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Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 30th June 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 30th June – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPPs) Category: POLITY Context: The Election Commission of India (ECI) has initiated steps to de-list 345 Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPPs) that haven’t contested elections in the last six years and whose offices could not be physically located. Decoding the context: What is a Registered Political Party? Forming associations, including political parties, is a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(c) of the Constitution. Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951 governs party registration. Within 30 days of formation, parties must submit their memorandum/constitution to the ECI. Must declare allegiance to the Constitution and uphold sovereignty, democracy, etc. Benefits of RUPP Status: Eligible for: Income tax exemptions (under Section 13A of IT Act). Common election symbol. Donations and campaign funding benefits. Why are parties being de-listed? 345 RUPPs haven’t contested elections since 2019 and can’t be physically traced. These are considered ‘inactive’ and ineligible for tax benefits and candidate nomination. The ECI directed State Chief Electoral Officers to issue show-cause notices before de-listing. What else needs attention? Over 1000 ‘active’ RUPPs may also not have contested elections recently. Law Commission (255th Report, 2015) and ECI (2016 reforms memo) had recommended: De-registration if a party fails to contest elections for 10 consecutive years. However, there is no explicit power under current laws for the ECI to de-register parties. Legal amendments to the RP Act may be needed for such powers. Learning Corner: Election Commission of India (ECI) The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for conducting free and fair elections in India. Constitutional Status: Established under Article 324 of the Indian Constitution. Came into force on January 25, 1950 (celebrated as National Voters’ Day). Functions of ECI: Conducts elections to: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha State Legislative Assemblies and Councils President and Vice President of India Prepares and updates electoral rolls Recognizes political parties and allots symbols Enforces the Model Code of Conduct Monitors election expenditures and ensures transparency Composition: Originally a single-member body (Chief Election Commissioner) Since 1993, it is a multi-member body: Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) Two Election Commissioners Tenure and Removal: Appointed by the President of India Tenure: 6 years or up to the age of 65, whichever is earlier CEC can be removed like a Supreme Court judge (through impeachment) Other Election Commissioners can be removed on the recommendation of the CEC Significance: Ensures democratic integrity through impartial election processes Acts as a watchdog of democracy and a protector of electoral rights Source: THE HINDU Kolhapuri chappals Category: ECONOMICS Context: In its Spring/Summer 2026 menswear collection, Prada featured sandals closely resembling Kolhapuri chappals, traditional handcrafted leather footwear from Maharashtra and Karnataka with a Geographical Indication (GI) tag Key Issues: Cultural Appropriation: The design was used without recognizing its Indian heritage or the artisans behind it. Economic Disparity: While authentic Kolhapuris are sold for around ₹500, Prada’s version was priced above ₹1 lakh, highlighting the imbalance in profits and credit. Weak Legal Enforcement: Despite GI protection, there is limited legal recourse against global misuse, exposing gaps in international IP law. Artisan Marginalization: The incident reflects ongoing neglect of traditional craftsmen in global markets. Learning Corner: Geographical Indication (GI) Tag A Geographical Indication (GI) is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, reputation, or characteristics inherent to that location. It is a form of intellectual property right (IPR) governed in India by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. Administered by: Geographical Indications Registry under the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks. Legal protection: Prevents unauthorized use by others not belonging to the geographical region. Validity: Initially for 10 years, can be renewed indefinitely. Benefits: Protects traditional knowledge and skills. Helps local artisans, farmers, and producers gain premium value in markets. Promotes rural economic development and preserves cultural heritage. Tagged Products in India Product State of Origin Kolhapuri Chappal Maharashtra & Karnataka Darjeeling Tea West Bengal Mysore Silk Karnataka Pochampally Ikat Telangana Banarasi Saree Uttar Pradesh Kanchipuram Silk Saree Tamil Nadu Aranmula Kannadi (mirror) Kerala Bhut Jolokia (Chili) Assam Alphonso Mango Maharashtra Basmati Rice Punjab, Haryana, UP, etc. Lakadong Turmeric Meghalaya Vasmat Haldi (Turmeric) Maharashtra Uttarakhand Lal Chawal (Red Rice) Uttarakhand Khamti Rice (Khaw Tai) Arunachal Pradesh Agassaim Brinjal Goa Borsuri Tur Dal Maharashtra Marcha Rice Bihar Manipuri Black Rice Manipur Kaji Nemu (Lemon) Assam Attappady Red Gram & Beans Kerala Miraj Sitar & Tanpura Maharashtra Hupari Silver Craft Maharashtra Sawantwadi Wooden Craft Maharashtra Goan Feni Goa Polavaram Cotton Sarees Andhra Pradesh Sohrai–Khovar Painting Jharkhand Telia Rumal Textile Telangana Sundarbans Honey West Bengal Murshidabad Garad & Korial Sarees West Bengal Tangail Sarees West Bengal Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS National Turmeric Board Category: POLITY Context : Union Home and Cooperation Minister Amit Shah recently inaugurated the headquarters of the National Turmeric Board in Nizamabad, Telangana, a key turmeric-producing region in India. Key Points: The board aims to promote the turmeric industry, focusing on: Market access for farmers Research and quality improvement Value addition and exports Sustainable farming practices This move is expected to boost farmer incomes, enhance India’s global turmeric presence, and provide a structured platform for industry development. Learning Corner: National Turmeric Board (NTB) The National Turmeric Board is designed to provide a comprehensive and inclusive framework that supports all aspects of the turmeric value chain—from cultivation and research to marketing and exports.  Key Components of the Board Structure Category Role/Representation Chairperson Appointed by the Government of India to lead the Board Secretary Nominated from the Department of Commerce, acts as the administrative head Central Government Members Representatives from: – Ministry of AYUSH – Department of Pharmaceuticals – Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare – Ministry of Commerce & Industry State Government Representatives Officials from three major turmeric-producing states (rotated periodically) Research & Institutional Members Representatives from national/state institutions engaged in turmeric-related research Farmer Representatives Selected turmeric farmers to represent ground-level cultivation challenges and needs Exporter Representatives Individuals or associations involved in turmeric trade and export Headquarters and Nodal Ministry Headquarters: Nizamabad, Telangana – one of India’s leading turmeric-growing regions Nodal Ministry: Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce & Industry Purpose of this Structure Policy Alignment: Involves multiple central ministries to ensure cross-sector synergy in agriculture, health, and trade. Regional Representation: Gives turmeric-growing states a voice in board decisions. Research Integration: Links scientific developments and quality improvements directly to policymaking. Farmer & Exporter Input: Brings practical insights and market intelligence into planning and implementation. Source :  PIB Three-Language Policy Category: POLITY Context: The Maharashtra government has scrapped the mandatory three-language policy in schools, which earlier required students to learn Marathi, Hindi, and English. Key Highlights: Old Policy: Mandatory teaching of three languages to promote multilingualism. New Change: Schools no longer required to follow the three-language rule. Provides greater flexibility in language selection based on school boards and student preferences. Implications: For Students: Reduced academic burden with fewer compulsory languages. Greater focus on regional or global relevance of language learning. For Schools: Need to revise language curricula. May lead to increased emphasis on Marathi and English. Learning Corner: Three-Language Policy in India The Three-Language Policy is an educational framework introduced as part of India’s national education strategy to promote multilingualism, national integration, and cultural harmony. Origin: First proposed in the 1968 National Policy on Education and reiterated in 1986 and 2020 (NEP). Objective: Ensure that students learn three languages—at least two native to India. Structure: In Hindi-speaking states: Hindi English One modern Indian language (preferably from the South) In non-Hindi-speaking states (e.g., Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra): Regional language (e.g., Tamil, Marathi) English Hindi or another modern Indian language Source: THE HINDU Bonnet Macaque Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Kerala is planning to launch a birth control programme for bonnet macaques to address rising human–monkey conflicts, especially in forest fringe areas where crop damage and property loss are significant. Objective: To reduce conflict without harming wildlife, ensuring protection for both human livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. Key Features: Target Species: Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata), listed as ‘vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List. Proposed Methods: Surgical sterilisation Intramuscular contraceptive injections Oral contraceptives (exploratory phase) Approach: Ethical and sustainable wildlife population control Based on international models To be implemented with central government approval Additional Measures: Creation of monkey shelters in deep forest areas Habitat enrichment to localise populations and reduce human intrusion Learning Corner: Bonnet Macaque (Macaca radiata) The bonnet macaque is a species of Old-World monkey native to southern India. It is named for the cap-like whorl of hair on its head that resembles a bonnet. Scientific Name: Macaca radiata Conservation Status: Listed as “Vulnerable” on the IUCN Red List due to habitat loss and increasing human-wildlife conflict. Habitat: Found in southern India, especially in forests, temples, urban areas, and near agricultural fields. Highly adaptable to human-dominated landscapes. Behaviour and Ecology: Diurnal and social, living in troops with complex hierarchies. Omnivorous—feeds on fruits, seeds, insects, and often human food waste. Exhibits strong adaptability, often leading to conflict in urban and rural settings. Threats: Habitat fragmentation Urbanisation and deforestation Crop raiding, leading to conflict with humans Illegal captivity and mistreatment in religious or tourist areas Conservation Measures: Ethical population management (e.g., sterilisation initiatives) Habitat enrichment in forests Public awareness and scientific interventions to reduce human-monkey conflict Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) ECI initiated de-listing of political parties (GS Paper II – Polity) Introduction (Context) The Election Commission of India (ECI) has initiated de-listing of 345 Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPPs) that have neither contested elections in the last six years nor have identifiable offices. This move is part of its clean-up drive to ensure electoral integrity. What are Registered Political Parties? Political parties are an association or body of individuals that can be formed by citizens. Article 19(1)(c) guarantees the right to form associations, under which citizens can form political parties. Registration Process (Section 29A, RP Act 1951): Submit party memorandum/constitution within 30 days of formation. Must pledge allegiance to the Constitution, socialism, secularism, democracy, sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India. ECI examines for provisions ensuring internal democracy, including periodic elections for office bearers. The ECI thereafter registers them as a RUPP. Benefits enjoyed by RUPPs Tax Exemptions: Donations received are exempt under Section 13A, Income Tax Act, 1961. Symbol Allocation: Entitled to a common election symbol for contesting polls. Star Campaigners: Up to 20 star campaigners allowed during elections. Donation Transparency Requirements: Maintain records of donors giving above ₹20,000. Accept donations above ₹2,000 only via cheque/bank transfer. As per Section 29C of the RP Act, failure to furnish these details will result in losing income tax exemption. The RUPPs under the Income Tax Act, 1961, are further required to accept donations in excess of ₹2000 only through cheque or bank transfers. Why is ECI de-listing these parties? As per ECI notification, there are more than 2,800 RUPPs in India as of May 2025. However, only around 750 of them contested the 2024 general elections. It has resulted in the moniker — ‘letter pad parties’ — for the rest of the RUPPs. Provision for de-listing The RP Act does not confer explicit powers on the ECI to de-register any political party if it fails to contest elections, conduct inner-party elections or lodge requisite returns.  However, the Supreme Court in Indian National Congress versus Institute of Social Welfare & Ors (2002) had held that the ECI does not have the power to de-register any political party under the RP Act. It may de-register only under exceptional circumstances such as the registration being obtained by fraud or the political party ceasing to have allegiance to the Indian Constitution or if it is declared unlawful by the Government. The ECI from time to time publishes the list of de-listed and inactive RUPPs. The notification of March 2024 (as amended till May 2025), contains the list of 281 de-listed and 217 inactive RUPPs.  Criteria for de-listing Parties have been de-listed after they were found to be ‘non-existent’ at their address even after notices from the ECI.  Political parties that have not updated the material changes including the list of office bearers since 2014 have been classified as ‘inactive’. These parties are denied the benefit of putting up candidates with a common symbol in an election.  Inactive parties lose benefits like common symbol and tax exemptions. The present exercise has identified 345 RUPPs that have not contested any elections since 2019 and could not be physically located anywhere. The ECI has directed the Chief Electoral Officer of various States and Union Territories to issue show-cause notices to these RUPPs before deciding on de-listing them. This is a welcome step that would prevent such ‘letter pad parties’ from misusing the income tax exemptions or committing any other financial fraud. Challenges No Statutory Power: ECI lacks legal authority to de-register parties merely for not contesting elections or lacking inner-party democracy. Letter Pad Parties: Misuse tax exemptions or serve as vehicles for financial irregularities. Inner-party Democracy Deficit: Most parties do not conduct internal elections or follow democratic norms. Way Forward Law Commission Recommendations: 255th Report (2015): Amend RP Act to allow de-registration of parties not contesting for 10 consecutive years. 170th & 255th Reports: Strengthen provisions ensuring inner-party democracy. ECI Electoral Reforms (2016) Suggested empowering ECI to de-register non-compliant parties. Legislative changes needed to ensure only active, democratically functioning parties benefit from registration. Regular audits and mandatory updates of office bearer details to maintain active status. Conclusion The ECI’s current de-listing exercise is a significant clean-up initiative against misuse of political party registration. However, tt may not be ideal for an independent constitutional authority like the ECI to be involved in the muddle of party politics. However, as suggested by the Law Commission in its 170th and 255th report, the RP Act can be suitably amended to contain specific provisions for ensuring internal democracy in political parties, thereby strengthening India’s electoral integrity. Mains Practice Question Q “Examine the legal limitations faced by the Election Commission of India in de-registering political parties. Should the ECI be given explicit powers in this regard? (250 words, 15 marks)   Endocrine disruptors in plastic waste (GS Paper III – Environment) Introduction (Context) Plastics have revolutionised modern living with their convenience and affordability, but has long-term health crisis. Beyond choking oceans and clogging landfills, plastics are now infiltrating our bodies through microplastic particles and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). India, as the world’s largest plastic waste generator, is at the forefront of this crisis. What are Endocrine Disruptors (EDCs)? Endocrine Disruptors are chemicals that interfere with hormonal systems, mimicking or blocking natural hormones like estrogen, testosterone, thyroid hormones, and cortisol. Common EDCs in Plastics are: Bisphenol A (BPA) & BPS: Water bottles, food containers, thermal paper. Phthalates (DEHP, DBP): Soft plastics, toys, cosmetics, IV tubing. PFAS: Food packaging, non-stick cookware. Microplastics in Human Body: Alarming Evidence Microplastics are Plastic particles <5mm, previously considered inert but now recognised as biologically active. Sources: Primary Sources: Direct disposal of plastic waste into the environment (e.g., microbeads in cosmetics, industrial pellets). Secondary Sources: Breakdown of larger plastic items through physical, chemical, or biological forces leading to microplastic formation. Impacts on human:  Humans have been taking in microplastics not just through ingestion via seafood, table salt, and drinking water but also through inhalation. These ingested particles may lead to oxidative stress, metabolic disorder, immune response, neurotoxicity, as well as reproductive and developmental problems.  Impact on Reproductive Health Male Fertility: Microplastics in semen linked to reduced sperm count, motility, concentration. BPA and phthalates lower testosterone, raise LH levels (indicative of endocrine disruption). Indian studies: 30% decline in average sperm count over 20 years. Female Fertility: Microplastics detected in 14/18 ovarian follicular fluid samples in Italy (2025). Associated with reduced egg quality, menstrual irregularities, miscarriage risk. Linked to PCOS, endometriosis, and spontaneous abortion (Frontiers in Cell & Developmental Biology, 2023). Cancer and Chronic Disease Risks Carcinogenicity: IARC classifies several plastic additives as probable human carcinogens. Indian women with high DEHP levels face 3x increased breast cancer risk. Links to prostate, uterine, and testicular cancers established. Metabolic Disorders: EDCs mimic cortisol, altering insulin sensitivity, promoting fat storage, leading to obesity and type 2 diabetes. PFAS exposure linked to metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, thyroid dysfunction (Frontiers in Public Health, 2024). Findings: 2022 (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam): Microplastics found in 80% of blood samples. 2024 (India): 89% of blood samples contained microplastics (avg. 4.2 particles/ml). Presence confirmed in lungs, hearts, placentas, breast milk, ovarian fluid, semen. Testicular tissue in Indian men had 3x more microplastics than dogs. Impact on animals Microplastics are hugely impacting the animal kingdom. Recent studies suggest that the largest marine mammal, i.e., the blue whale, ingests up to 10 million (approx. 45 kg) microplastics daily.  Microplastics are life-threatening to terrestrial animals, ranging from bovines to mites, nematodes, mice, rats, small birds, and earthworms. Studies spotlight that microplastics have been detected in the kidneys, liver, lungs, spleen, heart, ovaries, testes, and intestines of animals. This resulted in biochemical and structural damage with noticeable dysfunction of the intestine, liver, and excretory and reproductive systems. India’s Vulnerability India Generates 9.3 million tonnes annually. 5.8 million tonnes incinerated → toxic gases. 3.5 million tonnes pollute environment. Mumbai residents inhale/ingest 382–2,012 microplastic particles daily via air, food, water. Nagpur doctors report early puberty, obesity, learning disorders linked to plastic exposure. Health Cost of microplastics is that ₹25,000 crore annually is spent in India due to healthcare costs and productivity losses. Poorest populations near dumps or in informal recycling sectors suffer most. Way Forward Amend rules to address low-dose EDC effects. Prioritise vulnerable groups (children, pregnant women). Implement National programmes to measure EDC levels in blood, urine, breast milk. Fund longitudinal studies on impacts on fertility, neurodevelopment, chronic diseases. Educate on risks of microwaving food in plastic containers. Promote glass, stainless steel, and EDC-free alternatives.  Encourage antioxidant-rich diets to counter oxidative stress. Enforce segregation, recycling, safe disposal of plastics. Invest in microplastic filtration systems for water treatment. Support development of biodegradable, non-toxic materials to reduce EDC exposure. Value addition: Plastic Waste Management Rules in India The Plastic Waste Management Rules (PWM Rules) were first introduced in 2016 under the Environment Protection Act, 1986, replacing the earlier 2011 rules to strengthen plastic waste regulation in India. These rules expanded the definition of plastics to include multilayered packaging materials and imposed responsibilities across the plastic value chain. Key Provisions Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Producers, importers, and brand owners are responsible for collecting, recycling, and disposing of plastic waste generated by their products. Waste Collection & Segregation: Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) must establish effective waste collection systems. Segregation of waste at the source is mandatory. Channel recyclable plastics to authorised recyclers. Ban on Single-Use Plastics (SUPs): 2021 amendment announced phasing out SUP items like cutlery, straws, earbuds, and polystyrene packaging by July 2022. Plastic Bag Thickness Regulations: Increased minimum thickness of carry bags from 50 microns to 75 microns (Sept 2021). Further increased to 120 microns (Dec 2022) to encourage reuse and recyclability. Recycling Targets (2022 & 2024 Amendments): Set minimum recycling mandates for different categories of plastics. Introduced reuse obligations for rigid plastic packaging. Defined environmentally sound disposal methods for non-recyclable plastics. Conclusion Plastic pollution is no longer just an environmental issue; it is a biological invasion threatening public health. Microplastics and EDCs disrupt hormones, damage fertility, and increase chronic disease risk. For India, tackling this silent epidemic is a generational imperative requiring science-backed regulation, robust monitoring, public education, and systemic change to protect current and future generations. Mains Practice Question Q Examine the economic and health implications of microplastic pollution in India. Suggest a multi-pronged strategy to mitigate its risks. (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba  

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 28th June 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 28th June – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) India-U.S. Trade Deal Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: India and the U.S. are in the final stages of talks to conclude a limited trade agreement before the July 8, 2025, deadline. Key U.S. Demands Lower tariffs and non-tariff barriers on American exports—especially autos, medical devices, and agricultural goods (soy, corn, wheat, ethanol, apples). Market access for genetically modified (GM) crops. Better terms in sectors like aviation and energy. India’s Stance Protects sensitive sectors like agriculture and dairy to safeguard farmers’ interests and food security. Offers limited concessions: reduced tariffs on almonds, pistachios, and some defense/energy goods. Seeks rollback of U.S. tariffs on Indian steel and auto parts. Sticking Points Disagreement over tariffs on farm goods, steel, and auto components. U.S. wants immediate, broad access; India prefers a phased approach. Talks may need top-level intervention (Modi-Trump) to break the impasse. If No Deal by July 8 A 10% tariff on Indian goods could be reimposed. Likely limited impact, as exports have remained resilient. India is also strengthening trade ties with the EU and UK. Learning Corner: Bilateral Trade Between India and the USA Overview: India and the United States share a robust and growing trade relationship, marked by both strategic cooperation and occasional trade tensions. The U.S. is one of India’s largest trading partners, and India is a key market and strategic ally for the U.S. in the Indo-Pacific region. Key Facts (as of 2024 estimates): Total Bilateral Trade: Over $190 billion, making the U.S. India’s largest trading partner. India’s Exports to U.S.: ~$118 billion – Includes pharmaceuticals, textiles, IT services, gems & jewelry, auto parts. India’s Imports from U.S.: ~$72 billion – Includes crude oil, defense equipment, aircraft, agricultural products, and technology. Areas of Cooperation: Energy Trade: The U.S. is a key supplier of crude oil, LNG, and coal to India. Defense & Technology: Growing defense procurement (Apache, C-130, drones), and tech collaboration. Services & IT: U.S. is the largest market for India’s IT exports; many Indian professionals work in the U.S. under H-1B visas. Challenges & Frictions: Tariff Disputes: The U.S. often criticizes India’s high tariffs on products like autos and agriculture. Trade Barriers: India raises concerns about U.S. visa restrictions and protectionist policies. Digital Trade & Data Localization: Emerging areas of disagreement in the tech sector. Conclusion: India-U.S. trade is strategic and multifaceted, with significant growth potential. While challenges persist, both countries recognize the mutual economic and geopolitical benefits of a deeper trade partnership. Different Types of Trade Agreements Trade agreements are treaties between two or more countries that outline how they will conduct trade with each other. These agreements help reduce trade barriers like tariffs and quotas and promote economic cooperation. The main types include: Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) Between: Two countries Objective: Reduce tariffs, enhance trade in goods/services, promote investment. Example: India–UAE CEPA (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement) Features: Tailored to specific mutual interests; faster to negotiate than multilateral agreements. Multilateral Trade Agreement Between: More than two countries, usually under international organizations. Example: WTO agreements like GATT, TRIPS Objective: Promote global trade by creating uniform rules for all members. Features: Broad in scope but difficult to negotiate due to multiple stakeholders. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Goal: Eliminate tariffs and quotas on most goods traded between member countries. Example: India–ASEAN FTA Features: Focuses on goods, services, and sometimes investment. Members retain independent trade policies with non-members. Customs Union Goal: Free trade within the union and a common external tariff policy. Example: European Union (EU) Features: Greater economic integration than FTAs but requires coordination on external trade policies. Common Market Goal: Free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor among member states. Example: European Single Market Features: Requires deeper political and economic integration; harmonized regulations and laws. Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) Goal: Broader than FTAs—covers trade, investment, IPR, dispute resolution, etc. Example: India–Japan CEPA Features: Includes both tariff and non-tariff issues; often sector-specific cooperation. Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) Goal: Reduce tariffs on selected goods, not comprehensive. Example: India–Mercosur PTA Features: Less ambitious than FTAs; serves as a stepping stone toward deeper agreements. Source: THE HINDU Dhole in Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Researchers have documented the first camera-trap evidence of the endangered dhole (Cuon alpinus)—also known as the Asiatic wild dog—in the Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape, Assam This rediscovery is significant as the species was previously believed to be locally extinct in the region. The image, captured in the Amguri corridor (a vital wildlife linkage between Kaziranga National Park and Karbi Anglong hills), was taken just 375 metres from a national highway, emphasizing the threat posed by human infrastructure in critical wildlife habitats. The dhole is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Its decline across Asia has been due to habitat loss, prey depletion, and human-wildlife conflict. Kaziranga, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is already home to species like the one-horned rhinoceros, Bengal tiger, and wild water buffalo. The rediscovery of the dhole enhances the region’s conservation value and highlights the importance of preserving wildlife corridors in Northeast India. Learning Corner: Kaziranga National Park Location: Kaziranga National Park is located in the state of Assam, India, along the floodplains of the Brahmaputra River. Key Highlights: UNESCO World Heritage Site (since 1985) for its unique natural environment and rich biodiversity. Famous for hosting the world’s largest population of the one-horned rhinoceros. Also home to the Big Five of Kaziranga: One-horned Rhinoceros Bengal Tiger Asian Elephant Wild Water Buffalo Swamp Deer Biodiversity: Supports over 35 species of mammals, 500+ bird species, and diverse reptile and plant life. Important habitat for migratory birds, river dolphins, and endangered species like the dhole (Asiatic wild dog). Conservation Status: Declared a National Park in 1974. Protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Recognized as a Tiger Reserve since 2006. Managed by the Assam Forest Department and supported by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). Challenges: Seasonal flooding, poaching, habitat fragmentation, and human-wildlife conflict. Pressure from nearby highways and settlements affecting wildlife corridors. Significance: A global model for rhino conservation. Vital for maintaining ecological balance in the Brahmaputra floodplain. Major hub for eco-tourism in Northeast India. Important Species of Kaziranga National Park One-Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) Kaziranga holds the largest population in the world of this species. Conservation success story: From a few dozen in the early 1900s to over 2,600 individuals today. Listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) Declared a Tiger Reserve in 2006. Kaziranga has one of the highest tiger densities in India. Protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act. Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Found in herds across the park, especially during the dry season. Listed as Endangered by the IUCN. Wild Water Buffalo (Bubalus arnee) Kaziranga has the largest population of wild water buffalo in India. Classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Swamp Deer (Barasingha) (Rucervus duvaucelii) The eastern swamp deer subspecies is unique to this region. Lives in marshy grasslands; population under recovery. Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) Elusive and nocturnal; shares habitat with tigers. Avifauna (Bird Species) Over 500 bird species including migratory birds. Notable species: Great Indian Hornbill Bengal Florican (Critically Endangered) Pelicans, Storks, and Raptors Reptiles and Aquatic Species Includes Gharial, Indian Python, Assam Roofed Turtle, and Gangetic Dolphin (in adjoining river systems). Dhole (Asiatic Wild Dog) Scientific Name: Cuon alpinus Common Names: Dhole, Asiatic wild dog, Indian wild dog, Red dog Conservation Status: IUCN Red List: Endangered India’s Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I Physical Characteristics: Medium-sized canid with a reddish coat, bushy black-tipped tail, and rounded ears. Known for their social behavior and cooperative hunting in packs. Habitat and Distribution: Found in forests, grasslands, and mountainous regions across South and Southeast Asia. In India, they are found in the Western Ghats, Central India, Northeast India, and parts of the Himalayas. Ecological Role: Apex predator and important for maintaining ecosystem balance by controlling prey populations. Threats: Habitat loss due to deforestation and infrastructure development. Decline in prey base, especially in fragmented forests. Human-wildlife conflict and disease transmission from domestic dogs. Source: THE HINDU Equality in Constitution of India Category: POLITY Context : Constitutional courts in India, particularly the Supreme Court and High Courts, play a vital role in interpreting and enforcing the constitutional principle of equality, especially in the context of gender justice and anti-discrimination. Key Constitutional Provisions: Article 14: Guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of laws. Article 15: Prohibits discrimination on specific grounds and allows special provisions for women and children. Article 16: Ensures equality of opportunity in public employment. Article 39(d): Directs the State to ensure equal pay for equal work for men and women. Judicial Practice and Landmark Judgments: Substantive Equality: Courts have evolved from formal equality to substantive equality, acknowledging the need for affirmative action to overcome structural disadvantages. Landmark Cases: Sabarimala Case (2018): Exclusion of women from the temple ruled unconstitutional. P.B. Vijay Kumar (1995): Reservations for women in public jobs upheld under Article 15(3). Vishakha Case (1997): Laid down sexual harassment guidelines; linked gender justice to Articles 14, 19, and 21. Dharwad PWD Employees Case: Enforced equal pay for equal work. Charu Khurana Case: Extended equality principles to private professional bodies. Principles in Action: Affirmative Action: Constitutionally valid; essential for real equality. Anti-Discrimination: Laws and practices violating dignity and equality struck down. Equal Pay: Courts uphold the right to fair and equal remuneration. Learning Corner: Note on Equality Equality is a fundamental principle of justice that ensures all individuals are treated fairly and without discrimination, irrespective of their caste, gender, religion, race, or social status. It is both a legal right and a moral value essential to democratic societies. Types of Equality: Formal Equality: Equal treatment under the law. Everyone is subject to the same rules and standards. Substantive Equality: Focuses on outcomes and real-life access to opportunities. Supports affirmative action to correct historical and structural disadvantages. Political Equality: Equal voting rights and participation in governance. Social Equality: Elimination of social discrimination based on caste, class, gender, etc. Economic Equality: Fair distribution of wealth and access to resources. Equality in the Indian Constitution: Article 14: Equality before law and equal protection of laws. Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Article 16: Equality of opportunity in public employment. Article 39(d): Equal pay for equal work (Directive Principle). Importance of Equality: Promotes social justice and inclusive development. Protects the dignity and rights of individuals. Strengthens democracy and rule of law. Reduces inequalities and conflicts in society. Source :  THE HINDU Green Bonds Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Green bonds are emerging as a key financial tool for Africa’s climate resilience, enabling investment in renewable energy, infrastructure, and environmental sustainability. Countries like Nigeria, South Africa, and Morocco have successfully raised green finance for flagship projects, reflecting a growing interest in sustainable finance across the continent. Why Green Bonds Matter Climate Finance Mobilization: Green bonds help fund vital climate mitigation and adaptation projects (e.g., solar, hydropower). Private Sector Engagement: Banks and companies now contribute over 60% of green bond issuance value, expanding market participation. Support for Climate Goals: They align with Africa’s Paris Agreement commitments, addressing the $146 billion annual climate finance gap. Key Challenges Risk Premium: Investors demand higher returns due to concerns over credit risk, currency volatility, and political instability—raising borrowing costs. Structural Barriers: Weak capital markets, poor regulatory frameworks, and lack of standardized green finance norms hinder growth. Limited Private Investment: Only 18% of climate finance in Africa comes from private sources, concentrated in a few countries. Funding Imbalance: Most funds go to mitigation; only ~7% support adaptation projects, which are harder to finance due to uncertain returns. Learning Corner: Bonds and Their Types What is a Bond? A bond is a fixed-income financial instrument that represents a loan made by an investor to a borrower (typically a government or corporation). It involves the issuer promising to pay back the principal on a specified maturity date along with periodic interest payments (called coupon payments). Key Features: Issuer: Government, corporation, or financial institution Face Value: The amount paid back at maturity Coupon Rate: Interest paid to bondholders Maturity: Date when the principal is repaid Yield: Return based on purchase price and interest Types of Bonds: Government Bonds Issued by national governments to finance public expenditure. In India: G-Secs (Government Securities). Usually low risk and offer fixed returns. Corporate Bonds Issued by companies to raise capital for business expansion or operations. Higher risk than government bonds but may offer higher returns. Municipal Bonds Issued by local or regional governments to fund infrastructure projects (roads, schools). May offer tax benefits to investors. Green Bonds Specifically used to fund environmentally sustainable projects (renewable energy, climate adaptation). Aim to combat climate change and support sustainability. Zero-Coupon Bonds Sold at a discount; no periodic interest. Investor gets lump sum payment (face value) at maturity. Inflation-Indexed Bonds Returns are adjusted for inflation. Protect investors’ real purchasing power. Convertible Bonds Corporate bonds that can be converted into company equity shares under specified conditions. Sovereign Bonds Issued by a country in foreign currency, often targeted at international investors. Source: THE HINDU GLP-1 Receptor Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Semaglutide (2.4 mg) has shown exceptional weight loss results, averaging 15–17% body weight reduction over 68 weeks This far exceeds the outcomes of older weight-loss drugs or lifestyle interventions. Long-term studies confirm weight loss is sustained up to two years. How It Works GLP-1 drugs mimic a natural hormone that regulates appetite and food intake. They enhance feelings of fullness, reduce hunger, and help manage blood sugar, making it easier for patients to stick to calorie-restricted diets. Safety and Tolerability Generally well-tolerated, these drugs mostly cause mild gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea or diarrhea. Serious side effects are rare, making them suitable for long-term use. Impact on Health Beyond weight loss, semaglutide improves cardiometabolic health by lowering blood pressure, improving lipid profiles, and reducing diabetes and cardiovascular disease risks. Learning Corner: GLP-1 Receptors GLP-1 receptors (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 receptors) are specialized protein receptors found primarily on pancreatic beta cells and also in the brain, heart, stomach, and intestines. They are part of the body’s natural glucose regulation system and play a key role in metabolism and appetite control. Functions of GLP-1 Receptors: Enhance Insulin Secretion: When blood glucose levels rise, GLP-1 receptors help stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. Suppress Glucagon Secretion: They inhibit glucagon, a hormone that raises blood sugar, helping lower glucose levels after meals. Slow Gastric Emptying: GLP-1 receptors reduce the rate at which the stomach empties, promoting satiety and reducing food intake. Reduce Appetite: In the brain, activation of these receptors lowers hunger signals, aiding in weight loss. Therapeutic Importance: Drugs that mimic GLP-1 (called GLP-1 receptor agonists, e.g., semaglutide, liraglutide) are widely used in the treatment of: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus – by improving insulin secretion and lowering blood sugar. Obesity – by suppressing appetite and promoting sustained weight loss. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS (MAINS Focus) NATO Summit 2025 (GS Paper II – International Relations) Introduction (Context) NATO Allies met in The Hague, the Netherlands to take decisions that will make NATO an even stronger and fairer Alliance.  What is NATO? North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a military alliance of 32 member countries, primarily in Europe and North America.  NATO’s headquarters is located in Brussels, Belgium.  NATO promotes democratic values and enables members to consult and cooperate on defence and security-related issues to solve problems, build trust and, in the long run, prevent conflict.   NATO is committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes. If diplomatic efforts fail, it has the military power to undertake crisis-management operations. These are carried out under the collective defence clause of NATO’s founding treaty – Article 5 of the Washington Treaty or under a United Nations mandate, alone or in cooperation with other countries and international organisations. Who are NATO’s members today? Apart from the original 12, members include Greece and Turkey (1952); West Germany (1955; later as Germany); Spain (1982); the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland (1999); Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia (2004); Albania and Croatia (2009); Montenegro (2017); North Macedonia (2020); Finland (2023); and Sweden (2024). Why NATO was formed? Following World War II, the Soviet Union’s influence and military presence in Eastern Europe raised concerns among Western nations about potential expansionism. The Czechoslovakia coup (1948) and Berlin Blockade (1948-49) heightened fears of communist spread. NATO was formed as a military alliance to deter Soviet aggression and provide a unified defense for its members.   Hence NATO was formed:  To provide collective security against the Soviet Union. To ensure that an attack against one member is considered an attack against all (Article 5). To promote political solidarity and military cooperation among Western nations. NATO’s funding mechanism NATO’s funding comes from two main sources: National (Indirect) Contributions These are the largest part of NATO funding. Each member country maintains its own forces and capabilities, which can be provided to NATO for its defence activities and operations. Direct (Common) Contributions Used for activities that benefit all members and cannot be funded by one country alone, such as joint operations, air defence, and command systems. Funded based on an agreed cost-sharing formula related to each country’s Gross National Income, reflecting burden-sharing. Key Components of Common Funding Civil Budget – finances NATO Headquarters. Military Budget – funds the NATO Command Structure. NATO Security Investment Programme – funds military infrastructure and capabilities. The North Atlantic Council oversees funding, supported by bodies like the Resource Policy and Planning Board, Budget Committee, and Investment Committee, ensuring effective planning and spending. Relevance of NATO after cold war NATO protects members against various external threats, including strategic and ideological challenges posed by China. Played a role in stabilising Central and Eastern Europe and promoting stability within the former Soviet bloc. Stabilised Western Europe by reducing rivalries among member states, ensuring continued relevance. Key decisions in NATO Summit 2025 Key decision 1: NATO’s 5% Defence Spending Target NATO allies agreed on a 5% GDP defence spending target. Breakdown of the 5% Target 3.5%: For core defence spending and weapons. 1.5%: For defence-related expenditure, including: Protecting critical infrastructure Cyber defence and networks Civil preparedness and resilience Defence innovation and industrial base strengthening. They’ll now be able to include weapons and ammunition they supply to Ukraine in the equation, making the new target slightly easier to reach, but still difficult for Canada and a number of European countries with economic troubles. Progress will be reviewed in 2029, after the next U.S. presidential election. Not everyone is on board. Spain officially refused the agreement. Slovakia had reservations. Belgium, France and Italy will struggle to meet the new target. Key decision 2: Article 5: Collective Defence Clause Article 5 states an attack on one member is an attack on all. Members take “such action as deemed necessary, including armed force” to restore security. The “One for All, All for One” principle has strengthened NATO’s unity and expanded its membership. The leaders reaffirmed their “ironclad commitment” to NATO’s collective defense clause, Article 5. Key decision 3: Focus Shift Away from Ukraine Since 2022, NATO summits supported Ukraine against Russia. Ukrainian President Zelenskyy received assurances of NATO membership being “irreversible” in 2024. Policy Changes under Trump Trump’s administration (2025) reversed US military aid to Ukraine. Criticised Zelenskyy as “ungrateful”. Ruled out Ukraine’s NATO membership during his second term. Outcome at Recent Summit Ukraine issue sidelined. The declaration mentioned Russia as a “long-term threat to Euro-Atlantic security” without direct condemnation. Conclusion NATO has evolved from being a Cold War military alliance focused on deterring the Soviet Union to becoming a broad security organisation addressing diverse threats, including cyber attacks, terrorism, and rising global powers like China. However, challenges such as unequal burden-sharing, geopolitical tensions, and shifting US foreign policy priorities continue to test NATO’s adaptability and relevance in maintaining global and regional stability. Mains Practice Question Q “Article 5 is the cornerstone of NATO’s existence.” Analyse its significance in the current geopolitical context. (250 words, 15 marks)   SCO Summit 2025 (GS Paper II – International Relations) Introduction (Context) India has refused to sign a joint statement at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit in China as it did not reflect the country’s concerns on terrorism. Hence, discussing about SCO and its relevance. What is SCO? The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a regional intergovernmental organisation founded to promote political, economic, and security cooperation across Eurasia. It is often described as a Eurasian political, economic, and security alliance, aiming to build mutual trust, combat terrorism, and enhance connectivity among member states. Member Nations The SCO is a grouping of 10 countries, including India, China, Russia, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, and Belarus. The roots of the SCO lie in the “Shanghai Five” formed in 1996, consisting of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Observer States: Afghanistan, Belarus, and Mongolia. Dialogue Partners: Includes countries like Turkey, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and others seeking closer cooperation with SCO. Why was SCO formed? With the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 into 15 independent countries, there were concerns in the region about extremist religious groups and ethnic tensions coming to the fore. To manage these issues, a grouping was created for cooperation on security matters. Key Objectives Strengthen mutual trust and neighbourliness. Promote regional peace, security, and stability. Combat terrorism, extremism, and separatism. Enhance economic cooperation, connectivity, and cultural exchanges. The SCO is one of the few international organisations with primarily Asian members that deals with security issues. Its Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) regularly holds meetings and exchanges information. Relevance of SCO  Acts as a counterbalance to Western alliances like NATO in Eurasia. Provides a platform for India, China, and Pakistan to engage despite bilateral tensions. Enhances regional connectivity projects, e.g. China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and India’s International North South Transport Corridor (INSTC) Conduct Successful “Peace Mission” joint military exercises to enhance anti-terror capabilities. Established the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in Tashkent to coordinate intelligence on extremism. Promoted trade facilitation and regional connectivity projects. Increased student exchanges, tourism promotion, and cultural festivals strengthening people-to-people ties. Launched the SCO Digital Integration Platform to promote fintech and e-commerce linkages. Initiated joint disaster management drills in Central Asia in response to increased climate-related disasters. Recent Summit India has refused to sign a joint statement at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit in China as it did not reflect the country’s concerns on terrorism. In the recent Pahalgam terror attack, victims were shot after they were profiled on religious identity. The Resistance Front, a proxy of UN-designated terror group Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) claimed responsibility for the attack. India follow zero tolerance policy on terrorism.  When the SCO draft statement did not mention Pahalgam but talked about the train hijacking in Balochistan, India has refuled to sign the statement. Significance  Traditionally, Russia and China have dominated the SCO. With Russia’s focus diverted due to the Ukraine war since 2022, China’s influence has increased, especially as the 2025 SCO chair. Further, Pakistan remains a key ally of China. Beijing has provided military aid to Pakistan, particularly after Operation Sindoor. China also uses its global clout to shield Pakistan from adverse international resolutions. In this context, India’s refusal to sign the SCO draft document gains significance. No joint statement was issued at this year’s SCO meeting because India did not agree. India reiterated its stance of ‘no compromise on terrorism’, highlighting that business as usual is not possible with nations supporting terrorism. Challenges faced by SCO India-Pakistan and India-China tensions limit consensus building, as seen in the stalled SCO connectivity masterplan in 2025. Russia-China growing dominance raises concerns among smaller Central Asian states about sovereignty and equal say. Despite frameworks, intra-SCO trade remains low due to lack of infrastructure harmonisation and tariff barriers. Continued security threats, narcotics trafficking, and refugee influx remain unresolved despite SCO’s outreach efforts. Duplication of objectives with organisations like CSTO, EAEU, and BRICS dilutes focus and resources. Member states’ differing alignments with the US, EU, and other blocs hinder deeper strategic cohesion. Conclusion The SCO remains a crucial regional platform for fostering security and economic cooperation in Eurasia. However, its effectiveness is constrained by internal rivalries, unequal capacities, and geopolitical complexities. Going forward, its ability to address new age challenges such as digital governance, climate resilience, and inclusive connectivity will determine its relevance in shaping Eurasia’s strategic future. Mains Practice Question Q “Despite its growing membership and agenda, SCO’s effectiveness remains limited.” Do you agree? Substantiate with examples. (250 words, 15 marks)   Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba  

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UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 27th June 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 27th June – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Cancer treatment drugs Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: A recent investigation by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, published in The Hindu, has revealed that many cancer drugs shipped globally have failed quality tests. Common Chemotherapy Drugs Covered: Cisplatin Type: Platinum-based Use: Treats testicular, ovarian, bladder, and lung cancers Mechanism: Binds to cancer DNA, blocking division Side Effects: Kidney damage, sickness, immune suppression, hearing issues Oxaliplatin Type: Platinum-based Use: Advanced colorectal cancer Mechanism: Similar to cisplatin Side Effects: Similar to cisplatin Cyclophosphamide Use: Breast cancer, leukemia, sarcoma, lymphoma Mechanism: Damages cancer DNA, lowers white blood cells Side Effects: Inflammation in bladder, immune suppression Doxorubicin Nickname: “Red devil” (due to color and toxicity) Use: Breast cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoma Mechanism: Interferes with DNA replication Side Effects: Heart damage, infections, skin issues, hair loss Methotrexate Use: Leukemia, lymphoma, tumor types Mechanism: Blocks DNA synthesis Side Effects: Toxic at high doses; managed by leucovorin Leucovorin Type: Not a direct chemotherapy drug Use: Taken with methotrexate to reduce its toxicity Function: A form of vitamin B9 used to protect healthy cells Learning Corner: Cancer Care and Treatment in India Cancer is a major public health challenge in India, with over 1.5 million new cases diagnosed annually. The country is working to strengthen its cancer care system through a mix of public health programs, infrastructure development, and financial assistance schemes.   Key Components of Cancer Treatment in India Types of Treatment Available Surgery: Removal of tumors or cancerous tissues Radiation therapy: Use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells Chemotherapy: Use of anti-cancer drugs Immunotherapy & Targeted Therapy: Advanced treatments to boost the body’s immune response or attack specific cancer cells Bone marrow transplant: For blood cancers like leukemia Palliative care: To improve quality of life in advanced stages Government Initiatives and Support National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) Focuses on early detection, screening, and referral for cancer Implemented under Ayushman Bharat Health & Wellness Centres Tertiary Cancer Care Centres (TCCC) Upgrading existing medical colleges and hospitals to provide advanced cancer care Financial Assistance Schemes Ayushman Bharat–PMJAY: Free treatment for poor and vulnerable families Health Minister’s Cancer Patient Fund Support from state-level insurance schemes (e.g., Arogyasri in Telangana/AP) Recent Developments Launch of Digital Cancer Registry and AI-based diagnostics Expansion of National Cancer Grid (NCG) to link over 300 cancer centers Promotion of indigenous cancer drugs and equipment to lower treatment costs Source: THE HINDU Golden Jubilee of the Department of Official Language Category: POLITY Context: Union Home Minister Amit Shah, speaking at the Golden Jubilee of the Department of Official Language in New Delhi. Key highlights: The importance of promoting India’s official and regional languages. The department’s role in implementing the Official Languages Act and preserving linguistic diversity. Recognition of the department’s contributions over the past 50 years. A call for continued efforts to strengthen the use of Hindi and regional languages in governance and public communication. The address reinforced the government’s commitment to linguistic inclusivity and national unity through effective language use. Learning Corner: Provisions on Language in the Indian Constitution The Indian Constitution includes detailed provisions to manage the country’s rich linguistic diversity. These are mainly covered under Articles 343 to 351 in Part XVII. Official Language of the Union (Articles 343–344): Article 343: Hindi in Devanagari script is the official language of the Union. English was to be used for official purposes along with Hindi for 15 years (till 1965), and continues today due to the Official Languages Act, 1963. Article 344: A Commission and Committee of Parliament to be constituted to recommend measures to promote Hindi and restrict the use of English. Regional Languages (Articles 345–347): Article 345: State legislatures can adopt any one or more languages in use in the state as official language(s). Article 346: For communication between the state and the Union, Hindi or English will be used unless the President permits otherwise. Article 347: President can recognize a language spoken by a section of the population of a state if there is a demand. Language of the Judiciary and Laws (Articles 348–349): Article 348: English to be used in Supreme Court and High Courts and for laws unless Parliament provides otherwise. Article 349: Parliament must consider recommendations of the President and Language Commission before changing the official language of legislation. Special Directives (Articles 350–351): Article 350: Citizens can submit grievances in any language used in the Union or State. Article 350A: States must provide facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary level for children of linguistic minorities. Article 350B: Provides for a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities to report to the President. Article 351: The Union must promote the spread and development of Hindi, drawing from Sanskrit and other Indian languages, without harming other languages. Official Languages Act, 1963 The Official Languages Act, 1963 was enacted to regulate the use of Hindi and English for official purposes of the Union of India, especially after the expiry of the 15-year constitutional limit (1950–1965) for English use under Article 343. Key Provisions: Continuation of English: Even after 1965, English can continue to be used for official purposes of the Union alongside Hindi. This was done to avoid backlash from non-Hindi-speaking states (especially southern states like Tamil Nadu). Communication Between Union and States: Hindi or English to be used for communication between the Union and Hindi-speaking states. English to be used for communication with non-Hindi-speaking states. Optional Use of Regional Languages: States can use their own official languages for state-level administration. English translations must be provided when communicating with the Union or other states. Bilingual Communication: Central government documents, notifications, and bills should be issued in both Hindi and English. Amendment in 1967: The Official Language (Amendment) Act, 1967 ensured indefinite continuation of English along with Hindi for all official purposes. Source: PIB MSME Day 2025 Category: ECONOMICS Context : President Droupadi Murmu will preside over the MSME Day 2025 – Udyami Bharat celebrations on June 27, 2025, at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi. Key Highlights The event will acknowledge the crucial role of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector in India’s economy. Objective: The event underscores the government’s commitment to building a digitally empowered, resilient, and competitive MSME ecosystem to drive India’s inclusive economic development. Significance: MSMEs contribute nearly 30% of GDP and 48% of exports. The day highlights the sector’s role in job creation, economic growth, and entrepreneurship. Key Initiatives to Be Launched: Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) Portal A digital platform to help micro and small businesses resolve payment disputes quickly and cost-effectively. Commemorative Stamp – CGTMSE@25 Celebrating 25 years of the Credit Guarantee Fund Trust, which has enabled over ₹9.80 lakh crore in credit guarantees. MSME Hackathon 5.0 Launch of the new edition to foster innovation and entrepreneurship. Results of Hackathon 4.0 will also be announced. Publications Release ‘MSME Patrika’ and ‘Know Your Lender’ to enhance credit literacy among MSME entrepreneurs. Learning Corner: Overview of the MSME Sector in India (2025) The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector continues to be the backbone of India’s economy, contributing significantly to employment, GDP, and exports. Key Statistics (2025) Indicator Data (2025) Total MSMEs ~63 million units Employment ~110 million (11 crore) Contribution to GDP ~30–31% of Gross Value Added (GVA) Contribution to Exports ~45.8% of merchandise exports Total Export Value (FY25) ₹12.39 lakh crore Credit Guarantees (CGTMSE FY25) ₹3 lakh crore   Revised Classification of MSMEs (April 1, 2025) Category Investment Limit Turnover Limit Micro Up to ₹2.5 crore Up to ₹10 crore Small Up to ₹25 crore Up to ₹100 crore Medium Up to ₹125 crore Up to ₹500 crore   Recent Initiatives and Reforms Udyam Registration ~59 million registered units Supported over 251 million jobs CGTMSE Modernization AI-enabled processing to reduce approval time by 30% Enabled over 1 crore loan guarantees Budget 2025–26 Support MSME Credit Cards for easy working capital Fund-of-funds and equity infusion for startups and growing MSMEs Digital Platforms Launch of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) Portal Tools to address delayed payments and credit literacy NITI Aayog Policy Focus Emphasis on medium enterprises Medium enterprises (0.3% of MSMEs) contribute ~40% of MSME exports Major Challenges Limited access to formal credit Technology adoption gaps Inadequate market access Burden of regulatory compliance Skill shortages in emerging sectors Sectoral Significance Key driver of Aatmanirbhar Bharat Vital for inclusive growth, especially in rural and semi-urban India Catalyzing India’s digital and export-oriented economy Source :  PIB Fiscal Health Index Category: ECONOMICS Context: Union Minister Rao Inderjit Singh has emphasized the importance of the Fiscal Health Index (FHI) developed by NITI Aayog as a tool to promote fiscal discipline among Indian states Brief Note on Fiscal Health Index (FHI) The FHI ranks states based on indicators such as: Debt sustainability Revenue mobilization Fiscal prudence By making fiscal performance publicly visible and comparable, the index encourages competitive federalism, motivating states to improve their financial management practices. As the central government aims to reduce its debt-to-GDP ratio from 2026–27 onward, ensuring that states do not experience fiscal slippage becomes crucial to maintaining India’s overall sovereign risk profile. The FHI helps align state-level fiscal strategies with national goals, fosters transparency, and supports policy reforms, ultimately promoting a more fiscally stable India. Learning Corner: Different Types of Deficits in Government Finance In public finance, deficits represent shortfalls between government income and expenditure. Understanding various types of deficits is crucial for assessing a country’s fiscal health. Revenue Deficit Definition: When revenue expenditure exceeds revenue receipts. Formula: Revenue Deficit = Revenue Expenditure – Revenue Receipts Implication: Indicates that the government is borrowing even to meet its day-to-day expenses, like salaries and subsidies (non-productive borrowing). Fiscal Deficit Definition: The total borrowing requirement of the government. Formula: Fiscal Deficit = Total Expenditure – (Revenue Receipts + Non-debt Capital Receipts) Implication: Reflects overall financial health. A high fiscal deficit may lead to inflation or unsustainable debt. Primary Deficit Definition: Fiscal deficit minus interest payments. Formula: Primary Deficit = Fiscal Deficit – Interest Payments Implication: Indicates how much of the borrowing is used for expenses other than interest payments. Effective Revenue Deficit Definition: Revenue deficit excluding grants given to states for creating capital assets. Formula: Effective Revenue Deficit = Revenue Deficit – Grants for Capital Creation Implication: Gives a clearer picture of actual revenue shortfall, excluding productive transfers. Budget Deficit (Not used in modern Indian budgeting) Definition: When total expenditure exceeds total receipts (including borrowings). Formula: Budget Deficit = Total Expenditure – Total Receipts Status: Concept replaced by fiscal deficit in India’s budget documents. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS International Conference on Financing for Development Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The 4th International Conference on Financing for Development (FfD4) will be held from June 30 to July 3, 2025, in Seville, Spain. Organized by the United Nations It brings together global leaders, financial institutions, businesses, and civil society to discuss urgent reforms to strengthen the financing of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Purpose & Context Builds on the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (2015) and the 2024 Pact for the Future. Seeks to unlock larger volumes of affordable development finance by reforming international financial systems. The conference will conclude with an agreed outcome document titled ‘Compromiso de Sevilla’. Key Focus Areas International Financial Architecture Reform Reform of global financial governance (e.g., IMF quota realignment, World Bank voting reforms). Debt Sustainability Development of voluntary principles for responsible sovereign debt management. Tax Reform Implementation of global minimum corporate tax and anti-base erosion measures. Closing the SDG Financing Gap Addressing the $4 trillion annual shortfall in financing for developing countries. Blended & Innovative Finance Boosting private sector participation, nature-based solutions, and MSME support. Public Development Banks Strengthening banks managing over $23 trillion in assets to mobilize cross-border development finance. Local & Urban Finance Enhancing financial access for subnational and urban development projects. Participation & Side Events Attended by heads of state, finance ministers, and global development leaders. Over 40 side events will cover tax cooperation, resource mobilization, private finance, and effective development. Key global institutions such as OECD, UNDP, and Climate Policy Initiative are active participants. Notable Developments UN Member States have agreed on the outcome document ahead of the summit. The United States is not participating in the FfD4 process. Learning Corner: International Conference on Financing for Development (FfD) The International Conference on Financing for Development (FfD) is a high-level global platform convened by the United Nations to address the challenges of mobilizing financial resources for sustainable development, particularly the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Background: The FfD process began with the first conference in Monterrey, Mexico (2002), which led to the Monterrey Consensus. It was followed by: Doha Conference (2008) – Doha Declaration Addis Ababa Conference (2015) – Addis Ababa Action Agenda 4th Conference (FfD4, 2025) – To be held in Seville, Spain Objectives: Strengthen global financial architecture Mobilize domestic and international resources Promote policy coherence and partnerships Address debt sustainability and development financing gaps Ensure equitable financing for developing countries Key Features: Involves UN Member States, international financial institutions (IFIs), private sector, and civil society Results in negotiated outcome documents guiding global financial governance Aligns financing strategies with Agenda 2030 and the SDGs Source: UNITED NATIONS (MAINS Focus) MSME empowering India’s Growth (GS Paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) MSME day is celebrated on 27th June every year. The day is dedicated for recognizing the vital contributions of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) toward sustainable development, economic growth, employment creation, and innovation globally. MSME Day’ theme for 2025 focuses on “Enhancing the role of MSMEs as drivers of Sustainable Growth and Innovation.” Classification of MSME In the Union Budget 2025, the Government of India announced a significant revision to the MSME classification criteria. Specifically, investment limits have been increased by 2.5 times, and turnover limits have been doubled. This expansion aims to empower MSMEs to scale up without losing out on crucial benefits and incentives, thus driving broader economic growth and employment Benefits of Being Classified as MSME By securing MSME status, businesses can tap into these extensive benefits, paving the way for sustained growth, innovation, and market expansion. Collateral-Free Loans: Many financial institutions, under government-backed schemes, extend collateral-free loans to MSMEs, making it easier for businesses to secure funding and maintain cash flow. Lower Interest Rates & Priority Lending: MSMEs often enjoy lower interest rates on loans and are prioritised under various lending schemes, boosting their access to credit and helping them expand operations. Government Subsidies & Incentives: MSMEs can leverage a range of subsidies—such as credit-linked capital subsidy for technology upgrades—and enjoy schemes offering partial funding support for international trade fairs, marketing, or patent registration. Preference in Procurement: Public sector units (PSUs) and government departments have specific procurement policies that offer preferential treatment to MSMEs, enhancing their chances of securing government contracts. Protection Against Delayed Payments: The MSME Development Act, 2006, mandates that buyers (particularly larger companies) must settle invoices for supplies from MSMEs within a stipulated timeframe or face penal interest, helping MSMEs maintain healthy cash flow. Tax & Compliance Benefits: MSMEs may benefit from various tax relief measures and simplified compliance protocols, reducing their operational burdens and freeing up resources to focus on growth. Credit Rating & Easier Access to Capital Markets: MSME classification often improves the business’s credit rating as banks recognise the lower risk associated with government-backed guarantees, paving the way for further fundraising opportunities. Skill Development & Training Programs: Government initiatives frequently offer subsidised training programs to MSMEs, enhancing their workforce skills, productivity, and overall competitiveness. Significance of MSMEs 1. Economic Contribution MSMEs contribute 30% to India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), playing a key role in driving national economic growth. In the financial year 2023–24, MSME-related products constituted 45.73% of India’s total exports, reaffirming their importance in promoting India as a global manufacturing and export hub. 2. Employment Generation With 5.93 crore registered MSMEs employing over 25 crore individuals, the sector is the second-largest employer in the country after agriculture. MSMEs also absorb migrant labour from rural areas and play a major role in providing urban livelihoods, thereby supporting economic transitions and reducing rural distress. 3. Inclusivity and Social Equity The MSME sector employs the maximum number of women workers among all industrial sectors, thus promoting gender inclusion. By supporting smaller entrepreneurs and decentralized manufacturing, MSMEs contribute to inclusive growth, benefiting marginalized communities and backward regions. 4. Sectoral Importance MSMEs have evolved into key suppliers of mass consumption goods, catering to a wide domestic market. They are also vital in producing electronic goods, electrical equipment, drugs, and pharmaceuticals, strengthening India’s manufacturing ecosystem and supporting critical sectors. Key Government Schemes Supporting MSMEs PMEGP: Offers subsidy-based loans for micro-enterprises to promote self-employment, especially in rural areas. CGTMSE: Provides collateral-free loans up to ₹2 crore to boost formal credit access for small businesses. MSE-CDP: Facilitates shared infrastructure, tech upgrades, and common facility centers to enhance MSME productivity. SFURTI: Revives traditional industries (khadi, coir, handicrafts) through cluster development, skill training, and marketing support. RAMP: World Bank-backed initiative to improve MSME competitiveness through better access to credit, markets, and innovation. PMS Scheme: Aims to widen MSME market reach via trade fairs, exhibitions, and digital platforms. ESDP: Focuses on entrepreneurial and skill development, particularly for youth and women. Coir Industry Development Scheme: Modernizes the coir sector, supports export potential, and improves product design. ZED Certification: Promotes quality manufacturing with minimal environmental impact. Financial support is provided for certification and green technology adoption. National SC-ST Hub: Supports inclusive growth by offering SC/ST entrepreneurs access to training, mentorship, and procurement opportunities. Technology Upgradation Scheme: Provides financial support for ISO certification, R&D, AI integration, and modern manufacturing techniques. Green Manufacturing Support under ZED: Incentivizes environmentally sustainable practices and helps MSMEs meet global green standards. Key Highlights for MSMEs in Union Budget 2025–26  The Union Budget 2025–26 reinforces the government’s commitment to strengthening the MSME sector by addressing structural bottlenecks and supporting enterprise growth through financial, infrastructural, and entrepreneurial reforms. 1. Improved Access to Credit Credit guarantee cover increased from ₹5 crore to ₹10 crore for small enterprises, unlocking ₹1.5 lakh crore in credit over 5 years. Startups can now avail up to ₹20 crore in guaranteed loans with a reduced 1% fee for priority sectors. Export-oriented MSMEs can access term loans up to ₹20 crore with better guarantee terms. 2. Credit Cards for Micro Enterprises A new MSME Credit Card offers ₹5 lakh in working capital for Udyam-registered businesses; 10 lakh cards to be rolled out in the first year. 3. Support for Entrepreneurs A ₹10,000 crore Fund of Funds is being established to bolster startups. Term loans up to ₹2 crore will be offered to 5 lakh first-time SC/ST and women entrepreneurs over five years, learning from the Stand-Up India model. 4. Boost to Labour-Intensive Sectors A Focus Product Scheme for the footwear and leather industry aims to create 22 lakh jobs and generate ₹4 lakh crore in turnover. New initiatives for the toy sector will focus on cluster development and skill enhancement to position India as a global toy manufacturing base. A National Institute for Food Technology and Entrepreneurship will be set up in Bihar to support eastern India’s agro-processing industry. 5. Support for Manufacturing & Clean Tech The upcoming National Manufacturing Mission will assist industries under Make in India, focusing on MSMEs. Special attention will be given to clean technologies including domestic production of solar cells, EV batteries, wind turbines, and transmission equipment. Challenges and Suggestions Despite policy support and reforms, MSMEs often face financial, technological, and infrastructural limitations that demand urgent and targeted solutions. Some are discussed below:  1. Inadequate Access to Finance Accessing affordable and timely credit remains a major roadblock for MSMEs. Traditional lending institutions demand high collateral, involve complex documentation, and impose rigid repayment conditions. As a result, many enterprises are forced to depend on informal lending sources. Strategic Solutions: The Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) enables collateral-free loans. The Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) provided urgent liquidity during the pandemic. Promotion of digital lending platforms and fintech can democratize credit access. Simplified loan disbursement mechanisms and reduced paperwork can encourage more MSMEs to enter the formal financial ecosystem. 2. Delayed Payments and Liquidity Crunch Delayed payments from both government departments and large corporations often strain the working capital cycle of MSMEs, hampering daily operations and limiting expansion plans. Strategic Solutions: The MSME Samadhaan portal facilitates filing of payment delay complaints. Platforms like TReDS (Trade Receivables Discounting System) enable faster realization of payments through invoice discounting. Legal reforms mandating timely payments and stricter enforcement of contract terms can enhance cash flow stability. 3. Low Technological Integration A large portion of MSMEs continues to operate using outdated machinery and production techniques. This results in lower productivity, inconsistent quality, and limited competitiveness in both domestic and international markets. Strategic Solutions: The ZED Certification Scheme promotes quality assurance and sustainable manufacturing. The Digital MSME initiative offers financial support for adopting digital tools like cloud computing. Subsidies and grants for embracing Industry 4.0 technologies—such as AI, IoT, and automation—can enhance productivity. Establishment of R&D and technology incubation centres across industrial clusters. 4. Infrastructure Gaps and Operational Bottlenecks Many MSMEs, especially in non-urban regions, suffer due to poor infrastructure—irregular power supply, inadequate transport, and lack of industrial land or clusters. Strategic Solutions: The Micro and Small Enterprises Cluster Development Programme (MSE-CDP) promotes shared infrastructure in industrial clusters. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) can be leveraged to build logistics hubs and improve utilities. Government provision of subsidized land and infrastructure in MSME-dedicated parks or zones. 5. Limited Market Access and Export Challenges Despite support schemes, many MSMEs face difficulty in accessing larger markets due to lack of branding, certification, and marketing networks. Strategic Solutions: The International Cooperation Scheme supports participation in global trade exhibitions. Expansion of e-commerce partnerships through platforms like Amazon Saheli, Flipkart Samarth, and GeM can connect MSMEs to broader markets. Strengthening quality certification mechanisms to make Indian products export-ready. 6. Regulatory Complexities and Compliance Pressure Although ease-of-doing-business reforms have been introduced, many MSMEs still struggle with complex regulations, frequent compliance updates, and delayed tax refunds. Strategic Solutions: The Udyam Registration portal has simplified the registration process and formalized the sector. The RAMP programme (Raising and Accelerating MSME Performance), backed by the World Bank, focuses on streamlining regulatory frameworks. Simplification of GST processes and faster refund mechanisms are crucial for reducing compliance burdens. 7. Weak R&D Ecosystem and Low Innovation Insufficient investments in innovation, product development, and research result in stagnation and limit MSMEs’ ability to compete globally. Strategic Solutions: Government funding through the Technology Upgradation and Quality Certification Scheme can promote innovation. Encouraging partnerships between MSMEs and institutions like IITs and NITs for technology transfer and incubation. Tax breaks for expenditure on R&D, patent filings, and automation adoption. 8. Skill Shortages and Labor Productivity Many MSMEs rely on semi-skilled or unskilled labor, resulting in productivity levels that lag behind larger firms. Strategic Solutions: The Entrepreneurship and Skill Development Programme (ESDP) imparts business and digital skills. Skill India Mission aligns training programs with MSME requirements. Promoting apprenticeship schemes and vocational training with stipends to build a skilled talent pool. 9. Sustainability and Environmental Compliance With rising environmental awareness and global supply chain expectations, MSMEs must adopt eco-friendly practices to remain competitive. Strategic Solutions: The ZED Certification Scheme also supports the adoption of green technologies. Financial support for switching to renewable energy, waste reduction, and cleaner production techniques. Incentives like low-interest green loans and tax benefits for sustainable business models. Conclusion The MSME sector remains a cornerstone of India’s economy fueling growth, innovation, and employment. However, it faces multilayered challenges that require coordinated efforts involving financial inclusion, regulatory simplification, digital and technological advancement, skilling, and sustainability. By effectively leveraging targeted government schemes, public-private partnerships, and digital transformation, India’s MSMEs can unlock their full potential and play a central role in achieving inclusive and resilient economic development. Mains Practice Question Q Critically examine the key issues confronting the MSME sector in India. How far do the recent measures in the Union Budget 2025–26 and existing government schemes address these challenges? Suggest a multi-pronged strategy for sustainable growth of MSMEs. (250 words, 15 marks) Issues in calculation of Poverty line (GS Paper II – Governance, Paper III - Economy) Introduction (Context) Despite having the world’s largest population and a complex history of poverty alleviation efforts, India’s poverty remains a deeply contested subject due to varied methods for poverty calculation.   In April 2025 the Government of India cited the World Bank’s Poverty and Equity Brief, claiming 171 million people were lifted out of extreme poverty over 10 years. Whereas in June 2025 the World Bank revised its poverty line to $3 per day (PPP-adjusted) and stated that only 5.75% of Indians now live under extreme poverty which is a sharp fall from 27% in 2011-12. By seeing this, mostly will use the market exchange rate (₹85) to convert $3, resulting in ₹255/day. However, poverty calculations are based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), not market exchange rates. Let’s understand it. What is a Poverty Line? Poverty is a state of deprivation in which an individual lacks the financial resources to meet basic living needs like food, shelter, education, and healthcare. It is the cut-off income level below which an individual is considered poor. Poverty lines are context-sensitive differing across time and geography. Examples: ₹1,000/month in 1975 could have supported a household, but is meaningless today. A salary of ₹1 lakh/month is decent in Patna but inadequate in Paris or New York. This subjectivity leads to multiple poverty lines, depending on the analytical context and purpose. Why do we use poverty lines? Governments and international bodies use poverty lines for two main purposes: One, to help them gauge the extent of poverty and shape welfare policies for the poor. The second use is for governments, policymakers and analysts to understand whether a set of policies has actually worked over time to reduce poverty and improve wellbeing. Why is India using the World Bank’s poverty line to estimate poverty? Historically, India had been a leader in poverty estimation and India’s poverty line methodology and data collection influenced the rest of the world in how to study poverty. However, India’s last officially recognised poverty line was in 2011-12.  The Tendulkar Committee (2009) produced the last officially accepted poverty line, used in 2011-12. The Rangarajan Committee (2014) suggested a new method, but it was never officially adopted. Since then, India has relied on: World Bank’s international poverty lines, and NITI Aayog’s Multidimensional Poverty Index — though the latter uses non-income criteria like education, health, and living standards. How World Bank calculates the poverty line? World Bank’s poverty line is based on the purchasing power parity calculations. Initially set at $1/day in 1985, based on poverty thresholds from the poorest countries. The line is revised over time to reflect global inflation and price changes. In June 2025, they have now raised it to $3 a day The PPP exchange rate for Indian rupees in 2025 is 20.6. As such, the poverty line delineating abject or extreme poverty for an individual in the US is an income of $3 a day, while for India it is Rs 62 a day. For the UK, the PPP conversion rate is just 0.67, while for China it is 3.45 and for Iran it is a whopping 1,65,350. The PPP approach ensures that people can purchase equivalent baskets of goods across countries. What were India’s domestic poverty lines in the past? India’s own (domestically formulated) poverty line in 2009, before the Tendulkar recommendation, was Rs 17 a day per person for urban areas and Rs 12 a day per person for rural areas. In 2009, Tendulkar raised the poverty line to Rs 29 per day per person in urban areas and Rs 22 per day per person in rural areas, and later to Rs 36 and Rs 30, respectively, in 2011-12. In 2014, Rangarajan recommended raising the domestic poverty line to Rs 47 per person per day in urban areas and Rs 33 in rural areas. These numbers reflect inflation and consumption pattern updates, but they were never institutionalised beyond Tendulkar’s. Value addition: Government schemes for Poverty alleviation 1.MGNREGS (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme Provides 100 days of guaranteed wage employment annually to rural households. Aims to enhance livelihood security and create rural infrastructure through unskilled manual work. 2. Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) Promotes self-employment and women-led SHGs in rural areas. Focuses on capacity building, financial inclusion, and sustainable livelihoods. 3.PM-KISAN (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi) Provides ₹6,000 per year in three equal installments to small and marginal farmers. Offers direct income support to reduce distress and ensure basic farming sustainability. 4.National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 Legally entitles 75% of rural and 50% of urban population to receive subsidized food grains. Implements welfare schemes like PDS, Mid-Day Meal, and ICDS under a unified law. 5.POSHAN Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission) Aims to reduce stunting, undernutrition, and anemia among children and women. Uses data-driven monitoring and community-based health practices. 6.PM Awas Yojana (PMAY) Provides affordable housing with basic amenities to the rural and urban poor. Offers credit-linked subsidies and infrastructure support under “Housing for All”. 7.Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Focuses on eliminating open defecation and improving sanitation infrastructure. Encourages construction of household and community toilets with behavioral change campaigns. 8.Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) Offers health insurance cover up to ₹5 lakh/family/year for 50 crore poor citizens. Covers secondary and tertiary care hospitalization at empaneled hospitals. 9.Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan Integrates SSA, RMSA, and Teacher Education for holistic school education from pre-primary to Class 12. Focuses on equity, access, and quality learning with infrastructural support. 10.Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM) Aims to reduce urban poverty through self-employment, skill training, and SHG support. Promotes economic empowerment of the urban poor and street vendors. 11.One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) Enables nationwide portability of food entitlements under NFSA. Benefits migrant workers and ensures uninterrupted access to subsidized food anywhere in India. Conclusion India has seen measurable progress in reducing “extreme” poverty as defined by international standards. However, the lack of a robust and context-specific domestic poverty line results in confusion and competing narratives. The World Bank poverty line helps offer global comparability but may underrepresent actual deprivation. The absence of updated official Indian poverty estimates leaves a policy vacuum and opens room for multiple interpretations. Mains Practice Question Q While India has made significant strides in reducing extreme poverty as per global standards, questions remain about the actual economic well-being of its population. Examine. (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba  

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UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 26th June 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 26th June – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Axiom-4 Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Indian Astronaut in Space After 41 Years Decoding Context:  Mission Highlights Launch: June 25, 2025, from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center on SpaceX’s Falcon 9 and Crew Dragon “Grace”. Crew: Peggy Whitson (USA), Sławosz Uznański (Poland), Tibor Kapu (Hungary), and Shukla (India). Duration: 14 days aboard the ISS. Objectives: Conducting over 60 scientific, educational, and commercial experiments, including seven from Indian researchers selected by ISRO. Historic First: Shukla is the first Indian to visit the ISS. Historical Context Rakesh Sharma’s 1984 Mission: Conducted aboard a Soviet Soyuz to Salyut 7 for 7 days, focused on Earth observation. Shukla’s Mission: Broader scientific goals with international cooperation, longer duration, and commercial involvement. Comparison: Rakesh Sharma vs. Shubhanshu Shukla Feature Rakesh Sharma (1984) Shubhanshu Shukla (2025) Spacecraft Soviet Soyuz SpaceX Crew Dragon (Grace) Launch Site Kazakhstan Florida, USA Space Station Salyut 7 (Soviet) ISS (International) Duration ~7 days ~14 days Focus Earth observation Scientific & educational National Context Soviet collaboration International, commercial   Learning Corner: International Space Station (ISS) The International Space Station (ISS) is a large, habitable space laboratory orbiting Earth, where astronauts from around the world live and work. It represents one of the greatest examples of international scientific and technological collaboration. Key Facts Launched: First module in 1998 Orbit: About 400 km above Earth Speed: Travels at ~28,000 km/h; orbits Earth every ~90 minutes Size: Largest human-made body in space, size of a football field Participating Space Agencies NASA (USA) Roscosmos (Russia) ESA (Europe) JAXA (Japan) CSA (Canada) Other nations also participate through collaborations. Objectives Microgravity Research: Study biology, physics, astronomy, and materials science in space conditions Technology Testing: For future missions (e.g., Moon, Mars) International Cooperation: Symbol of peaceful space exploration Commercial and Educational Activities: Includes experiments by private companies and student research  Source: THE HINDU GST Council Category: POLITY Context: The 56th GST Council meeting, expected in late June or early July 2025, will consider a proposal to eliminate the 12% GST slab, aiming to simplify India’s current four-rate system (5%, 12%, 18%, 28%) into a three-tier structure. Key Proposals Remove 12% Slab: Items currently taxed at 12% may be shifted either to: 5% (essential/common-use items), or 18% (non-essential/higher-value items). Alternative Option: A new 15% slab by merging 12% and 18% is also under discussion, though less favored. Rationale Simplification: Part of efforts to streamline the tax structure. Revenue Neutrality: Supported by consistently strong GST collections. Stakeholder Demand: Industry and states have long advocated for a less complex GST system. Possible Impact Items like butter, ghee, fruit juice, processed food, and mobile phones—currently under 12%—may see GST rates revised depending on their essentiality. Learning Corner: GST Council The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council is a constitutional body established under Article 279A of the Indian Constitution by the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016. It is responsible for making key decisions related to the implementation and administration of the GST regime in India. Composition Chairperson: Union Finance Minister Members: Union Minister of State (Finance) State Finance Ministers (or Ministers nominated by states) Functions The GST Council makes recommendations on: Tax rates for goods and services. Exemptions from GST. Threshold limits for registration. Model GST laws, rules, and principles of levy. Special provisions for some states (e.g., NE & hill states). Dispute resolution between Centre and States. Decision-Making Voting pattern: Centre: 1/3rd weightage States (collectively): 2/3rd weightage A decision requires at least a 3/4th majority of weighted votes. Significance Ensures cooperative federalism in tax administration. Promotes uniformity in the indirect tax structure across India. Plays a vital role in revenue sharing and resolving disputes among stakeholders. Source: THE HINDU NATO Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : At the NATO summit in The Hague on June 25, 2025, member states agreed to raise defence and security spending to 5% of GDP by 2035, marking the alliance’s largest military commitment since the Cold War. Key Highlights New Spending Target: Total: 5% of GDP Core Defence (troops, weapons, etc.): 3.5% Broader Security (infrastructure, innovation, civil preparedness): 1.5% Annual Progress Review: Countries must submit yearly plans; a formal review will take place in 2029. Collective Defence Reaffirmed: Emphasizes NATO’s solidarity amid rising threats from Russia, terrorism, and cyber warfare. U.S. Influence: The decision follows long-standing U.S. pressure for greater burden-sharing among European allies. Divergence in Support: While most members back the plan, some like Spain, Belgium, and Slovakia have expressed difficulty in meeting the 5% target due to budgetary constraints. Strategic Context This move supports NATO’s largest rearmament drive in decades and reflects the need for stronger deterrence, enhanced readiness, and adaptability to modern threats, including the war in Ukraine and cyberattacks. Learning Corner: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a political and military alliance formed in 1949 to ensure collective defence and security for its member nations. Founding and Purpose Established: April 4, 1949, by the North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty) Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium Motto: “Animus in consulendo liber” (A mind unfettered in deliberation) Primary Objective: Safeguard the freedom and security of member countries through political and military means Key Features Collective Defence: Under Article 5, an attack on one member is considered an attack on all. Invoked only once: After the 9/11 attacks in 2001. Members: 32 countries (as of 2025), including the U.S., Canada, most European nations, and new entrants like Finland and Sweden. Decision-Making: Based on consensus among all member states. Functions Military Cooperation: Joint defense, training, and strategic planning Crisis Management: Peacekeeping and conflict resolution missions Cyber & Hybrid Threats: Addressing modern security challenges beyond traditional warfare Partnership Programs: Works with non-member countries to promote global stability Source :  THE HINDU CRISPR Technology Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: In agriculture, it is revolutionizing how crops respond to biotic (diseases) and abiotic (heat, drought) stresses  How It Works Uses Cas9 enzyme guided by custom RNA to target specific genes. Enables knockout of genes that cause disease susceptibility or enhancement of genes that promote resistance. Offers faster, more accurate improvements than traditional breeding. Applications in Crops Disease Resistance: Disabling genes like BoBPM6 and BoDMR6 in cabbage boosts resistance to multiple diseases like Fusarium wilt and black rot. Heat & Drought Tolerance: Editing genes such as SiEPF2 in foxtail millet helps regulate water use and stomatal density, improving stress tolerance. Stronger Immunity: Enhances plant immune responses to evolving pathogens. Benefits Reduces pesticide use, supporting eco-friendly farming. Accelerates breeding cycles, allowing rapid response to threats. Stabilizes yields under climate-induced stress conditions. Learning Corner: CRISPR Technology CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a revolutionary gene-editing technology that allows scientists to modify DNA with high precision, efficiency, and speed. Origin Discovered as a natural defence mechanism in bacteria, where it helps fight viruses. Adapted for gene editing using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, developed in the early 2010s. How It Works The Cas9 enzyme acts like molecular scissors that cut DNA at targeted locations. A guide RNA (gRNA) directs Cas9 to a specific DNA sequence. Scientists can then delete, insert, or modify genes at that site. Applications Medicine: Correcting genetic disorders like sickle cell anaemia, cancer therapies, and HIV treatment. Agriculture: Developing disease-resistant, heat- and drought-tolerant crops. Research: Studying gene functions in various organisms. Veterinary Science: Improving animal health and productivity. Advantages High precision with minimal off-target effects Faster and cheaper than older gene-editing tools (e.g., TALENs, ZFNs) Applicable to a wide range of organisms Concerns Ethical issues around editing human embryos Potential for unintended genetic consequences Calls for global regulation and oversight Source: PIB Digital Payment Intelligence Platform (DPIP) Category: ECONOMICS Context: The Digital Payment Intelligence Platform (DPIP) is a new RBI-led initiative aimed at curbing digital payment frauds in India. It is being developed as a Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) to enable real-time data sharing and fraud detection across banks. Why It’s Needed Surging Frauds: Bank frauds have tripled in FY25, reaching ₹36,014 crore. Sector-Specific Threats: Public banks face more loan frauds, while private banks report higher internet and card frauds. Development & Structure Built by: Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH) In Partnership With: 5–10 major public and private banks Oversight: High-level committee chaired by A.P. Hota (former NPCI chief) Launch Timeline: Expected to be operational within a few months Key Features Real-Time Intelligence Sharing: Banks will instantly share and act on fraud data AI-Powered Risk Analysis: Detects patterns to identify scams before they escalate Unified Banking Response: Recognizes digital fraud as a shared industry threat Expected Impact Strengthens digital transaction security Reduces dependency on delayed manual fraud reporting Promotes trust and resilience in India’s digital payments ecosystem Learning Corner: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of the country and the apex institution responsible for regulating the monetary and financial system of India. Establishment Founded: 1st April 1935 under the RBI Act, 1934 Nationalised: 1st January 1949 Headquarters: Mumbai Core Functions Monetary Authority Controls inflation and liquidity through tools like repo rate, reverse repo rate, CRR, SLR, etc. Issuer of Currency Sole authority for issuing currency notes (except ₹1 note, issued by the Government of India). Custodian of Foreign Exchange Manages the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) and maintains forex reserves. Regulator of Financial System Supervises banks, NBFCs, and payment systems. Issues banking licenses and ensures stability. Government’s Banker Manages government accounts, borrowings, and public debt. Developmental Role Promotes financial inclusion, digital payments (like UPI), and priority sector lending. Key Departments and Subsidiaries Monetary Policy Department (MPD) Department of Regulation (DoR) Subsidiaries: NABARD, NHB (transferred to GoI in 2019), RBIH (RBI Innovation Hub), etc. Recent Initiatives Launch of Digital Rupee (CBDC) Promotion of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) like DPIP Strengthening cybersecurity and fraud detection in digital banking Emphasis on financial literacy and inclusion Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) refers to foundational digital systems that enable essential public and private services at a population scale. DPI acts like the digital equivalent of physical infrastructure (such as roads or electricity), but for digital services like identity, payments, and data sharing. Core Pillars of DPI Digital Identity Example: Aadhaar – provides unique identification to over a billion Indians. Digital Payments Example: Unified Payments Interface (UPI) – enables real-time, interbank, low-cost digital transactions. Data Exchange Example: Account Aggregator Framework, DigiLocker – secure sharing of personal data with user consent. Key Features Open, interoperable, and inclusive digital architecture Scalable for public, private, and governance use Consent-based, ensuring user control over data Low-cost and high-efficiency, especially in delivering government welfare schemes India’s Global Leadership in DPI India’s DPI model, called “India Stack,” is internationally acclaimed. Combines Aadhaar + UPI + DigiLocker + Jan Dhan + Mobile – ensuring financial and digital inclusion. India’s DPI helped deliver welfare schemes (e.g., DBT) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Examples of DPI Initiatives CoWIN platform – COVID vaccination tracking ONDC (Open Network for Digital Commerce) – democratizing e-commerce DPIP (Digital Payment Intelligence Platform) – real-time fraud detection in banking National Digital Health Mission (NDHM) – digital health records Source: THE ECONOMICS TIMES (MAINS Focus) Enabling Voting Rights for Migrants (GS Paper II – Polity) Introduction (Context) Migration is a demographic process involving the movement of people from one place to another, either temporarily or permanently. In India, internal migration constitutes a significant proportion of the population, with about 28.9% migration rate (2021). A significant portion of migration in India is for marriage, especially among women. Around 10%, however, migrate for work. This number is significantly higher in certain northern and eastern States such as Bihar. With an ever-increasing number of migrants travelling from poorer to richer areas in search of employment, the number of those effectively disenfranchised will only increase, unless mechanisms are put in place to facilitate voting by migrants. This undermines universal adult franchise, a foundational principle of Indian democracy. In the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, Bihar recorded only 56% turnout, far below the national average of 66%. This is significantly attributed to out-migration. Types of Migration Intra-State Migration: Movement within the same state (≈85% of total migration). Inter-State Migration: Movement between states. Rural-Urban Migration: Dominated by seasonal or semi-permanent job seekers. Marriage-Related Migration: Predominantly involving women. Distress Migration: Forced movement due to poverty, conflict, or environmental reasons. Issues Faced by Migrants in Voting Most migrants move temporarily or seasonally to other regions (often cities or different states) for work or family reasons. During elections, many are unable to return to their original place of residence, where they are registered as voters. As a result, they are effectively disconnected from the voting process in their home constituencies. Migrants, especially those working in the informal sector, often live in temporary housing or slums without proper documentation. Without proof of residence (like rent agreements or utility bills), they find it difficult to update their address on the electoral roll, which is a prerequisite for transferring voting rights to their new location. Because migrants are often not permanently settled, they are frequently left out of electoral rolls at both ends: Source (native place): They may have moved long ago or may be away during the time of voting. Destination (current location): They are usually not enrolled due to temporary status or lack of documentation. This double exclusion leads to their political invisibility. Many migrants are not aware of the procedures to shift or update their voter registration. Even if they are, the process involves filling out forms, visiting government offices, and providing proofs — all of which can be time-consuming and complicated, especially for daily wage workers or those with limited literacy. There are no targeted campaigns or support systems by the Election Commission of India (ECI) focused on migrants. Unlike efforts made for other voter groups (e.g., women, senior citizens), migrants do not receive focused awareness drives, mobile registration camps, or facilitation services. Many migrant workers do not get paid leave on polling days. Since voting usually happens in their native place, travelling long distances without financial support or leave options becomes impractical. As a result, many skip voting, especially those in daily-wage or informal jobs. Why voting rights are important? Migrants are citizens and deserve equal participation in the democratic process. Enabling them to vote ensures their representation in policymaking and upholds the principle of universal adult franchise. When migrants can vote, they gain the power to hold governments accountable for their rights and welfare — such as fair wages, housing, healthcare, and social security. High out-migration states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh often see low voter turnout. Enabling migrants to vote helps correct this imbalance and ensures fair political weight to these regions. Many women migrate after marriage and remain unregistered voters. Facilitating their enrolment in new locations increases their political participation and voice in decision-making. Mechanisms to Enable Migrant Voting Improved Access for Intra-State Migrants To improve voting access for intra-State migrants, especially those in the informal sector, the government must strictly enforce statutory polling-day holidays. This would ensure that workers are not forced to choose between their wages and their right to vote.  Additionally, subsidized or free transport services on and before polling day would make it easier for migrants to return to their home constituencies to vote.  State-wide awareness campaigns and the setting up of facilitation centres could help inform and guide migrant workers about voting procedures, dates, and their rights. Remote Electronic Voting Machines (RVMs) The Election Commission of India (ECI) piloted Remote Electronic Voting Machines (RVMs) in 2023 to address the needs of inter-State migrants. These machines were specially designed to handle voting for up to 72 constituencies from a single location.  However, the RVM proposal faces several challenges.  Political parties have raised concerns about transparency and the credibility of the machines.  Logistically, managing deployment, ensuring secure pre-registration, and verifying migrant identities pose significant hurdles.  There is also the difficulty of preventing duplication and ensuring the integrity of the process when migrants are spread across states.. Postal Ballots for Migrants This system is already being implemented by the ECI for members of the armed forces. An extension of this model could help many migrants.  The ECI would require migrants to register with the body well in advance, so the postal ballots can be issued.  Operationally, this appears to be the easier form of remote voting to implement.  However, the ECI would have to organise registration, issue ballot papers, and despatch these ballots to counting centres after voting all major administrative efforts. Changing Constituency Based on Residence For long-term migrants who have lived in one place for six months or more, the option of changing their voting constituency to the new place of residence could be offered. This would require valid documentation proving local residence.  The key advantage of this method is that it allows representation based on current residence and concerns, encouraging civic integration of migrants into their host communities.  However, this option may face political resistance from local residents and parties, who may fear demographic shifts. There is also a risk that migration could become politicised if seen as a tool to influence local electoral outcomes. Gender-Focused Electoral Drive A significant portion of female migrants move due to marriage, and many remain unregistered in their new constituencies. This leads to their exclusion from the electoral process.  Special enrolment drives targeted at urban and peri-urban areas where many of these women settle can help address this gap. Such drives should include door-to-door campaigns, local awareness programs, and coordination with local authorities to ease documentation and registration processes for women voters.. 6. Adopting a Mixed Approach No single mechanism fits all migrants due to their heterogeneous nature. A composite strategy using RVMs, postal ballots, improved access, and constituency change can enable large-scale inclusion. ECI must work with State governments, employers, and civil society to ensure proper implementation. Leveraging technology, creating portable voter ID systems, and pre-poll registration portals can simplify processes. Conclusion Migrants are economic contributors, but remain politically invisible. Enabling their participation in elections is not just a logistical challenge, but a democratic imperative. Bridging this gap through well-designed, inclusive electoral reforms will strengthen Indian democracy and uphold the spirit of universal adult suffrage enshrined in the Constitution. Mains Practice Question Q “Political inclusion of migrants is a necessary step towards economic justice.” Analyse. (250 words, 15 marks)   India’s Water crisis (GS Paper III – environment) Introduction (Context) India faces a growing water crisis affecting economic growth, agriculture, cities, and public health. The country holds 18% of the world’s population but has only 4% of global freshwater resources. Water stress is aggravated by population growth, mismanagement, pollution, and climate change. The crisis is already evident through falling water tables, erratic rainfall, and urban shortages. Current Status and Alarming Indicators According to NITI Aayog (2018), nearly 600 million Indians face high to extreme water stress. By 2030, India’s water demand may double, creating a 40% supply gap. India ranks 13th among the world’s 17 most water-stressed countries (World Resources Institute). Over 60% of irrigation and 85% of drinking water depends on groundwater, which is fast depleting. The 2024 Groundwater Quality Report found 70% of India’s water sources are contaminated. Climate Change and Its Impact on Water Resources Climate change has increased the unpredictability of monsoons vital for 55% of India’s agriculture. A 2024 CEEW study found 55% of tehsils saw a 10% increase in extreme rainfall, triggering floods. Simultaneously, 33% of India’s land is drought-prone, with declining soil moisture in 48% of the area (Conscious Planet, 2024). Himalayan glaciers are melting faster, affecting rivers like the Ganga and Indus that support millions. The World Bank projects that climate-related water scarcity could cut India’s GDP by up to 12% by 2050. Agricultural Vulnerability and Water Mismanagement Agriculture uses 80% of India’s freshwater, making it most exposed to water shortages. The Economic Survey (2018–19) reported that a 100mm drop in rainfall reduces farmer income by 15% (kharif) and 7% (rabi). Climate change could reduce agricultural incomes by 15–18%, and by up to 25% in unirrigated regions. Water-intensive crops like rice and sugarcane continue to dominate due to price and policy incentives. Micro-irrigation, which can reduce water use by 50%, covers only 9% of cultivated land. The Atal Bhujal Yojana promotes groundwater management but covers only 8,000 gram panchayats in 7 states — inadequate for the scale of the crisis. Urban Water Distress Cities like Bengaluru, Chennai, and Delhi are facing seasonal water shortages and infrastructure failures. In 2019, Chennai’s reservoirs dried up completely, leaving millions without water access. NITI Aayog predicts that 21 cities, impacting over 100 million people, could deplete groundwater by 2030. Urban over-extraction, lack of rainwater harvesting, and poor planning exacerbate the problem. Public Health and Water Quality Concerns Contaminated water causes around 2,00,000 deaths annually from waterborne diseases (NITI Aayog, 2018). Fluoride and arsenic affect 230 million people across 19 Indian states. Untreated sewage continues to pollute rivers like the Yamuna, making them unsafe for use. The World Bank’s “One Health” model — integrating environmental, animal, and human health — could save billions, but implementation is sluggish. Existing Policy Framework and Gaps The National Water Mission aims to increase water-use efficiency by 20% by 2025, but lacks tracking systems. CEEW has proposed water accounting to monitor savings and direct water to critical sectors. India’s adaptation funding is only ₹260 per capita (2019–20), compared to ₹2,200 for mitigation. Financial tools like climate bonds and the 2023 Green Credit Programme can help mobilize funds. International partnerships, such as the World Bank’s $1 billion dam rehabilitation and ADB’s $50 million loan for Meghalaya’s water harvesting, show promise. However, the global water financing gap is $6.7 trillion by 2030 — demanding private sector involvement similar to models in Chile and Peru. Way forward Jal Shakti Abhiyan has helped revive 1.5 lakh water bodies since 2019, but community engagement remains low. Women, who often fetch water, should be central to water governance and planning. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) that is blending traditional methods, nature-based solutions, and technology is key to sustainable management. Policies must align across sectors water, energy, agriculture, and climate to prevent fragmented efforts. For instance, solar-powered irrigation could address groundwater depletion and reduce carbon emissions simultaneously. Conclusion India’s water crisis is not a challenge of capacity but of intent. The tools for building a water-secure and climate-resilient economy already exist. What is required is bold leadership, integrated policymaking, and grassroots-level engagement. Addressing water insecurity is not just an environmental necessity but a national imperative — one that underpins our agricultural sustainability, urban future, public health, and economic growth. With 1.4 billion lives at stake, delay is no longer an option. Mains Practice Question Q India’s water crisis is as much a governance challenge as it is an environmental one. Examine. (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba  

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UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 25th June 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

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