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Feb 22, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 22nd February 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Feb 22, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 22nd February 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: A recent audit report by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) on the functioning of the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) in the 2019-2022 period has flagged that the funds allocated for compensatory afforestation were diverted for other activities by Uttarakhand’s forest divisions. Background: – As per CAMPA guidelines, after receiving funds, afforestation should be conducted within a year, or two growing seasons. However, the report flagged that in 37 cases, compensatory afforestation was executed after more than eight years of getting final clearance. Key takeaways The simple principle that works in compensatory afforestation is that since forests are an important resource and render ecological services, they must not be destroyed. However, because of developmental requirements, forests are routinely cut, or, as it is said in official language, “diverted for non-forest purposes”. But since afforested land does not become a forest overnight, there is still a loss of the goods and services that the diverted forest would have provided in the interim period. These goods and services include timber, bamboo, fuelwood, carbon sequestration, soil conservation, water recharge, and seed dispersal. Afforested land is expected to take no less than 50 years to start delivering comparable goods and services. To compensate for the loss in the interim, the law requires that the Net Present Value (NPV) of the diverted forest is calculated for a period of 50 years, and recovered from the “user agency” that is “diverting” the forests. “User agencies”, which are often private parties, are not expected to undertake afforestation work themselves. This work has to be done by the state government. But the entire expenditure to be incurred on creating this new ‘forest’, including purchase of land for the purpose, has to be borne by the user. Thus, if any user agency wants to divert forest land for non-forest purposes, it has to deposit money for compensatory afforestation as well as pay the NPV, besides a few other charges. CAMPA is set up to manage this money. The compensatory afforestation money and NPV are supposed to be collected from the user agency by the government of the state in which the project is located, and deposited with the central government. The money will eventually flow back to the state to be used for afforestation or related works. The Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act 2016 created a national CAMPA at the central government level, and a state CAMPA in each state and UT. Similarly, a National Compensatory Afforestation Fund (CAF), and one in each state and UT too are also constituted. The states deposit money collected from user agencies with the national CAF, to be eventually credited into state CAFs as per their entitlement. The states, however, receive only 90% of their share; the other 10% are held back to cover administrative expenses. Source: Indian Express ARTICLE 101(4) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Incarcerated Khadoor Sahib MP Amritpal Singh moved the Punjab and Haryana High Court to attend the ongoing Parliament session, lest he lose his seat because of his prolonged absence from the House. Background: – Amritpal, who faces charges under National Security Act, has been detained in Dibrugarh since April 2023. He contested and won the 2024 Lok Sabha election from prison, but thus far has an attendance of only 2%. Key takeaways “If for a period of sixty days a member of either House of Parliament is without permission of the House absent from all meetings thereof, the House may declare his seat vacant,” Article 101(4) says. The 60 days, however, do not account for “any period during which the House is prorogued or is adjourned for more than four consecutive days”. Effectively, the period of absence is only calculated based on the actual sittings of Parliament. Amritpal, for instance, only attended one sitting of the Lok Sabha — the one in which he was sworn in last July. Since then, he has remained in detention in Assam. MPs can seek leave The operative term in Article 101(4) is “without permission of the House”. For long absences, MPs write to the ‘Committee on Absence of Members from the Sittings of the House’, the parliamentary panel that deals with this issue. The committee makes recommendations on each leave application, which are then ratified by the House concerned. In practice, however, applications are seldom rejected. Past leave application reports list illness — their own or some relative’s — as the most common reason for MPs being granted leave. That said, members have requested and been granted leave on the count of being imprisoned as well. In 2023, then Ghosi MP Atul Rai of the Bahujan Samaj Party sought permission to remain absent on 23 consecutive sittings of Parliament as he was in jail. His application was granted. Even if an MP is absent for more than 60 days, the House has to “declare” the seat vacant, meaning the matter has to be put to vote. Source: Indian Express STAGFLATION Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: Stubborn inflation and President Donald Trump’s hard-line trade policies have rekindled fears of stagflation, a worrying mix of sluggish growth and relentless inflation that haunted the U.S. in the 1970s. Background: A critical component of the stagflation phenomenon—persistently high inflation—became more pronounced earlier this month when data revealed that consumer prices in January experienced their most rapid monthly increase since August 2023. Meanwhile, the trajectory of U.S. economic growth remains uncertain, with the potential inflationary impact of Mr. Trump’s tariffs posing a risk that could further exacerbate the situation. Key takeaways Stagflation is a rare economic condition where high inflation coexists with stagnant economic growth and high unemployment. This phenomenon contradicts conventional economic theories, which suggest that inflation and economic growth generally move in the same direction. Understanding Stagflation: The term “stagflation” is a combination of stagnation (slow or no economic growth) and inflation (rising prices). Typically, inflation is associated with economic expansion, but in stagflation, rising prices occur alongside weak demand and high unemployment. Causes of Stagflation: Supply-Side Shocks: A sudden increase in the cost of essential goods (e.g., crude oil prices) can drive inflation while simultaneously slowing economic activity. Monetary Policy Failures: Excessive money supply without corresponding economic growth can lead to inflation without boosting employment or output. Structural Rigidities: Labor market inefficiencies, lack of productivity growth, and supply chain disruptions can contribute to stagnant growth and rising inflation. External Factors: Geopolitical tensions, trade restrictions, and commodity price volatility can create stagflationary conditions. Historical Example: The 1970s Oil Crisis is a classic example, where oil price shocks caused high inflation while economies faced recessionary pressures. Impact of Stagflation: Economic Growth Decline: Businesses struggle due to high costs, reducing production and investments. Unemployment Increases: Job losses occur as firms cut back on hiring due to weak demand. Declining Purchasing Power: Rising prices erode consumer savings and wages, impacting living standards. Policy Dilemma: Central banks face difficulty in addressing stagflation since measures to curb inflation (e.g., high interest rates) can further slow growth, while stimulus measures (e.g., low interest rates) can worsen inflation. Source: The Hindu INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Following opposition from local communities, environmentalists and civil society groups, the World Bank has said that it will not invest in four waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration plants in Gujarat. Background: – According to a press release by civil society group Alliance for Incinerator Free Gujarat, the World Bank’s International Finance Corporation (IFC) – the private lending arm of the World Bank – confirmed to the NGO after it filed for an access to information request that it would not be investing in the WTE incineration plants in Gujarat. Key takeaways The International Finance Corporation (IFC), a key institution of the World Bank Group, plays a crucial role in promoting private sector development in emerging economies by providing investment, advisory, and asset management services. Established: 1956 Headquarters: Washington, D.C., USA Parent Organization: World Bank Group Membership: 186 countries Objectives of IFC: To promote private sector development in developing countries. To provide financial assistance to businesses and entrepreneurs where traditional financial institutions are reluctant to invest. To reduce poverty by fostering economic growth through private sector investments. To support sustainable development by financing projects with environmental and social benefits. Functions of IFC: Financing Private Sector Projects: Provides loans, equity investments, and guarantees to private enterprises. Mobilizing Capital: Helps attract private investors and financial institutions to invest in developing economies. Advisory Services: Offers expertise in corporate governance, financial structuring, and policy reforms. Promoting Sustainable Development: Invests in environmentally friendly and socially responsible projects. IFC & India: India is one of the largest recipients of IFC funding. IFC has invested in renewable energy, infrastructure, banking, and microfinance sectors in India. Supports MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises) and start-ups. Aims to facilitate green financing and sustainable urban development in India. Source: The Wire PRIME MINISTER INTERNSHIP SCHEME Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Prime Minister Internship Scheme (PMIS) is once again open for applications with the launch of round 2 of the pilot phase. Background: – After more than six lakh applications in round 1, round 2 offers more than one lakh internship opportunities in top companies across more than 730 districts in India. Key takeaways The Prime Minister Internship Scheme (PMIS) is a significant initiative by the Government of India, aiming to provide 12-month paid internships to the nation’s youth in the country’s top companies. This program seeks to bridge the gap between academic learning and practical industry experience, thereby enhancing employability and skill development among young individuals. Key Features of PMIS: Target Group: Individuals aged 21 to 24 who are not currently enrolled in any full-time academic program or employment. Internship Duration: 12 months, combining relevant training with at least six months of professional experience. Financial Assistance: Each intern receives a monthly stipend of ₹5,000, supplemented by a one-time financial assistance of ₹6,000. Sectors Covered: Internships are available across various sectors, including Oil, Gas & Energy; Banking & Financial Services; Travel & Hospitality; Automotive; Metals & Mining; Manufacturing & Industrial; and Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). Eligibility Criteria: Age: 21 to 24 years. Educational Background: Applicants should have completed their education and not be engaged in any full-time academic or employment activities. Minimum qualification of 10th, 12th grade, or an undergraduate degree, ITI, or other technical diploma Exclusions: Individuals enrolled in full-time studies or employment are not eligible. Implementation and Outreach: The scheme is spearheaded by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. To maximize reach, more than 70 Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) events are being conducted across India, targeting districts with the highest number of internship opportunities. Source: Economic Times Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding Stagflation: Stagflation is a situation where high inflation is accompanied by high economic growth. It is primarily caused by supply-side shocks that lead to rising costs while economic output stagnates. Stagflation was first widely recognized during the 1970s oil crisis. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Which of the following statements regarding the International Finance Corporation (IFC) is correct? (a) IFC is a part of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and primarily provides loans to governments of developing countries. (b) IFC provides financial assistance only to large multinational corporations and excludes small and medium enterprises (SMEs). (c) The headquarters of IFC is located in Geneva, Switzerland. (d) It is a member of the World Bank Group and focuses on private sector investment in developing economies. Q3.) With reference to the Prime Minister Internship Scheme (PMIS), consider the following statements: The scheme provides a 12-month internship opportunity to young individuals in India’s top companies. The eligible age group for this internship is 21 to 24 years. Interns under this scheme receive both a monthly stipend and a one-time financial assistance. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 21st February – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – a Q.2) – a Q.3) – b

Feb 21, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 21st February 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) GLOBAL SEA ICE COVER Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Global sea ice cover reached a record low of 15.76 million sq km over the five days leading up to February 13, surpassing the previous low of 15.93 million sq km recorded in January-February 2023. Background: – Sea ice refers to the free-floating ice in the polar regions. While it generally expands during the winter and melts in the summers, some sea ice remains year-round. Note that this is different from icebergs, glaciers, ice sheets, and ice shelves, which form on land. Key takeaways Experts suggest that the 2025 low could be due to a combination of warm air, warm seas and winds breaking apart the ice. Antarctic sea ice is particularly vulnerable to ice-breaking winds. Unlike Arctic ice, it is surrounded by the ocean instead of continents and is thus more mobile, and also comparatively thinner. The situation has been made worse this year due to warmer air and warmer waters towards the end of the southern hemisphere summer (December to February). Higher air temperatures led to the melting of the edges of the Antarctic ice sheet — also known as ice shelves — which extend over the ocean. In the Arctic, where winter lasts from November to February, sea ice remained low because of a delayed freezing around the Hudson Bay, a large saltwater body in northeastern Canada. The delay occurred as unusually warm oceans took a longer time to cool down. The region also witnessed some storms which broke apart ice around the Barents Sea, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia, and the Bering Sea, the stretch between Alaska and Russia. Higher than usual air temperatures in areas such as Svalbard, Norway, resulted in further loss of sea ice. What dip means Less sea ice cover means that more water is getting exposed to the Sun and more heat (solar radiation) is getting absorbed, leading to a further rise in temperatures. Notably, sea ice keeps temperatures down in the polar regions, as its bright, white surface reflects more sunlight back to space than liquid water. The loss of sea ice cover could be one of the reasons why the polar regions are getting warmer at a faster rate than the rest of the world. Source: Indian Express MAJORANA 1 Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Microsoft has announced a new chip, called Majorana 1, that it said showed quantum computing is “years, not decades” away, joining Google and IBM in predicting that a fundamental change in computing technology is closer than believed. Background: – Quantum computing holds the promise of carrying out calculations that would take today’s systems millions of years and could unlock important discoveries in medicine, chemistry, and aerospace, among others. Key takeaways Majorana 1 is a groundbreaking quantum computing chip developed by Microsoft. Microsoft’s breakthrough revolves around engineering a new type of particle known as Majorana. These Majorana particles have been fabricated using topological conductors and they exist in a topological state, which differs from traditional states of matter such as solid, liquid, and gas. First theorised over 80 years ago by Italian physicist Ettore Majorana, Majorana fermions are particles that are their own anti-particles. But, there was no physical evidence of such particles. Key Features Topological Quantum Bits: Majorana 1 integrates eight topological qubits, which are more stable and less prone to errors compared to traditional qubits. Topological Conductors: Utilizes a new type of material called topoconductors to observe and control Majorana particles, enhancing the reliability and scalability of qubits. Compact Design: The chip is compact, about the size of a sticky note, yet powerful enough to be a stepping stone towards systems capable of supporting a million qubits. Applications Industrial-Scale Problems: Designed to solve meaningful, industrial-scale problems in fields such as medicine, pollution control, and materials science. Future Potential: Microsoft envisions Majorana 1 as a path to developing quantum systems that can scale to a million qubits, enabling transformative solutions. Significance Quantum Leap: Represents a significant advancement in quantum computing, potentially revolutionizing various industries. Error Resistance: The use of Majorana fermions makes the chip highly stable and resistant to errors, a major challenge in quantum computing. Source: The Hindu CONSUMPTION, INVESTMENT AND GROWTH Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The role of consumption and investment in driving growth has been a topic of debate. In the latest Budget, the government has not demonstrated a strong commitment to boosting investment. Instead, the emphasis on tax concessions and restrained public spending suggests a reliance on consumption to drive growth. Background: An economy’s growth depends on two factors. One is the supply or the production of goods and services, and the other is the demand or expenditure for purchasing these goods and services. Key takeaways The demand or aggregate expenditure in an economy comes from four sources. First is private consumption, which is the sum of expenditures by all individuals on items such as food, clothing, and mobile phones. Second is private investment, which is the amount spent by firms and households on installing new machines and constructing new factories or residences. Third is government expenditure, for consumption and investment. Fourth is net exports or exports minus import of goods and services while engaging in trade with the rest of the world. Investment and its multipliers Among the sources of demand, investment stands out for its ‘multiplier effects’. That is, an increase in investment of ₹100 could increase the economy’s overall demand and GDP by more than ₹100 — let us say by ₹125. Consider public investment in building a new highway. The incomes received by workers and firms involved in the project will generate fresh demand in the economy. The highways will trigger the establishment of new industries, all of which translate into a much bigger expansion of aggregate demand. Compared to investment, the multiplier effect from increased consumption is weaker. If incomes increase, consumption expenditures also increase, but the relation does not work strongly enough in the reverse direction. A rise in consumption cannot lift incomes as much in the rest of the economy. Indian and Chinese experiences In the early 1990s, the per capita incomes of India and China were almost the same. But by 2023, China’s per capita income has grown to five times as high as the Indian level (2.4 times as high if purchasing power differences between the two countries are considered). The speedy growth of incomes in China has been led by investment. India’s economic growth over the last decade has been driven mainly by expanding domestic consumption expenditures. In 2023, consumption as a share of GDP was 60.3% in India compared to 39.1% in China. The dominance of consumption in India’s GDP structure is mainly due to the weaknesses of the other components of aggregate demand in the country. The shares of investment and government consumption expenditure are relatively low. India also has a trade deficit, with its import of goods and services being larger than its exports, reducing domestic demand. Economic growth driven by consumption is not only slower than investment-led growth, but it also aggravates inequalities. The growth of jobs, incomes, and consumption has remained depressed for many Indians, and they will be left behind. Source: The Hindu ADVOCATE-ON-RECORD Syllabus: Prelims – POLITY Context: The Supreme Court has held that Advocates-on-Record (AoRs) bear full responsibility for the accuracy of petitions filed before the Court, even if the drafts are prepared by other advocates. Background: – The Court warned against AoRs merely lending their names to petitions without due diligence. Key takeaways The Supreme Court of India has a unique designation known as Advocate-on-Record (AOR), which grants exclusive rights to file cases before the apex court. An Advocate-on-Record is a lawyer who is authorized to file pleadings and appear before the Supreme Court of India on behalf of clients. Only an AoR can file cases before the Supreme Court. An AoR might engage other lawyers including senior counsels to argue before the Court. Eligibility Criteria to Become an AOR: The advocate must have four years of legal practice. They must complete one year of training under a Supreme Court approved AOR. They must pass the AOR Examination, conducted by the Supreme Court, which includes subjects like Constitutional Law, Practice & Procedure, and Professional Ethics. They must maintain an office within a 16-km radius of the Supreme Court and have a registered clerk. Key Responsibilities of an AOR: Filing and processing cases in the Supreme Court. Ensuring compliance with Supreme Court rules and procedures. Managing legal documentation and submissions before the apex court. Representing clients in Supreme Court cases. Significance of the AOR System: Ensures high-quality legal representation at the Supreme Court. Helps in streamlining case management and adherence to procedural rules. Facilitates better coordination between the judiciary and legal practitioners. Source: Live Law DINESH KHARA COMMITTEE Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (Irdai) has formed a high-powered committee, led by Dinesh Khara, former chairman of State Bank of India, to scrutinise various aspects of the Insurance Act 1938 and suggest amendments. Background: – Insurance Act, 1938 was originally passed in British India to regulate the insurance sector. It provides the broad legal framework within which the industry operates. It also led to establishment of the regulatory authority, Irdai, which oversees the implementation of the act. Key takeaways The Dinesh Khara Committee is a high-powered seven-member committee formed by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) to review proposed amendments to the Insurance Act of 1938. The Irdai move has come at a time when the Indian government is gearing up to introduce the Insurance Amendment Bill in Parliament. Key Objectives of the Dinesh Khara Committee: Reviewing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Limits: Assessing the feasibility of increasing the FDI cap in the insurance sector from the current 74% to 100%, with appropriate safeguards to ensure that revenues from insurance sales remain within India. Introducing Composite Licenses: Evaluating the implementation of a composite licensing system that would allow insurers to offer multiple types of insurance products—life, non-life, and health—under a single entity, thereby streamlining operations and expanding product offerings. Reducing Capital Requirements: Considering the reduction of paid-up capital requirements for insurers to encourage the entry of new players and enhance competition within the industry. Streamlining Regulatory Processes: Proposing measures to simplify and expedite regulatory procedures, facilitating ease of doing business and promoting growth in the insurance sector. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding the Advocate-on-Record (AoR) system in the Supreme Court of India: Only an Advocate-on-Record (AoR) is authorized to file cases before the Supreme Court of India. Any advocate with five years of legal practice is eligible to become an AoR without any additional examination. An AoR must maintain an office within a specified radius of the Supreme Court and have a registered clerk. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) With reference to Microsoft’s Majorana 1 quantum computing chip, consider the following statements: Majorana 1 is based on topological quantum computing, utilizing Majorana fermions for greater stability. The chip integrates eight topological qubits, making it less prone to errors compared to traditional qubits. Majorana 1 is designed primarily for commercial consumer use in personal computing devices. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Match the following committees with their respective objectives: Committee Name Objective Dinesh Khara Committee. 1. Review and suggest reforms in the Insurance Act Kasturirangan Committee. 2. Recommend policies for Western Ghats Shyam Benegal Committee. 3. Propose reforms in film certification and censorship policies in India Bimal Jalan Committee. 4. Review economic capital framework and financial reserves Select the correct match using the code below: (a) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1 (b) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 (c) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 (d) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 20th February – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – c Q.3) – d

Feb 21, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 21st February 2025

Feb 20, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 20th February 2025

Feb 20, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 20th February 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) INDIA AND QATAR Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: As Prime Minister Modi and Amir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani held talks in New Delhi, India and Qatar decided to elevate their ties to a “strategic partnership”. Background: – Both countries signed two agreements and five MoUs, covering areas like economic cooperation, youth affairs and a double taxation avoidance agreement. Within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), India has signed strategic partnerships with the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Kuwait; Qatar is the latest to join that club. Key takeaways Trade between the two countries is $14 billion annually, and they set a target to double it to $28 billion by 2030. Qatar’s sovereign wealth fund has $1.5 billion FDI in India, and the joint statement said that the Qatar side announced a commitment to invest USD 10 billion in India. Bilateral relationship Qatar’s key exports to India include LNG, LPG, chemicals and petrochemicals, plastics and aluminium articles. India’s key exports to Qatar include cereals, copper articles, iron and steel articles, vegetables, fruits, spices, processed food products, electrical and other machinery, plastic products, construction material, textiles and garments, chemicals, precious stones and rubber. Qatar is the largest supplier of LNG to India (10.74 MMT for US$ 8.32 billion in FY 2022-23), accounting for over 48% of India’s global LNG imports. Qatar is also India’s largest supplier of LPG (5.33 MMT for US$ 4.04 billion in FY 2022-23) accounting for 29% of India’s total LPG imports. Defence cooperation forms an important pillar of the bilateral agenda. India offers training slots in its defence institutions to a number of partner countries, including Qatar. As of 2024, Indian population in Qatar forms approximately 25% of Qatar’s populace, primarily as migrant workers. Source: Indian Express RESILIENT TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE Syllabus: Mains – GS2 & GS 3 Context: The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), a multilateral organisation launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2019, put out a report earlier this month studying Indian telecom networks’ preparedness in the event of disasters. Background: – Telecom networks are crucial to handling disasters, because they allow the State and National Disaster Management Authorities to communicate quickly with local municipalities and the State and Union governments Key takeaways Telecom networks are particularly vulnerable, as they comprise cabling that may not be fully underground, towers that may not be able to withstand high wind speeds, and because they rely on a steady flow of electricity, which is frequently disrupted by disasters. Coastal regions face elevated risks, as that is where undersea cables connect India with the global internet. If the landing stations of these cables are impacted, there can be massive network disruptions. What can be done? Since much of the disruption is attributable to power failures, much can be accomplished during a disaster by maintaining or restoring power supply to telecom towers and the network operating centres to which they’re connected. Telecom operators have typically never deployed towers assuming 24/7 power supply — and have battery as well as fuel backup. The CDRI report recommends a few measures to develop a resilient telecom network. These include greater data collection and more coordination among officials, a more robust power infrastructure, and requiring cell towers to withstand higher wind speeds, especially in districts where hurricanes make landfall. The CDRI also advocates for a dig-once policy, which recommends building as much underground civil infrastructure, like water and gas supply lines, drainage and fibre optic cables simultaneously, reducing the risk of cables being damaged when other infrastructure is built. The short- to medium-term roadmap suggests the need to update disaster damage and loss data format, mainstream disaster risk modelling into telecommunications infrastructure planning, strengthen telecommunications asset design based on local and regional hazard vulnerability profiles, the report says. There are also commercial interventions that the report touches on. A key one is parametric insurance, a system where telecom operators are not left to bear the commercial burden of a disaster all by themselves, and are thus financially incentivised to bring networks back online rapidly (and presumably to nudge them to disaster-proof their infrastructure well enough to keep premiums down). Source: The Hindu GLOBAL WARMING EXACERBATING WATER GAPS Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Water gaps amounting to nearly 458 billion cubic meters per year already exist. These are projected to increase by 6 per cent under 1.5 degrees Celsius warming and by 15 per cent under 3 degrees Celsius warming according to a new analysis published in Nature Communications. Background: The study emphasised on developing a more resilient and sustainable water management system to combat scarcity. This could include investing in resilient infrastructure, enhancing storage capabilities, desalination of seawater, reuse of treated wastewater and physical and virtual water transfers to distribute water from areas of abundance to areas of need. Key takeaways Water gaps are defined as the difference between renewable water availability and water consumption while maintaining adequate flows in aquatic environments. Researchers used climate outputs from climate models to quantify water gaps under baseline, 1.5°C, and 3°C warming scenarios. Regions currently experiencing water gaps are expected to face more severe conditions under 1.5°C warming, with even worse outcomes at 3°C warming. This trend is particularly evident in the eastern US, Chile, the Mediterranean region, south and east India, and the North China Plain. Additionally, some regions that were relatively unaffected in the baseline climate, such as Italy, Madagascar, and some US states on the East Coast (North Carolina and Virginia) and in the Great Lakes region (Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois), are projected to see worsening conditions. Saudi Arabia is projected to experience decreased water scarcity under the 1.5°C warming scenario, but substantial increases in water gaps under the 3°C warming scenario. Largest water gaps in India The largest water gaps under the baseline climate are found in India, the United States, Pakistan, Iran and China. India is projected to experience the most important increase in water gaps under warming scenarios. In a 1.5°C warmer climate, India will have an additional 11.1 km3/yr water gap. Ganges-Brahmaputra basin imperilled The analysis also looked at water gap trends in major hydrological basins. Under baseline climate conditions, the largest water gaps are found in the Ganges-Brahmaputra, Sabarmati, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus and Nile River basins. Under 1.5°C warming conditions, water gaps are expected to increase the most in the Ganges-Brahmaputra, Godavari and Mississippi-Missouri river basins, while water gaps are expected to decrease in the Sabarmati, Columbia and northwestern United States and Nile basins. In a 3°C warmer climate, the Ganges-Brahmaputra basin still presents the largest water gap increase compared to baseline conditions, followed by the Indus, Mississippi-Missouri, China Coast, Godavari and Tigris-Euphrates basins. Source: Down To Earth SOIL HEALTH CARD SCHEME Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Soil Health Card Scheme completes 10 years. Background: – The Soil Health Card Scheme was introduced by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on 19th February, 2015 at Suratgarh, Rajasthan. Key takeaways The Soil Health Card (SHC) Scheme is a flagship initiative aimed at promoting sustainable agriculture and enhancing farm productivity. The scheme provides farmers with detailed assessments of their soil’s health, enabling them to make informed decisions regarding nutrient management and crop selection. Key Objectives: Assess Soil Health: Provide farmers with comprehensive information on the nutrient status of their soil. Promote Balanced Fertilization: Encourage the judicious use of fertilizers based on specific soil requirements, thereby reducing input costs and preventing soil degradation. Enhance Crop Productivity: Improve crop yields by recommending appropriate soil amendments and cultivation practices. Features of the Soil Health Card: Parameters Analyzed: Each SHC evaluates 12 soil parameters, including: Macronutrients: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S) Micronutrients: Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Boron (Bo) Other Indicators: pH (acidity or alkalinity), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Organic Carbon (OC) Recommendations Provided: Based on the analysis, the SHC offers tailored advice on: Optimal fertilizer types and dosages Necessary soil amendments Suitable crop choices Implementation and Technological Advancements: Sample Collection: Soil samples are typically collected twice a year, post-harvest of Rabi and Kharif crops, ensuring accurate assessments when fields are fallow. The Guideline of Village Level Soil Testing Labs (VLSTLs) was issued in June 2023. VLSTLs can be set up by individual entrepreneurs i.e. rural youth and community based entrepreneurs, including Self Help Groups (SHGs), Schools, Agriculture Universities etc. Digital Integration: In 2023, the SHC portal was revamped and integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. This enhancement allows for: Geo-referencing of soil samples Real-time access to soil health data Generation of QR codes linking samples to test results Mobile Application: A robust SHC mobile app has been developed, featuring: Automated location tagging during sample collection User-friendly interfaces for farmers to access their soil health information Graphical representations of soil data Source: PIB CASPIAN PIPELINE CONSORTIUM (CPC) Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Oil flows through the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) were reduced by 30-40% after a Ukrainian drone attack on a pumping station. Background: – The attack, which caused no casualties, took place on the eve of talks between the U.S. and Russian officials on ending the war in Ukraine. Following the meeting, from which Kyiv was excluded, Donald Trump’s administration said it had agreed to hold more talks. Key takeaways The Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) is a significant international oil transportation project involving Russia, Kazakhstan, and leading global oil companies. Established to construct and operate a 1,510-kilometer pipeline, the CPC facilitates the movement of crude oil from Kazakhstan’s Tengiz oil field to the Novorossiysk Marine Terminal on Russia’s Black Sea coast. Key Features of the CPC: Route and Capacity: The pipeline transports oil from western Kazakhstan through Russian territory to the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk. As of 2022, it handled approximately 1.2 million barrels per day, accounting for about 1.2% of global oil demand. Shareholders: The consortium’s major stakeholders include Transneft (24%), KazMunayGas (19%), Chevron Caspian Pipeline Consortium Co. (15%), and LUKARCO B.V. (12.5%), among others. Strategic Importance: The CPC pipeline is crucial for exporting oil from Kazakhstan’s significant fields, such as Kashagan and Karachaganak, providing a reliable route to international markets. Source: Reuters Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements regarding India-Qatar relations is correct? (a) Qatar is India’s second-largest supplier of LNG after Saudi Arabia. (b) India and Qatar have elevated their ties to a strategic partnership in 2024. (c) The Indian population in Qatar constitutes less than 10% of its total population. (d) India has no defence cooperation with Qatar. Q2.) Which of the following are key objectives of the Soil Health Card (SHC) Scheme launched by the Government of India? To provide farmers with soil test-based recommendations for nutrients and fertilizers. To increase chemical fertilizer consumption for higher crop productivity. To promote balanced use of fertilizers and reduce input costs. To assess soil quality every 10 years. Select the correct answer using the code below: (a) 1, 2, and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 3, and 4 only Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC): The CPC pipeline transports crude oil from Kazakhstan to the Baltic Sea for export. Russia and Kazakhstan are the key stakeholders in the CPC. The pipeline is strategically important for the transportation of oil from Kazakhstan’s Tengiz oil field. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 3 only Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 19th February – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – d Q.2) – c Q.3) – a

Feb 19, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 19th February 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) DEPOSIT INSURANCE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The government is considering increasing the insurance cover for bank deposits from the current limit of Rs 5 lakh. Background: – Deposit insurance was introduced in India in 1962, and coverage has thus far been enhanced six times – from Rs 1,500 per depositor held in the same right and same capacity at all the branches of the insured bank to Rs 5 lakh now. Key takeaways The deposit insurance cover is offered by the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC), a specialised division of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The objective of the DICGC is to protect “small depositors” from the risk of losing their savings in case of a bank failure. The insurance cover of Rs 5 lakh per depositor is for all accounts held by the depositor in all branches of the insured bank. DICGC insures all commercial banks, including branches of foreign banks functioning in India, local area banks, regional rural banks, and cooperative banks. However, primary co-operative societies are not insured by the DICGC. Savings, fixed, current, and recurring deposits are insured. The DICGC does not provide insurance for deposits by foreign, central, and state governments, and for inter-bank deposits. The premium for deposit insurance is borne by the insured bank. DICGC collects premiums from member financial institutions at a flat or differentiated rate based on the bank’s risk profile. How does the limit for DICGC’s insurance coverage work? In 2021, a new Section 18A was inserted in the DICGC Act, 1961, which enabled depositors to get interim payment and time-bound access to their deposits to the extent of the deposit insurance cover through interim payments by DICGC, in case of imposition of restrictions on banks by the RBI. At present, the DICGC offers insurance cover on bank deposits up to Rs 5 lakh within 90 days of imposition of such restrictions. Since the DICGC insures both the principal and interest amount held by a depositor in a bank, this is how the cover works: Say, a depositor has Rs 4,99,800 in her account, which includes the principal amount of Rs 4,90,000 and Rs 9,800 as interest accrued on it. In this case, the DICGC will provide insurance for Rs 4,99,800, which essentially means the depositors will get Rs 4,99,800 if their bank fails However, if the principal amount is Rs 5,00,000 (or more), and the interest accrued is Rs 10,000, the interest accrued will not be covered, as the depositor would have exhausted the cover limit of Rs 5 lakh. If the bank goes into liquidation, DICGC is liable to pay to the liquidator the claim amount of each depositor up to Rs 5 lakh within two months from the date of receipt of the claim list from the liquidator. The liquidator will have to disburse the right claim amount to each insured depositor. Source: Indian Express INTERNATIONAL THERMONUCLEAR EXPERIMENTAL REACTOR (ITER) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on his visit to France to attend an AI summit, also toured the ambitious International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) in Cadarache, accompanied by French President Emmanuel Macron. Background: – Prime Minister Modi’s visit to the ITER facility marks the first time that a Head of State or Head of Government has visited ITER. Key takeaways ITER is an international collaborative project aimed at building the world’s largest magnetic fusion device, designed to prove the feasibility of fusion as a large-scale and carbon-free source of energy. Presently, as many as 33 nations, including India, are collaborating on ITER project. Seven ITER members — China, India, European Union, Japan, Korea, Russia and United States — have been making joint efforts for decades to build and operate the ITER experimental device. ITER is currently under construction in the south of France. According to its current timeline, it is expected to begin deuterium-tritium fusion reactions by 2039, producing 500 MW of fusion power. ITER would not be converting the output heat energy into electricity. But its success is expected to pave the way for other machines to start using fusion energy as a regular source of electricity generation. According to the ITER website, the primary task of ITER is to investigate and demonstrate burning plasmas — “plasmas in which the energy of the helium nuclei produced by the fusion reactions is enough to maintain the temperature of the plasma, thereby reducing or eliminating the need for external heating”. Source: Indian Express EARTHQUAKES IN DELHI Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: Delhi frequently experiences earthquakes, often originating from distant regions. However, the magnitude 4 earthquake that struck before dawn on Monday was distinct, as its epicenter was within Delhi itself, near Dhaula Kuan. Background: Magnitude 4 earthquakes are not very strong, and do not result in much damage. Key takeaways Delhi lies in a seismically active area. India’s official earthquake hazard map puts Delhi in Zone 4, the second highest classification of areas based on their susceptibility to shaking experienced during an earthquake. Zone 4 in India includes areas that are expected to experience MSK-8-level intensity during an earthquake. The MSK, or Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik scale is a measure of intensity, rather than strength, or energy released, which is described by magnitude. Simply put, the MSK scale measures the susceptibility of an area to an earthquake. Based on the local geology and other factors, two places can feel, and be impacted by, a quake very differently, even if they are equidistant from its epicentre. Delhi falls in a region that has high susceptibility to quakes. MSK-8 means the area is vulnerable to major damage being caused to buildings and other infrastructure. Zone 5, the most vulnerable areas in India, correspond to MSK-9 levels of intensity or higher. Aravalli-Delhi Fold Belt Delhi lies in what is known as the Aravalli-Delhi Fold Belt, a seismically-active geological belt extending from southern and eastern Rajasthan to Haryana and Delhi. This region is characterised by the presence of deformed layers of rock that have been folded or bent due to geological processes hundreds of millions of years ago. These deformities have created stress which is sometimes released in the form of earthquakes. This is a very different mechanism from the one that triggers earthquakes in the Himalayan region. The Himalayan region has been witnessing the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian plate — one pushing against the other — which results in a lot of stress building up. The Aravalli-Delhi Fold Belt was much more seismically active in the past than it is now. Over the years, the tectonic activity in the region has slowed down considerably, leading to greater geological stability. But some faults still remain, which give rise to occasional mild earthquakes. Source: Indian Express BIANNUAL TRANSPARENCY REPORT (BTR) Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: India is in the final stages of preparing its first ever Biannual Transparency Report (BTR), part of its commitment as a signatory to the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change. Background: – The Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) is a reporting mechanism established under the Paris Agreement’s Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF). Key takeaways The report will be India’s official position on its greenhouse gas emissions inventory, key sectors and sources, and steps taken to improve energy efficiency use, as well as the transition to renewable energy sources and the availability of required resources. While India has been periodically submitting such information in the form of ‘national communications’ and ‘Biannual Update Reports’ (BUR), the BTR is a document that will be subject to technical review by independent, non-Indian, UNFCCC-accredited experts. The reports are part of the commitment made by all signatories at the UNFCCC’s 21st Conference of Parties (COP), held in Paris in 2015, in a bid to increase transparency. However, it was only at the 2024 COP in Baku that countries actually began submitting BTRs that adhered to the prescribed format. While all countries were to have submitted their BTRs by December 2024, several — including India — failed to meet that deadline. Key Components of the BTR: National Inventory Report (NIR): An account of greenhouse gas emissions and removals. Progress on Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Updates on efforts and achievements related to emission reduction targets. Policies and Measures: Descriptions of strategies implemented to mitigate climate change. Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: Information on observed impacts and adaptation actions. Support Provided and Received: Details on financial, technological, and capacity-building assistance. Capacity-Building Needs and Areas for Improvement: Identification of areas requiring enhancement to effectively combat climate change. UNFCCC Source: The Hindu PRADHAN MANTRI ANNADATA AAY SANRAKSHAN ABHIYAN (PM-AASHA) SCHEME Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Government of India approved the continuation of the integrated Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) Scheme during the 15th Finance Commission Cycle up to 2025-26. Background: – The scheme aims to strengthen the procurement mechanism in coordination with state governments, thereby safeguarding farmers’ income and stabilizing the agricultural market. Key takeaways The Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) is an umbrella scheme launched by the Government of India in 2018 to ensure remunerative prices for farmers’ produce. Key Components of PM-AASHA:- Price Support Scheme (PSS): Objective: Procurement of notified pulses, oilseeds, and copra directly from farmers at Minimum Support Prices (MSP) when market prices fall below MSP. Implementation: Central Nodal Agencies (CNAs) like the National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED) undertake procurement in collaboration with state-level agencies. Procurement Limit: From the 2024-25 season onwards, procurement is set at 25% of the national production for the notified crops. However, for Tur (Arhar), Urad, and Masur, 100% procurement is allowed for the 2024-25 season to encourage domestic production and reduce import dependence. Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS): Objective: To compensate farmers for the difference between the MSP and the actual selling price of oilseeds, without physical procurement. Implementation: Farmers receive direct payments of the price difference, with the central government bearing up to 15% of the MSP as compensation. Coverage Expansion: The scheme’s coverage has been enhanced from 25% to 40% of the state’s oilseed production, and the implementation period extended from 3 to 4 months to benefit more farmers. Pilot of Private Procurement & Stockist Scheme (PPPS): Objective: To involve the private sector in the procurement of oilseeds on a pilot basis in selected districts. Implementation: Private agencies procure oilseeds at MSP in designated markets during the notified period, aiming to increase efficiency and reduce the burden on public procurement systems. Source: PIB Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements regarding earthquakes in Delhi is/are correct? Delhi falls under Seismic Zone 5, the most earthquake-prone classification in India. The recent magnitude 4 earthquake in Delhi had its epicenter within the city, near Dhaula Kuan. The Aravalli-Delhi Fold Belt is a major seismically active zone due to the continuous subduction of tectonic plates. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1, 2, and 3 (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 2 only Q2.) Which of the following statements about the Biannual Transparency Report (BTR) is/are correct? The BTR is a part of the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) under the Paris Agreement. India has been submitting BTRs since 2015 as part of its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The BTR includes details on greenhouse gas emissions, climate change mitigation measures, and financial support received for climate action. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding the PM-AASHA scheme: The scheme includes a Price Support Scheme (PSS) under which oilseeds and pulses are procured directly from farmers at Minimum Support Prices (MSP). The Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS) under PM-AASHA provides direct compensation to farmers without physical procurement of crops. The Pilot of Private Procurement & Stockist Scheme (PPPS) allows private players to procure wheat and rice at MSP to reduce government procurement burden. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 18th February – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – c Q.2) – a Q.3) – a

Feb 19, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 19th February 2025

Feb 18, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 18th February 2025

Feb 18, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 18th February 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) TAIWAN Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY, WORLD HISTORY, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: The U.S. State Department’s Taiwan page removed a previous statement about not supporting Taiwan’s independence last week. Background: – The United States has no formal diplomatic ties with Taiwan but is its strongest international backer. About Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (RoC), is situated in the western Pacific Ocean and is separated from mainland China by the Taiwan Strait. Taiwan is neighbored by Japan to the northeast, the Philippines to the south, and mainland China to the west. The East China Sea lies to the north of the island, the Philippine Sea to the east, the Luzon Strait directly to the south, and the South China Sea to the southwest. Taiwan is prone to earthquakes as it lies along the Pacific “Ring of Fire” — where 90% of the world’s earthquakes take place. History of Taiwan Taiwan was briefly controlled by the Dutch and Spanish in the 1600s. In 1684, the Qing dynasty incorporated Taiwan as part of Fujian province and later declared it a separate Chinese province in 1885. Following the Qing’s defeat in a war with Japan, it became a Japanese colony in 1895. In 1945, it was handed over to the Republic of China government at the end of World War Two. In 1949 after being defeated by Mao Zedong’s communist forces, the Republic of China government fled and moved its capital to Taiwan, and Republic of China remains the island’s formal name. Mao set up the People’s Republic of China, and claimed it was the only legitimate Chinese government for the whole of China, including Taiwan, as the Republic of China’s successor state. For decades, the Republic of China (ROC) based in Taipei claimed to be the legitimate government of China. However, in 1971, it was expelled from the United Nations in favor of the Beijing government. However, Taiwan is a region where the people elect their own leaders, and it has a defined territory governed by its own military, passport, and currency. As a result, Taiwan functions with de facto independence, even though most countries do not formally recognize it as such. Currently, only 12 countries maintain formal diplomatic ties with Taipei, most of which are small and developing nations. Most major Western countries, along with U.S. allies, maintain close unofficial relations with Taiwan by recognizing its passport and having de facto embassies in each other’s capitals. India does not have formal diplomatic ties with Taiwan yet. India has an office in Taipei for diplomatic functions — India-Taipei Association (ITA) is headed by a senior diplomat. Taiwan has the Taipei Economic and Cultural Center (TECC) in New Delhi. Both were established in 1995. Source: Indian Express ARAVALI SAFARI PARK Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT Context: The Haryana government’s ambitious 3,858 hectare Aravali safari park project spread across Gurugram and Nuh is envisaged to be the world’s largest safari park. However, the project has faced stiff opposition ever since it was first mooted. Background: – A group of 37 retired Indian Forest Service officers have written a letter to Prime Minister seeking to scrap the project arguing that the project’s aim is to simply increase tourist footfall and not conserve the mountain range. Key takeaways The hills in the southern districts of Gurugram and Nuh are a part of Aravali, the oldest fold mountain range in the world. Aravali runs diagonally across Rajasthan extending from Champaner in Gujarat in the southwest to near Delhi in the northeast for about 690 km. It is ecologically significant as it combats desertification by checking the spread of the Thar Desert towards eastern Rajasthan, and performs the role of an aquifer with its highly fractured and weathered quality rocks allowing water to percolate and recharge the groundwater. What are the laws protecting Aravali? Of the approximately 80,000 hectare Aravali hill area in Haryana, a majority is protected under various laws and by orders of the Supreme Court and NGT. The most widespread protection to the Aravalis comes from the Punjab Land Preservation Act (PLPA), 1900. The Special Sections 4 and 5 of the Act restrict the breaking of land and hence deforestation in hills for non-agricultural use. Recently around 24,000 hectares has been notified as Protected Forest under the Indian Forest Act, as a proposed offset to forest land diversion in the Nicobar islands. Similarly, the T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad judgment (1996) extends legal protection to forests as per dictionary meaning — which should cover the remaining Aravali areas that are not notified as forest. The Regional Plan-2021 for the National Capital Region also offers crucial protection, designating the Aravalis and forest areas as ‘Natural Conservation Zone’ and restricting the maximum construction limit to 0.5%. Source: The Hindu EXPERIMENTAL ADVANCED SUPERCONDUCTING TOKAMAK (EAST) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, Chinese scientists reported that they were able to maintain a plasma at a temperature of 100 million degrees C for about 1,066 seconds in a nuclear fusion reactor called the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). Background: Nuclear fission produces harmful radioactive waste whereas nuclear fusion doesn’t. This is why developing a nuclear fusion reactor has become an important technological goal for the world. Challenges of nuclear fusion The tritium problem The problem is the amount of energy required to start and sustain a fusion reaction. The lightest nucleus in nature is of hydrogen, consisting of a single proton. An isotope of hydrogen called deuterium has one proton and one neutron in its nucleus. The nucleus of another isotope called tritium has one proton and two neutrons. Deuterium-deuterium fusion requires a higher temperature to begin than deuterium-tritium fusion. This is because the extra neutron in the tritium nucleus helps overcome the repulsion of like-charges between the protons. The fusion of a deuterium and a tritium nucleus creates a non-radioactive helium-4 nucleus, a neutron, and 17.6 MeV of energy, which is significant. While deuterium is abundant in seawater, there are no natural deposits of tritium and it is very hard to produce. At present it is mostly created as a by-product in heavy-water fission reactors in Canada, India, and South Korea. The temperature problem For two nuclei to fuse, two things need to happen: the like-charges in the nuclei (due to the protons) need to be overcome, then the particles need to come within around 1 femtometre (fm) of each other so they can bond with each other using the strong nuclear force. This force is the strongest fundamental force in nature and is responsible for keeping protons and neutrons together in the nuclei of atoms. But on the flip side, it only acts across very short distances. This is why the nuclei need to be heated to such high temperatures: to give them enough energy to overcome their repulsion and get so close to each other. There are different reactor designs to achieve nuclear fusion by meeting these conditions. One set of designs involves the use of a tokamak — a donut-shaped vessel where the nuclei are confined, like in a cage, and made to fuse. Importance of EAST At present, EAST isn’t producing electricity. It is yet to reach a milestone called ignition: meaning it doesn’t produce enough heat for more fusion reactions to occur, a.k.a. become self-sustaining. EAST is a testbed reactor for ITER, an international megaproject in which six countries around the world, including India, and the European Union are working together to build a tokamak that will sustain nuclear fusion that releases more energy than that required to sustain the plasma. Crucially, EAST’s successes are important for ITER’s future because the latter has come under criticism for its delayed timelines and cost overruns. ITER has been called the most expensive science experiment in history. Source: The Hindu RAMAKRISHNA PARAMAHMSA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – HISTORY, ETHICS Context: February 18, 2025, marks the 189th birth anniversary of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, the revered 19th-century saint. Background: – Born as Gadadhar Chattopadhyay on February 18, 1836, Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa was one of the world’s most significant religious figures. Key takeaways Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836–1886) was born in Kamarpukur, West Bengal. He underwent profound mystical experiences that led him to explore various religious practices, including Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity. Priest at Dakshineswar Kali Temple: At the age of 20, Ramakrishna became the priest of the Dakshineswar Kali Temple near Kolkata, where he began his intense spiritual practices. Devotion to Goddess Kali: He developed an intense devotion to Goddess Kali, whom he regarded as the Divine Mother. His spiritual practices often involved deep meditation and communion with the Divine. Core Teachings and Impact: Oneness of God: Ramakrishna emphasized that all religions lead to the same ultimate truth, and God can be realized through any sincere spiritual path. Divine Motherhood: He often spoke of God as the Divine Mother, emphasizing love, compassion, and devotion. Renunciation and Detachment: He advocated for detachment from material desires and the importance of leading a simple, spiritual life. Service to Humanity: Ramakrishna believed that serving humanity is a form of worship, as God resides in all beings. Harmony of Religions: His famous saying, “As many faiths, so many paths,” highlights his belief in the unity of all religions. Spiritual Realization Over Rituals: Emphasizing personal, direct experience of the divine, he challenged the orthodox practices of his time, advocating for a more experiential and inclusive spirituality. Historical and Cultural Relevance: Indian Renaissance: His ideas contributed significantly to the 19th-century spiritual and cultural revival in India. By promoting the intrinsic value of Indian spiritual traditions, he played a role in countering the colonial narrative that often undermined indigenous culture. Influence on Modern Thought: His teachings laid the groundwork for later reforms in social and religious spheres. Most notably, his disciple Swami Vivekananda carried forward his message, establishing the Ramakrishna Mission and introducing Indian philosophy to the Western world. Source: News18 PROJECT WATERWORTH Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Meta announced its most ambitious subsea cable endeavour ever – Project Waterworth. Background: – The project will be a multi-billion dollar, multi-year investment to strengthen the scale and reliability of the world’s digital highways. Key takeaways Project Waterworth is an ambitious initiative by Meta to build the world’s longest undersea cable system, spanning over 50,000 kilometers—exceeding Earth’s circumference. The initiative will bring industry-leading connectivity to the US, India, Brazil, South Africa, and other key regions. The cable would be the longest to date that uses a 24 fibre-pair system, giving it a higher capacity, and would help support its AI projects, according to Meta, which owns Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp. Meta said it would lay its cable system up to 7,000 metres deep and use enhanced burial techniques in high-risk fault areas, such as shallow waters near the coast, to avoid damage from ship anchors and other hazards. Project Waterworth, by leveraging advanced machine learning models, aims to predict and mitigate potential disruptions, enhancing the resilience of subsea networks. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) and nuclear fusion: It is a nuclear fusion reactor designed to generate electricity. EAST aims to achieve self-sustaining nuclear fusion, also known as ignition. Nuclear fission produces harmful radioactive waste whereas nuclear fusion doesn’t. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) With reference to Project Waterworth, consider the following statements: It is a multi-billion-dollar initiative by Meta to build the world’s longest undersea cable system. The project aims to support artificial intelligence (AI) infrastructure by enhancing global connectivity. The cable system will exclusively connect North America and Europe. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) With reference to Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, consider the following statements: He was born in Tamil Nadu. He served as a priest at the Dakshineswar Kali Temple near Kolkata. He emphasized the harmony of religions and believed that all faiths lead to the same ultimate truth. Swami Dayananda Saraswati was his most prominent disciple who spread his teachings worldwide. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 2, and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3, and 4 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 17th February – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – a Q.2) – c Q.3) – d

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