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Jul 5, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 5th July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Rethinking the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) in the context of geopolitics, climate change, and India’s national interest. Decoding context: Why IWT Needs Rethinking: The Indus Waters Treaty (1960) was signed during a time of new geopolitical realities post-Partition. Pakistan’s location as a lower riparian state made it vulnerable, prompting a Western-brokered agreement. The treaty was never a simple water-sharing agreement but a product of Cold War-era geopolitics involving the World Bank and Western powers. Climate Change & Hydrological Impact: Climate change is a critical factor: altering glacier melt, river flows, and storage needs. The treaty does not account for changing water availability or extreme weather events. India’s need for more storage capacity and hydropower must be factored into a renegotiation. Asymmetry in the Treaty: Pakistan, as the lower riparian, has veto power over Indian projects on the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab). India receives only 20% of the basin’s waters despite contributing significantly to the basin’s geography and climate. The treaty is not reciprocal, giving Pakistan more leverage and delaying Indian hydropower projects. Strategic Need for Renegotiation: India must assert its rights and renegotiate on terms that reflect present realities. A revised treaty should consider: India’s climatic and developmental needs, China and Bangladesh’s influence on other river systems, The scientific understanding of the Indus Basin (e.g., glaciology, hydrology). Learning Corner: Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Signed: 1960 Parties: India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank Objective: Water-sharing of the Indus River System between India (upper riparian) and Pakistan (lower riparian) Key Provisions: Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab): Allocated to Pakistan, with limited use permitted to India (non-consumptive uses like hydropower) Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej): Allocated to India Permanent Indus Commission: Established for cooperation and dispute resolution Dispute Mechanism: Includes negotiation, neutral expert, and international arbitration Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS National Medical Commission (NMC) Category: POLITY Context: Three out of the four autonomous boards under the National Medical Commission (NMC) — India’s apex medical education regulator — have no presidents. Current Problems: 3 out of 4 boards lack presidents; other members have also resigned or completed their tenure. Boards are running in an ad hoc manner, stalling inspections, decisions, and curriculum updates. 11 of 18 board posts and 6 part-time posts are vacant. Even virtual inspections of colleges are being done by non-technical staff, leading to concerns over quality assurance. Lack of official acceptance of resignations has worsened the leadership vacuum. Consequences: New medical college inspections and seat renewals are delayed. Academic changes (e.g., curriculum updates on LGBTQ+ issues, ethics) are stalled. No full Commission meeting has happened in nearly a year. Students and colleges are affected due to regulatory inaction. Learning Corner: National Medical Commission (NMC) Background: Established: September 2020 By: National Medical Commission Act, 2019 (replacing the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956) Objective: To overhaul the medical education system, improve governance, transparency, and eliminate corruption associated with the Medical Council of India (MCI). Composition of NMC: Chairperson 10 Ex-officio members 22 part-time members 4 autonomous boards (very crucial): Undergraduate Medical Education Board (UGMEB) Postgraduate Medical Education Board (PGMEB) Medical Assessment and Rating Board (MARB) Ethics and Medical Registration Board (EMRB) Each board is headed by a President and performs a specialized regulatory function. Key Functions of NMC: Regulate medical institutions, education, and professionals. Frame curriculum standards for undergraduate and postgraduate education. Grant permission for establishment of new medical colleges and increase of seats. Maintain National Register of licensed medical practitioners. Ensure adherence to ethical codes of conduct. Conduct National Exit Test (NEXT) for final-year MBBS students (will serve as a licentiate exam and PG entrance test). Promote evidence-based medical education and practice. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Remittances Category: ECONOMICS Context : The US House of Representatives has passed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) imposing a 1% tax on non-commercial overseas remittances, effective January 1, 2026. Details of the Tax: Initially proposed at 5%, later reduced to 1%. Applies to cash, money orders, cashier’s checks, or informal transfers like through money service providers. Exemptions: Transfers under $15. Transfers using bank accounts or US-issued debit/credit cards. Impact on India: India may see a limited impact, as: Most remittances use formal channels, which are exempt. Indian remittances may be frontloaded before Jan 2026. The new tax is milder than earlier proposals. According to the Center for Global Development, India will be the second-most affected country after Mexico, but the impact will still be modest. Learning Corner: Remittances to India (2025) India continues to be the top recipient of global remittances, receiving a record $135.46 billion in FY 2024–25, marking a 14% increase from the previous year. These inflows play a critical role in India’s balance of payments, accounting for over 10% of the country’s current account receipts. Key Source Countries: United States (largest contributor) United Kingdom Singapore Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries like UAE, Saudi Arabia Developed countries now contribute around 45% of the total inflow, while GCC nations’ share has slightly declined due to changing migration patterns. Trends and Drivers: Growth in high-skilled Indian migrants to OECD nations Expansion of the Indian diaspora, now exceeding 18 million Strong use of formal banking channels Increased use of digital remittance platforms Economic Significance: Helps offset trade deficits Acts as a stable source of foreign exchange Often exceeds foreign direct investment (FDI) in volume Supports household consumption, rural spending, and financial inclusion Source : THE INDIAN EXPRESS Ramleela Category: CULTURE Context:Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on a visit to Trinidad, called Lord Ram the “divine link beyond oceans” during a community event, referring to the cultural legacy of Ramleela among the Indian diaspora. Trinidad and Indian Roots: Trinidad and Tobago has a population of ~13 lakh, with a large percentage tracing roots to India. Indian indentured labourers arrived here between 1838 and 1917, mostly from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. They brought with them cultural traditions, especially Ramleela—the dramatic retelling of Tulsidas’s Ramcharitmanas. Carrying Ram Across the Seas: Though they had few possessions, migrants carried texts like the Ramcharitmanas or preserved it in memory. This tradition became a symbol of cultural continuity and identity in a foreign land. Ramleela was performed in rural settings, often with local Bhojpuri songs and participation of all community members. Symbol of Identity: For Indo-Trinidadians, Ramleela remains a cultural anchor and symbol of ‘Indianness’, even in a Westernized Caribbean context. The community continues to absorb and reinterpret Lord Ram’s teachings, reinforcing transnational Indian identity. Learning Corner: Ramleela Ramleela is the traditional, dramatic re-enactment of the life and story of Lord Ram, primarily based on the epic Ramcharitmanas by Goswami Tulsidas. It is a vibrant form of folk theatre that is especially popular in northern India, performed during the Navratri period, culminating in Dussehra with the symbolic burning of Ravana’s effigy. Origins & Significance: Rooted in the Bhakti movement, Ramleela gained popularity in the 16th century with the devotional retelling of Ram’s life. It is not just a religious event, but also a cultural celebration, combining drama, music, and moral education. It reinforces ethical values like dharma (righteousness), sacrifice, and loyalty. Folk Theatre in India Folk theatre in India is a vibrant and diverse form of traditional performance art that combines storytelling, music, dance, drama, and rituals to convey moral, religious, and social messages. Rooted in local culture and dialects, folk theatre has historically served as a medium of education, entertainment, and social reform, especially in rural India. Key Characteristics: Oral tradition: Passed down through generations without written scripts. Community participation: Performed in open spaces, with active audience engagement. Religious and mythological themes: Often based on epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata. Use of local language and idioms: Accessible to rural and semi-literate audiences. Regional Forms: Region Folk Theatre Form Uttar Pradesh Ramleela, Nautanki Maharashtra Tamasha Karnataka Yakshagana Andhra Pradesh Burrakatha West Bengal Jatra Rajasthan Khayal, Maach Punjab Bhand Pather, Naqal Odisha Prahalad Nataka, Daskathia Cultural Significance: Preserves local traditions, language, and history. Acts as a tool for social commentary and political satire. Promotes moral and spiritual values. Encourages community bonding and collective identity. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS India Unveils Aluminium and Copper Vision Documents (2025) Category: GEOGRAPHY Context: The Government of India has released long-term vision documents for the aluminium and copper sectors, aiming to boost domestic capacity, ensure resource security, and promote green manufacturing as part of the goal of achieving “Viksit Bharat” by 2047 Aluminium Vision: Key Highlights Target: Sixfold increase in production to 37 MTPA by 2047. Raw Material Security: Expand bauxite production to 150 MTPA. Sustainability: Double the aluminium recycling rate; adopt low-carbon technologies. Policy Support: Focus on proven reserves, reform frameworks, and industry collaboration with major players like NALCO, Hindalco, and Vedanta. Copper Vision: Key Highlights Target: Sixfold increase in domestic demand by 2047. Capacity Addition: Add 5 MTPA refining capacity by 2030. Recycling Focus: Boost secondary refining to reduce import dependency. Global Strategy: Secure overseas mineral assets and set up foreign refining facilities. Strategic Importance Clean Energy & Infrastructure: Copper and aluminium are essential for solar, EVs, and power grids. Economic Growth: Expected to support construction, transport, and machinery sectors. Sustainability: Emphasis on responsible mining and adoption of the 6 R’s of mine closure (Reclaim, Repurpose, Rehabilitate, Revegetate, Remediate, Relinquish). Learning Corner: Aluminium and Copper Producing Places in India India is rich in non-ferrous metal resources, especially bauxite (for aluminium) and copper ore. These resources are concentrated in specific regions, forming the backbone of the country’s aluminium and copper industries. Aluminium Production (Based on Bauxite Reserves) Major Bauxite-Producing States: Odisha Largest bauxite reserve holder and aluminium producer Key sites: Panchpatmali (Koraput), Kodingamali Major companies: NALCO, Vedanta Chhattisgarh Reserves in Kabirdham and Surguja districts Key for future expansion Jharkhand Notable areas: Lohardaga, Gumla Hindalco operates mining and refining units Maharashtra Kolhapur district is a key mining area Gujarat Bauxite found in Jamnagar and Kutch regions Aluminium Smelter Hubs: Angul (Odisha) – NALCO Jharsuguda (Odisha) – Vedanta Renukoot (Uttar Pradesh) – Hindalco Korba (Chhattisgarh) – BALCO Copper Production Major Copper Ore Producing States: Rajasthan Largest producer of copper ore Key belt: Khetri-Singhana (Jhunjhunu district) Hindustan Copper Ltd. (HCL) is the major operator Madhya Pradesh Malanjkhand (Balaghat district) hosts India’s largest open-cast copper mine Operated by HCL Jharkhand Ghatsila (East Singhbhum district) has long-standing underground mining operations Copper Smelting Units: Thoothukudi (Tamil Nadu) – Sterlite Copper (closed since 2018) Dahej (Gujarat) – Hindalco Bharuch (Gujarat) – Birla Copper Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Functioning of the National Medical Commission (NMC) (GS Paper 2 – Governance, Issues relating to Health, Statutory Bodies) Context The National Medical Commission (NMC), India’s apex medical education regulator, is facing a leadership crisis with three of its four autonomous boards awaiting presidents for over nine months. This has hampered critical decisions, medical college inspections, and academic governance, raising concerns about regulatory credibility and public health outcomes. Introduction The NMC was constituted in September 2020, replacing the Medical Council of India (MCI) to bring in transparency, efficiency, and accountability in medical education. It consists of four key autonomous boards: UG & PG Medical Education Board Medical Assessment and Rating Board (MARB) Ethics and Medical Registration Board (EMRB) Advisory Board (President: NMC Chairperson) Significance of NMC: Aims to create a transparent, merit-based system of regulation. Seeks to align Indian medical education with global standards. Promotes uniformity in standards across states and private/public institutions. Reduces political interference and corruption seen in the MCI era. However, persistent vacancies, ad hoc operations, and procedural paralysis threaten the goals of the historic medical education reform. Key Challenges Faced by NMC Leadership Vacuum: 3 of 4 autonomous boards lack presidents. Over 11 of 18 full-time posts are vacant; 6 part-time members have finished their tenure. Even the President of NMC and one board president have resigned, but their resignations remain unaccepted — creating administrative ambiguity. Poor Functioning: Boards are working in an ad hoc manner. Regular activities like college inspections, seat approvals, and curriculum reforms are delayed or suspended. Meetings of the general body of NMC have not happened since late 2023. Flawed Inspection System: Virtual inspections are conducted using CCTV and biometric data. These inspections rely on self-declared data by colleges, which are often unchecked or falsified. Many inspections are conducted by non-technical personnel, raising questions on validity. Impact on Medical Education: Delay in approval of new medical colleges and seats, affecting student admissions. Reforms such as inclusion of gender sensitivity, LGBTQ+ issues, and medico-legal ethics in curriculum remain stalled. Implications of Dysfunction Public Health Impact: India’s push to increase doctor density (WHO standard: 1:1000) is undermined. Loss of Regulatory Credibility: Colleges are bypassing NMC’s oversight; potential for regulatory capture and corruption resurfaces. Digital Dependence without Checks: CCTV- and document-based inspections lack rigor and can be manipulated. Policy Paralysis: Without meetings of the general body, curriculum reforms, disciplinary action, and ethical standards remain on paper. Way Forward Expedite Appointments: MoHFW must prioritise filling board vacancies through meritocratic, time-bound processes. Strengthen Institutional Autonomy: Reduce bureaucratic delays; empower NMC for decentralised functioning. Transparent, Evidence-Based Inspections: Combine virtual monitoring with randomised physical audits. Stakeholder Engagement: Consult medical colleges, associations, and civil society for inclusive reforms. Capacity Building: Train NMC staff in medical education technology, ethics, and digital evaluation systems. Conclusion The NMC was envisioned as a next-generation medical regulator, but its effectiveness now hinges on robust leadership, procedural stability, and accountability mechanisms. Reviving its institutional integrity is essential for India to meet its public health and medical education goals in the Amrit Kaal. Value Addition Data Point: As of 2024, India had ~1.4 million registered doctors; shortfall still exists in rural and Tier-2/3 India. WHO recommends 1 doctor per 1000 people – India still lags in several states. Q. “The effectiveness of any regulatory body lies not just in its structural design, but in its operational integrity.” Examine the recent challenges faced by the National Medical Commission (NMC) and their implications for medical education governance in India. (250 words) Indus Waters Treaty and India’s Strategic Reassessment (GS Paper 2- International relations Context The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), brokered by the World Bank in 1960 between India and Pakistan, has come under renewed scrutiny amid evolving geopolitical tensions and climate change impacts. Introduction: The Indus Waters Treaty is often hailed as one of the most successful transboundary river agreements in the world, having survived multiple wars between India and Pakistan. However, changing hydro-political realities, increasing water stress, and climate variability have prompted a re-evaluation of the treaty’s relevance. Historical Background and Structure of IWT: Signed in 1960, the IWT allocates western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan and eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India. India can use western rivers for non-consumptive use (hydropower, irrigation) under specific restrictions. The World Bank played the role of neutral arbiter, a mechanism still active in resolving disputes. India’s Concerns: Asymmetry in obligations: India, the upper riparian, has limited usage rights, while Pakistan enjoys broader entitlements. Diplomatic misuse by Pakistan: Frequent escalation of technical disagreements to political and legal fora (e.g., arbitration on Kishanganga and Ratle projects). Climate change impacts: Altered precipitation patterns, glacial retreat, and extreme weather events were not accounted for in 1960. “Keeping treaty in abeyance”: India’s current position reflects a calibrated strategic shift, indicating possible withdrawal or renegotiation. Strategic and Environmental Imperatives: Water security is vital for India’s growing agricultural and energy needs, especially in Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh. Need for modernisation of treaty provisions in line with: Climate resilience Technological advancements (e.g., satellite hydrology) Cooperative basin management The treaty does not reflect contemporary principles of equitable and reasonable utilisation or integrated river basin development. Regional and Geopolitical Context: China’s upstream role on the Brahmaputra and other rivers highlights the need for a pan-Himalayan water policy. Bangladesh’s lower riparian concerns and Nepal’s untapped potential suggest India must also shape broader South Asian hydro-diplomacy. Way forward: While the IWT has demonstrated remarkable resilience and stability, its rigidity in the face of new challenges undermines India’s long-term water sovereignty and climate security. A renegotiated or restructured treaty, based on principles of mutual benefit, equitable use, and modern scientific inputs, is essential. Conclusion: India must move from being a passive signatory to a proactive shaper of regional water governance, aligning water diplomacy with national interests and sustainable development goals (SDGs). Important Keywords for UPSC Answer: Upper and Lower Riparian Rights Hydro-diplomacy Water Sovereignty Strategic Restraint Climate Resilience Asymmetrical Treaty Framework Transboundary Water Management Integrated River Basin Development Glacio-hydrological Variability Vested Interests and Treaty Abuse Cooperative Federalism in Water Governance Quote for Enrichment: “Water treaties must reflect hydrological realities, not just historical compulsions.” Q. “Water diplomacy is the new frontier in India’s foreign policy.” In light of this statement, assess the role of the Indus Waters Treaty in shaping India’s hydro-diplomatic engagements in South Asia. (250 words) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba

Jul 5, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 5th July 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

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UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 4th July 2025

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UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 3rd July 2025

Jul 3, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 3rd July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) First Complete Genome Sequenced from Ancient Egyptian Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Researchers have successfully sequenced the complete genome of a man who lived 4,500–4,800 years ago during Egypt’s Old Kingdom, marking a major breakthrough in ancient DNA research Decoding the context: The DNA was extracted from a well-preserved tooth found in a sealed clay vessel at Nuwayrat, south of Cairo, enabling exceptional preservation. Key Highlights: Oldest and most complete genome from ancient Egypt, offering a rare genetic snapshot from the pyramid-building era. Ancestry analysis shows about 80% North African and 20% West Asian (Fertile Crescent) origins, confirming long-theorized population interactions. Skeletal evidence suggests the man led a labor-intensive life, possibly as a potter. This achievement overcomes decades of failed attempts due to DNA degradation in Egypt’s harsh climate. The discovery not only supports archaeological theories of ancient connections between Egypt and the Middle East but also opens doors to studying broader genetic and cultural histories of early civilizations. Learning Corner: Genome Sequencing Definition: Genome sequencing is a laboratory method used to determine the entire DNA sequence of an organism’s genome. It reveals the order of nucleotides (adenine [A], thymine [T], cytosine [C], and guanine [G]), which form the genetic instructions that govern an organism’s structure and function. Types of Genome Sequencing: Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS): Sequences the entire genome, including coding (exons) and non-coding regions (introns, regulatory sequences). Offers the most comprehensive genetic information. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES): Focuses only on the exome – the protein-coding regions (about 1–2% of the genome). More cost-effective, widely used in clinical diagnosis. Targeted Sequencing: Sequences specific genes or regions of interest. Steps Involved in Genome Sequencing: Sample Collection: Tissue, blood, saliva, or (in ancient DNA) bone/teeth. DNA Extraction: DNA is isolated from the sample. Library Preparation: DNA is fragmented and tagged for identification. Sequencing: DNA fragments are read by sequencers (e.g., Illumina, Oxford Nanopore). Data Assembly: Fragments are aligned using bioinformatics tools to reconstruct the genome. Annotation: Identifying genes, mutations, and regulatory elements. Applications: Field Application Medicine Diagnosis of genetic disorders, cancer genomics, pharmacogenomics Agriculture Genetically improved crops, disease resistance Forensics Crime investigation, paternity testing Evolutionary Biology Study of ancient DNA, population migration Microbiology Pathogen identification, antibiotic resistance tracking Technologies Used: Sanger Sequencing: First-generation; accurate but slow and expensive. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): High-throughput, faster, cheaper (e.g., Illumina, Roche 454). Third-Generation Sequencing: Real-time, long-read technologies (e.g., PacBio, Oxford Nanopore). Challenges in Ancient DNA Sequencing: Degradation: DNA breaks down over time, especially in hot climates like Egypt. Contamination: Modern human DNA can contaminate ancient samples. Low yield: Often, only a small amount of DNA is recoverable. Source: THE HINDU Gig Workers in India Category: ECONOMICS Context: Gig workers in India are only partially represented in official labour data, with incomplete and inconsistent inclusion. Lack of Formal Recognition: Most gig workers are treated as independent contractors and are excluded from formal labour protections and regular employment statistics. Estimations, Not Enumeration: Projections from government bodies like NITI Aayog estimate up to 62 million gig workers by 2047, but these are based on surveys, not systematic inclusion. Limited Reach of e-Shram: While the e-Shram portal aims to register unorganized and gig workers, it has yet to achieve full coverage. Policy and Data Gaps: Existing frameworks are still evolving, and there’s a need for more robust mechanisms to include gig workers in labour statistics and social security systems. Learning Corner: Gig Workers in the India Definition: Gig workers are individuals who engage in flexible, temporary, or freelance jobs, often facilitated by digital platforms such as ride-sharing, food delivery, e-commerce logistics, and freelance services. Key Features: Work is task-based and often on-demand. Employment is usually contractual with no formal employer-employee relationship. Includes platform workers (working via digital apps) and non-platform gig workers (offline freelance/short-term work). Status in India: Growing Workforce: Estimated to reach 23.5 million by 2029–30 and 62 million by 2047. Driven by urbanization, youth population, and digital expansion. Lack of Formal Recognition: Gig workers are largely excluded from traditional labour laws, social security, and formal data sets. Considered “independent contractors,” they often lack protections like minimum wage, health insurance, or job security. Policy Measures: e-Shram Portal: Launched to register unorganized and gig workers, though coverage is still limited. Code on Social Security, 2020: Aims to extend social protection to platform and gig workers. Challenges: Data and regulatory gaps, inconsistent income, lack of job security. Absence of grievance redressal and collective bargaining mechanisms. Source: THE HINDU QS World University Rankings 2025 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Indian universities have shown notable progress in the QS World University Rankings 2025, both globally and within Asia. IIT Delhi is now India’s top-ranked institution, placed 44th in Asia, followed by IIT Bombay at 48th. A total of seven Indian institutions features in Asia’s top 100: IIT Delhi (44), IIT Bombay (48), IIT Madras (56), IIT Kharagpur (60), IISc (62), IIT Kanpur (67), University of Delhi (81). UPES Dehradun made the biggest leap, jumping 70 spots to 148th. In the QS Sustainability Rankings 2025, IIT Delhi ranks 171st globally, leading among Indian institutions, followed by IIT Kharagpur (202) and IIT Bombay (234). Learning Corner: QS World University Rankings QS World University Rankings are annual rankings published by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), a UK-based higher education analytics firm. They are among the most widely referenced global university rankings. Key Features: First Published: 2004 Coverage: Over 1,500 universities worldwide Categories: Global, regional (Asia, Europe, etc.), subject-specific, and sustainability rankings Main Indicators Used: Academic Reputation (40%) Employer Reputation (10%) Faculty-Student Ratio (20%) Citations per Faculty (20%) International Faculty Ratio (5%) International Student Ratio (5%) Note: Weightage may vary for subject or region-specific rankings. Significance: Helps students compare universities globally. Influences international collaborations, funding, and student mobility. Encourages institutions to improve academic and research performance. Recent Addition: QS Sustainability Rankings assess universities on environmental and social impact. Source : THE HINDU Gaden Phodrang Trust Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The 14th Dalai Lama announced on Wednesday (July 2) “that the institution of the Dalai Lama will continue” and that the Gaden Phodrang Trust shall be the “sole authority to recognize the future reincarnation” Gaden Phodrang Trust – A Brief Overview The Gaden Phodrang Trust is a non-profit charitable organization established in 2011 by the 14th Dalai Lama in Dharamshala, India. It is entrusted with upholding his religious, cultural, and humanitarian initiatives and, most importantly, overseeing the recognition of his reincarnation. Key Points: Sole Authority: The Trust is the only authorized body to recognize the next Dalai Lama, as declared by the 14th Dalai Lama. This rejects any external interference, particularly from China. Tradition-Based Recognition: The Trust will follow Tibetan Buddhist traditions, consulting heads of Buddhist schools and spiritual oracles associated with the Dalai Lama lineage. Historical Link: The term “Gaden Phodrang” originally referred to the Dalai Lama’s residence at Drepung Monastery in Lhasa, later symbolizing the Dalai Lama institution. Inclusive Vision: The Dalai Lama stated the next reincarnation could be of any gender, reaffirming continuity of the spiritual role beyond political boundaries. Political Significance: The move is seen as an effort to protect the independence and authenticity of the Dalai Lama’s succession against Chinese claims to control the process. Learning Corner: Institution of the Dalai Lama The Institution of the Dalai Lama is the spiritual and political leadership system of the Tibetan people, rooted in Tibetan Buddhism, particularly the Gelug school. The Dalai Lama is regarded as the reincarnation (tulku) of Avalokiteshvara, the Bodhisattva of Compassion. Key Features: Spiritual Leader: The Dalai Lama serves as the highest spiritual authority in Tibetan Buddhism, guiding followers in religious doctrine and moral values. Political Legacy: From the 17th century until 1959, the Dalai Lamas were also temporal rulers of Tibet, combining religious and political authority. Reincarnation System: Each Dalai Lama is believed to be a reincarnation of his predecessor, discovered through spiritual signs, visions, and traditional tests conducted by senior lamas and oracles. 14th Dalai Lama: Tenzin Gyatso is the current (14th) Dalai Lama. In 1959, after the Chinese occupation of Tibet, he fled to India and set up the Tibetan government-in-exile in Dharamshala. Modern Context: The 14th Dalai Lama relinquished political authority in 2011 to a democratically elected leader, retaining only his spiritual role. He established the Gaden Phodrang Trust to oversee his legacy and the future recognition of his reincarnation, emphasizing that only Tibetan Buddhists—not governments—have the authority to decide. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS AI Web Crawler Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recent moves in the US and UK to block AI web crawlers have triggered growing calls in India for fair revenue sharing and legal safeguards to protect digital content creators. Key Developments: Cloudflare’s New Policy (July 2025): AI bots are blocked by default unless publishers grant permission or receive compensation, giving them control over how their content is used for AI training or inference. Publisher Action: Leading media outlets in the US and UK now restrict AI crawlers to protect their journalism and push for fair monetization. Impact on Publishers: AI-generated answers have drastically reduced search traffic to original websites—up to 90% of users no longer click through, cutting into publishers’ revenue while AI firms profit. Indian Response: Indian news publishers are now demanding: Fair revenue sharing from AI companies using their content. Stronger legal protections against unauthorized scraping. Measures to safeguard the open web and independent journalism. Learning Corner: Web Crawlers Web crawlers, also known as spiders or bots, are automated software programs designed to browse and index content across websites on the internet. Key Functions: Content Indexing: Used by search engines (like Google, Bing) to collect and organize website content for inclusion in search results. Data Collection: Extract data from web pages for analytics, research, or AI training. Types: Search Engine Crawlers: For indexing websites (e.g., Googlebot). AI Crawlers: Used by AI companies to collect data for model training and inference. Malicious Crawlers: Used for scraping sensitive or copyrighted content without permission. Working Mechanism: Start with a list of URLs. Visit web pages, read content, and follow hyperlinks. Store and organize data for use in search engines or AI systems. Concerns and Challenges: Unauthorized Scraping: Web crawlers can collect copyrighted or personal data without consent. Bandwidth Strain: Heavy crawling can overload servers. Legal/Ethical Issues: Especially relevant in cases where content is used for AI training without compensation. Control Mechanisms: robots.txt: A file website uses to tell crawlers which pages to access or avoid. Firewall Settings & Blocking Tools: To restrict harmful or unauthorized crawlers. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS (MAINS Focus) AI in India (GS Paper III – Science & Technology & Economy Developments in Science & Technology and their applications.) Introduction (Context) Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming economies, societies, and governance worldwide. India, as the world’s largest democracy and an emerging technology hub, has declared its ambition to become a global leader in AI governance. However, this aspiration faces significant risks due to the absence of a transparent, democratically anchored national AI strategy. Opportunities for India in AI Economic Transformation: AI has the potential to significantly boost productivity, efficiency, and innovation across sectors like healthcare, education, agriculture, and manufacturing. Job Creation and New Skill Development: With strategic planning, AI can generate new job opportunities, particularly in AI development, data science, and allied industries. Global Leadership Potential: India can position itself as a voice for the Global South in shaping inclusive and ethical global AI norms. Public Service Delivery: AI can enhance governance through improved service delivery, predictive policymaking, and efficient public resource management. Data-Driven Innovation: With vast public datasets, India can drive indigenous innovation, provided governance mechanisms ensure data security and equitable access. Challenges in India’s AI Journey Absence of a Comprehensive National AI Strategy: Current initiatives like the IndiaAI Mission lack strategic clarity and democratic oversight. Governance Gaps: Without clear regulatory frameworks, risks such as bias, discrimination, surveillance, and loss of accountability may arise. Workforce Displacement: Automation threatens jobs, especially in sectors like IT, where firms like TCS, Infosys, and Wipro are already shedding roles. Technological Dependence: Lack of indigenous AI capabilities increases vulnerability to global tech dependencies and geopolitical risks. Socio-Economic Inequalities: Without inclusive planning, AI adoption may deepen digital divides and marginalisation. Energy & Infrastructure Demands: AI is highly energy-intensive, exacerbating challenges related to power and water resources. Way Forward Formulate a National AI Strategy: Develop a democratically debated, Cabinet-endorsed AI policy to guide ethical and inclusive AI adoption. Establish a Parliamentary Standing Committee on AI & Emerging Technologies to ensure legislative oversight and public accountability. Inclusive Stakeholder Engagement: Involve industry, academia, civil society, workforce representatives, and policymakers to build consensus. Regulatory & Ethical Frameworks: Prioritise safeguards against bias, discrimination, data misuse, and monopolistic practices. Reskilling & Workforce Transition: Invest in large-scale skilling programs to prepare citizens for AI-driven economic shifts. Leverage India’s Global Position: Actively participate in shaping global AI governance through platforms like the Global Partnership on AI. Focus on Indigenous Innovation: Strengthen domestic AI research, reduce technological dependencies, and ensure data sovereignty. Conclusion AI presents India with transformative opportunities, but without a well-thought-out, transparent, and democratically anchored national strategy, these benefits may be overshadowed by risks. A coherent, inclusive, and forward-looking approach is essential to ensure AI serves India’s socio-economic goals while safeguarding democratic values and national interests. Mains practice question: “India’s ambition to be a global leader in Artificial Intelligence requires a democratically anchored national strategy.” Discuss the need for such a strategy and suggest measures to ensure ethical and inclusive AI governance in India. (250 words) Making Palliative care a priority (GS Paper II: Issues Relating to Health, Welfare Policies) Introduction (Context) Palliative care is a specialised healthcare approach that focuses on improving the quality of life for individuals with life-limiting illnesses by relieving pain, suffering, and addressing psychological and social distress. In India, inadequate access to palliative care undermines the Right to Life with Dignity, guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. Growing Need for Palliative Care in India India’s elderly population is projected to reach 192 million by 2031 and 340 million by 2050 (UNFPA, 2023). Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for 65% of all deaths, with rising cases of cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory illnesses (ICMR, 2022). Changing family structures due to globalisation and urbanisation have weakened traditional caregiving mechanisms, increasing demand for formal palliative care. Challenges in Accessing Palliative Care Shortage of Trained Professionals Inadequate inclusion of palliative care in medical education. Inadequate Infrastructure & Funding Limited government investment and accessibility, especially in rural areas. Low Public Awareness & Social Stigma Misconceptions linking palliative care only to end-of-life support. Policy-Implementation Gaps Despite recognition in National Health Policy, 2017, implementation remains weak. Measures to Strengthen Palliative Care Integrate palliative care into primary healthcare and medical training. Expand community-based models like the Kerala Model, which provides 70% of India’s palliative care services. Launch awareness campaigns to reduce stigma. Encourage public-private partnerships for service expansion. Adapt global best practices to suit India’s socio-economic context. Conclusion With a rapidly ageing population and rising NCD burden, ensuring universal access to palliative care is essential to uphold the constitutional Right to Live with Dignity and build a humane, inclusive healthcare system. Mains practice question: In the context of India’s ageing population and rising burden of non-communicable diseases, discuss the significance of palliative care. Highlight the challenges and suggest measures to uphold the Right to Live with Dignity. (250 words) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba

Jul 2, 2025

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 2nd July 2025

Jul 2, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 2nd July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Employment Linked Incentive (ELI) Scheme Category: POLITY Context: To generate over 3.5 crore jobs in the organised sector between August 1, 2025, and July 31, 2027, with a special focus on first-time workforce entrants and the manufacturing sector. Decoding the context: Incentive Structure Part A – Incentive to First-Time Employees Eligibility: First-time EPFO-registered employees earning up to ₹1 lakh/month. Benefit: One month’s wage (max ₹15,000), paid in two instalments: After 6 months of service. After 12 months + financial literacy completion. Savings Component: Portion of benefit held in a savings instrument with a lock-in. Target Beneficiaries: 1.92 crore individuals. Part B – Support to Employers Eligibility: EPFO-registered employers hiring additional employees earning up to ₹1 lakh/month. Benefit Duration: 2 years (extended to 4 years for manufacturing sector). Hiring Condition: Firms with <50 employees must hire at least 2 additional staff. Firms with ≥50 must hire at least 5. Benefit Amount: EPF Wage Range Employer Incentive Up to ₹10,000 ₹1,000/month ₹10,001 – ₹20,000 ₹2,000/month ₹20,001 – ₹1,00,000 ₹3,000/month Expected Job Creation via Employers: Nearly 2.6 crore jobs. Payment Mechanism: Employees: Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) via Aadhaar. Employers: Credited to PAN-linked accounts. Learning Corner: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) Launch: 2005 Aim: Provide 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to rural households. Features: Demand-driven scheme for unskilled manual work. Focus on rural infrastructure and water conservation. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) Launch: 2015 Aim: Skill development and training for youth to enhance employability. Features: Free short-term skill training. Industry-relevant certifications. Target groups: school dropouts, unemployed youth. Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY) Launch: 2016 (ended in 2020) Aim: Encourage employers to generate new jobs. Features: Government paid EPF contributions for new employees. Benefitted over 1.2 crore workers. Atmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY) Launch: 2020 Aim: Promote formal job creation post-COVID-19. Features: EPF subsidy for employers hiring new employees. Applicable to workers earning less than ₹15,000/month. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) Launch: 2014 Aim: Skill development and placement for rural youth (15–35 years). Features: Focus on wage employment. Placement-linked skill training programs. National Career Service (NCS) Launch: 2015 Aim: Provide employment-related services online. Features: Job matching, career counselling, and vocational guidance. Over 1 crore active job seekers. Source: THE HINDU INS Udaygiri Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Navy inducts second indigenous stealth frigate in record time. INS Udaygiri Inducted on: July 1, 2025 Built by: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd. (MDL), Mumbai Project: Second indigenous stealth frigate under Project 17A Build Time: Delivered in a record 37 months from launch Project 17A Features: Successor to Shivalik-class (Project 17) frigates Enhanced stealth, sensors, and weapons systems 4.54% larger hull than its predecessor Equipped with: Supersonic surface-to-surface missiles Medium-range surface-to-air missiles 76mm main gun Close-in weapon systems (30mm and 12.7mm) Technological and Industrial Aspects: Powered by Combined Diesel or Gas (CODOG) propulsion Features controllable pitch propellers and integrated platform management system 75% indigenous content, with support from over 200 MSMEs Employment generated: ~4,000 directly, ~10,000 indirectly INS Udaygiri is the 100th warship designed by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau Learning Corner: Project 17A (P-17A) Project 17A is an advanced warship construction initiative by the Indian Navy aimed at building a new class of indigenous stealth frigates, following the successful Shivalik-class (Project 17). Key Highlights: Total Ships: 7 stealth frigates Shipyards Involved: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd (MDL), Mumbai Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata Purpose: Enhance the Indian Navy’s blue-water capabilities Strengthen self-reliance in defence manufacturing Replace older frigates with advanced multi-role warships Design & Technology: Stealth Features: Low radar, infrared, acoustic, and magnetic signature Propulsion: Combined Diesel or Gas (CODOG) system Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS) for automation Weapons Systems: Supersonic cruise missiles Surface-to-air missiles 76mm main gun, CIWS Sensors & Radar: State-of-the-art surveillance and fire control systems Indigenous Content & Industry Support: Over 75% indigenous content Support from 200+ MSMEs and multiple Indian defence firms Significant employment generation in defence and ancillary sectors Current Status (as of July 2025): INS Nilgiri (lead ship) and INS Udaygiri delivered Remaining five ships under various stages of construction Entire project expected to be completed by end of 2026 Source: THE HINDU Climate-Friendly Air Conditioning Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : A UK laboratory has developed a revolutionary air-conditioning technology using a solid, waxy refrigerant, eliminating the need for greenhouse gas-emitting substances like HFCs and CFCs. Key Features: No Greenhouse Gases: The system avoids harmful refrigerants, significantly reducing emissions. Higher Energy Efficiency: Early studies suggest better performance than current AC systems, lowering electricity use. Advanced Cooling Materials: Utilizes thermoelectric and barocaloric materials that cool via pressure or electric currents instead of vapor compression. Lower Environmental Impact: Targets one of the fastest-growing sources of emissions—cooling systems—by offering a sustainable alternative. Scalable Design: Suitable for both residential and commercial use, and can integrate with existing infrastructure. Commercial Potential: Seen as a future game-changer for the HVAC industry, aiding global climate goals. Learning Corner: HFCs and CFCs Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are man-made chemical compounds primarily used as refrigerants, aerosol propellants, and in foam production. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Composition: Contain carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. Use: Widely used in refrigerators, air-conditioners, and aerosol sprays until the 1990s. Environmental Impact: Ozone-depleting substances (ODS): Major cause of ozone layer depletion. Banned under the Montreal Protocol (1987) due to their harmful impact on the stratospheric ozone layer. Example: CFC-11, CFC-12. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): Composition: Contain hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon, do not contain chlorine. Use: Introduced as CFC substitutes, commonly used in air conditioning and refrigeration. Environmental Impact: Do not harm ozone, but are potent greenhouse gases with high Global Warming Potential (GWP). Targeted for phasedown under the Kigali Amendment (2016) to the Montreal Protocol. Example: HFC-134a, HFC-23. Summary Table: Aspect CFCs HFCs Ozone Depletion Yes No Global Warming Yes Yes (high GWP) Regulation Phased out (Montreal Protocol) Phased down (Kigali Amendment) Current Use Banned or obsolete Still in use but being reduced Barocaloric Effect The barocaloric effect is a thermodynamic phenomenon where certain materials undergo a reversible change in temperature when pressure is applied or released. Key Features: “Baro” = Pressure: The term refers to temperature changes induced by mechanical pressure. Solid-State Cooling: Unlike traditional refrigerants that rely on gas compression and expansion, barocaloric materials are solid-state and do not emit greenhouse gases. Mechanism: When pressure is applied → material’s structure becomes more ordered → releases heat. When pressure is removed → material absorbs heat → cools down. Applications: Potential for eco-friendly refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. Can replace polluting refrigerants like HFCs and CFCs. Advantages: Environmentally friendly: No gas leakage or ozone depletion. Energy-efficient: Promising for low-power, compact cooling devices. Scalable: Can be adapted to both small and large cooling systems. Current Status: Still under research and development. Prototype systems have shown promise but need further optimization for commercial use. Source : THE HINDU Monsoon Category: GEOGRAPHY Context: India witnessed an unusually early and widespread monsoon in 2025 due to a rare convergence of favourable atmospheric and oceanic conditions. Major Contributing Factors: Active Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO): In mid-May, the MJO enhanced rainfall-supporting convection, helping trigger early monsoon onset and advance. Multiple Low-Pressure Systems: Five low-pressure systems formed in June across India, accelerating monsoon progression by drawing in moisture-laden winds. Early Onset in Kerala: The monsoon reached Kerala on May 24, eight days ahead of schedule, setting the pace for national spread. Strong Somali Jet & Cross-Equatorial Flow: An unusually strong Somali Jet rapidly transported moisture from the Indian Ocean, intensifying rainfall on India’s west coast. High Atmospheric Moisture: Elevated global temperatures led to higher moisture in the air, boosting early cloud formation and rainfall. Reduced Snow Cover: Less snow over the Himalayas and Eurasia led to higher land heating, strengthening monsoon circulation. Favourable ENSO & IOD: ENSO-neutral and neutral-to-slightly-positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) conditions removed traditional hindrances to monsoon progress. Learning Corner: Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) What is it? MJO is a tropical disturbance of clouds, rainfall, wind, and pressure that moves eastward around the globe along the equator roughly every 30–60 days. How it works: It consists of an active (wet) phase that enhances convection (cloud formation and rainfall) and a suppressed (dry) phase that inhibits it. Relevance to Monsoon: When the active phase of the MJO is over the Indian Ocean, it enhances monsoon onset and rainfall over India. Importance: MJO is a short-term intra-seasonal factor, unlike ENSO, and can boost or suppress monsoon activity temporarily. ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) What is it? ENSO refers to periodic changes in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, along with shifts in atmospheric pressure. Phases: El Niño: Warm SSTs in the Pacific → Weakens Indian monsoon La Niña: Cool SSTs in the Pacific → Strengthens Indian monsoon Neutral: No significant SST anomalies → Normal monsoon behavior Impact on India: El Niño years often lead to droughts in India, while La Niña tends to enhance rainfall. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) What is it? IOD refers to the difference in sea surface temperatures between the western and eastern Indian Ocean. Phases: Positive IOD: Warmer western Indian Ocean → Enhances Indian monsoon Negative IOD: Warmer eastern Indian Ocean → Weakens Indian monsoon Neutral: Balanced temperatures → No significant impact Relation with ENSO: A positive IOD can partially offset the negative effects of El Niño on the monsoon. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS National Sports Policy (NSP) 2025 Category: POLITY Context: The Union Cabinet has approved the National Sports Policy (NSP) 2025, aiming to transform India into a global sporting powerhouse, with a strategic focus on success at events like the 2036 Olympic Games Key Features: Replaces 2001 Policy: Marks a major shift in India’s sports strategy after more than two decades. Extensive Consultation: Developed in collaboration with Central Ministries, State Governments, NITI Aayog, sports federations, athletes, and the public. Five Pillars of NSP 2025: Pillar Focus Areas Excellence on the Global Stage Talent scouting, elite pathways, leagues, coaching, infrastructure, and athlete support. Sports for Economic Development Promotes sports tourism, local manufacturing, international events, start-ups, and private investment. Sports for Social Development Encourages inclusion of women, weaker sections, PwDs, and revival of traditional games. Sports as a People’s Movement Drives mass participation, volunteerism, and diaspora engagement. Integration with Education Embeds sports into the school curriculum as per NEP 2020, enabling dual-career paths. Strategic Vision: Improve governance in sports bodies. Expand infrastructure in rural and urban areas. Train coaches, referees, and officials. Foster entrepreneurship and job creation through sports. National & Global Ambitions: Targets enhanced performance in global competitions, especially the 2036 Olympics. Positions India as a host for major international sporting events. Promotes health, social inclusion, and economic growth through sports. Learning Corner: Major Government Schemes Related to Sports Khelo India Scheme Objective: Revive sports culture at the grassroots level and build a strong framework for talent identification and development. Key Features: Annual Khelo India Youth Games (KIYG) and University Games Scholarships for talented athletes (₹5 lakh/year for 8 years) Creation of Khelo India Centres and State Centres of Excellence Target Group: School and college-level athletes Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS) Objective: Identify and support elite athletes who can win medals at the Olympics and other international events. Key Features: Financial support for training, coaching, equipment, international exposure Covers both senior and junior athletes Administered by: Sports Authority of India (SAI) Fit India Movement Launched: 2019 by the Prime Minister Objective: Encourage citizens to adopt fitness as a lifestyle Key Activities: Fitness challenges, school certifications, and awareness campaigns National Sports Development Fund (NSDF) Objective: Mobilize private and public sector contributions for sports development. Focus: Infrastructure, training, equipment, and welfare of sportspersons Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay National Welfare Fund for Sportspersons Purpose: Financial assistance for injured or retired sportspersons, or those facing financial hardship Special Area Games (SAG) Scheme Objective: Nurture talent from tribal, coastal, hilly, and remote regions with natural sporting abilities Implemented by: Sports Authority of India National Physical Fitness Programme (NPFP) Focus: Introduced under NEP 2020, this aims to integrate fitness and physical education across schools Urban Sports Infrastructure Scheme (USIS) Objective: Develop sports infrastructure like synthetic tracks, turf fields, and stadiums in urban areas Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Union Cabinet approves National Sports Policy 2025 Introduction (Context) Union Cabinet has approved the National Sports Policy 2025. National Sports Policy is a landmark initiative aimed at reshaping the country’s sporting landscape and empowering citizens through sports. The new policy supersedes the existing National Sports Policy 2001 and lays out a visionary and strategic roadmap to establish India as a global sporting powerhouse. Background Sport in India can trace its roots back to pre-historic times, when physical skills that are now foundational to modern sports were then integral to daily life. As hunters and gatherers, humans relied on abilities like archery, wrestling, swimming, and climbing, not for recreation, but for survival. These have now evolved into the individual and team sports that we are familiar with today. How did sports do post 1947? Post the British Raj, India’s prime focus was on rebuilding the nation by addressing poverty, health, and education. Therefore sectors like sports did not feature prominently in the national agenda. Even so, India hosted the first Asian Games in New Delhi in 1951. In 1954, the government set up the All-India Council of Sports (AICS) to advise on sports matters, support federations, and fund elite athletes. However, allocations were modest, resulting in athletes missing international competitions due to a lack of financial support. India’s men’s hockey team dominated the Olympics from 1920 to 1980. Indian athletics saw stars emerge such as Milkha Singh (200/400m), Gurbachan Singh (decathlon), Praveen Kumar Sobti (discus and hammer throw), and Kamaljeet Sandhu, the first Indian woman to win an individual gold medal at the Asian Games. When did India’s sports policy begin? After 1982 Asian Games, the government had created a dedicated Department of Sports under the Ministry of Human Resource Development. India had launched its first National Sports Policy (NSP) in 1984. The NSP 1984 aimed to improve infrastructure, promote mass participation, and raise standards in elite sports. It also stressed the importance of integrating sports with education, which was formalised in the 1986 National Education Policy. Later, the Sports Authority of India (SAI) was established to implement policy, and athlete development programs. Issues: Sports is a ‘State’ subject in the Constitution and though the Union government had earmarked it a modest budget, the involvement of society and markets were minimal. Policies remained weak, and implementation inconsistent. India’s economy too remained sluggish through the 1980s. However, 1991 marked a turning point, with the emergence of liberalisation. This economic shift coincided with cultural changes. Cable television, global exposure, and a rising middle class brought greater visibility and aspiration for sports. How has sports evolved post-2000? In 2000, India created a dedicated Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (MYAS). A revised National Sports Policy was launched in 2001, setting clearer goals for mass participation and international excellence. This period also saw sports feature in the Union Budget, albeit with a small allocation. India’s Olympic medal tally remained modest, with Rajyavardhan Rathore’s silver (2004), Abhinav Bindra’s gold (2008) and bronzes in boxing from Vijender Singh (2008) and Mary Kom (2012). In 2011, the National Sports Development Code (NSDC) was introduced, aiming to regulate and professionalise National Sports Federations (NSFs). It addressed governance, anti-doping, age fraud, betting, gender issues etc. but as always, implementation remained the hurdle. Schemes were launched over the years — TOPS (Target Olympic Podium Scheme 2014) provided elite athletes with coaching, nutrition, and infrastructure support; Khelo India (2017) conducted youth talent identification across schools and universities; and the Fit India Movement (2019) promoted physical activity and fitness as a public health priority. Salient features of National Sports Policy 2025 It aims at reshaping India’s sporting landscape and empowering citizens through sport. Features ae discussed below: a.Excellence on the Global Stage One of the key features of the Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 is to strengthen the sporting culture from the block level to the national level. The aim is to integrate sports deeply into the fabric of Indian society, ensuring access and opportunities for all, starting from the grassroots levels. The policy lays down the following points: Physical literacy Outreach and awareness Major sporting event Strong sports promotion instututions Athlete-centric sports development Sports personnel Safety, ethics and professionalism Sports science, medicine and technology, research and innovation Rewards and recognition for champion athletes Educational institutes in sports development Strengthening funding mechanism for sports development Talent search and development Sports insfrastructure Districts and states Excellence in para sports b.Sports for Economic Development Sport plays a vital role in economic development, and initiatives involving economic development through sports involve factors like tourism, entrepreneurship and manufacturing. The following are some of the strategies the policy lays down that can enhance the impact of sports in economic development. Sports tourism through major sporting events Strong sports equipment manufacturing ecosystem Strong sport startups and an entrepreneurship environment Operational and financial sustainability of hard and soft sports assets Recognition of innovation Global sports destination Sports business advisory groups c.Sports for Social Development Sport can be one of the biggest unifying factors, and the Khelo Bharat Niti suggests using this to promote global peace and mutual understanding. It emphasises equal opportunities for all individuals regardless of background so that they can excel. The following are the key points covered under sports for social development: Reduced barriers for participation of underrepresented population group Promotion of indigenous sports and games Underrepresented population talent development initiatives Peace and international cooperation activities through sports Promotion of sports and allied services as a mainstream career Sports volunteering programs d.Sports as a People’s Movement This feature talks about turning sports into a powerful people’s movement by addressing important aspects of physical and mental well-being while also serving as a major leisure and entertainment activity. Sports can improve overall fitness, reduce healthcare costs and promote a healthier lifestyle. Sport can also be helpful for mental health as it can reduce stress, anxiety and depression. The following are the key points by which this can be achieved A fitness ranking and indexing system will be implemented to incentivise educational institutions and workplaces to excel in their sports and physical education programs. Personnel training and certification would be established, as it is a crucial factor to deliver effective physical education. National Sports Federations shall be actively engaged with educational institutions that will promote discipline. Standard Operatoing Procedures (SOPs) would be created for fitness programs for schools, colleges and workplaces. Physical education frameworks will have to be revamped and be in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, which would enhance the quality of physical education. Access to sporting facilities will be improved through guidelines and frameworks that will lead to more public participation and support the establishment of social sport hubs at the block and district levels. e.Integration with Education (aligned with NEP 2020) The policy talks about aligning the Khelo Bharat Niti with the National Education Policy where several key focus areas will be addressed. The main aim is the seamless integration of sports in the overall curriculum which will promote a balanced growth of students. A framework for the active engagement of sports groups and circles in educational institutions will be formulated to enhance the presence and impact of sports in schools. A sports and physical education skill development program for teachers will be framed and facilitated for the effective delivery of sports education. Coordinating with various stakeholders for effective resource delivery. This includes ensuring adequate manpower, securing necessary resources such as playground and implementing school-level programs on a regular basis. Hence, strategic frameworks have been laid down to advance the sporting ecosystem in India such as: Strong professional sports governance, implementation and monitoring Technological intervention National framework and regulatory bodies Private sector engagement Conclusion The NSP 2025 is the outcome of extensive consultations involving Central Ministries, NITI Aayog, State Governments, National Sports Federations (NSFs), athletes, domain experts, and public stakeholders. The policy is anchored on five key pillars viz. Excellence on the Global Stage, Sports for Economic Development, Sports for Social Development, Sports as a People’s Movement and Integration with Education (NEP 2020). National Sports Policy 2025 sets India on a transformative path toward becoming a leading sporting nation globally, while creating healthier, more engaged, and empowered citizens. Mains Practice Question Q The National Sports Policy 2025 envisions sport as a tool for national development, not merely as competition. Critically examine. (250 words, 15 marks) Using tech to empower women and children (GS Paper II – Governance) Introduction (Context) Empowerment begins with access to rights, to services, to protection, and to opportunity. The Ministry of Women and Child Development has been at the forefront of this transformation and has integrated technology into its programmes, ensuring that benefits reach the last mile swiftly, transparently, and efficiently. Digital systems has redefined and democratized these empowerment drives. The Ministry has also strengthened access to nutrition, education, legal safeguards, and essential entitlements, ensuring that women and children lead healthier, more secure lives Transformative initiatives 1.Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0: It is an initiative by the Indian government aimed at strengthening nutrition and early childhood care and development. It’s an integrated nutrition support program focusing on children (0-6 years), adolescent girls, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. The initiative seeks to improve nutritional and health status, reduce malnutrition, and enhance overall child development. Usage of IT: Steps have been taken to modernise and empower over 2 lakh Anganwadi centres across India. These centres are being upgraded with smart infrastructure, digital devices, and innovative learning tools, enabling more effective delivery of nutrition, healthcare, and pre-school education services. Poshan Tracker has enabled real-time data entry, performance monitoring, and evidence-based policy interventions. Over 10.14 crore beneficiaries, including pregnant women, lactating mothers, children under six, and adolescent girls, are now registered on Poshan Tracker. By equipping Anganwadi workers with smartphones and comprehensive training, the initiative ensures quality service delivery at the last mile. Recognised with the Prime Minister’s Award for Excellence in Public Administration (2025), it also supports Poshan Bhi, Padhai Bhi, providing digital training modules to Anganwadi workers for early childhood education. 2.Supplementary Nutrition Programme: The Supplementary Nutrition Programme (SNP) is a key component of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme, aiming to address malnutrition among women and children by providing nutritious food supplements. This program focuses on bridging the gap between the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and the Average Daily Intake (ADI) of beneficiaries. Usage of IT: To reduce leakages in the Supplementary Nutrition Programme, a facial recognition system has been introduced to ensure that eligible beneficiaries alone receive nutrition support. 3.Steps for women safety The SHe-Box portal provides single-window access to every woman to lodge complaints under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013. It enables online redressal and tracking. The Mission Shakti dashboard and mobile app provide integrated assistance to women in distress, connecting them to the nearest one-stop centre, now operational in nearly every district. 4.Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana The Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) is a government of India scheme aimed at providing financial assistance to pregnant and lactating mothers for their first living child. The scheme, implemented by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, provides cash benefits to compensate for wage loss during pregnancy and early motherhood, promoting better health and nutrition for both mother and child. Usage of IT: PMMVY is a fully digital programme — leveraging Aadhaar-based authentication, mobile-based registration, doorstep assistance from Anganwadi/ASHA workers, and real-time dashboards. A dedicated grievance redressal module and citizen-facing portal ensure transparency, trust, and accountability, strengthening the government’s commitment to Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao. Data: Access to digital in India According to the first Comprehensive Annual Modular Survey: At the all-India level, 76.3% of households have broadband Internet facilities. In rural areas, 71.2% of households have the facility, while in urban areas, 86.5% do. This data shows the deep penetration of the Internet in India. But there are variations across States, castes, gender, and class. In some States, more than 90% of the households have a broadband connection. These include Delhi, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Sikkim, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. But in some other States, fewer than 70% have a broadband connection. These include West Bengal (69.3%), Andhra Pradesh (66.5%), Odisha (65.3%), and Arunachal Pradesh (60.2%). There are also significant variations within caste groups on the issue of broadband connectivity at home. In households in the general category, 84.1% have broadband connection, while the numbers for Other Backward Classes (OBCs), Scheduled Castes (SCs), and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are 77.5%, 69.1%, and 64.8% respectively. The majority of the households have broadband connectivity, OBC, SC, and ST communities are still significantly behind households in the general category in this aspect. According to the CAMS report, 94.2% of rural households and 97.1% of urban households have mobile or telephone connections in their households. Outcomes of the digital initiatives The latest reports from the Health Management Information System of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) reveal that: The Sex Ratio at Birth has increased from 918 (2014-15) to 930 (2023-24). The Maternal Mortality Rate has declined to 97 per 1,000 births (2018-20) from 130 per 1,000 births (2014-16). Digital transformation has played a key role in child protection and welfare. Under the Juvenile Justice Act (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, the Ministry has strengthened the adoption ecosystem through the CARINGS portal (Child Adoption Resource Information and Guidance System). This ensures a more transparent, accessible, and efficient adoption process. Digitisation has also improved monitoring of child care institutions, foster care placements, and statutory support structures under the Act. Platforms developed by the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights are tracking violations of child rights. The Mission Vatsalya dashboard strengthens convergence and coordination among various child welfare stakeholders. Conclusion India’s drive to digitize and democratize welfare services for women and children has yielded significant gains in transparency, accountability, and outcomes. However, to fully realize the promise of a “digitally empowered Bharat,” it is essential to bridge infrastructure gaps, strengthen data safeguards, and invest continuously in capacity building. Integrated governance, sustained funding for technology refresh, and community-centric sensitization efforts will be critical to overcoming the remaining challenges. Mains Practice Question Q Critically analyse how digital technologies have transformed the delivery of welfare services for women and children in India. Discuss the impact on access, transparency, and outcomes. (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba

Jul 1, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 1st July 2025

Jul 1, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 1st July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) The Thali Index Category: ECONOMICS Context: Poverty estimates in India, sparked by household consumption data (2023–24) from the National Statistics Office. Reports from SBI and the World Bank suggest a significant drop in poverty. Decoding the context: Questioning Traditional Poverty Metrics: Critique poverty measurement based solely on calorie intake and physiological needs, calling it outdated and inadequate in capturing real-life deprivation. Introduction of the ‘Thali Index’: Propose the Thali Index as a more realistic, relatable, and region-specific indicator, measuring the cost of a basic home-cooked meal. It reflects actual food consumption patterns and regional variations in prices, offering a clearer picture of living costs. Relevance to Policy and Subsidies: The Thali Index serves as a practical tool for evaluating poverty and guiding food subsidy policies. It provides a grounded economic perspective by directly connecting food costs with livelihood realities. Critique of Premature Subsidy Removal: There should be caution against removing food subsidies based on optimistic or debatable poverty estimates. Instead, there should be rationalising subsidies, as many citizens still rely on them for basic sustenance. Policy Recommendation: Poverty assessment and welfare decisions should be anchored in real costs of living, like those captured by the Thali Index, rather than relying on abstract statistical estimates. Learning Corner: Poverty Measurement in India Poverty measurement in India has traditionally relied on household consumption expenditure surveys to estimate the proportion of people living below a defined poverty line. The focus has largely been on ensuring a minimum calorie intake necessary for survival and work. Traditional Approach (Calorie-based): Based on the Tendulkar Committee (2009) and Rangarajan Committee (2014). Defines poverty using a minimum daily caloric intake (e.g., 2400 kcal in rural, 2100 kcal in urban areas). The monetary poverty line is derived from the expenditure required to meet this intake. This is a physiological approach — focused on energy needs through food. Consumption Expenditure Surveys: Conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) and NSO. Data is used to estimate poverty headcount ratios, consumption patterns, and economic inequality. Issues with the Current Method: Does not reflect nutritional quality, non-food needs, or regional variations. Ignores changing lifestyles, health costs, education, housing, etc. Urban and rural cost differences often not adequately captured. Emerging Approaches: Use of “Thali Index”: Cost of a simple, home-cooked meal (thali) to reflect real food expenditure and living standards. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): Used by NITI Aayog in line with UNDP — includes indicators like education, health, and living standards. Policy Implications: Recent claims of poverty decline (SBI & World Bank reports) raise questions on how poverty is defined. Critics argue for more realistic, consumption-linked, and multidimensional poverty assessment. Emphasis is shifting from calorie-based to livelihood and dignity-based measurements. Poverty estimation committees Tendulkar Committee (2009): Chairperson: Suresh D. Tendulkar Objective: To revise the methodology for poverty estimation in India. Key Features: Shifted from calorie-based poverty line to one based on actual private consumption expenditure, including health and education. Introduced a uniform poverty line basket for both rural and urban areas (earlier, calorie norms were different for each). Used 2004–05 NSS data and updated the poverty line accordingly. Recommended using Mixed Reference Period (MRP) for consumption data. Estimated poverty in 2004–05 as: Rural: 41.8% Urban: 25.7% Overall: 37.2% Significance: Marked a major methodological shift and was adopted by the Planning Commission until 2014. Faced criticism for setting a very low poverty line (₹33/day in urban areas in 2011–12). Rangarajan Committee (2014): Chairperson: C. Rangarajan Objective: To revisit the poverty estimation methodology due to criticisms of the Tendulkar Committee. Key Features: Restored calorie norms (2400 kcal rural, 2100 kcal urban) and added norms for protein and fat intake. Considered basic non-food expenses more comprehensively (education, housing, clothing, etc.). Based on 2011–12 NSS data, it set a higher poverty line: Rural: ₹32/day Urban: ₹47/day Estimated poverty in 2011–12 as: Rural: 30.9% Urban: 26.4% Overall: 29.5% Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS India’s Secular Constitution Category: POLITY Context: Inclusion of the terms “secular” and “socialist” in the 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976) during the Emergency. Key Points: Background: These terms were added through the 42nd Amendment by Indira Gandhi’s government and retained after the Janata government reversed most changes via the 44th Amendment (1978). Preamble & Secularism: The Preamble is a vision statement, but the Supreme Court in Berubari Union (1960) held it is not a source of power. Secularism, although added formally later, was always inherent in the Constitution — evident through Articles 14, 15, 16, and Directive Principles. Judicial Stand: Even before the 42nd Amendment, in Kesavananda Bharati (1973), the SC ruled that secularism is part of the Constitution’s basic structure. In Minerva Mills (1980), SC held “socialism” to be constitutionally aligned with Part IV (DPSPs). The SC reaffirmed secularism as a basic feature in later rulings, including SR Bommai (1994) and 2024’s Khanna ruling, stating constitutional amendments can’t dilute core principles like secularism. Learning Corner: Salient Features of the Indian Constitution The Indian Constitution, adopted on 26th November 1949 and enforced from 26th January 1950, is the supreme law of the land. It is known for combining the best features of major constitutions of the world while reflecting India’s unique socio-political context. Salient Features: Lengthiest Written Constitution Contains 470+ Articles, 12 Schedules, and numerous amendments. Includes detailed provisions for Union, States, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles, and more. Drawn from Multiple Sources Inspired by British, US, Irish, Canadian, Australian and other constitutions. Blends parliamentary democracy with federalism and judicial independence. Federal System with Unitary Bias Division of powers between Centre and States (3 Lists: Union, State, Concurrent). During emergencies, the Centre becomes more powerful. Parliamentary Form of Government Based on the Westminster model. Real power lies with the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Secular State No official state religion. Equal treatment of all religions (Articles 25–28). Fundamental Rights and Duties Guarantees civil liberties to individuals (Articles 12–35). Fundamental Duties (Article 51A) added by the 42nd Amendment. Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) Guidelines for the government to promote social and economic welfare (Articles 36–51). Inspired by the Irish Constitution. Independent and Integrated Judiciary Supreme Court at the top, followed by High Courts and subordinate courts. Guardian of the Constitution and protector of Fundamental Rights. Single Citizenship All Indians are citizens of India, regardless of state. Universal Adult Franchise Every citizen above 18 years can vote (Article 326). Rigidity and Flexibility Some parts can be amended by a simple majority; others require a special majority or ratification by states (Article 368). Special Provisions for Minorities, SCs, STs Reservation, cultural and educational rights to protect vulnerable groups. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Biodiversity Discoveries in India Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : In 2024, India made significant additions to its biodiversity records. The announcements were made during the 110th Foundation Day of the Zoological Survey of India, which also marked the release of an updated checklist (Version 2.0) of Indian fauna Faunal Discoveries (Animals): A total of 683 faunal species were added. 459 species are new to science. 224 species are new records for India. Insects (beetles, moths, flies, bees) dominated among invertebrates, while fish led among vertebrates. Kerala topped the list with 101 species, followed by Karnataka (82), Arunachal Pradesh (72), Tamil Nadu (63), and West Bengal (56). India’s updated faunal checklist now includes 1,05,244 species and subspecies. Floral Discoveries (Plants): 433 plant taxa were added to the flora. These included seed plants, fungi, lichens, algae, bryophytes, microbes, and pteridophytes, with seed plants being the most prominent. Significance: These discoveries reaffirm India’s status as a megadiverse country, housing about 7–8% of the world’s documented species. The new checklists are essential tools for research, conservation, and policymaking. Learning Corner: Megadiverse Countries Megadiverse countries are a group of nations that collectively harbor the majority of Earth’s species and are therefore considered extremely rich in biodiversity. The concept was introduced by Conservation International to highlight global centers of biological wealth. Key Features: These countries possess a high number of endemic species (found nowhere else in the world). They account for more than 70% of Earth’s biodiversity, despite covering a smaller portion of the planet’s land area. Recognized based on species richness, endemicity, and ecosystem diversity. List of Megadiverse Countries (17 Total): Some of the officially recognized megadiverse countries include: India Brazil Indonesia China Mexico Colombia Peru Australia Democratic Republic of Congo Ecuador South Africa Philippines Venezuela United States Papua New Guinea Malaysia Madagascar India as a Megadiverse Country: Home to 7–8% of the world’s recorded species. Includes four global biodiversity hotspots: Western Ghats, Himalayas, Indo-Burma, and Sundaland (Nicobar Islands). Rich in both faunal and floral diversity, with high levels of endemic species. Importance: Megadiverse countries are crucial for global biodiversity conservation. They face threats from habitat loss, climate change, and pollution, making conservation strategies essential. International cooperation and national biodiversity strategies (like India’s Biological Diversity Act, 2002) are key to preserving this wealth. Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) is the premier Indian organization for zoological research, exploration, and documentation of animal diversity. Establishment: Founded: 1916, during British rule Headquarters: Kolkata, West Bengal Ministry: Functions under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) Objectives: Survey, explore, and monitor the fauna of India. Conduct taxonomic studies of animals from different regions. Maintain national zoological collections of preserved species. Publish faunal atlases, monographs, and the annual “Animal Discoveries” report. Assist in biodiversity conservation, environmental impact assessments, and policy formulation. Key Functions: Maintaining a comprehensive inventory of India’s faunal resources. Supporting scientific research and providing data for wildlife conservation and ecological planning. Collaborating with international bodies and Indian academic institutions. Recently launched Version 2.0 of the Checklist of Indian Fauna (2024) with over 1,05,000 species/subspecies. Source : THE HINDU Hul Diwas Category: HISTORY Context: On June 30, 2024, Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to the tribal heroes of the Santhal Rebellion (1855–56) on the occasion of Hul Diwas, commemorating their courage in resisting British colonial rule. He honored legendary leaders Sidhu-Kanhu, Chand-Bhairav, and Phoolo-Jhano, describing them as symbols of self-respect and bravery. In his ‘Mann Ki Baat’ address, PM Modi highlighted the Santhal Rebellion as one of the earliest organized uprisings against British rule—predating the Revolt of 1857. Led by Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu in the Santhal Pargana region (now in Jharkhand), the rebellion united the tribal community in a determined fight against colonial oppression. Hul Diwas serves as a reminder of the tribal community’s valor, unity, and enduring legacy in India’s freedom struggle. Learning Corner: Tribal Revolts Against British Rule in India During British colonial rule, numerous tribal revolts erupted across India in response to land alienation, economic exploitation, forest laws, and disruption of traditional tribal life. These revolts were often localized, violent, and community-led, and they reflected the tribals’ resistance to both British authority and exploitative intermediaries like landlords and moneylenders. Key Tribal Revolts: Santhal Rebellion (1855–56) Leaders: Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu Region: Santhal Parganas (now in Jharkhand) Cause: Exploitation by zamindars, moneylenders, and British officials. Significance: One of the earliest organized tribal uprisings, predating the 1857 revolt. Kol Rebellion (1831–32) Region: Chotanagpur (Jharkhand) Cause: British land revenue policy, encroachment by outsiders (dikus), and forced labor. Bhil Rebellion (1817–19, and others) Region: Western India (Rajasthan, Maharashtra) Cause: Loss of autonomy, high taxation, and harsh forest laws. Munda Rebellion / Ulgulan (1899–1900) Leader: Birsa Munda Region: Chotanagpur Cause: Land alienation, Christian missionary activity, and British disruption of tribal governance. Outcome: Sparked tribal identity and later inspired tribal rights movements. Khond Uprising (1846–55) Region: Odisha Cause: Resistance to British interference in tribal customs, particularly human sacrifice. Rampa Rebellion (1879–80, 1922–24) Leader (1922): Alluri Sitarama Raju Region: Godavari Agency (Andhra Pradesh) Cause: Forest laws restricting tribal access to resources. Common Features of Tribal Revolts: Led by charismatic leaders or community elders. Rooted in loss of land, forest rights, and cultural autonomy. Targeted both British officials and local intermediaries. Often brutally suppressed but laid the foundation for future tribal rights movements. Significance: Tribal revolts were early expressions of anti-colonial resistance. Though mostly localized, they highlighted the exploitation of indigenous communities and helped shape future policies and the tribal consciousness in India’s freedom struggle. Source: PIB Sea Ship Observer Mission Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Quad nations—India, Japan, the United States, and Australia—launched their first-ever ‘Quad-at-Sea Ship Observer Mission’ to enhance maritime cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. The initiative was formalized under the Wilmington Declaration during the Quad Leaders’ Summit in Delaware. Key Highlights: Participants: Two officers (including women) from each country’s coast guard have joined the USCGC Stratton, currently en route to Guam. Objective: To improve interoperability, maritime security, and operational coordination, supporting a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific. Nature: A cross-embarkation mission where officers from all four nations observe and operate jointly at sea—a first for Quad maritime forces. Strategic Alignment: Supports India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) initiative. Complements the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI). Significance: Marks a milestone in multilateral coast guard collaboration. Builds trust and readiness through real-time maritime cooperation. Expected to be an annual initiative, expanding strategic depth in Indo-Pacific partnerships. Learning Corner: QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) is a strategic forum comprising India, the United States, Japan, and Australia, aimed at promoting a free, open, inclusive, and rules-based Indo-Pacific region. Origins and Evolution: Initiated in 2007 by Japanese PM Shinzo Abe, with support from India, the US, and Australia. Revived in 2017, amidst growing concerns over China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific. Elevated to the leader-level summit format in 2021, highlighting its growing importance. Objectives: Ensure maritime security and freedom of navigation. Promote rules-based international order. Address regional challenges like terrorism, cyber security, climate change, critical technologies, and supply chain resilience. Support capacity building and infrastructure development in Indo-Pacific nations. Key Initiatives: Quad Vaccine Partnership Critical and Emerging Technologies Working Group Quad Climate Working Group Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA) Quad-at-Sea Observer Mission (2024) – boosting coast guard cooperation. Significance: Seen as a balancing force in the Indo-Pacific amidst China’s rising influence. Promotes multilateral cooperation among like-minded democracies. Enhances strategic and security partnerships in the region without forming a formal military alliance. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Secularism (GS Paper II – Polity) Introduction (Context) 42nd Amendment during the emergency had introduced the word ‘secular’ in the Preamble. But secularism is inherent in the Constitution. What is Secularism? Secularism refers to the separation of religion from the State. Secularism is crucial for any democratic country to function effectively because it prevents misuse of State power by religious majorities. The Indian Constitution mandates a secular State, meaning: No religious community should dominate another. No group within a religion should dominate its other members. The State does not enforce any particular religion nor curtail the religious freedom of individuals. How and why was it inserted in Preamble? The Preamble is a vision statement to the Constitution, or as the Supreme Court described in its 1961 ruling in In Re: The Berubari Union, “a key to open the mind of the makers” of the Constitution. In 1950, when the Constitution was adopted, the Preamble read: “We, the People Of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Democratic Republic” that would secure to all its citizens “Justice… Equality… Liberty… and Fraternity”. The 42nd Amendment in 1976 changed this to “…Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic…” and added the expression “integrity” to the description of fraternity as a right, which now reads “assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation…”. It was included: To uphold India’s pluralistic society. To ensure unity and integrity amidst religious diversity. To protect fundamental rights and equality before law irrespective of faith. Constitutional Provisions Related to Secularism Secularism is a theme that permeates through the Constitution in several other provisions. Preamble: Declares India as a ‘Secular’ nation. Article 14: Equality before law and equal protection of laws. Articles 15-16: Prohibit discrimination on grounds of religion. Article 25: Freedom of conscience and right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion (subject to public order, morality, health). Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs. Article 27: No compulsion to pay taxes for promotion of any particular religion. Article 28: No religious instruction in state-funded educational institutions. Key Supreme Court Judgments on Secularism Berubari Union Case (1960): The Supreme Court held that the Preamble is not a part of the Constitution and does not confer any substantive powers. It is only a key to understanding its provisions. Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): A 13-judge bench ruled that secularism is a basic feature of the Constitution, which cannot be amended or abrogated by Parliament. The judgment stated that the State shall not discriminate against any citizen solely on the ground of religion. Minerva Mills Case (1980): While primarily addressing constitutional amendments during the Emergency, the Court recognised “socialism” as a constitutional ideal. It highlighted that Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) outlines the socialistic goals that the State must aim to achieve to ensure social, economic, and political justice. S.R. Bommai Case (1994): The Supreme Court reaffirmed that secularism is a basic feature of the Constitution. The case, dealing with Centre-State relations and dismissal of state governments, upheld that no government can violate the secular fabric of the nation. Writ Petitions Dismissal (November 2024): A two-judge bench led by Chief Justice Sanjiv Khanna dismissed petitions challenging the insertion of “secularism” and “socialism” in the Preamble. The Court ruled that these additions have not impeded legislation or policies, as long as they do not infringe upon fundamental rights or the Constitution’s basic structure. How does the Indian State ensure Secularism? The Indian State uses multiple strategies to uphold secularism: Maintains distance from religion: The government is not ruled by any religious group nor does it support any one religion. Neutral public spaces: Law courts, police stations, government schools, and offices are not allowed to promote or display any particular religion. Education system: Government schools cannot promote any specific religion through morning prayers or celebrations. Respect for religious sentiments: The State makes certain exceptions to accommodate religious practices of particular communities without promoting them officially. Intervention when necessary: The State intervenes in religious practices to end those which discriminate or violate Fundamental Rights (e.g. abolition of untouchability, temple entry reforms). Educational rights: Religious communities have the right to establish their own educational institutions, and the State may provide them financial aid on a non-preferential basis. How is Indian Secularism Different from USA Secularism? Concept of USA Secularism The First Amendment of the US Constitution prohibits the legislature from: Making any law “respecting an establishment of religion”. Making laws that “prohibit the free exercise of religion”. This implies: The legislature cannot declare any religion as the official religion. It cannot give preference to any religion over others. There is a strict separation between State and religion, meaning neither can interfere in the affairs of the other. Differences with Indian Secularism Strict Separation vs. Principled Intervention: In the US, secularism implies strict non-interference between State and religion. In India, while the State maintains distance, it can intervene in religious matters to uphold constitutional ideals such as equality, justice, and dignity. Constitutional Guarantees: The Indian Constitution guarantees Fundamental Rights based on secular principles while permitting regulatory intervention to reform discriminatory practices within religions. Conclusion Indian secularism is rooted in the idea of equal respect for all religions while empowering the State to intervene when religious practices violate constitutional values. In contrast, USA secularism focuses on absolute non-interference, prohibiting State involvement in religious matters entirely. Mains Practice Question Q “Indian secularism is more about equal respect for all religions than strict separation.” Elaborate with constitutional provisions and examples. (250 words, 15 marks) One Bill Beautiful Bill (GS Paper II – International affairs) Introduction (Context) The One Big Beautiful Bill is a 940-page tax and spending package advanced by the Republican-majority US Senate ahead of the July 4 deadline in 2025. Aim It aims to: Expand the scope of Trump’s 2017 tax cuts to the wealthy while introducing new tax breaks. Cut federal spending and increase defence spending. Raise the debt ceiling by up to $5 trillion. Fund mass deportations of undocumented immigrants Key Provisions 1. Medicaid Cuts Medicaid is the healthcare programme extensively used by millions of low-income, elderly and disabled Americans. Imposes stricter eligibility requirements: 80 hours of work per month mandated for childless adults without disabilities (from Dec 2026). Re-enrolment every six months, requiring updated income and residency verification. Proposes reducing provider taxes from 6% to 3.5% by 2031, offset by a $25 billion rural hospital fund to mitigate state-level funding losses. Tightens requirements for adults with children aged 15+ to work or volunteer minimum 80 hours per month. 2. Social Security Taxes Social Security income is the monthly payments to the elderly and disabled. Te bill falls short of this promise. Temporarily increases standard deduction by up to $4,000 for those aged 65+ (2025–2028). Proposes $6,000 tax deductions for elderly Americans to increase financial relief. 3. Extending 2017 Trump Tax Cuts In 2017, Trump enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which cut taxes for people at all income levels, and specifically benefited the rich. While the tax cuts on businesses are permanent, those on individual taxpayers are set to lapse at the end of the year. The bill permanently extends tax cuts for all individuals. Permanently extends individual tax cuts enacted under the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Retains doubled standard deductions and further increases them by: $2,000 for married couples, $1,000 for single filers, leading to $32,000 for couples and $16,000 for individuals. 4. SALT Tax Ceiling Raises the state and local tax (SALT) deduction limit from $10,000 to $40,000 for five years (from 2025), with a 1% annual increase, before reverting to $10,000. 5. SNAP Reforms Reduces federal share in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) from 50% to 25% by 2027, shifting burden to states. Adds work requirements for able-bodied recipients without dependents. States with high improper payment rates must cover up to 15% of costs. 6. Clean Energy Tax Cuts Phases out Biden-era clean energy tax credits under the Inflation Reduction Act by 2029. Allows businesses building wind and solar farms to retain tax credits unless linked to foreign entities of concern (e.g. China). Credits decline from 100% (2025) to 60% (2026), 20% (2027), and zero (2028 onwards). 7. Overtime, Tips, and Child Tax Credit Ends taxes on tips and overtime pay, phased out for individuals earning above $150,000 and joint filers above $300,000. Revises child tax credit: Senate version proposes $2,200 permanently, requiring only one parent with a Social Security number. House version proposed $2,500 till 2028, requiring both parents to have SSNs. Allows deductions on car loans for American-made vehicles only. 8. Immigration Crackdown Allocates $170 billion for: $46 billion on border wall and fortifications. $70 billion on detention centres for deportees and their families. 9. Bolstering Defence Allocates $158 billion, including: $25 billion for munitions and defence supply chain, $329 billion for shipbuilding, $34 billion for missile defence and space capabilities, including the proposed “Golden Dome” continental missile defence initiative. Critical Analysis Fiscal Concerns: Adds $3.3 trillion to federal debt, raising questions about long-term economic stability and intergenerational equity. The US is already in huge debt ($36.2 trillion). Adding more means future generations will have to pay it back through higher taxes or reduced government services. It can reduce the government’s ability to spend on emergencies like pandemics, natural disasters, or economic crises. Social Sector Impact: Medicaid cuts: Stricter rules for getting health benefits will hurt poor, elderly, and disabled people, making healthcare unaffordable for many. SNAP changes: Less federal funding for food programs will burden states and may reduce food security for over 40 million low-income Americans. Economic Equity: The bill permanently extends tax cuts introduced earlier, which mainly benefit rich and high-income groups. Some benefits like removing taxes on tips, overtime pay, or raising child tax credit will help middle-class families but not enough to balance cuts in healthcare and food aid. This may increase income inequality in the US. Clean Energy Rollback: The bill reduces tax credits for solar, wind, and other clean energy projects. This weakens the US fight against climate change as it discourages investments in renewable energy. Immigration and Defence: A huge amount is allocated for: Building the Mexico border wall and detention centres ($170 billion). Strengthening defence and missile systems ($158 billion) Critics say this prioritises national security over people’s welfare needs like health and education. Impact on India Global Economy: If US debt rises too high, it could affect the value of the US dollar, global interest rates, and economic stability worldwide, including India’s trade and investments. Clean Energy Markets: Reduction in US clean energy support could slow global climate action, affect technology sharing, and increase pollution risks, impacting India’s climate goals too. Defence Policies: Higher US defence spending and focus on national security may lead to increased arms sales and defence partnerships with India, which can strengthen India’s security but also push it towards higher defence spending. Trade Relations: If US welfare programs weaken and economic inequality rises, it may reduce demand for imported goods and services, including Indian IT and professional services exports. Conclusion Trump’s One Big Beautiful Bill is a comprehensive tax, spending, and debt package aimed at entrenching fiscal conservatism and national security priorities. While it offers certain tax reliefs, it risks exacerbating fiscal deficits, social inequality, and environmental rollbacks, raising debates on its long-term impact on American democracy and welfare. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the ethical dimensions of large fiscal bills that reduce welfare spending to fund tax cuts and defence expansion. (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba

Jun 30, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

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