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Nov 15, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 15th November 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Nov 15, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 15th November – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) Category: Polity and Governance Context: Supreme Court said that CJI must deal with claim that HC judge approached National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) member on order. About National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT): Nature: The NCLAT is a quasi-judicial body constituted under Section 410 of the Companies Act, 2013. It was established to hear appeals against the decisions of the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), functioning since 1st June 2016. Objective: Its main objective is to promote timely corporate dispute resolution, ensure transparency, and improve efficiency in insolvency and corporate governance matters. Functions: Hearing appeals against orders of NCLT under Section 61 of IBC. Hearing appeals against orders of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) under Sections 202 and 211 of IBC. Hearing appeals against orders of the Competition Commission of India (CCI). Hearing appeals related to the National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA). Giving advisory opinions when legal issues are referred by the President of India. Headquarters: Its headquarters is located in New Delhi. Composition: It includes a Chairperson, along with Judicial and Technical Members, all appointed by the Central Government based on expertise in law, finance, accountancy, and administration. Regulation: It can regulate its own procedure and possesses powers equivalent to a civil court under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908. Powers: It can summon witnesses, receive affidavits, enforce production of documents, and issue commissions. Orders passed by NCLAT are enforceable like civil court decrees. Appeals: Appeals against NCLAT orders can be filed in the Supreme Court of India. Exceptions: Civil courts have no jurisdiction over matters within the purview of NCLAT. No court or authority can grant injunctions against any action taken by NCLAT under its legal authority. Disposal of appeals: NCLAT is required to dispose of appeals within six months from the date of receipt to ensure swift resolution. Source: The Hindu Ambaji Marble Category: Miscellaneous Context: Marble from Ambaji, Gujarat’s prominent pilgrimage site and Shaktipeeth, has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag for its high-quality white stone. About Ambaji Marble: Nature: It is a type of marble known for its stunning white appearance and unique natural patterns. Nomenclature: It is named after the town of Ambaji in the state of Gujarat, where it is predominantly quarried. It is also known as Amba White Marble and Ambe White Marble. Uniqueness: It is characterized by its pristine white colour, which often features subtle grey or beige veining. It has very long-lasting shine and durability. Distinctive variations: The veins can vary in intensity, ranging from fine and delicate to bold and pronounced, giving each slab a distinct and individualistic appearance. These variations occur naturally due to the presence of minerals and impurities during the marble formation process. Uses: The smooth and polished surface of the marble adds to its appeal and sophistication. It is widely used for luxury architectural projects, sculptures, and monuments. About Geographical Indication (GI) Tag: Nature: A GI tag is a name or sign used on certain products that correspond to a specific geographical location or origin. Objective: The GI tag ensures that only authorised users or those residing in the geographical territory are allowed to use the popular product name. It also protects the product from being copied or imitated by others. Validity: A registered GI is valid for 10 years and can be renewed. Nodal ministry: GI registration is overseen by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Legal framework: It is governed by Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. Source: The Hindu Vitamin D Category: Science and Technology Context: According to a new study, Vitamin D deficiency may quietly raise the risk of heart diseases. About Vitamin D: Nature: Vitamin D (also referred to as calciferol) is a fat-soluble vitamin. Production: It is produced endogenously when ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis. During periods of sunlight, vitamin D is stored in fat and then released when sunlight is not available. Foods rich in vitamin D: Very few foods have vitamin D naturally. The foods with the most are fatty fish (like salmon and tuna), liver, mushrooms, eggs, and fish oils. Further, food companies often “fortify” milk, yogurt, baby formula, juice, cereal, and other foods with added vitamin D. Importance: Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption and helps maintain adequate levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood, which is necessary for healthy bones and teeth. Without sufficient vitamin D, bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen. Role in cell growth: Vitamin D has other roles in the body, including reduction of inflammation as well as modulation of such processes as cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and glucose metabolism. Deficiency: A lack of vitamin D can lead to bone diseases such as osteoporosis or rickets. Osteoporosis is a disease in which your bones become weak and are likely to fracture (break). Chronic and/or severe vitamin D deficiency, can also lead to hypocalcemia (low calcium levels in your blood). Persons prone to its deficiency: Anyone can have vitamin D deficiency, including infants, children and adults. Its deficiency may be more common in people with higher skin melanin content (darker skin) and who wear clothing with extensive skin coverage, particularly in Middle Eastern countries. Source: The Times of India Global Cooling Watch Report 2025 Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Global Cooling Watch 2025, launched recently at COP30 in Belém, Brazil, finds that cooling demand could more than triple by 2050 under business as usual. About Global Cooling Watch Report: Nature: The Global Cooling Watch 2025 is UNEP’s second global assessment on the environmental, economic, and equity dimensions of cooling, providing the scientific foundation for the Global Cooling Pledge. Publishing agency: It is published by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Objective: It aims to analyse global cooling trends, project future emissions, and propose a “Sustainable Cooling Pathway” to achieve near-zero emissions while ensuring equitable access to cooling worldwide. Key highlights of Global Cooling Watch Report 2025: Global cooling capacity is projected to rise 2.6 times by 2050, driven by rapid urbanization, income growth, and intensifying heatwaves, particularly in developing nations. Cooling demand in Article 5 countries (developing nations) is set to increase fourfold, highlighting a widening divide in energy use and infrastructure readiness between rich and poor economies. Global electricity use for cooling may rise from 5,000 TWh (2022) to 18,000 TWh (2050), straining power grids and escalating peak load demands, especially in tropical regions. Phasing down high-global-warming refrigerants (HFCs) and adopting low-GWP alternatives could eliminate up to 0.4°C of projected global warming this century. So far, 72 nations and 80 organizations have joined the Global Cooling Pledge, collectively aiming for a 68% emission reduction in the cooling sector by 2050. Source: UNEP Mudh-Nyoma Airbase Category: Defence and Security Context: Chief of the Air Staff recently inaugurated the Mudh-Nyoma airbase in Ladakh by landing a C-130J special operations aircraft there. About Mudh-Nyoma Airbase: Location: It is an Indian Air Force (IAF) base located in Nyoma, in southeastern Ladakh. It lies close to the southern bank of the Pangong Tso and earlier had a mud-paved landing ground. Near LAC: It is located at a height of 13,700 feet and is 23 km from the contested Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China. History: It was originally built as a mud-paved landing ground in 1962, but it remained inactive for decades. It was reactivated in 2009 when an AN-32 aircraft landed successfully. Further, following the 2020 India–China border standoff, Nyoma ALG supported operations of C-130J, AN-32, Apache, and Chinook aircraft. Uniqueness: Nyoma is the fourth IAF base in Ladakh, the highest airfield in the country, and the fifth highest in the world now. Organisation responsible for upgradation: The responsibility of upgrading the airbase was entrusted to the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) under Project Himank. The upgrade included extending the original airstrip into a 2.7 km ‘rigid pavement’ runway, a new ATC complex, hangars, a crash bay, and accommodation. Features: The airfield is designed to house a number of military unmanned, rotary-wing, fixed-wing aircraft, including heavier transport planes, like the C-17 Globemaster III, and fighter jets, like the Sukhoi-30MKI. Designed to operate below minus 20°C: The infrastructure at the airbase includes necessary facilities for maintenance and sustaining air and ground crews, essential for operations in a region where winter temperatures can plummet to below minus 20°C. Source: Hindustan Times (MAINS Focus) Global Carbon Project 2025: Clean Energy Investment & Climate Resilience (UPSC GS Paper III – “Conservation, environmental pollution, degradation and climate change”) Context (Introduction) The Global Carbon Project’s 2025 report warns that global emissions will hit a record high, keeping the world on a 2.6°C trajectory. COP-30 negotiators in Brazil face urgent pressure to accelerate clean energy and strengthen people’s climate resilience. Main Arguments Global emissions nearing historic peak: Emissions are projected to reach a record high in 2025. The US shows the highest increase (1.9%), followed by India (1.4%) and China/EU (0.4%). Rising demand offsets clean-energy progress. India’s carbon intensity declining: Slower emission growth stems from large renewable deployment, a cooler summer, and early monsoon, causing a fall in electricity-sector emissions. Long-term carbon intensity is improving — GHG growth dropped from 6.4% (2004–15)to 3.6% (2015–24). Renewables exceed coal but pace inadequate: Renewables have overtaken coal as the largest electricity source worldwide. Yet fossil-fuel dependence persists because energy consumption continues to grow, especially in fast-developing countries. Paris temperature target slipping away: At current rates, the world is on track for 2.6°C warming, far above the 1.5°C goal. Carbon budgets for 1.5°C may be exhausted within the decade, leaving little leeway for error or delay. COP-30 must deliver a clean-energy roadmap: The COP-30 must provide concrete directions for expanding renewables and building climate-resilient infrastructure to protect lives and livelihoods from floods, droughts, and cyclones. Criticisms / Drawbacks Slow decarbonisation despite renewable progress: Global mitigation efforts are insufficient. Fossil-fuel use remains embedded in transport, industry, and thermal power. Reversal in developed economies: The surge in US emissions breaks a nearly 20-year downward trajectory, weakening global leadership credibility and burden-sharing expectations. Weak adaptation investment: Financing for climate resilience — flood defences, drought management, cyclone preparedness — remains far below required levels. Vulnerable communities continue to face high climate risks. Energy-security constraints in developing economies: Countries like India cannot abruptly abandon fossil fuels without jeopardising growth and energy access. This complicates uniform global expectations. Gaps in global collective action: Post-Paris cooperation has stagnated. Vague commitments such as “phase-down of unabated coal” leave room for interpretation and delay. Reforms and Way Forward Scale Clean Energy Deployment: Expand solar, wind, and green hydrogen manufacturing; modernise grids; enhance battery storage capacity. India’s renewable capacity (200+ GW) should be complemented with round-the-clock storage solutions. Strengthen Climate Resilience Investments: Prioritise climate-resilient housing, urban drainage, cyclone shelters, drought-proof agriculture, and heat-action plans. UN estimates show adaptation financing needs to grow five- to ten-fold for developing nations. Establish Time-bound Fossil-Fuel Transition Pathways: COP-30 should adopt firm timelines on fossil-fuel phase-down and expand climate finance beyond the long-pending $100-billion commitment. Developed nations must undertake deeper absolute cuts. Build Just and Equitable Energy Transitions: Ensure technology transfer, concessional climate finance, and affordable capital for the Global South. Energy poverty concerns must be balanced with global climate goals. People-Centric Climate Security: Increase early-warning systems, livelihood protection schemes, and community-based adaptation. Investments should prioritise vulnerable groups exposed to floods, droughts, sea-level rise, and heat waves. Conclusion The Global Carbon Project’s findings underline a critical truth: clean-energy expansion alone cannot stabilise the climate unless accompanied by deep decarbonisation and strong resilience-building. COP-30 offers an opportunity to reconcile both — delivering a roadmap that accelerates clean energy and safeguards vulnerable populations from intensifying climate impacts. Mains Question “The Global Carbon Project highlights rising global emissions despite rapid renewable expansion. In this context, examine the need for clean-energy investment and climate resilience as twin pillars of future climate policy.” (250 words, 15 marks) Source: The Indian Express India’s Flexible Inflation Targeting Framework: Stability, Growth & Future Options (UPSC GS Paper III – “Indian Economy: Monetary policy, Inflation and Growth”) Context (Introduction) India’s Flexible Inflation Targeting (FIT) framework—mandating a 4% inflation target with a ±2% band—comes up for review in March 2026. The RBI’s discussion paper reopens key questions on headline vs. core inflation, acceptable inflation levels, and the applicable target band. Main Arguments FIT has stabilised inflation despite shocks: Since adoption in 2016, inflation has remained broadly range-bound, even through episodes such as COVID-19, commodity spikes, and supply disruptions. The framework improved policy predictability and institutional autonomy. Headline inflation is the appropriate target: Because inflation affects savings, investments, and disproportionately harms the poor, the headline inflation, not core inflation, should be targeted. Food inflation often reflects monetary conditions, not merely supply shocks. Monetary policy influences general price level: As Friedman had said that without expansion in overall liquidity, sustained inflation cannot occur. Food inflation can create second-round effects—through wages and cost pass-through—making it relevant for monetary policy. Acceptable inflation for India is around 4%: Historical data (since 1991, excluding the COVID year) show a non-linear inflation–growth relationship, with a turning point near 3.98%. This supports continuing the 4% target. Simulations for 2026–2031 also suggest inflation below 4% as consistent with stable growth. The current ±2% band provides adequate flexibility: The existing 2–6% tolerance band has helped the RBI manage shocks. However, the article warns that staying persistently near the upper bound undermines the spirit of FIT, especially since growth declines sharply beyond 6%. Criticisms / Drawbacks Debate confused between relative and general prices: Public discourse often overlooks that food-price movements reflect both supply shocks and monetary expansion. Without distinguishing these, arguments for core inflation targeting become misleading. Phillips Curve evidence weak in India: India’s data show only a short-run inflation–growth trade-off; long-run trade-offs are unconvincing. High inflation eventually harms growth, reinforcing the case for a firm target. Risk of fiscal slippage undermining FIT: Historically, monetisation of fiscal deficits in the 1970s–80s caused chronic inflation. FIT works only when complemented by fiscal discipline under FRBM. Weakening either framework harms macro stability. Lack of clarity on duration near upper band: The current framework does not specify how long inflation can remain near 6% without triggering accountability mechanisms, diluting the credibility of the target. Arguments for higher targets lack empirical basis: Preliminary empirical simulations indicate no justification for raising the target above 4%. Higher targets risk unanchoring expectations and reducing the RBI’s credibility. Reforms and Way Forward Retain headline CPI as the primary target: Given India’s consumption patterns and the welfare impact of food inflation, headline CPI remains the most relevant indicator for policy credibility and public welfare. Maintain the 4% target with stricter accountability norms: A mid-course review mechanism could be introduced to scrutinise policy stance if inflation remains close to 6% for prolonged periods. Strengthen FRBM–FIT coordination: Fiscal dominance must be avoided. Clear fiscal glide paths, reduced off-budget borrowings, and better debt transparency will support monetary policy effectiveness. Improve inflation forecasting and food-market reforms: Strengthen early-warning systems for food inflation; improve agri-logistics, cold chains, and storage to reduce supply volatility. Better forecasting reduces policy lags. Conduct periodic empirical assessments of threshold inflation: Every review cycle (5 years) should incorporate updated structural models to determine threshold inflation levels consistent with evolving growth prospects, external risks, and fiscal realities. Conclusion India’s experience since 2016 shows that FIT has anchored expectations and contained inflation despite repeated shocks. Evidence suggests that a 4% target with a ±2% band strikes a practical balance between stability and flexibility. Going forward, policy success will depend on maintaining fiscal discipline, refining inflation forecasting, and ensuring that headline inflation—not just core—remains firmly under control. Mains Question “India’s Flexible Inflation Targeting framework is due for review in 2026. Critically examine whether the 4% target with a ±2% band remains appropriate in light of India’s inflation–growth dynamics.” (250 words, 15 marks) Source: The Hindu

Nov 14, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 14th November 2025

Nov 14, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 14th November – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Mekedatu Reservoir Project Category: Geography Context: The Supreme Court Tamil Nadu’s application challenging the proposed construction of a reservoir by Karnataka at Mekedatu across the inter-state river Cauvery as “premature”. About Mekedatu Reservoir Project: Location: It is a multi-purpose (drinking water and power) project proposed by Karnataka. It is about 90 km away from Bengaluru and 4 km ahead of the border with Tamil Nadu. Nature: The Mekedatu project is a multipurpose project involving the construction of a balancing reservoir near Kanakapura in Ramanagara district, Karnataka. Nomenclature: Mekedatu, meaning goat’s leap, is a deep gorge situated at the confluence of the rivers Cauvery and its tributary Arkavathi. Objective: Its primary objectives are to provide drinking water to Bengaluru and neighboring areas, totaling 4.75 TMC, and generate 400 MW of power. Associated river: The project is proposed at the confluence of the Cauvery River with its tributary Arkavathi. Structure: The plan involves building a 99-metre-high, 735-metre-long concrete gravity dam, an underground powerhouse, and a water conductor system. Capacity of reservoir: The expected capacity of the dam is 66,000 TMC (thousand million cubic feet) of water. Once completed, it is expected to supply over 4 TMC of water to Bengaluru cityfordrinking purposes. Estimated cost: The estimated cost of completing the project is around Rs 14,000 crores, covering an area of over 5,000 hectares. Concerns: Tamil Nadu, the lower riparian state has claimed that Mekedatu area represents the last free point in Karnataka from where Cauvery water flows unrestricted into Tamil Nadu, and Mekedatu dam project is an attempt by Karnataka to lock this free flow of water. Source: The Hindu Hepatitis A Category: Science and Technology Context: As India debates the inclusion of the typhoid conjugate vaccine in its universal immunisation programme, it is time to ask whether Hepatitis A, a growing cause of acute liver failure deserves even greater priority. About Hepatitis A: Nature: It’s a viral infection that happens after exposure to the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Affected organ: It is a very contagious liver disease. The infection causes inflammation in the liver. Risk factors: These include drinking unclean water, eating food that’s been washed or grown in unclean water, eating food that’s been handled by an infected person, close physical contact with an infected person, including having sex and sharing needles to take drugs, etc. Transmission: Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) usually spreads via fecal-oral route (contaminated food/water/surfaces). Symptoms: These include fever, fatigue, dark urine, pale stools, abdominal pain (often mild in children), etc. Difference with Hepatitis B and C: It is an acute, self-limiting disease. Unlike Hepatitis B and C, it does not lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, or liver cancer. Treatment: Presently, no specific treatment exists for hepatitis A. The body clears the hepatitis A virus on its own. In most cases of hepatitis A, the liver heals within six months with no lasting damage. Prevention: Improved sanitation, safe water supply, proper hygiene (e.g., handwashing), and vaccination are the most effective preventive measures. Vaccination: A safe and effective vaccine is available. India recently launched its first indigenously developed Hepatitis A vaccine named “Havisure” (a two-dose inactivated vaccine). Initiatives by India: The National Viral Hepatitis Control Program (2018) in India aims to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030. Source: The Hindu DRISHTI System Category: Science and Technology Context: Indian Railways is planning to install DRISHTI System, an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based technology to enhance the safety of freight trains. About DRISHTI System: Nature: It is an AI-Based Freight Wagon Locking Monitoring System launched by Indian Railways. Objective: The DRISHTI system aims to tackle operational challenges in identifying unlocked or tampered doors on moving freight wagons — a persistent safety and security issue in rail logistics. Development: It is being developed through a collaborative initiative between the Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) and Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Technology Innovation and Development Foundation (IITG TIDF). Uniqueness: The new AI-based solution is designed to provide real-time monitoring, detect anomalies in door locking mechanisms, and automatically generate alerts without disrupting train movement. Technologies used: It uses AI-powered cameras and sensors strategically installed to capture and analyse door positions and locking conditions. It also uses advanced computer vision and machine learning technology for the detection purposes. Benefits: DRISHTI is expected to improve freight security, enhance wagon sealing integrity, and reduce dependency on manual inspection processes. The traditionally manual checks are not only time-consuming but also impractical for long-haul rakes under dynamic conditions. Refinement: Preliminary results have shown encouraging accuracy levels, validating the potential of this indigenous innovation. Further refinements and scalability plans are underway for wider application across the NFR network to strengthen rolling stock safety and operational reliability Source: The Indian Express Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FRA) Act Category: Polity and Governance Context: Union Minister for Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare participated in the ‘Plant Genome Saviour Awards Ceremony’, celebrating the Silver Jubilee of the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FRA) Act, 2001. About PPV&FRA Act: Nature: It is a statutory body established on 11 November, 2005 under the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001. Nodal ministry: It works under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, Government of India. Headquarter: Its headquarters is located in New Delhi. Objectives: Grant intellectual property rights to plant breeders for their innovations in developing new plant varieties Recognise and reward farmers and communities who conserve traditional varieties and biodiversity Promote the protection of farmers’ rights to save, use, sow, resow, exchange, share, and sell farm-saved seed of registered varieties Encourage research and innovation in plant breeding and agriculture Maintain the National Register of Plant Varieties (NRPV) and ensure the documentation and conservation of valuable germplasm resources Structure: The Chairperson is the Chief Executive of the Authority. It has 15 members, and eight of them are ex-officio members representing various Departments/ Ministries. The Registrar General is the ex-officio Member Secretary of the Authority. Functions: Registration of new plant varieties, essentially derived varieties (EDV), extant varieties; Compulsory cataloging facilities for all variety of plants; Preservation of plant genetic resources of economic plants and their wild relatives; Maintenance of the National Register of Plant Varieties and National Gene Bank. Significance: The Authority plays a pivotal role in safeguarding farmers’ traditional knowledge and ensuring equitable benefit sharing arising from the use of indigenous varieties. Balance between innovation and tradition: By bridging scientific innovation and traditional wisdom, the PPV&FRA has emerged as a key instrument in protecting India’s agricultural biodiversity, ensuring seed sovereignty, and promoting sustainable development. Source: PIB Export Promotion Mission (EPM) Category: Government Schemes Context: The Union Cabinet has approved the Export Promotion Mission (EPM), a flagship initiative announced in the Union Budget 2025–26 to strengthen India’s export competitiveness, particularly for MSMEs. About Export Promotion Mission (EPM): Built on collaboration: EPM is anchored in a collaborative framework involving the Department of Commerce, Ministry of MSME, Ministry of Finance, and other key stakeholders including state governments. Objective: It is a flagship initiative to strengthen India’s export competitiveness, particularly for MSMEs, first-time exporters, and labour-intensive sectors. It will provide a comprehensive and digitally driven framework for export promotion. Implementing agency: The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) will act as the implementing agency, with all processes — from application to disbursal — being managed through a dedicated digital platform integrated with existing trade systems. Time Period: It has a budget outlay of Rs. 25,060 crore for FY 2025–26 to FY 2030–31. Strategic shift: It marks a strategic shift from multiple fragmented schemes to a single, outcome-based, and adaptive mechanism. Consolidation of related schemes: It consolidates key export support schemes such as the Interest Equalisation Scheme (IES) and Market Access Initiative (MAI), aligning them with contemporary trade needs. Priority sectors: Under EPM, priority support will be extended to sectors impacted by recent global tariff escalations, such as textiles, leather, gems & jewellery, engineering goods, and marine products. Sub-schemes: NIRYAT PROTSAHAN: It focuses on improving access to affordable trade finance for MSMEs through a range of instruments such as interest subvention, export factoring, collateral guarantees etc. NIRYAT DISHA: It focuses on non-financial enablers that enhance market readiness and competitiveness such as export quality and compliance support, assistance for international branding, packaging,export warehousing and logistics etc. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Evolution and Strain in the Global Nuclear Order (UPSC GS Paper II – “Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora”) Context (Introduction) The global nuclear order, shaped over eight decades through treaties, norms and arms-control arrangements, is facing renewed strain as U.S. President Donald Trump’s testing signals threaten to undo the fragile mechanisms restraining nuclear competition. Evolution of the Global Nuclear Order The order began after Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945), leading to a near-universal taboo on nuclear use that has held for 80 years. By late 1970s, arsenals peaked at ~65,000 warheads, prompting arms-control efforts like the SALT, ABM, and later START treaties to prevent uncontrolled competition. The NPT (1970) institutionalised the division between five recognised nuclear-weapon states and non-nuclear states, preventing the feared spread to “two dozen” nuclear powers. The CTBT (1996) emerged as the next pillar, aiming to delegitimise nuclear explosive testing, though never entering into force due to missing ratifications by key Annex-II states. Post-Cold War mechanisms like New START (2010) brought strategic arsenals down to 1,550 deployed warheads each for the U.S. and Russia, maintaining predictability and transparency. Current Issue: Breakdown of Restraint Trump’s October 2025 remarks signalling a resumption of U.S. nuclear testing—despite later clarifications of “systems-tests”—have undermined confidence in long-held norms. Major powers are developing new warhead types, hypersonics, and dual-use delivery systems, but have so far avoided explosive testing; Russia’s last was in 1990, U.S. in 1992. The CTBT norm is weakening: Russia withdrew ratification (2023); U.S., China, Israel, Iran, Egypt still not ratified; India and Pakistan remain outside, North Korea has tested six times. New START expires in 2026 with no dialogue underway, removing the final legally binding U.S.–Russia arms-control guardrail. China’s arsenal, long under 300 warheads, is expanding rapidly (estimated 600 today, expected 1,000 by 2030), complicating trilateral nuclear stability. Resumption of explosive tests by any major power would trigger reciprocal testing—benefiting China’s limited test data, pushing India and Pakistan to follow, and encouraging new aspirants. Criticisms and Risks Erosion of CTBT norms may lead to qualitative arms racing, modernisation and miniaturisation of low-yield “more usable” weapons. Dual-use hypersonics and autonomous systems heighten ambiguity, increasing risk of miscalculation. Collapse of the remaining U.S.–Russia architecture removes verification and transparency mechanisms essential for crisis stability. Nuclear taboo—central to global security for eight decades—faces dilution amid strategic distrust and high-tech arms developments. Reforms and Way Forward Build a new nuclear order reflecting multipolar geopolitics—bringing China formally into arms-control frameworks. Revive CTBT momentum through political commitments, expanded monitoring authority, and strengthened verification. Reinforce no-first-use or “sole purpose” doctrines to preserve strategic stability. Enhance transparency in hypersonics, space and cyber capabilities through confidence-building agreements. For India: sustain voluntary moratorium, monitor regional responses, and fortify diplomacy for universal non-proliferation norms. Conclusion The nuclear order crafted in the 20th century is no longer adequate for today’s fractured geopolitics. As major powers revisit testing and modernise arsenals, safeguarding the nuclear taboo and reimagining arms control become essential to prevent an uncontrolled, multi-actor nuclear race. Mains Question “Trace the evolution of the global nuclear order since 1945. How do recent signals of resuming nuclear tests threaten the stability of the present non-proliferation regime?” (250 words, 15 marks) Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): WHO’s GLASS 2025 report highlights AMR in India as one of the world’s most severe threats (UPSC GS Paper II – “Issues relating to development and management of health, healthcare and related services”) Context (Introduction) The WHO’s GLASS 2025 report highlights AMR in India as one of the world’s most severe threats, with one in three infections resistant to common antibiotics. This escalating challenge requires urgent surveillance, stewardship, public awareness, and sustained investment. Main Arguments GLASS 2025 confirms India’s AMR burden is among the highest worldwide, driven by high infectious disease load, misuse of antibiotics, and weak regulatory enforcement. One in three bacterial infections in India (2023) is resistant to commonly used antibiotics, far above the global figure of one in six. Resistance is particularly high in E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, especially in ICUs where antibiotic pressure is intense. Surveillance gaps persist: Most Indian data come from tertiary-care hospitals, ignoring community and rural infections, thereby producing non-representative, skewed estimates. India has surveillance mechanisms (ICMR’s AMRSN/i-AMRSS and NCDC’s NARS-Net) but lacks geographical density and uniform participation. Implementation of India’s National Action Plan on AMR (NAP-AMR) has been slow; only Kerala has shown significant results through One Health collaboration, OTC-ban enforcement (AMRITH), and AMR literacy campaigns. Criticisms / Drawbacks Highlighted Surveillance limitations: Tertiary hospitals overrepresent severe infections, exaggerating national averages and masking community-level patterns. Regulatory failures: OTC antibiotic sales, incomplete treatment courses, and environmental contamination from pharma and hospital waste remain poorly controlled. Slow State-level action: Except Kerala, most States have not operationalised AMR plans; coordination across human, animal, and environmental sectors is limited. Public disconnect: AMR feels abstract to citizens; lack of awareness fuels misuse. Thin antibiotic pipeline: Only a handful of truly innovative antibiotics exist globally; India has approved a few new agents but LMIC access gaps remain. Funding shortages: Minimal investment in surveillance expansion, innovation, diagnostics, and stewardship programmes undermines long-term response capacity. Reforms and Strategies (from article + India’s broader research) Strengthen Nationwide Surveillance Expand beyond medical colleges by integrating 500+ NABL labs and building microbiology capacity in district and primary-level facilities. Adopt a full-network model for real-time, representative AMR estimates. Enhance Antibiotic Stewardship Enforce prescription-only sales; scale Kerala’s AMRITH model nationally. Implement strict monitoring of hospital antibiotic practices, especially in ICUs. Regulate antibiotic discharge from pharma units and hospitals to minimise environmental spread. Promote One Health Coordination Ensure coordination across human medicine, veterinary sectors, aquaculture, and environment—currently fragmented despite NAP-AMR goals. Replicate Kerala’s inter-sectoral model through State Action Plans. Improve Public Awareness & AMR Literacy Launch national campaigns that humanise AMR impacts, involving large nonprofits, patient advocates, community health workers, and schools. Aim for “antibiotic-literate” communities through localised campaigns. Boost Innovation, R&D, and Industry Partnership Support new antibiotic development with incentives for novel mechanisms of action targeting WHO’s priority MDR pathogens. Promote participation in global networks like the AMR Industry Alliance to improve diagnostics, innovation access, and responsible manufacturing. Sustained Funding & Policy Commitment Increase long-term investment in surveillance systems, antibiotic research, public health labs, and stewardship programmes. Develop a national AMR financing window with State–Centre cost-sharing. Conclusion India’s AMR crisis represents a slow-burning public health emergency. While Kerala shows that coordinated action, public awareness, and strict enforcement can reverse resistance trends, the national response remains fragmented. To “secure the future,” India must expand surveillance, regulate antibiotic misuse, foster innovation, and build societal understanding—transforming AMR from an abstract technical concept into a national health priority. Mains Question “India’s antimicrobial resistance crisis reflects weaknesses in surveillance, stewardship, and public awareness. In the light of the GLASS 2025 report, evaluate the reforms needed to build a robust AMR response.” (250 words, 15 marks )

Nov 13, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 13th November 2025

Nov 13, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 13th November – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Tuberculosis Category: Science and Technology Context: India’s tuberculosis (TB) incidence, fell by 21% — from 237 TB cases per lakh population in 2015 to 187 per lakh population in 2024, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Global TB Report, 2025. About Tuberculosis: Nature: TB is a bacterial infection (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) affecting the lungs, spreading through the air. Risk Factors: These include weak immune system, diabetes, malnutrition, tobacco, and alcohol use. About 25% of the global population is infected, but only 5–10% develop symptoms. Symptoms: These are persistent cough for more than 3 weeks, often with blood, weight loss, night sweats, high fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, chest pain, swollen lymph nodes, etc. Transmission: TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or spits, releasing germs that others can inhale. Diagnosis: WHO recommends rapid molecular diagnostic tests as initial tests for people showing signs and symptoms of TB. Other diagnostic tools can include sputum smear microscopy and chest X-rays. Prevention: It is preventable and curable with antibiotics. The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is given to infants to prevent TB. Treatment: Standard TB treatment lasts 4-6 months. Incomplete treatment leads to drug-resistant TB. Types of drug-resistant TB: Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB): It is resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin (medicines used to treat TB), treatable with costlier alternatives. Extensively Drug-Resistant TB: It is more severe, with limited treatment options. Initiatives taken by India: National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP): In 2020, the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) was renamed the NTEP with the goal to eliminate TB in India by 2025, five years ahead of the global target of 2030. Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (PMTBMBA): Launched in 2022 as part of NTEP, it focuses on providing nutritional, diagnostic, and vocational support to improve treatment outcomes and accelerate India’s TB elimination goal. It is the world’s largest crowd-sourcing initiative for TB patient nutrition. Ni-Kshay Mitra initiative: This initiative encourages individuals, NGOs, and corporations to support TB patients with nutritional, social, or economic aid for six months. The Ni-Kshay Portal helps health workers manage TB cases, track treatment, and report real-time data for India’s TB surveillance. Source: The Hindu National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) Category: Polity and Governance Context: November 9 is celebrated as the National Legal Services Day to commemorate the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 (which led to formation of NALSA). About National Legal Services Authority (NALSA): Formation: The NALSA (National Legal Services Authority) was founded in 1995 under the Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987. Mandate: It aims to monitor and review the effectiveness of legal aid programs and to develop rules and principles for providing legal services under the Act. It also distributes funding and grants to state legal services authorities and non-profit organisations to help them execute legal aid systems and initiatives. Constitutional Provisions: Article 39A of the Constitution of India provides that State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes. Articles 14 and 22(1) also make it obligatory for the State to ensure equality before law and a legal system which promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity to all. Objectives of Legal Services Authorities: Provide free legal aid and advice. Spread legal awareness. Organise lok adalats. Promote settlements of disputes through Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms such as arbitration, conciliation and judicial settlement. Provide compensation to victims of crime. Legal services institutions at various levels: National Level: NALSA was constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. The Chief Justice of India is the Patron-in-Chief. State Level: State Legal Services Authority. It is headed by the Chief Justice of the State High Court who is its Patron-in-Chief. District Level: District Legal Services Authority. The District Judge of the District is its ex-officio Chairman. Taluka/Sub-Division Level: Taluka/ Sub-Divisional Legal Services Committee. It is headed by a senior Civil Judge. Eligibility: The eligible persons include women and children, members of SC/ST, industrial workmen, victims of mass disaster, violence, flood, drought, earthquake, industrial disaster, disabled persons and persons in custody. Those persons who have annual income of less than the amount prescribed by the respective State Government, if the case is before any court other than the Supreme Court (SC), and less than Rs. 5 Lakhs, if the case is before the SC. Source: PIB National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) Category: Government Schemes Context: National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) caters to 3.09 crore beneficiaries with a scheme-wise ceiling/ cap for each State/UT on the number of beneficiaries. About National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP): Launch: NSAP was launched on 15th August 1995 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme. Objective; NSAP aims to provide support to aged persons, widows, disabled persons and bereaved families on the death of the primary income producer, belonging to below-poverty-line households. Nodal ministry: NSAP is implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development in collaboration with the state/UT governments. Step towards DPSPs: NSAP represents a significant step towards the fulfilment of the Directive Principles in Articles 41 and 42 of the Constitution of India. Components: NSAP has Five Sub-Schemes: Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS): Under the scheme, BPL persons aged 60 years or above are entitled to a monthly pension of Rs. 200/- up to 79 years of age and Rs.500/- thereafter. Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS): BPL widows aged 40-59 years are entitled to a monthly pension of Rs. 200/-. Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS): BPL persons aged 18-59 years with severe and multiple disabilities are entitled to a monthly pension of Rs. 200/-. National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS): Under the scheme a BPL household is entitled to a lump sum amount of money on the death of a primary breadwinner aged between 18 and 64 years. The amount of assistance is Rs. 10,000/-. Annapurna: Under the scheme, 10 kg of food grains per month are provided free of cost to those senior citizens who, though eligible, have remained uncovered under NOAPS. Outcomes: NSAP has helped in reducing poverty, improving living standards, and enhancing the dignity and empowerment of the beneficiaries. It has also contributed to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to poverty eradication, social protection and inclusion. Selection of beneficiaries: Gram Panchayats and Municipalities play an active role in identifying eligible beneficiaries under the different NSAP schemes. Disbursement: Benefits are provided through DBT mode i.e beneficiary’s bank or post office savings accounts, or via postal money orders. Monitoring: States and Union Territories have the flexibility to implement the schemes through any State Government department, but each must appoint a Nodal Secretary at the State level to oversee implementation with relevant departments. Source: PIB Lichens Category: Environment and Ecology Context: A team of researchers from Maharaja’s College, Kochi, discovers four new species of lichens from Western Ghats. More about the new species: The newly identified species are Parmotrema sahyadricum (discovered from Wayanad), Solenopsora rhizomorpha (from Eravikulam and Mathikettanshola National Parks), Buelloa ghattensis (Mathikettanshola National Park) and Pyxine janakiae (Mathikettanshola National Park). The work that started in 2022 resulted in these discoveries. The team also recorded more than 50 species of lichens, which are new reports to the Kerala part of the Western Ghats. About Lichens: Definition: A lichen is a symbiosis between different organisms — a fungus and an algae or cyanobacterium. Underlying basis: The basis of their relationship is the mutual benefit that they provide each other. Mechanism: The photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria form simple carbohydrates that, when excreted, are absorbed by fungi cells and transformed into a different carbohydrate. Fungi contribute to the symbiosis by absorbing water vapour from the air and by providing much-needed shade for the light-sensitive algae beneath. Structure: The composite body of a lichen is called a thallus (plural thalli); the body is anchored to its substrate by hairlike growths called rhizines. Distribution: Lichens are found worldwide and occur in a variety of environmental conditions. Uniqueness: They are a diverse group of organisms. They can colonize a wide range of surfaces and are frequently found on tree bark, exposed rock, and as a part of biological soil crust. Benefits: They are a keystone species in many ecosystems. They serve as a food source and habitat for many animals, such as deer, birds, and rodents. They protect trees and rocks from extreme elements such as rain, wind, and snow. Pioneers of Colonization: Lichens are considered as primary colonisers. These invade bare areas and contribute to soil formation by breaking down rock minerals both physically and chemically and thus creating conditions for other species such as mosses and liverworts to follow. Source: The Hindu Critical Minerals Category: Science and Technology Context: Seeking to reduce import dependency in the supply chain of critical minerals, the Union Cabinet approved the rationalisation of royalty rates of graphite, caesium, rubidium and zirconium. About Critical Minerals: Definition: Critical minerals are those minerals which are essential for economic development and national security of a country. Significance: The lack of availability of these minerals or even concentration of existence, extraction or processing of these minerals in few geographical locations may lead to supply chain vulnerability and disruption. Top Producers: Top producing countries of critical minerals include Chile, Indonesia, Congo, China, Australia, and South Africa. Uniqueness: Their ‘criticality’ changes over time depending on technological demand and supply dynamics. Further, countries identify minerals critical for them based on their national priorities. Foundation of Modern Technology: Critical minerals are the foundation on which modern technology is built. They are used in a wide range of essential products, from mobile phones to solar panels to electric vehicle batteries to medical applications. Important for futuristic economy: The future global economy will be powered by technologies that depend on minerals such as lithium, graphite, cobalt, titanium and rare earth elements. Initiatives taken for critical minerals in India: Planning Commission: A Planning Commission report (now NITI Aayog) in 2011 highlighted the need for the assured availability of mineral resources for the country’s industrial growth. 12 minerals and metals were identified as strategic minerals which included Tin, Cobalt, Lithium, Germanium, Gallium, Indium, Niobium, Beryllium, Tantalum, Tungsten, Bismuth and Selenium. Geological Survey of India (GSI): A strategic plan for enhancing REE exploration in India was jointly submitted by the Geological Survey of India (GSI) and Atomic Mineral Division (AMD). Ministry of Mines: In 2023, the Ministry of Mines released a list of 30 critical minerals for India. These minerals are Antimony, Beryllium, Bismuth, Cobalt, Copper, Gallium, Germanium, Graphite, Hafnium, Indium, Lithium, Molybdenum, Niobium, Nickel, PGE, Phosphorous, Potash, REE, Rhenium, Silicon, Strontium, Tantalum, Tellurium, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten, Vanadium, Zirconium, Selenium, and Cadmium. National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM): The Government of India launched the NCMM in 2025 to establish a robust framework for self-reliance in the critical mineral sector. The NCMM encompasses all stages of the value chain, including mineral exploration, mining, beneficiation, processing, and recovery from end-of-life products. Source: The Hindu (MAINS Focus) Erosion of Debate and Critical Thinking in Indian Universities (UPSC GS Paper II: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Education and Human Resources) Context (Introduction) The recent incident of a student slapping her teacher at Delhi University reflects the larger decline in India’s academic culture — marked by loss of civility, critical dialogue, and the transformation of education into a market-driven enterprise. Main Arguments: Education as Political and Ethical Engagement: The author asserts that education cannot be apolitical. True learning involves critical thinking, understanding power structures, and nurturing citizens capable of dialogue and non-violent conflict resolution. Decay of Political Culture in Campuses: The erosion of reasoned discourse and rise of violence and polarisation among students mirror societal trends where ignorance is weaponised, and reason is seen as weakness. Neoliberal Assault on Education: The neoliberal model has commodified learning, converting universities into skill-training hubs serving the corporate order. Students are treated as “resources”, teachers as “service providers”, and education as a means to placements, not enlightenment. Decline of Public Universities: With the growth of private and foreign universities, public universities are neglected, restricting quality education for the socially and economically marginalised. Education’s purpose as a public good and liberating experience is compromised. Rise of Hyper-nationalism and Cultural Intolerance: A growing politics of militant nationalism and religious identity is replacing debates with dogma. Universities, once centres of dialogic reasoning, are being drawn into the cult of authoritarianism. Criticisms / Drawbacks: Suppression of Academic Freedom: India ranks 156th of 179 countries in the 2025 Academic Freedom Index, showing decline in institutional autonomy. Marginalisation of Humanities: The liberal arts and social sciences are devalued, eroding the culture of critical inquiry and civic responsibility. Meritocracy of the Privileged: Privatization of higher education fosters elitism, making quality education inaccessible to the poor. Loss of Civic Pedagogy: Universities no longer cultivate dialogic citizenship, empathy, or moral imagination among students. Normalization of Intolerance: Campus discourse mirrors national polarisation, reinforcing “us vs them” binaries instead of nurturing pluralism. Reforms and Way Forward: Revive Public Universities: Increase investment in public institutions to ensure affordable and equitable access to quality education. Restore Academic Freedom: Strengthen institutional autonomy, faculty voice, and freedom of thought and expression within campuses. Revalue Humanities and Liberal Arts: Encourage courses fostering critical reasoning, ethics, and civic responsibility, balancing technological with moral education. Promote Pedagogy of Dialogue: Reinforce non-violent communication, debates, and cross-ideological forums as part of student culture. Reform Neoliberal Education Model: Shift from market-centric education to one focused on democracy, social justice, and human development; ensure the Right to Education extends meaningfully to higher levels. Conclusion Universities must reclaim their role as spaces of liberation, reflection, and dialogue. India’s youth should resist commodified education and polarised politics, reviving the lost culture of reasoned debate and civic learning essential to a vibrant democracy. Mains Question: The marketisation and politicisation of higher education in India have eroded its democratic and emancipatory purpose. Critically analyse this trend and suggest measures to restore the culture of debate and critical inquiry in universities. (250 words, 15 words ) Source: The Indian Express Inter-State Rivalry that is Fuelling India’s Growth (UPSC GS Paper II: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States; issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure — devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein) Context (Introduction) The recent competition among States such as Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka to attract global tech investments highlights the rise of competitive federalism, where healthy inter-State rivalry is emerging as a key engine of India’s growth. Main Arguments: Shift from Central Patronage to Federal Competitiveness: Before 1991, capital investments were largely centrally determined, based on political patronage and licensing. Post-liberalisation reforms decentralised investment decisions, allowing States to attract investors through better policies, governance, and infrastructure. Rise of Competitive Federalism: Over the past decade, States have begun to actively compete for domestic and global investments — offering efficient single-window clearances, policy stability, and ease of doing business. Examples include the Google AI data centre in Andhra Pradesh, and similar contests over EV hubs, semiconductor plants, and manufacturing parks. Centre’s Role in Encouraging Competition: The Union Government has promoted this transformation through rankings on ease of doing business, export readiness, and start-up promotion. These benchmarks have pushed States to improve governance, transparency, and investment climate. Global Experience of Subnational Competition: Successful federations such as the U.S., Germany, Australia, and Canada exhibit similar patterns, where States and provinces compete to attract industries. This competition spurs innovation, efficiency, and regional development, as seen in Bavaria’s tech boom or U.S. cities competing for Amazon’s HQ2. Policy Diffusion and Learning Among States: The process encourages cross-State learning — one State’s reforms often inspire others. EV policies, export zones, and startup ecosystems in India show this policy diffusion, strengthening the overall industrial and governance ecosystem. Criticisms and Drawbacks: Risk of a “Race to the Bottom”: Excessive tax concessions and subsidies can harm fiscal health without ensuring long-term investment benefits. Unequal Development Gains: Wealthier and industrially advanced States may attract more investment, widening regional disparities. Environmental and Social Oversight: In the rush to attract investors, ecological sustainability and labour welfare may be compromised. Short-Term Populism: States may focus on headline projects rather than sustained industrial diversification. Administrative Capacity Gaps: Many States still face bureaucratic inertia, weak coordination, and limited institutional capability to implement investor-friendly reforms. Reforms and Way Forward: Institutionalising Competitive Federalism: Strengthen NITI Aayog’s role in monitoring and disseminating best practices among States. Transparent Incentive Frameworks: Establish uniform national guidelines for fiscal incentives and subsidies to prevent unhealthy competition. Balanced Regional Development: Promote lagging States through targeted infrastructure and skill initiatives under schemes like PM Gati Shakti and Aspirational Districts Programme. Investment in Governance Capacity: Enhance State-level bureaucratic efficiency, digital governance, and policy consistency to sustain investor confidence. Encouraging Cooperative Federalism: Alongside rivalry, foster inter-State collaboration on logistics corridors, energy, and labour mobility to multiply growth effects. Conclusion India’s transformation from a permission-based to persuasion-based economy reflects a deeper federal evolution. The inter-State race for investment not only decentralises economic power but also enhances efficiency, policy innovation, and inclusive growth. For India to fully realise its potential, competition among States must remain constructive, transparent, and development-oriented — where every win for a State strengthens the Indian economy as a whole. Mains Question “Healthy inter-State competition is emerging as a key pillar of India’s economic transformation.” Discuss how competitive federalism has reshaped Centre-State relations and its impact on India’s growth trajectory.(250 words, 15 marks) Source: The Hindu

Nov 12, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 12th November 2025

Nov 12, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 12th November – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) TRIFED Category: Polity and Governance Context: Tribal communities are not just “beneficiaries” of government schemes, but “drivers of India’s progress”, Union Minister for Tribal Affairs said on Tuesday, speaking on the eve of the Tribal Business Conclave 2025, which was different from events routinely organised by institutions like the TRIFED. About TRIFED (Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India): Nodal ministry: TRIFED is an organization under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India, dedicated to the socio-economic development of tribal communities through the marketing development of tribal products. Establishment: It was established in August 1987 under the Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 1984, by the Government of India as a national-level cooperative body. Mandate: It aims to bring about the socio-economic development of the tribals of the country by institutionalizing the trade of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) & Surplus Agricultural Produce (SAP) collected/cultivated by them. Objectives: To develop the socio-economic welfare of the tribal community. To act as a facilitator and service provider for the tribal community to uplift production. Provide training to enhance artistic skills with modern technology to meet the requirements of the global market. To increase the promotion of tribal art and crafts for a stable livelihood. To identify target groups to monitor and evaluate the process and activities and provide input to the Ministry. Focus on SHGs: The approach involves capacity building of the tribal people through sensitization, formation of Self Help Groups (SHGs), and imparting training to them for undertaking a particular activity, exploring marketing possibilities in national as well as international markets, creating opportunities for marketing tribal products on a sustainable basis, and creating a brand. Retail Marketing: TRIFED has been doing the retail marketing of tribal products under the brand name of TRIBES INDIA. TRIFED promotes and creates a sustainable market through retail outlets, exhibitions such as Aadishilp, Aadichitra, OCTAVE; international fairs, and e-marketing. Implementation of MSP: TRIFED has also been entrusted by the Govt. of India to implement its proposed Minimum Support Price (MSP) Scheme for Minor Forest Produce. Source: The Hindu Indian National Army (INA) Category: History and Culture Context: A new book claims that Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose didn’t establish the Indian National Army (INA) and that it was initially set up by the Japanese Army intelligence and Indian nationalists outside India to fight a common enemy — the British. About First INA: Formation: The first Indian National Army (INA) was formed in September 1942 under Captain Mohan Singh. Composition: It comprised around 12,000 Indian PoWs willing to secure independence from British rule in alliance with Japanese assistance. Thе Japanеsе sought cooperation with nationalists in Southeast Asia, including Indians, to hеlp thеm in thеir war effort. Role of Mohan Singh: Captain Mohan Singh was taskеd with organising an Indian national army using Indian prisonеrs of war. Mohan Singh’s lеadеrship and thе promisе of control by Indian officеrs ralliеd Indian soldiеrs to join thе INA. Reasons for rise of first INA: Thе rеasons for Indian soldiеrs and civilians joining thе INA includеd nationalism, fееlings of bеtrayal by thе British, racial discrimination, and fеar of Japanеsе atrocitiеs. Dissolution of first INA: However, disagreements and distrust arose over control of the army’s leadership and roles. Conflict also emerged over policies of the Japanese military administration in occupied territories. Mohan Singh refused to provide INA soldiers for Japan’s campaign in Burma against the British. This led him to resign and dissolve the first INA by December 1942. About Second INA: Arrival of SC Bose in Singapore: In July 1943, Bose arrived in Singapore and took leadership of the INA, reshaping it as a nationalist force rather than just supporting Japanese military goals. Formation of second INA: The Azad Hind Fauj, or second INA, was formed by unifying the residual soldiers of the first INA with the large influx of Indian civilian volunteers in Southeast Asia electrified by Bose’s leadership and call to arms against British oppression. Difference with first INA: Unlike the first INA, which had multiple centres of authority, the second INA, under Bose’s leadership, was solely committed to him. Ethnic and regional loyalties were subsumed under national sentiments through mixed regiments and political training. The practice of naming regiments after nationalist leaders continued, fostering a sense of unity. Structure: The INA was structured into three brigades – Gandhi, Azad and Nehru. At its peak strength, the INA had around 60,000 troops, including the Rani Jhansi regiment comprising women soldiers headed by Captain Lakshmi Sehgal. Own currency: The INA had its own currency, postage stamps and symbols portraying a vision of a liberated India. National flag: Subhas Chandra Bose, through the first national army, introduced the Indian tricolour as the national flag and Tagore’s song ‘Jan Gan Man Adhinayak’ as the national anthem. The INA flag with the springing tiger symbol and the motto ‘Ittefaq, Etemad, Qurbani’ inspired nationalist sentiment. Source: The Hindu Great Indian Bustard Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Supreme Court judge recently said many environmental law principles imported from the West such as “inter-generational equity” are anthropocentric and would hardly be of any assistance in protecting an endangered species such as Great Indian Bustard. About Great Indian Bustard: State bird of Rajasthan: The Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps), the State bird of Rajasthan, is considered India’s most critically endangered bird. Flagship species: It is considered the flagship grassland species, representing the health of the grassland ecology. Spread: Its population is confined mostly to Rajasthan and Gujarat. Small populations occur in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Threats: The bird is under constant threats due to collision/electrocution with power transmission lines, hunting (still prevalent in Pakistan), habitat loss and alteration as a result of widespread agricultural expansion, etc. Slow breeding species: Great Indian Bustards (GIBs) are slow-reproducing species. They lay a few eggs and have almost a year-long parental care of chicks. The GIB achieves maturity in around 3-4 years. Breeding season: They breed mostly during the monsoon season, when females lay a single egg on open ground. Physical features: It is a large bird with a horizontal body and long, bare legs, giving it an ostrich-like appearance. The sexes are roughly the same size, with the largest individuals weighing 15 kg (33 pounds). It can easily be distinguished by its black crown on the forehead, contrasting with the pale neck and head. Lifespan: They usually have lifespan of about 12-15 years. Diet pattern: Their diet ranges widely depending on the seasonal availability of food. They feed on grass seeds, insects like grasshoppers and beetles, and sometimes even small rodents and reptiles. Protection Status: IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): Appendix 1 Convention on Migratory Species (CMS): Appendix I Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I Steps taken to conserve the GIBs: Species Recovery Programme: It is kept under the species recovery programme under the Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Firefly Bird Diverters: These are flaps installed on power lines. They work as reflectors for bird species like the GIBs. Project Great Indian Bustard: It has been launched by the Rajasthan government to construct breeding enclosures for the species and develop infrastructure to reduce human pressure on its habitats. Source: The Hindu DAY-NRLM Category: Government Schemes Context: A high-level delegation from the government of Ethiopia has concluded a week-long learning visit to India, which focused on understanding the implementation strategies of the DAY-NRLM, India’s flagship initiative for poverty alleviation. About Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana- National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM): Launch: It was launched by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), Government of India in June 2011 as a restructured version of Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna (SGSY). In November 2015, the program was renamed Deendayal Antayodaya Yojana (DAY-NRLM). Objective: The Mission aims at creating efficient and effective institutional platforms of the rural poor enabling them to increase household income through sustainable livelihood enhancements and improved access to financial services. Implementation: The scheme is implemented by Ministry of Rural Development. Role of World Bank: The World Bank supports India’s Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) through funding, technical assistance, and by conducting impact evaluations. Agenda: NRLM has set out with an agenda to cover 7 Crore rural poor households, across 600 districts, 6000 blocks, 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats and 6 lakh villages in the country through self-managed Self Help Groups (SHGs) and federated institutions and support them for livelihoods collectives in a period of 8-10 years. Focus on capacity building: NRLM believes in harnessing the innate capabilities of the poor and complements them with capacities (information, knowledge, skills, tools, finance and collectivization) to participate in the growing economy of the country. Key features of the scheme: Universal Social Mobilisation: At least 1 woman member from each identified rural poor household, is to be brought under the Self-Help Group (SHG) network in a time bound manner. Participatory Identification of Poor (PIP): The inclusion of the target group under NRLM is determined by a well-defined, transparent and equitable process of participatory identification of poor, at the level of the community. Community Funds as Resources in Perpetuity: NRLM provides Revolving Fund (RF) and Community Investment Fund (CIF) as resources in perpetuity to the institutions of the poor, to strengthen their institutional and financial management capacity and build their track record to attract mainstream bank finance. Financial Inclusion: NRLM works on both demand and supply sides of financial inclusion. On the demand side, it promotes financial literacy among the poor and provides catalytic capital to the SHGs and their federations. On the supply side, the Mission coordinates with the financial sector and encourages use of ICT based financial technologies, business correspondents and community facilitators like ‘Bank Mitras.’ Source: NDTV Sharavathi River Category: Geography Context: Recently, Central Government decided to put Karnataka’s 2000 MW Sharavathi Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project (on Sharavathi River) on hold due to severe ecological risks. About Sharavathi Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project: Location: It is a Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project proposed on the Sharavathi River in Shivamogga district Karnataka. Electricity capacity: It is designed to generate 2,000 MW of electricity. Use of existing reservoirs: The project involves building a pumped storage power plant between two existing reservoirs, Talakalale Dam and Gerusoppa Dam. Water will be pumped uphill during off-peak hours and released downhill to generate electricity during peak demand. Based on Kaleshwaram project: It is modelled on the lines of Telangana’s Kaleshwaram project, it also aims to supply drinking water to Bengaluru. Concerns: The project falls within the Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) of the Sharavathi Wildlife Sanctuary, which is home to the endangered lion-tailed macaque, hornbills, king cobras, and numerous endemic plant species of the Western Ghats. About Sharavathi River: Location: It is a river in the western Karnataka state. A large part of the river basin lies in the Western Ghats. West-flowing river: It is one of the few rivers in India, which flows in the west direction. Course: Rising in the Western Ghats, it flows in a northwesterly direction and empties into the Arabian Sea at Honnavar near the Uttara Kannada district. Total Length: The river is approximately 128 km long. Area: The river basin covers 2,985 sq.km. Jog falls: On its way, the Sharavathi forms the Jog Falls, one of the highest waterfalls in India, where the river falls from a height of 253 m. Diverse geological features mark the river’s course, including rocky outcrops, fertile plains, and deep gorges. Major Tributaries: Major tributaries of the river includes Nandihole, Haridravathi, Mavinahole, Hilkunji, Yennehole, Hurlihole, and Nagodihole. Source: India Today (MAINS Focus) India–Bhutan Relations: A Model for Equitable Neighbourhood Diplomacy (GS Paper II – India and its Neighbourhood Relations) Context (Introduction) India–Bhutan relations stand as a rare example of stability and mutual trust in South Asia. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s 2025 visit to Bhutan reaffirms the deep political, cultural, and strategic partnership that continues to thrive despite vast asymmetry in size and power. In a region often marked by volatility and mistrust, this bilateral relationship demonstrates how restraint, respect, and shared prosperity can sustain peace in a challenging neighbourhood. Main Arguments Historical Foundations The 1949 Treaty of Friendship formalised relations, where Bhutan agreed to be “guided by India” in external affairs while India assured non-interference in internal matters. This arrangement, inherited from the colonial protectorate framework, evolved uniquely due to mutual maturity and strategic foresight. India supported Bhutan’s early institution-building, administrative training, and defence organisation, ensuring stability and trust. Hydropower and infrastructure cooperation since the 1960s became symbols of partnership-driven development. Modernisation and Treaty Revision (2007) Changing global and regional conditions, Bhutan’s democratic transition, and its expanding global engagement demanded a modern framework. The 2007 revised treaty replaced the “guided by India” clause with “mutual respect for each other’s independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity.” This marked Bhutan’s transition from dependency to partnership, reflecting Delhi’s strategic confidence and Thimphu’s political prudence. Both nations agreed not to allow their territories to be used against each other, strengthening regional security trust. Political and Democratic Maturity King Jigme Singye Wangchuck (K-4) oversaw Bhutan’s peaceful transition from monarchy to constitutional democracy in 2006. India’s support during this democratic shift highlighted its respect for Bhutan’s internal evolution. The current monarch, King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (K-5), continues to uphold this equilibrium of tradition and democracy. India–Bhutan coordination remains robust through periodic high-level visits, development assistance, and people-to-people ties. Economic and Developmental Partnership Hydropower Cooperation: The foundation of the relationship—Bhutan’s hydropower exports provide 40% of its revenue and meet India’s energy needs. Diversification Efforts: New initiatives include joint ventures in digital economy, tourism, skill development, and green infrastructure. Institutional Support: India provides financial aid through the Five-Year Plan framework, with the 13th Plan emphasising sustainable and inclusive growth. Private and Tech Collaboration: Indian firms and digital projects are fostering deeper economic integration. Geostrategic and Security Dimensions Bhutan’s geographic position between India and China makes it strategically vital. The Doklam plateau standoff (2017) underscored shared security interests and coordination in border management. Bhutan’s cautious diplomacy seeks peaceful resolution with China without compromising its sovereignty or India’s core security interests. Regional cooperation under initiatives like BIMSTEC and BBIN further align Thimphu with India’s Neighbourhood First and Act East policies. Cultural and Civilisational Linkages Shared Buddhist heritage, linguistic ties, and spiritual values form the emotional foundation of relations. The 2025 exposition of Buddha relics from Piprahwa in Bhutan reaffirmed ancient civilisational bonds. Educational exchanges, cultural festivals, and tourism add depth to people-to-people connections. Lessons for Regional Diplomacy India–Bhutan relations show how asymmetric partnerships can be balanced through trust and transparency. The “Bhutan model” emphasises sovereign equality, local participation, and patient diplomacy—valuable for India’s wider neighbourhood policy. It demonstrates that long-term engagement, not transactional politics, ensures regional stability. Criticisms and Challenges Economic Dependence: Bhutan’s overreliance on hydropower and aid from India may limit diversification and economic resilience. Environmental Concerns: Large hydropower projects risk ecological degradation and displacement in Bhutan’s fragile Himalayan ecosystem. China Factor: Bhutan’s boundary talks with China could affect India’s strategic calculations if not handled sensitively. Public Perception: The perception of India’s “big brother” approach in the region must be avoided through constant dialogue and equality-based engagement. Youth Aspirations and Migration: Rising expectations for jobs and education require collaborative human capital investments beyond traditional aid. Reforms and Policy Measures Economic Diversification: Promote cooperation in sectors such as IT, digital trade, organic farming, and renewable energy beyond hydropower. Connectivity and Infrastructure: Develop cross-border railway and road projects like Kokrajhar–Gelephu to integrate Bhutan into regional value chains. Environmental Partnership: Launch joint Himalayan sustainability missions focusing on hydropower efficiency, climate adaptation, and biodiversity conservation. Institutional Coordination: Establish an India–Bhutan Development and Security Council for continuous policy dialogue and implementation. Cultural and Educational Diplomacy: Expand scholarships, joint research, and Buddhist tourism circuits to strengthen soft power and mutual understanding. Strategic Dialogue: Continue defence and border cooperation through annual security consultations to ensure preparedness amid regional uncertainties. Conclusion India–Bhutan relations exemplify the essence of trust-based regionalism in South Asia. Their steady evolution from a protectorate framework to an equal partnership underscores the importance of mutual respect, democratic adaptation, and shared development. As China’s presence grows in the Himalayas, India’s approach in Bhutan—marked by restraint, cooperation, and civilisational depth—offers a replicable model for engaging other neighbours. The future of India’s “Neighbourhood First” policy lies in sustaining such balanced partnerships that combine strategic prudence with human-centric diplomacy. Mains Question “India–Bhutan relations demonstrate that power asymmetry in South Asia need not lead to friction but can evolve into a model of mutual respect, shared prosperity, and strategic balance.” Examine in the context of India’s neighbourhood diplomacy. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: The Indian Express World’s Silence on Sudan: The Ethics of Selective Global Empathy (GS Paper IV – Ethics, Human Values and International Relations) Context (Introduction) The ongoing humanitarian crisis in Sudan—marked by ethnic violence, displacement, and mass killings—has received little global attention compared to conflicts like Gaza or Ukraine. This differential response raises ethical questions about moral responsibility, empathy, and justice in international affairs. The silence of the world community exposes deeper issues of racialised compassion and selective moral engagement in global politics. Main Ethical Arguments Ethics of Universal Humanism: Every human being possesses equal moral worth, irrespective of geography, race, or culture. The global neglect of Sudan violates this Kantian principle of universality, which demands that moral concern be extended to all. The “hierarchy of suffering” reflects moral inconsistency—where empathy is extended based on proximity, media visibility, or racial affinity. Racialised Empathy and Civilisational Bias: The article highlights how conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa evoke limited outrage compared to those in Western or Middle Eastern regions. Ethical relativism—consciously or subconsciously—creates a divide between the “global North’s” suffering and that of the “global South.” Such bias undermines the principle of justice as fairness (John Rawls), reducing moral responses to selective compassion. Moral Responsibility of Global Actors: Governments, corporations, and civil society share a duty of care toward global humanitarian crises. The Rapid Support Forces (RSF), backed by foreign funding (notably the UAE), show how external actors profit from conflict while escaping accountability. The silence of influential nations, institutions, and even global sporting entities (e.g., football clubs with UAE ownership) reflects ethical complicity through inaction. Media and Moral Imagination: The media shapes moral perception by determining which crises are visible. Ethical journalism requires impartiality in reporting human suffering. The limited coverage of Sudan reveals a media failure to uphold the virtue of truthfulness and duty of global solidarity. Ethics of Collective Action and Mobilisation: Public outrage can pressure institutions to act, as seen in global movements for Palestine or Ukraine. Sudan’s lack of mobilisation shows how moral energy is unevenly distributed across causes. The ethics of empathy demands that civil society and diaspora networks extend solidarity beyond culturally familiar or politically popular causes. Criticisms and Ethical Dilemmas Moral Fatigue: Constant exposure to global suffering may desensitise people, leading to selective emotional engagement. Pragmatic Politics: Nations often weigh strategic or economic interests over ethical imperatives, resulting in inaction. Cultural Distance: Societies may subconsciously empathise more with those perceived as “similar,” reflecting deep-seated ethnocentrism. Media Economics: Coverage decisions are influenced by audience interest and commercial viability, rather than moral gravity. Moral Hypocrisy: Public figures and global institutions often express values of equality and justice but act inconsistently across regions. Reforms and Ethical Correctives Global Ethical Education: Promote universal ethics and compassion through educational curricula and public discourse to dismantle racial and cultural biases. Ethical Journalism Charter: Encourage international media houses to commit to equal coverage of humanitarian crises based on severity, not geography. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Companies, especially those linked to conflict-funding networks, must adopt human rights due diligence and transparency. International Institutional Accountability: Strengthen the UN Human Rights Council’s mechanisms for monitoring atrocities, ensuring equal treatment of all regions. Global Civil Society Mobilisation: NGOs, social media platforms, and academic institutions should foster transnational solidarity campaigns for neglected crises like Sudan. Conclusion The Sudan crisis is not only a political tragedy—it is a moral test for humanity. The silence surrounding it reflects the racialisation of empathy and the erosion of universal moral concern. Ethical global citizenship demands that compassion not be selective, and that justice be as inclusive as suffering itself. As philosopher Albert Schweitzer observed, “Ethics is nothing else than reverence for life.” The world must rediscover this reverence—beyond race, borders, and profit—to ensure that every human life commands equal moral urgency. Mains Question: “The global silence on Sudan reflects not just political neglect but an ethical failure of universal empathy.” Discuss with reference to the principles of global justice and moral responsibility.(150 words, 10 marks) Source: The Indian Express

Nov 11, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 11th November 2025

Nov 11, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 11th November – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Exercise Malabar 2025 Category: Defence and Security Context: The participation of INS Sahyadri in Exercise Malabar-2025 reaffirms India’s enduring partnership and its commitment to strengthening coordination, enhancing interoperability, and demonstrating a collective resolve to safeguard regional security. About Exercise Malabar: Origin: It started as an annual bilateral naval drill between India and the US in 1992. Expansion of membership: Japan joined in 2015, and Australia participated in Malabar 2020, making it a four-nation exercise under the Quad framework. Location: It takes place annually in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans alternatively. Evolution: It has evolved into a key multilateral event aimed at enhancing interoperability, fostering mutual understanding, and addressing shared maritime challenges in the Indian Ocean and Indo-Pacific region. Objective: It aims to improve interoperability, coordination, and communication, focusing on joint fleet operations, anti-submarine warfare, gunnery drills, and airborne maritime missions. Focus areas: It highlights the convergence of views among the participating countries on maritime issues and their shared commitment to an open, inclusive Indo-Pacific and a rules-based international order. Strategic Significance: It strengthens Quad military interoperability, coordinated maritime operations, and freedom of navigation. 2 phases of Exercise Malabar 2025: Harbour Phase: It will feature operational planning and discussions, alignment on communication protocols, familiarisation visits between participating nations, and sports fixtures. Sea Phase: Following the harbour phase, all participating units will proceed in this phase, wherein ships and aircraft will take part in naval drills, focusing on joint fleet operations, anti-submarine warfare, gunnery serials and flying operations. Source: PIB Ricin Category: Science and Technology Context: The Gujarat Anti-Terrorist Squad has busted a suspected terror syndicate by arresting a ‘doctor’ with a Chinese MBBS degree, who was allegedly preparing highly-lethal chemical poison, ‘Ricin’, and whose handler is associated with the Islamic State. About Ricin: Source: Ricin is a poison found naturally in castor beans. If castor beans are chewed and swallowed, the ricin that comes out can cause injury. Ricin can also be made from the waste material left over from processing castor beans. Forms: Ricin can be in the form of a powder, a mist, or a pellet. It can also be dissolved in water or weak acid. Nature: It is stable under normal conditions. However, it will not work if temperatures are over 80 degrees centigrade (176 degrees Fahrenheit). Toxicity: It is toxic when inhaled, ingested, or injected. As few as five to ten micrograms per kilogram can be lethal. Mechanism: Ricin works by getting inside the cells of a person’s body and preventing the cells from making the proteins they need. Without the proteins, cells die. Eventually this is harmful to the whole body, and death may occur. Potential of a biological weapon: It is of special concern because of its potential use as a biological weapon. Accidental exposure to ricin is rare and results primarily from the ingestion of castor seeds. Treatment: Presently, no antidote exists for ricin. Symptomatic ricin poisoning is treated by providing supportive medical care to minimize the effects of the poisoning. Source: NDTV Piprahwa Relics Category: History and Culture Context: A portion of the holy Piprahwa relics of Lord Buddha, brought from India, were enshrined at Thimpu’s prominent monastery, Tashichhodzong, considered the seat of Bhutan’s highest spiritual and political institutions. About Piprahwa Relics: Location: The Piprahwa Relics are a collection of sacred artifacts discovered in 1898 at the Piprahwa Stupa in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is the site believed to be associated with ancient Kapilavastu, the homeland of Gautama Buddha. Significance: These relics, unearthed by British colonial engineer William Claxton Peppe in 1898, include bone fragments believed to be those of Lord Buddha, along with crystal caskets, gold ornaments, gemstones, and a sandstone coffer. Archaeological evidence: An inscription in Brahmi script on one of the caskets links the relics directly to the Sakya clan, to which Buddha belonged, indicating that these remains were enshrined by his followers around the third century BC. Classification: Piprahwa Relics are classified as ‘AA’ antiquities under Indian law, prohibiting their removal or sale. Discovery: The British crown claimed Peppe’s find under the 1878 Indian Treasure Trove Act, with the bones and ash presented to the Buddhist monarch King Chulalongkorn of Siam. Most of the 1,800 gems went to what is now the Indian Museum in Kolkata, while Peppe was permitted to retain approximately a fifth of them. Repatriation to India: A part of the Piprahwa Relics was passed down for generations in the Peppe family. These were put up for auction in Hong Kong in May 2025. However, it was successfully repatriated back to India through a public-private collaboration between the Government and the Godrej Industries Group. Source: Deccan Herald ReALCRaft Portal Category: Government Schemes Context: In a major step towards realizing the vision of a prosperous and inclusive Blue Economy, the Government of India has introduced the ReALCRaft Portal for the registration and licensing of fishing vessels and related processes. About ReALCRaft Portal: Nature: The Registration And Licensing of Fishing Craft (ReALCRaft) portal is developed as a national online platform under open-source technology. Development: It is developed by the Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying. Objective: It aims to develop a modern, comprehensive and transparent vessel data management system in the country with the aim to enhance security features and to bring efficiency, transparency, accountability and reliability in services. Focus areas: It focuses on providing web-based, citizen-centric services to marine fishers and coastal States/UTs for the registration and licensing of fishing vessels, transfer of ownership, and related processes. Does away the requirement to visit any government office: The system is designed to be fully digital, transparent, and time-bound, allowing applicants to submit minimal documentation, track the status of their application in real time, and complete the process without visiting any government office. Strengthens coastal security: Fishermen and their vessels are identified using QR-coded Aadhaar Cards or Fisher ID Cards, ensuring proper verification and monitoring at sea. These digital features help marine enforcement agencies, including the Indian Coast Guard and Indian Navy, in strengthening coastal security and surveillance in the India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Associated platforms: The portal is integrated with the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) and the Export Inspection Council (EIC) to facilitate the issuance of Fish Catch and Health Certificates. Provision of a free digital access pass: Under the Sustainable Harnessing of Fisheries in the EEZ Rules, 2025, all mechanized and large motorized fishing vessels are required to obtain a free digital Access Pass through the ReALCRaft Portal for operations in India’s EEZ. Source: PIB Rhesus Macaque Category: Environment and Ecology Context: The standing committee of the National Board for Wildlife (SC-NBWL) has recommended reinstating Rhesus Macaque species of monkeys under Schedule II of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. About Rhesus Macaque: Scientific name: The Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is a species of Old World monkey. Physical features: Rhesus macaques are familiar brown primates with red faces and rears. They have close-cropped hair on their heads, which accentuates their very expressive faces. Distribution: They are native to India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Afghanistan, Vietnam, southern China, and some neighbouring areas. Habitat: They may be found in forests, mangroves, scrub, grasslands, and mountainous regions. They also adapt well to human presence and form larger troops in human-dominated landscapes than in forests. Food pattern: Rhesus macaques are omnivorous animals, eating seeds, roots, bark, fruits, and cereals. Uniqueness: These are social, diurnal, and both terrestrial and arboreal animals. They live in large groups, often led by a dominant male. They use vocalizations, facial expressions, and body language for communication. Conservation Status: It is classified as Least Concern in the IUCN Red data list. Source: The Indian Express (MAINS Focus) India–Bhutan Relations: A Model for Equitable Neighbourhood Diplomacy (GS Paper II – India and its Neighbourhood Relations) Context (Introduction) India–Bhutan relations stand as a rare example of stability and mutual trust in South Asia. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s 2025 visit to Bhutan reaffirms the deep political, cultural, and strategic partnership that continues to thrive despite vast asymmetry in size and power. In a region often marked by volatility and mistrust, this bilateral relationship demonstrates how restraint, respect, and shared prosperity can sustain peace in a challenging neighbourhood. Main Arguments Historical Foundations The 1949 Treaty of Friendship formalised relations, where Bhutan agreed to be “guided by India” in external affairs while India assured non-interference in internal matters. This arrangement, inherited from the colonial protectorate framework, evolved uniquely due to mutual maturity and strategic foresight. India supported Bhutan’s early institution-building, administrative training, and defence organisation, ensuring stability and trust. Hydropower and infrastructure cooperation since the 1960s became symbols of partnership-driven development. Modernisation and Treaty Revision (2007) Changing global and regional conditions, Bhutan’s democratic transition, and its expanding global engagement demanded a modern framework. The 2007 revised treaty replaced the “guided by India” clause with “mutual respect for each other’s independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity.” This marked Bhutan’s transition from dependency to partnership, reflecting Delhi’s strategic confidence and Thimphu’s political prudence. Both nations agreed not to allow their territories to be used against each other, strengthening regional security trust. Political and Democratic Maturity King Jigme Singye Wangchuck (K-4) oversaw Bhutan’s peaceful transition from monarchy to constitutional democracy in 2006. India’s support during this democratic shift highlighted its respect for Bhutan’s internal evolution. The current monarch, King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (K-5), continues to uphold this equilibrium of tradition and democracy. India–Bhutan coordination remains robust through periodic high-level visits, development assistance, and people-to-people ties. Economic and Developmental Partnership Hydropower Cooperation: The foundation of the relationship—Bhutan’s hydropower exports provide 40% of its revenue and meet India’s energy needs. Diversification Efforts: New initiatives include joint ventures in digital economy, tourism, skill development, and green infrastructure. Institutional Support: India provides financial aid through the Five-Year Plan framework, with the 13th Plan emphasising sustainable and inclusive growth. Private and Tech Collaboration: Indian firms and digital projects are fostering deeper economic integration. Geostrategic and Security Dimensions Bhutan’s geographic position between India and China makes it strategically vital. The Doklam plateau standoff (2017) underscored shared security interests and coordination in border management. Bhutan’s cautious diplomacy seeks peaceful resolution with China without compromising its sovereignty or India’s core security interests. Regional cooperation under initiatives like BIMSTEC and BBIN further align Thimphu with India’s Neighbourhood First and Act East policies. Cultural and Civilisational Linkages Shared Buddhist heritage, linguistic ties, and spiritual values form the emotional foundation of relations. The 2025 exposition of Buddha relics from Piprahwa in Bhutan reaffirmed ancient civilisational bonds. Educational exchanges, cultural festivals, and tourism add depth to people-to-people connections. Lessons for Regional Diplomacy India–Bhutan relations show how asymmetric partnerships can be balanced through trust and transparency. The “Bhutan model” emphasises sovereign equality, local participation, and patient diplomacy—valuable for India’s wider neighbourhood policy. It demonstrates that long-term engagement, not transactional politics, ensures regional stability. Criticisms and Challenges Economic Dependence: Bhutan’s overreliance on hydropower and aid from India may limit diversification and economic resilience. Environmental Concerns: Large hydropower projects risk ecological degradation and displacement in Bhutan’s fragile Himalayan ecosystem. China Factor: Bhutan’s boundary talks with China could affect India’s strategic calculations if not handled sensitively. Public Perception: The perception of India’s “big brother” approach in the region must be avoided through constant dialogue and equality-based engagement. Youth Aspirations and Migration: Rising expectations for jobs and education require collaborative human capital investments beyond traditional aid. Reforms and Policy Measures Economic Diversification: Promote cooperation in sectors such as IT, digital trade, organic farming, and renewable energy beyond hydropower. Connectivity and Infrastructure: Develop cross-border railway and road projects like Kokrajhar–Gelephu to integrate Bhutan into regional value chains. Environmental Partnership: Launch joint Himalayan sustainability missions focusing on hydropower efficiency, climate adaptation, and biodiversity conservation. Institutional Coordination: Establish an India–Bhutan Development and Security Council for continuous policy dialogue and implementation. Cultural and Educational Diplomacy: Expand scholarships, joint research, and Buddhist tourism circuits to strengthen soft power and mutual understanding. Strategic Dialogue: Continue defence and border cooperation through annual security consultations to ensure preparedness amid regional uncertainties. Conclusion India–Bhutan relations exemplify the essence of trust-based regionalism in South Asia. Their steady evolution from a protectorate framework to an equal partnership underscores the importance of mutual respect, democratic adaptation, and shared development. As China’s presence grows in the Himalayas, India’s approach in Bhutan—marked by restraint, cooperation, and civilisational depth—offers a replicable model for engaging other neighbours. The future of India’s “Neighbourhood First” policy lies in sustaining such balanced partnerships that combine strategic prudence with human-centric diplomacy. Mains Question “India–Bhutan relations demonstrate that power asymmetry in South Asia need not lead to friction but can evolve into a model of mutual respect, shared prosperity, and strategic balance.” Examine in the context of India’s neighbourhood diplomacy. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: The Indian Express World’s Silence on Sudan: The Ethics of Selective Global Empathy (GS Paper IV – Ethics, Human Values and International Relations) Context (Introduction) The ongoing humanitarian crisis in Sudan—marked by ethnic violence, displacement, and mass killings—has received little global attention compared to conflicts like Gaza or Ukraine. This differential response raises ethical questions about moral responsibility, empathy, and justice in international affairs. The silence of the world community exposes deeper issues of racialised compassion and selective moral engagement in global politics. Main Ethical Arguments Ethics of Universal Humanism: Every human being possesses equal moral worth, irrespective of geography, race, or culture. The global neglect of Sudan violates this Kantian principle of universality, which demands that moral concern be extended to all. The “hierarchy of suffering” reflects moral inconsistency—where empathy is extended based on proximity, media visibility, or racial affinity. Racialised Empathy and Civilisational Bias: The article highlights how conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa evoke limited outrage compared to those in Western or Middle Eastern regions. Ethical relativism—consciously or subconsciously—creates a divide between the “global North’s” suffering and that of the “global South.” Such bias undermines the principle of justice as fairness (John Rawls), reducing moral responses to selective compassion. Moral Responsibility of Global Actors: Governments, corporations, and civil society share a duty of care toward global humanitarian crises. The Rapid Support Forces (RSF), backed by foreign funding (notably the UAE), show how external actors profit from conflict while escaping accountability. The silence of influential nations, institutions, and even global sporting entities (e.g., football clubs with UAE ownership) reflects ethical complicity through inaction. Media and Moral Imagination: The media shapes moral perception by determining which crises are visible. Ethical journalism requires impartiality in reporting human suffering. The limited coverage of Sudan reveals a media failure to uphold the virtue of truthfulness and duty of global solidarity. Ethics of Collective Action and Mobilisation: Public outrage can pressure institutions to act, as seen in global movements for Palestine or Ukraine. Sudan’s lack of mobilisation shows how moral energy is unevenly distributed across causes. The ethics of empathy demands that civil society and diaspora networks extend solidarity beyond culturally familiar or politically popular causes. Criticisms and Ethical Dilemmas Moral Fatigue: Constant exposure to global suffering may desensitise people, leading to selective emotional engagement. Pragmatic Politics: Nations often weigh strategic or economic interests over ethical imperatives, resulting in inaction. Cultural Distance: Societies may subconsciously empathise more with those perceived as “similar,” reflecting deep-seated ethnocentrism. Media Economics: Coverage decisions are influenced by audience interest and commercial viability, rather than moral gravity. Moral Hypocrisy: Public figures and global institutions often express values of equality and justice but act inconsistently across regions. Reforms and Ethical Correctives Global Ethical Education: Promote universal ethics and compassion through educational curricula and public discourse to dismantle racial and cultural biases. Ethical Journalism Charter: Encourage international media houses to commit to equal coverage of humanitarian crises based on severity, not geography. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Companies, especially those linked to conflict-funding networks, must adopt human rights due diligence and transparency. International Institutional Accountability: Strengthen the UN Human Rights Council’s mechanisms for monitoring atrocities, ensuring equal treatment of all regions. Global Civil Society Mobilisation: NGOs, social media platforms, and academic institutions should foster transnational solidarity campaigns for neglected crises like Sudan. Conclusion The Sudan crisis is not only a political tragedy—it is a moral test for humanity. The silence surrounding it reflects the racialisation of empathy and the erosion of universal moral concern. Ethical global citizenship demands that compassion not be selective, and that justice be as inclusive as suffering itself. As philosopher Albert Schweitzer observed, “Ethics is nothing else than reverence for life.” The world must rediscover this reverence—beyond race, borders, and profit—to ensure that every human life commands equal moral urgency. Mains Question: “The global silence on Sudan reflects not just political neglect but an ethical failure of universal empathy.” Discuss with reference to the principles of global justice and moral responsibility.(150 words, 10 marks) Source: The Indian Express

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