took the CSP out of the Congress and formed the Socialist Party, which he merged with J B Kripalani’s Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party to form the Praja Socialist Party. Soon afterward, after turning down Nehru’s calls to join the ministry, JP decided to walk away from electoral politics and involved himself with Acharya Vinoba Bhave’s Bhoodan movement. In March 1974, students in Bihar protesting against rising prices and unemployment, invited JP, who has given up from active politics, to guide the student movement. JP accepted it on one condition that the movement will remain non-violent and will not limit itself to Bihar.  JP demanded the dismissal of the Congress government in Bihar and gave a call for a “total revolution“ in the social, economic, and political spheres. A massive protest was organised in Delhi’s Ramlila grounds on 25 June 1975 where JP announced a nationwide satyagraha for then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi’s resignation and asked the army, the police, and government employees not to obey “illegal and immoral orders”. In response, the government declared a state of emergency on 25 June 1975. The General Elections were called in 1977. The election results turned into a referendum on Emergency, at least in north India. Indira Gandhi’s government was defeated, paving the way for the formation of the first-ever non-Congress government at the Centre. Throughout the Emergency, JP fought vigorously against the authoritarian and became a beacon of hope in the face of adversity. Source: Indian Express GREEN PATCH SPREADS IN ANTARCTICA  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Plant cover across the Antarctic Peninsula, a long, mountainous extension of Antarctica that points north towards South America, has increased more than 10 times over the past few decades due to rising temperatures, a new study says. Background: – In March 2022, Antarctica experienced its most intense heatwave — temperatures in East Antarctica soared to 39 degrees Celsius above normal. How quickly is Antarctica warming? The continent is warming twice as fast as the global average, at a rate of between 0.22 degrees Celsius and 0.32 degrees Celsius per decade currently. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the UN body that advances scientific knowledge about climate change, has estimated that the Earth as a whole is warming at the rate of 0.14-0.18 degrees Celsius per decade. The situation in the Antarctic Peninsula is worse than in the rest of Antarctica — it is warming five times faster than the global average. The Antarctic Peninsula is now almost 3 degrees Celsius warmer on average than in 1950. Antarctica has also been experiencing record-breaking heatwaves, especially during the height of its winter season (which is summer in the northern hemisphere). What has the study found? Researchers used satellite imagery and data to conclude that the extent of vegetation – mostly mosses and lichen – in the Antarctic Peninsula has increased 14 times in just 35 years. Rising temperatures in Antarctica have also resulted in a rapid decrease in the extent of sea ice — the 2024 extent was the second smallest of the satellite record, only slightly more than the record low set in 2023. Warmer open seas may be leading to wetter conditions that favour plant growth. Why should we worry about increased vegetation in Antarctica? Mosses can colonise bare rock and create the foundation of soils that could in milder conditions make the continent more favourable for the growth of other invasive species that could threaten native flora and fauna. Increase in plant life could also reduce the Antarctic Peninsula’s ability to reflect sunlight (solar energy) back to Space — a darker surface absorbs more solar radiation. This could further increase ground temperatures, with local and global repercussions. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL AGRICULTURE CODE (NAC)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has begun the process of formulating a National Agriculture Code (NAC). Background: – On the lines of the existing National Building Code, the NAC will set standards across the agriculture cycle, from field preparation to storage of produce. What is the National Agriculture Code? The BIS is the national body which sets standards for different products across various sectors. In agriculture, it has already set standards for machinery (tractors, harvesters, etc.) and various inputs (fertilisers, pesticides, etc.) However, there are still many areas not covered by the BIS standards. For example, there is no standard for agriculture practices like preparation of fields, micro irrigation and water use. The NAC will cover the entire agriculture cycle. The code will have two parts. The first will contain general principles for all crops, and the second will deal with crop-specific standards for the likes of paddy, wheat, oilseeds, and pulses. The NAC will serve as a guide for farmers, agriculture universities, and officials. What will the NAC cover? In addition to standards for agriculture machinery, the NAC will cover all agriculture processes and post-harvest operations, such as crop selection, land preparation, sowing/transplanting, irrigation/drainage, soil health management, plant health management, harvesting/threshing, primary processing, post-harvest, sustainability, and record maintenance. It will also include standards for input management, like use of chemical fertilisers, pesticides, and weedicides, as well as standards for crop storage and traceability. NAC will cover all new and emerging areas like natural farming and organic farming, as well as the use of Internet-of-Things in the field of agriculture. What are Standardized Agriculture Demonstration Farms? BIS has also taken an initiative for setting up of ‘Standardized Agriculture Demonstration Farm’ (SADF) in selected agriculture institutes in the country. SADF will serve as experimental sites for testing and implementing various agricultural practices and new technologies in accordance with Indian Standards. For the development of these specialised farms, the BIS plans to sign Memorandum of Understanding (MoUs) with premier agricultural institutes. BIS will provide financial assistance to these institutes for setting up the SADFs, where anyone including officials responsible for extension activities, farmers or industry people can come and learn. China has already successfully demonstrated the working of such SADFs. Source: Indian Express WAYANAD WILDLIFE SANCTUARY  Syllabus Prelims & Mains- ENVIRONMENT Context: A two-day vulture survey that concluded in the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary recently, has recorded the presence of 80 vultures across nine locations. Background: Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary remains one of Kerala’s last bastions for vultures, whose survival is closely tied to apex predators like tigers and leopards. About Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (WWS), located in the state of Kerala, is an integral part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It is located in the southern part of the famous Western Ghats. The sanctuary lies at an elevation ranging from 700 to 2100 meters. Established in 1973, the sanctuary spans approximately 344.44 square kilometers and lies between the famous protected areas of Nagarhole and Bandipur in Karnataka and Mudumalai in Tamil Nadu. It is divided into four hill ranges: Sulthan Bathery, Muthanga, Kurichiat, and Tholpetty. Kuruma, Paniya, Kattunaicka, Urali, Kurichiar and Adiyar are some of the tribal communities that inhabit this area. Flora The Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is predominantly covered by tropical moist deciduous forests, with patches of semi-evergreen forests. Fauna The sanctuary is home to an array of wildlife, including several endangered and endemic species. It forms a key part of the migratory corridor for elephants and tigers. Wayanad is known for its large elephant population. The sanctuary hosts a significant number of Bengal tigers, which frequently move between Wayanad and the adjacent Nagarhole-Bandipur-Mudumalai complex. Leopards, Wild Boar, Indian Bison (Gaur), Sloth Bear, Sambar Deer, Spotted Deer (Chital), Nilgai, Bonnet Macaques, and Indian Wild Dogs (Dholes) are commonly found. Source: The Hindu BRAHMI SCRIPT  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ART & CULTURE Context: A Brahmi inscription found in Dharanikota village at Amaravathi mandal in Palnadu district. Background: – The place is historically known for its rich Buddhist culture. About  Brahmi Script: Origin: The Brahmi script is believed to have originated around the 3rd century BCE and is one of the oldest writing systems in the Indian subcontinent. Discovery: It was deciphered by James Prinsep in 1837, providing key insights into inscriptions and historical records from ancient India. Period: It was predominantly used during the Maurya Dynasty, especially during the reign of Emperor Ashoka. Inscriptions: Most famous for being the script in which Ashoka’s edicts were written, providing a wealth of information on his administration and Buddhist principles. Key Features Brahmi is an abugida and uses a system of diacritical marks to associate vowels with consonant symbols. Direction: The script is written from left to right. Brahmi evolved over time,  with variations such as Early Brahmi (or Ashokan Brahmi), Middle Brahmi (or Kushana Brahmi), and Late Brahmi (or Gupta Brahmi). Languages: Originally used for Prakrit, it was later adapted to write several languages, including Sanskrit. Importance in Indian Epigraphy Brahmi is regarded as the mother of all Indian scripts, giving rise to: Devanagari, which is used for writing Sanskrit, Hindi, and several other modern Indian languages. Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali, and Gujarati scripts, among others. The widespread usage of Brahmi in Ashoka’s inscriptions, spread across India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, attests to its importance in unifying communication across the Mauryan Empire. Significance Cultural Impact: Brahmi played a crucial role in the dissemination of Buddhist teachings and governance principles through inscriptions and manuscripts. Literary Development: It laid the foundation for the development of Indian literature, enabling the preservation and transmission of religious texts like Buddhist and Jain scriptures. Indo-European Linguistics: The decipherment of Brahmi was pivotal in the study of the Indo-European language family and understanding linguistic changes over time. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to Jayaprakash Narayan, consider the following statements: Jayaprakash Narayan was instrumental in forming the All India Congress Socialist Party (CSP) in 1934. He played a key role in leading the Quit India Movement after many senior leaders were arrested in 1942. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary: Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. The sanctuary is an important migratory corridor for both elephants and Bengal tigers. The dominant vegetation type in Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is dry deciduous forests. The sanctuary shares its borders with the protected areas of Nagarhole and Bandipur in Karnataka and Mudumalai in Tamil Nadu. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1, 2, and 4 only (b) 1, 3, and 4 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 2 only Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding the Brahmi script: Brahmi is written from right to left. It was deciphered by James Prinsep in the 19th century. The Brahmi script is the precursor to modern Indian scripts like Devanagari. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  12th October 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  11th October – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  c Q.2) – b Q.3) – b

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 14th October 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 12th October 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 11th October 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   CAN INDIA ESCAPE MIDDLE-INCOME TRAP?  Syllabus Mains – ECONOMY Context: The World Development Report 2024 — authored by the World Bank — calls attention to the phenomenon of the “middle-income” trap, or the slowing down of growth rates as incomes increase. Background: – Over the last 34 years, only 34 middle-income economies — defined as economies with per capita incomes between $1,136 and $13,845 — have transitioned to higher income levels. Key takeaways The WDR details the policies and strategies necessary to break the trap based on the experiences of countries that did manage the transition. It highlights the importance of the “3i” approach: investment, infusion, and innovation. Economies must invest, ensure the infusion of new global technologies, and develop an environment conducive to domestic innovation. Role of the state Most countries that broke the trap were part of the European Union which facilitated growth and mobility of capital and labour for its members. Such institutions that aid free factor mobility are not available for most countries. An important non-European country that managed to escape the trap is South Korea. The South Korean state was heavily interventionist, often directing the private sector’s activities and ensuring their participation in an export-driven growth model. Successful companies were rewarded with access to new technologies and supportive measures, while firms that did not perform were allowed to fail. Another economy that broke the trap was Chile. But it too, saw state intervention in ensuring the success of natural resource exporting sectors. The salmon industry, for instance, succeeded in Chile due to the targeted intervention of the state to ensure that the industry flourished. The South Korean government’s approach carries significant lessons. The state must be seen as being neutral amongst private players and ensuring those who do not make the mark are allowed to fail. The benefits firms receive from the state must be based on performance instead of closeness to power. The presence of powerful business houses can promote growth provided they invest, ensure the adoption and infusion of new technologies, and innovate. The pitfalls South Korea’s success was built on manufacturing exports; such a strategy is not possible now. World export growth has slowed, with demand slowing down. Several countries have turned to protectionism due to perceived job loss. Several countries have been hit by ‘premature deindustrialisation’. Modern economies face a reduction in the income share of manufacturing at much lower levels of GDP compared to previous economies. Manufacturing is no longer an engine of growth for developing economies, and it remains to be seen whether the service sector is strong enough to break the trap. Challenges facing India The power of billionaires in the Indian economy has increased, and they are seen as being close to the state, with the state unable — or unwilling — to ensure high rates of investment from domestic capital. The manufacturing sector has stagnated, and there has been a reversal of the process of structural transformation, with employment increasing in agriculture and in low-productive forms following the pandemic. While the government estimates a real GDP growth of around 7% in recent years, wages have not kept up. Wage earners have seen little to no real wage growth. An economy cannot break a middle-income trap if workers are unable to partake in the growth process, as reduced consumption demand will become a drag. South Korea’s export strategy was overseen by a military government that ruled till the 1980s. Chile deposed the democratically elected government of Salvador Allende by a coup. It is vital not to take the wrong lessons and think that democracy is an acceptable price to pay for higher growth. The challenge for policy is to promote state intervention to ensure growth while maintaining the sanctity of the democratic ethos. Source: The Hindu ETHICAL LESSONS FROM THE LIFE OF RATAN TATA  Syllabus Mains – GS 4 Context: Former Tata Group Chairman Ratan Tata, whose dedication to integrity and social upliftment touched the hearts of many, breathed his last on Wednesday Background: – Known for his ethical business practices and commitment to improving lives through social initiatives, Ratan Tata’s life serves as an example of how to bring change. Key values, quotes and examples from his life Kindness : Kindness is a virtue that encompasses the ability to be polite and caring towards others. It entails empathy and compassion towards others. During the 1984 anti-Sikh riots, Ratan Tata displayed extraordinary kindness by providing free trucks to Sikh survivors who had lost their vehicles and livelihoods in the violence. Tata Motors’ gesture helped these individuals rebuild their businesses and regain their livelihood at a time of immense hardship. Virtues such as kindness, empathy, and compassion play key roles in creating a positive environment, fostering a sense of safety, and building trust with others. Civil servants interact with diverse communities daily. By demonstrating empathy and kindness, they can build trust within the community. Spirit of Service: It is a quality of a person that encourages one to be committed to public service without any self motives. During the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, Ratan Tata, as Chairman of the Tata Group, led the restoration of the Taj Hotel and personally supported affected employees. He quickly established the Taj Public Service Welfare Trust to provide relief to victims and to help and rehabilitate those recovering from such tragic events in the future, demonstrating compassion and resilience in a time of crisis. Compassion: Compassion is defined as the emotional response when perceiving suffering and involves an authentic desire to help. Practicing compassion increases our well-being by enhancing a sense of connection to others. Ratan Tata is known for his love of animals, particularly dogs. A LinkedIn user shared a story of visiting Mumbai’s Taj Hotel, where she saw a dog being cared for by the staff. This act of compassion was due to Tata’s directive to treat animals kindly. Leadership: Leadership is the ability of an individual to guide and influence people. The values, decision-making style, ethics and interpersonal skills of leader profoundly influence the organization’s culture and public perception. Ratan Tata chose to work as an employee for his own company. He joined Tata in 1961 and worked on the shop floor of Tata Steel. He wanted to get hand-on-experience at the grass root level to understand the nuances and problem. “I don’t believe in work-life balance. I believe in work-life integration. Make your work and life meaningful and fulfilling, and they will complement each other.” This quote by Ratan Tata conveys that there is a need to adopt harmony in your job and personal life. Personal goals in the job and value systems in life should complement each other to give you satisfaction. Perseverance: Perseverance is continued persistence in doing what one considers to be right despite difficulties or delays in achieving the desired results. It implies unwavering steadfastness in pursuing the right course of action, even in the face of odds or failures. The Tata Nano faced multiple challenges before its launch. Initially set to be manufactured in Singur, West Bengal, protests forced Tata Motors to shift the plant to Sanand, Gujarat. Despite the setbacks, the Nano was launched in 2008. “None can destroy iron, but its own rust can. Likewise, none can destroy a person but his own mindset can”. A positive mindset is the key to success. The internal factors—negative thoughts, procrastination, self-doubt, lack of confidence, or a defeatist attitude- act as a barrier to achieving potential. Utilitarianism : Utilitarianism as a principle advocates that from an ethical point of view, an action is right if the sum total of the utilities produced by a particular act emerges greater than the sum total of utilities generated by any other act. “The greatest good for the greatest number.” said, Jeremy Bentham (the father of Utilitarianism). The Tata Nano was launched in 2008. Ratan Tata said it was “always meant for all our people”. The Nano was often referred to as India’s first ‘lakhtakia’ – a car that costs all of Rs 1 lakh, a few thousand more expensive than two-wheelers. His vision was an embodiment of utilitarianism and inclusivity. Philanthropy – Social Responsibility The Tata Trust, under Ratan Tata, has expanded to reflect a deep sense of social responsibility. “I admire people who are very successful. But if that success has been achieved through too much ruthlessness, then I may admire that person less”. Success at what cost, should be a prime question to be asked. Role modeling and admiration of a person’s achievement should not be based on materialistic gains especially if it is inhumane. Source: Indian Express ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Thursday said he looked forward to the deliberations with world leaders as he arrived in Laos for a two-day visit to attend the ASEAN-India and East Asia summits. Background: – Modi will participate in the 21st ASEAN-India and the 19th East Asia summits. About ASEAN Established: August 8, 1967, in Bangkok, Thailand through the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration). Founding Members: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Current Membership: 10 countries – Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Secretariat: Jakarta, Indonesia. Objectives: To accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in the region. To promote regional peace and stability through respect for justice, rule of law, and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter. To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in areas of common interest. Key Principles: motto is “One Vision, One Identity, One Community”. Non-interference in the internal affairs of member states. Peaceful settlement of disputes. Respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity. Promotion of a zone of peace, freedom, and neutrality. Key Initiatives and Agreements: ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA): Launched in 1992 to promote trade liberalization among member states. ASEAN Economic Community (AEC): Established in 2015 to integrate member states into a single market and production base. Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP): A mega trade agreement involving ASEAN countries and five dialogue partners (China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand; India opted out of RCEP). ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF): Platform for dialogue on security issues in the Asia-Pacific. Significance: Economic Powerhouse: ASEAN collectively forms one of the world’s largest economies, with diverse markets and significant trade relations. Strategic Importance: Located at the crossroads of major global sea routes, the region is critical for international trade and maritime security. India-ASEAN Relations: India has a strong strategic and economic partnership with ASEAN under the “Act East Policy” focusing on enhancing connectivity, trade, and security cooperation. Challenges: Internal Diversity: Wide variations in political systems, economic development, and internal policies among ASEAN members. South China Sea Disputes: Territorial conflicts involving China and several ASEAN members, notably Vietnam and the Philippines. Balancing Superpowers: ASEAN must navigate the competing influences of China and the United States in the region. India-ASEAN Engagements: India became a sectoral dialogue partner of ASEAN in 1992 and a full dialogue partner in 1996. ASEAN-India Summit is held annually since 2002. Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA): The AITIGA was signed in Bangkok in 2009, and entered into force on January 1, 2010. Trade in Services Agreement: The ASEAN-India Trade in Services Agreement was signed in November 2014. Investment Agreement: The ASEAN-India Investment Agreement was signed in November 2014. Source: The Hindu LIVING PLANET REPORT  Syllabus Prelims & Mains- ENVIRONMENT Context: The 2024 Living Planet Index report is out. Background: The Living Planet Report stresses the need for a collective global effort to tackle the dual crises of climate change and biodiversity loss. About Living Planet Report The Living Planet Report is a comprehensive biennial publication by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) that assesses the state of the planet’s biodiversity, ecosystems, and the impact of human activity on the natural world. Key Findings Biodiversity Decline: The 2024 report highlights a staggering 73% decline in wildlife populations on average since 1970. This decline is tracked using the Living Planet Index, which monitors thousands of vertebrate species populations globally. When a population falls below a certain level, that species may not be able to perform its usual role within the ecosystem – whether that’s seed dispersal, pollination, grazing, nutrient cycling or many other processes that keep the ecosystem functioning, the report says. In India, the decline of three vulture species – white-rumped vulture, Indian vulture, and slender-billed vulture, has been alarming, WWF said. Ecosystem Health: The report provides a detailed analysis of various ecosystems, including forests, oceans, and freshwater systems, showing significant degradation and loss of habitat. Human Impact: It emphasizes the role of human activities such as deforestation, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation of resources in driving biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation. Major Themes Climate Change: The report underscores the urgent need to address climate change, which is exacerbating biodiversity loss and pushing ecosystems towards dangerous tipping points. Nature-Based Solutions: It advocates for nature-based solutions to mitigate climate change and restore ecosystems, such as reforestation, sustainable agriculture, and conservation efforts. Sustainable Development: The report calls for integrating biodiversity conservation into sustainable development goals and policies to ensure a balanced approach to economic growth and environmental protection. Source: Indian Express FORTIFIED RICE  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Union Cabinet recently extended the universal supply of fortified rice in all central government schemes providing free food grain under the National Food Security Act, 2021, in its present form, until December 2028. Background: – The cost of rice fortification is around Rs 2,700 crore per annum — less than 2% of India’s annual total food subsidy bill. About Rice Fortification The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) defines fortification as “deliberately increasing the content of essential micronutrients in a food so as to improve the nutritional quality of food and to provide public health benefit with minimal risk to health”. India has very high levels of malnutrition among women and children. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) conducted between 2019 and 2021, anaemia remains a widespread issue in India. Besides iron deficiency, other vitamin and mineral deficiencies, such as Vitamin B12 and folic acid, also persist, impacting the overall health and productivity of the population. Fortification of food is considered to be one of the most suitable methods to combat malnutrition. Rice is consumed by about two-thirds of the population. Per capita rice consumption in India is 6.8 kg per month. Various technologies, such as coating, dusting, and ‘extrusion’, are available to add micronutrients to regular rice. The last mentioned technology involves the production of fortified rice kernels (FRKs) from a mixture using an ‘extruder’ machine. It is considered to be the best technology for India. Dry rice flour is mixed with a premix of micronutrients, and water is added to this mixture, which is then passed through a twin-screw extruder with heating zones. Kernels similar in shape and size to rice are produced, which, as per Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution guidelines, must “resemble the normal milled rice as closely as possible”. The kernels are dried, cooled, and packaged. FRK has a shelf life of at least 12 months. The kernels are blended with regular rice to produce fortified rice. Fortified rice is packed in jute bags with the logo (‘+F’) and the line “Fortified with Iron, Folic Acid, and Vitamin B12”. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements about Fortified Rice in India is/are correct? Fortified rice in India is enriched with Iron, Folic Acid, and Vitamin B12 to combat widespread malnutrition. The ‘extrusion’ technology is considered the most suitable method for producing fortified rice kernels in India. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: a) Only 1 b) Only 2 c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding the Living Planet Report: The Living Planet Report is published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and assesses global biodiversity health. It measures trends in global wildlife populations, using the Living Planet Index as its key indicators. The report highlights the impact of human activities on wildlife populations, including habitat loss, climate change, and over-exploitation. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding the Middle-Income Trap: The Middle-Income Trap refers to the economic stagnation that countries often face when they reach a certain level of per capita income, struggling to transition to high-income status. The phenomenon is mainly caused by a lack of democracy. South Korea is an example of a country that successfully avoided the Middle-Income Trap. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 1 and 3 only c) 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  11th October 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  10th October – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  b Q.2) – d Q.3) – d

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 11th October 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 10th October 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 10th October 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   EMPOWERING LOCAL BODIES FOR EFFECTIVE URBAN GOVERNANCE  Syllabus Mains – POLITY & GOVERNANCE Context: In August-September, heavy rains impacted cities across Gujarat, especially Vadodara, where flooding, power outages, and waste-filled streets crippled the city. While residents criticized the Vadodara Municipal Corporation, the local body worked tirelessly to mitigate the damage, underscoring the crucial role of urban local bodies (ULB’s). Background: – ULBs include Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, and Nagar Panchayats. They are responsible for urban governance and providing essential services like waste management, sanitation, and urban planning. Historical Context: Pre-colonial: Informal governance structures which varied based on the city’s primary activities (religious town or trading town). Colonial Era: British established city institutions like Improvement Trusts (e.g., in Bombay, Calcutta) for urban sanitation. First Municipal Body: Established in Madras (1687), followed by Bombay and Calcutta. The improvement trusts were tasked with the responsibility of cleaning up the city and ensuring that epidemics were prevented. Lord Ripon’s Resolution: In 1882, Lord Ripon (often called as father of local self-government in India) introduced the resolution for local-self governments, thereby laying the foundations of a democratically elected municipal government to manage cities. Post-Independence Evolution: After independence, municipal corporations continued to evolve but faced major obstacles with a growing population and limited infrastructure. They were heavily reliant on their respective state governments for financial and operational support. 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (1992): Gave constitutional recognition to ULBs as the third tier of governance. Part IX-A: Details the composition, roles, and powers of ULBs. 12th Schedule: Lists 18 functions devolved to ULBs (e.g., urban planning, public health). The amendment mandated elections every five years, with municipal councillors elected from local constituencies (wards). While the elected mayor serves as the ceremonial head, real executive power rests with the municipal commissioner, a state-appointed bureaucrat. Challenges Faced by ULBs: Financial Constraints: ULBs lack sufficient revenue sources. Property taxes and state government funding are the primary revenue streams. Initiatives like municipal bonds remain rare due to lack of expertise. Political Autonomy: Mayors have limited executive power compared to municipal commissioners. State governments often exert control through funding and legislative changes (e.g., Bihar Municipality Amendment Bill, 2024). Personnel and Expertise Shortage: ULBs face low state capacity, with a significant shortage of urban planners and technical experts (1 planner per 75,000 people). Indian cities will need 3 lakh planners by 2031. International Comparison: Global Cities: Mayors in cities like London and New York have significant power over policies, including housing, transportation, and infrastructure. Example: London’s Mayor controls Transport for London (TfL). TfL is responsible for improving mobility and accessibility in London. It is also in charge of implementing the Mayor’s sustainable transport plan whereby 80 per cent of trips in London shall be on foot, cycle or public transport by 2040. The Way Forward: Greater Financial Autonomy: ULBs should raise revenue through market measures (bonds, securities) and user charges (parking fees, congestion charges). Participatory Budgets: Allow residents to decide how taxes are used, increasing local problem-solving. Improved Technical Expertise: ULBs need to recruit more experts and planners to tackle complex urban challenges like floods and heat islands. Decentralized Governance: According to the principle of subsidiarity, local issues should be managed by ULBs, minimizing reliance on state or central governments. Source: Indian Express STRUGGLING TEXTILE INDUSTRY  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: Union Minister for Textiles recently said that the Indian textile and apparel sector is aiming for a total business of $350 billion annually by 2030. However, the industry went through a tumultuous phase during the last two financial years, casting a shadow on the possibility for growth. Background: – Several MSME textile mills downed their shutters as there is no demand. What is the status now? In FY22, India was the third largest textile exporter globally, enjoying a 5.4% share. India is also said to have the second largest manufacturing capacity, with capability across the value chain. The sector’s contribution to GDP is close to 2.3% (FY21) and 10.6% of total manufacturing Gross Value Added (GVA) in FY23. About 105 million people are employed by the textile and garment units, directly and indirectly. For an industry that has 80% of its capacity spread across MSMEs and is sensitive to global markets, FY2021-2022 saw tremendous growth with $43.4 billion exports. However, slowdown in demand that started in 2022-2023 only worsened in FY24 with a slump in exports and domestic demand. This impacted manufacturing clusters severely. Tamil Nadu, which has the largest spinning capacity in the country, saw the closure of nearly 500 textile mills in the last two years. Why did exports slump? Geopolitical developments and a slump in demand in buying countries hit the exporting units. This was exacerbated by high raw material prices of both, cotton and Man Made Fibres (MMF), and the growing import of fabrics and garments. The imposition of a 10% import duty on cotton has made Indian cotton more expensive compared to international prices. In the case of MMF, introduction of quality control orders has disturbed raw material availability and price stability. The industry is repeatedly demanding removal of the import duty on cotton at least during the off-season months of April to October. What are the other challenges? Apart from policy issues, the industry is also staring at disruptions in its traditional business systems. Direct retailing to customers through e-commerce is a trend with more startups entering this space. Foreign brands are fast-tracking the adoption of ESG (Environmental, Social, & Governance) sustainability across the supply chain. They are defining sustainability targets and want to source from vendors who will meet these targets. Further, there is a rise in comfort wear, loungewear, and athleisure as the emphasis on comfortable clothing has increased among consumers. Source: The Hindu TOOLS TO DESIGN PROTEINS, PREDICT STRUCTURE WIN 2024 CHEMISTRY NOBEL  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The 2024 Nobel Prize for chemistry was jointly awarded to David Baker for his work on computational protein design and to Demis Hassabis and John Jumper for developing technologies to predict the structure of proteins. Background: – The chemistry prize concerns two areas in the field of protein research: design and structure. Why are proteins important? All life requires proteins and all proteins are made of amino acids. While there are many types of amino acids in nature, only 20 of them in different combinations make up all the proteins in the human body and in most life-forms. Amino acids are found in tissues — like muscles, skin, and hair — that provide structural support; they’re catalysts in biochemical reactions; move molecules like oxygen across membranes; control muscle contraction that lets us move and have our hearts beat; and help cells communicate with each other to perform tasks. What is the protein-folding problem? A protein has many identities and one of them depends on the arrangement of its amino acids in the three dimensions of space — in other words, its 3D structure. And scientists have spent decades trying to understand how proteins attain these structures. In 1962, John Kendrew and Max Perutz won the Nobel for elucidating the first 3D models of haemoglobin and myoglobin, both proteins, using X-ray crystallography. (This method reveals a crystal’s structure based on how its constituent atoms scatter X-rays. For this the proteins need to be purified and crystallised first). A year earlier, Christian Anfinsen had found that a protein’s 3D structure is governed by the sequence of amino acids in the protein, and won the 1972 chemistry Nobel. Notable breakthrough arrived in 1969 when scientists found that a protein doesn’t try to bend into different shapes before settling into its final one. Instead it somehow knows the shape it needs to have and rapidly folds itself to acquire it. The mysterious nature of this ‘knowledge’ of the protein is called the protein-folding problem. By the late 2010s, scientists had worked out the structures of around 1.7 lakh proteins — a large number yet still small compared to the roughly 200 million proteins in nature. This situation changed drastically around 2018. What is AlphaFold? Hassabis co-founded DeepMind in 2010 and which Google acquired. Here, Hassabis and his colleagues unveiled AlphaFold in 2018. AlphaFold is a deep-learning model able to predict the structures of almost all proteins after training on the set of known structures. DeepMind launched its successor AlphaFold 2 in 2020, when it was able to predict the structure of proteins with an accuracy comparable to that of X-ray crystallography. Jumper led the work on AlphaFold 3. This model is able to predict the structures of various proteins as well as how two proteins and/or a protein and another molecule might interact. Given enough computing power, these machine-learning models are capable of deducing the 3D shapes of most proteins in a matter of hours. However, these machines have not been able to say why a protein prefers a particular structure. What is protein design? Baker, who received the other half of chemistry Nobel, developed tools that scientists use to design new proteins with specific shapes and functions. His first notable work was in 2003, when he led a team to create a novel protein and determined its structure using a bespoke computer program they had developed in 1999 called ‘Rosetta’. The ability to design proteins has far-reaching implications. For example, in 2022, Baker’s team developed an antiviral nasal spray to treat COVID-19. At its heart were proteins the team designed using computational methods in the laboratory to stick to vulnerable sites on the viral surface and target the spike protein. Source: The Hindu MALABAR EXERCISE  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The 28th edition of the multi-national maritime exercise MALABAR 2024 commenced on Wednesday in Andhra Pradesh’s Visakhapatnam. Background: The exercise is aligned with the Indian Government’s vision of Security & Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) and reflects India’s growing engagement with like-minded nations. About Malabar Exercise The Malabar Exercise is a significant annual naval exercise that involves the navies of India, the United States, Japan, and Australia. Inception: The Malabar Exercise began in 1992 as a bilateral exercise between the Indian Navy and the United States Navy. Expansion: Japan became a permanent participant in 2015, and Australia joined in 2020, transforming it into a quadrilateral exercise. Objectives Interoperability: The primary goal is to enhance interoperability among the participating navies through joint training and operations. Maritime Security: It aims to promote maritime security and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. Strategic Coordination: The exercise focuses on strategic and operational coordination to counter regional threats and ensure a rules-based maritime order. Structure of the Exercise: The exercise is typically divided into two phases: Harbour Phase: This phase includes planning conferences, professional exchanges, and cultural events. It allows the navies to plan and coordinate their activities. Sea Phase: This phase involves complex naval drills, including anti-submarine warfare, air defense exercises, surface warfare drills, and live weapon firing. Malabar 2024 Host: India is hosting the Malabar Exercise in 2024, with activities centered around Visakhapatnam. Activities: The exercise includes live weapon firing, complex surface operations, anti-air and anti-submarine warfare drills, and joint maneuvers involving a range of naval assets. Significance Regional Security: Malabar plays a crucial role in maintaining the security dynamics of the Indo-Pacific region, especially in counterbalancing China’s growing influence. Cooperation: It fosters mutual understanding and cooperation among the participating nations, enhancing their ability to work together in times of crisis. Source: Deccan Herald ATAL PENSION YOJANA  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: Atal Pension Yojana (APY) has achieved a new milestone with gross enrolments under the scheme having crossed 7 crore. Background: – This milestone was achieved with an enrolment of enrolment of over 56 lakh in the current Financial Year, i.e., FY 24-25 About Atal Pension Yojana (APY) APY was launched on May 9, 2015 with an aim to create a universal social security system for all Indians, especially the poor, the underprivileged and the workers in the unorganised sector. The scheme is administered by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) Eligibility APY is applicable to all citizen of India aged between 18-40 years. Account Requirement: A savings account with an authorized bank or post office is necessary. Subscriber Contribution: Contributions can be made monthly, quarterly, or half-yearly, and the amount depends on the age of joining and the desired pension amount. Pension Benefits APY’s design focuses on ensuring a guaranteed minimum pension to subscribers upon reaching the age of 60, based on their contributions during their working years. Pension Amount: Subscribers can choose a fixed monthly pension of ₹1,000, ₹2,000, ₹3,000, ₹4,000, or ₹5,000, which starts after they reach 60 years of age. Nomination: It is mandatory to appoint a nominee for the APY account. In case of death of subscriber pension would be available to the spouse and on the death of both of them (subscriber and spouse), the pension corpus would be returned to his nominee. Tax Benefits: Contributions to the APY qualify for tax benefits under Section 80CCD(1) of the Income Tax Act. Source: Hindu Businessline Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding the Malabar Exercise: The Malabar Exercise started as a trilateral exercise between India, Japan, and the United States in 1992. Australia became a permanent participant of the Malabar Exercise in 2020. The Malabar Exercise focuses on enhancing maritime security and interoperability among participating navies. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding the protein-folding problem and AlphaFold: A protein’s three-dimensional structure is determined by the sequence of amino acids in the protein. AlphaFold is a machine-learning model developed by DeepMind to predict the structure of proteins with accuracy comparable to X-ray crystallography. AlphaFold 3 can predict the interaction between two proteins. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 1 and 3 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding the Atal Pension Yojana (APY): APY is applicable to all Indian citizens aged between 18-40 years. Subscribers are guaranteed a fixed monthly pension of ₹1,000 to ₹5,000 upon reaching the age of 60, depending on their contribution. Contributions to APY are eligible for tax benefits under Section 80CCD(1) of the Income Tax Act. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  10th October 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  9th October – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  c Q.2) – b Q.3) – b

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 9th October 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   WASTE-TO-ENERGY  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Big cities are yet to clear any land in half of their legacy landfill sites, with only 38% of the total dumped waste being remediated so far. It underscores the need for more effective strategies and resources to overcome the obstacles in waste remediation, and draws attention to the significance of waste-to-energy technologies. Background: – While waste remediation involves processes that clean up and rehabilitate contaminated land, waste-to-energy technologies convert non-recyclable waste materials into usable forms of energy, such as electricity or heat. Traditional to Modern Waste Management: Key Insights The Industrial Revolution (mid-18th century) marked the beginning of large-scale waste generation due to industrial production. Traditional waste management involved direct disposal into landfills, oceans, or remote areas, which is now unsustainable due to environmental impacts. Definition of Waste: According to the UN Statistical Division, waste refers to materials that are no longer useful for production, transformation, or consumption and are meant for disposal. Global Waste Generation: Currently, global waste production is 1.3 billion tonnes annually and is projected to rise to 2.2 billion tonnes by 2025, making waste management a critical global concern. Waste-to-Energy Technologies: Waste-to-energy technologies serve two purposes: (a) managing large-scale waste generated from household, municipal and industrial activities and, (b) meeting the rising energy demands. Simply put, ‘waste-to-energy refers to a series of technologies that convert non-recyclable waste into some usable forms of energy’. They align with UN SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and promote the circular economy. Conversion Processes: Thermochemical Technologies: Include incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification for energy recovery from waste. Incineration: Common method for treating heterogeneous waste by burning it at high temperatures in a specific kind of furnace called incinerators. This technique is appropriate for wastes with high caloric value as well as for non-hazardous municipal waste. Pyrolysis: Breaks down waste without oxygen to produce fuels (char, pyrolysis oil, syngas). It is an old technology that was used to produce charcoal from wood. Gasification: Decomposes carbon-rich waste to produce syngas. Pyrolysis and gasification are better suited for homogenous waste types. Biochemical Technologies: Use biological processes for organic waste (kitchen/garden). Anaerobic Digestion: is appropriate for organic waste where micro-organisms break down material in the absence of oxygen. One of the end-products is biogas. This method can occur naturally or can be engineered in bio-digesters and sanitary landfills. Landfilling: Composting and landfilling involve burying of waste accompanied by deploying landfill gas recovery systems. Although landfilling is less expensive, it is environmentally detrimental due to the release of toxic and obnoxious gases. Waste-to-Energy in India: The first plant was established in Delhi in 1987. As of 2022, India has 12 operational plants. Despite policies from the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, power generation from waste remains minimal, at just 554 MW (0.1% of total energy generated). There is a perception that waste-to-energy plants have failed in India. Commonly cited reasons are administrative delays in getting approval as well local opposition This happened in the case of the Bandhwari plant proposed in Gurugram in Haryana in 2021. Other reasons include extremely heterogeneous, unsegregated and poor quality of waste which requires excessive pre-treatment and increases the fuel requirement making the entire process expensive and unviable. Global best practices (e.g., Denmark’s hedonistic sustainability) could be adapted in India. Source: Indian Express AMAZON RIVER  Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: The Amazon River, battered by back-to-back droughts fueled by climate change, is drying up, with some stretches of the mighty waterway dwindling to shallow pools only a few feet deep.   Background: – Water levels along several sections of the Amazon River, fell last month to their lowest level on record, according to figures from the Brazilian Geological Service. About Amazon river The Amazon River, located in South America, is the second longest river in the world, after the Nile, with a length of approximately 6,400 kilometers. It flows through Peru, Colombia, and primarily Brazil, discharging into the Atlantic Ocean. The Amazon Basin, the largest drainage basin in the world, covers about 7 million square kilometers, accounting for nearly 40% of South America’s landmass. The extensive lowland areas bordering the main river and its tributaries, called várzeas (“floodplains”), are subject to annual flooding, with consequent soil enrichment; however, most of the vast basin consists of upland, well above the inundations and known as terra firme. More than two-thirds of the basin is covered by an immense rainforest, which grades into dry forest and savanna on the higher northern and southern margins and into montane forest in the Andes to the west. Hydrological Significance: The Amazon carries more water than any other river on Earth, accounting for approximately 20% of the world’s fresh river water. It has the largest discharge of any river, with an average flow of about 209,000 cubic meters per second. The river is fed by over 1,000 tributaries, with the Rio Negro, Madeira, and Tapajós being the largest. Biodiversity: The Amazon River and its surrounding rainforest support one of the most biodiverse ecosystems in the world. It is home to a variety of species including the Amazon river dolphin (Boto), piranhas, electric eels, and more than 2,500 fish species. The Amazon rainforest, nourished by the river, houses around 10% of all known species, playing a crucial role in global biodiversity. Source: NewYork Times ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: On October 8, John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton won the 2024 Nobel Prize for physics for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks. Background: – Their work lies at the roots of a large tree of work, the newest branches of which we see today as artificially intelligent (AI) apps like ChatGPT. What are Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)? Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are computational models inspired by the human brain’s neural networks. They are composed of layers of interconnected artificial neurons that process data in a way that mimics human learning. ANNs are the foundation for many AI applications, particularly those involving pattern recognition, data analysis, and decision-making. Structure of ANNs Neurons and Layers: ANNs consist of interconnected units called neurons, organized into layers. There are typically three types of layers: Input Layer: Receives the initial data. Hidden Layers: Perform computations and feature extraction. Output Layer: Produces the final result or prediction. Types of ANNs Feedforward Neural Networks (FNNs): The simplest type, where connections do not form cycles. Data moves in one direction from input to output. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): Specialized for processing grid-like data such as images. They use convolutional layers to automatically and adaptively learn spatial hierarchies of features. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs): Designed for sequential data, such as time series or natural language. They have connections that form cycles, allowing them to maintain a memory of previous inputs. Autoencoders: Used for unsupervised learning, these networks aim to learn a compressed representation of the input data. Applications of ANNs Image and Speech Recognition: CNNs are widely used for tasks like identifying objects in images and recognizing spoken words. Natural Language Processing (NLP): RNNs and their variants, such as LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) networks, are used for language translation, sentiment analysis, and more. Healthcare: ANNs assist in diagnosing diseases, predicting patient outcomes, and personalizing treatment plans. Finance: Used for stock market prediction, fraud detection, and risk management Source: The Hindu MAJOR ATMOSPHERIC CHERENKOV EXPERIMENT (MACE) OBSERVATORY  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The Major Atmospheric Cherenkov Experiment (MACE) Observatory was inaugurated on October 4, 2024, in Hanle, Ladakh. Background: MACE Observatory is a monumental achievement for India, and it places our nation at the forefront of cosmic-ray research globally. About MACE OBSERVATORY Located at Hanle, Ladakh, at an altitude of approximately 4,300 meters, making it the highest imaging Cherenkov telescope in the world. Significance: It is the largest imaging Cherenkov telescope in Asia. Built By: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) with support from the Electronics Corporation of India Ltd (ECIL) and other Indian industry partners. Purpose and Functionality The MACE Observatory is designed to study high-energy gamma rays. Gamma rays do not reach the Earth’s surface but interact with the atmosphere to create high-energy particles that emit Cherenkov radiation. The telescope captures these flashes to trace them back to their cosmic sources. Scientific and Socio-Economic Impact Research: The telescope will advance cosmic-ray research, allowing scientists to study phenomena such as supernovae, black holes, and gamma-ray bursts. Community Engagement: The project also aims to support the socio-economic development of Ladakh, encouraging local students to pursue careers in science and technology. Unique Advantages Location Benefits: Hanle offers extremely low light pollution, which is ideal for gamma-ray observations. Its longitudinal position allows MACE to observe sources that are not visible from other parts of the world. About Cherenkov radiation Cherenkov radiation is a fascinating phenomenon that occurs when a charged particle, such as an electron, travels through a dielectric medium (like water or glass) at a speed greater than the phase velocity of light in that medium. Physical Origin Speed of Light in Medium: While the speed of light in a vacuum is a universal constant (approximately (3 \times 10^8) meters per second), it slows down when it passes through a medium like water or glass. For instance, light travels at about 75% of its speed in a vacuum when in water. Charged Particles: When charged particles (e.g., electrons) move faster than the speed of light in that medium, they emit Cherenkov radiation. Mechanism Electromagnetic Shockwave: This radiation is analogous to a sonic boom, which occurs when an object exceeds the speed of sound in air. Similarly, Cherenkov radiation is an electromagnetic shockwave produced when a particle exceeds the speed of light in a medium. Appearance Blue Glow: Cherenkov radiation typically appears as a faint blue glow. This is because the emitted photons are in the blue and ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Historical Context Discovery: The phenomenon was first observed by Soviet physicist Pavel Cherenkov in 1934. He noticed a faint blue light around a radioactive preparation in water. Nobel Prize: Pavel Cherenkov, along with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1958 for their theoretical explanation of this effect. Applications Nuclear Reactors: Cherenkov radiation is commonly observed in the water surrounding nuclear reactors, where it serves as a visual indicator of high-energy particles being emitted. Particle Detectors: Cherenkov detectors are used in particle physics to identify high-speed charged particles. These detectors are crucial in experiments involving cosmic rays and high-energy physics. Medical Imaging: Recent advancements have explored the use of Cherenkov radiation in medical imaging, particularly in radiotherapy, where it helps visualize the distribution of radiation doses. Source: PIB NILGIRI TAHR  Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: In a significant breakthrough for conservation efforts, a newly colonised habitat of Nilgiri Tahr has been discovered in Pasumalai. Background: – Surrounded by shola forests and abandoned coffee estates, the area has potential grassland cover atop hillocks and cliffs, providing the Tahr with necessary escape terrains – critical for their survival. About Nilgiri tahr  The Nilgiri tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius) is a unique species of mountain ungulate endemic to the Nilgiri Hills and the southern portion of the Western and Eastern Ghats in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in southern India. Physical Description Appearance: Nilgiri tahrs are stocky goats with short, coarse fur and a bristly mane. Males are larger and darker than females, with both sexes having curved horns. They develop a light grey area on their backs, earning them the nickname “saddlebacks”. Habitat and Distribution Location: The Nilgiri tahr inhabits the open montane grassland habitats of the South Western Ghats montane rain forests ecoregion, at elevations ranging from 1,200 to 2,600 meters . Range: The Nilgiri tahr can be found only in India. Historically, they were found along the entire stretch of the Western Ghats, but now they are confined to small fragmented pockets. Currently, the Nilgiri tahr distribution is along a narrow stretch of 400 km in the Western Ghats between Nilgiris in the north and Kanyakumari hills in the south of the region. Though there are smaller populations found in the Palani hills, Srivilliputtur, and the Meghamalai and Agasthiyar ranges, only two well-protected, large populations are documented — one from the Nilgiris and the other from the Anamalais, including the high ranges of Kerala. The Eravikulam National Park in Anamalai hills, Kerala, is home to the largest population of the Nilgiri tahr, with more than 700 individuals. Diet: Nilgiri tahrs are primarily grazers, feeding on a variety of grasses, herbs, and shrubs. Behavior: They are well-adapted to their rugged, mountainous habitat, with cloven hooves that help them climb rocks and steep slopes. Conservation Status Threats: The Nilgiri tahr faces several threats, including habitat loss due to deforestation, competition with domestic livestock, hydroelectric projects, and monoculture plantations. Occasional hunting for their meat and skin also poses a threat. Species is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act of India, 1972. The Nilgiri tahr is the only mountain ungulate in southern India amongst the 12 species present in India. It is also the state animal of Tamil Nadu. Source: New Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding the Nilgiri tahr: The Nilgiri tahr is the only mountain ungulate found in southern India. The largest population of the Nilgiri tahr is found in the Eravikulam National Park in Kerala. The species is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. The Nilgiri tahr is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act of India, 1972. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2, 3, and 4 only (c) 1, 2, and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only Q2.) With reference to the Major Atmospheric Cherenkov Experiment (MACE) Telescope, which of the following statements is/are correct? It is located at Hanle in Ladakh and is the largest imaging Cherenkov telescope in Asia. The telescope is designed to study high-energy gamma rays that directly reach the Earth’s surface in large amounts. MACE Telescope was built by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in collaboration with other Indian industry partners. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) The Amazon River, located in South America, is one of the most significant river systems in the world. Consider the following statements about the Amazon River: The Amazon River is the longest river in the world. It accounts for about 20% of the world’s fresh river water discharge. The Amazon Basin covers more than 70% of South America’s landmass. The Amazon River is primarily fed by major tributaries, including the Rio Negro, Madeira, and Tapajó Which of the above statements are correct? a) 1 and 3 only b) 2 and 4 only c) 1, 2, and 4 only d) 2, 3, and 4 only Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  9th October 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  8th October – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  c Q.2) – a Q.3) – c

Website
Terms and Conditions Privacy Refund Policy Learning Management System by Testpress