DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 30th December 2022
Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Dhanu Yatra Open in new window Syllabus Prelims – Art and Culture Context: The ‘Dhanu Yatra’ festival, the largest open-air theatre festival began after a gap of two years, at Bargarh in the state of Odisha. About Dhanu Yatra: It came into existence in Bargarh in 1947-48 as part of celebrating country’s Independence. It is held annually for 7-11 days. It is performed at the end of the harvesting of paddy which is the major crop of the region. The plays in the festival starts with dethroning of Emperor Ugrasen of Mathura by Kansa over the marriage of his sister Devaki with Vasudev. It concludes with the death of demon king Kansa and restoration of the throne to Ugrasen. Bargarh becomes King Kansa’s Mathura, and Amapali becomes Gopapura, where Lord Krishna have spent his childhood. Apparently, the jeera river represents the Yamuna during the famed Dhanu Yatra celebration when the entire Bargarh municipal limits, spread over 5 sq km, turns into a stage and every citizen plays a role. The river was once considered the lifeline of Bargarh. Source: NewsOnAir Previous Year Questions Q.1) Which one of the following statements is correct? (2021) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of the Waghora river. Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of the Chambal river. Pandu – lena cave shrines lie in the gorge of the Narmada river. Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of the Godavari river. Srisailam Temple Open in new window Syllabus Prelims – History and Art and Culture Context: Recently, President of India has inaugurated the project development of Srisailam Temple in the State of Andhra Pradesh. About the Temple: It is also known as Bhramaramba Mallikarjuna Temple. It is situated in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. The temple is located on the top of the Nallamala hills and on the banks of River Krishna. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva and his consort Goddess Parvati. It is the only temple in India significant to both Saivism and Shaktism. The presiding deity of the place is Goddess Brahmaramba devi and Lord Mallikarjuna Swamy in natural stone formations in the shape of Lingam. The idol of deities is thought to be ‘Swayambhu’ or self-manifested. It is considered as one of the 12 Jyotirlingas of Lord Shiva and one of the 18 Maha Shakti Peethas of the Goddess, Parvati. History of Srisailam Temple: Mention of Srisailam Temple is present in Nasik inscription of the Satavahana King Vasisthiputra Pulumavi in the 1st century AD. Reddy kings- Prolay Vemma and Anavema Reddy constructed pathways and Mandaps in the temple. The modern additions to the temple were made during the reign of Harihara I of the Vijayanagara Empire. Architecture of Mallikarjun Temple: The temple is built in the Dravidian style. It has lofty towers and sprawling courtyards. Temple of Tripurantakam, Siddavatam, Alampura and Umamaheswaram are located in vicinity of Mallikarjuna Jyotirlina as four gateways to Sri Sailam. Source: The Hindu Malik Ahmed and Ahilyabai Holkar Open in new window Syllabus Syllabus Prelims – History Context: Maharashtra Education Minister told the Legislative Council that he has sought a proposal from the district administration to rename the Western Maharashtra city of Ahmednagar as ‘Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Nagar’, after the 18th century Malwa queen, Ahilyabai Holkar. About Ahilyabai Holkar: She was born in Chondi village of Ahmednagar to the village head Mankoji Shinde, 1725, Ahilyabai took control of Malwa after her husband’s death in the Battle of Kumbher against the king of Bharatpur in 1754. During her reign, Malwa was never once attacked. It adds that under Holkar, the city of Maheshwar became a literary, musical, artistic and industrial centre, and she helped establish a textile industry there, which is now home to the famous Maheshwari saris. Restoration of Hindu temples: In 1780, she had the Kashi Vishwanath temple in Varanasi rebuilt, nearly a century after Mughal king Aurangzeb ordered its destruction. Somnath temple was built by Holkar in 1783. Apart from holy sites like Badrinath, Dwarka, Omkareshwari, Gaya, and Rameswaram, Holkar also supported the construction of resting lodges for travellers, and of public ghats. About Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah: In 1486, Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah became the Bahmani Sultanate’s Prime Minister. He defeated the army of the Bahamani kingdom near Ahmednagar in May 1490. In 1494 he laid the foundation of a city close to where he defeated the army, on the left bank of Sina river, and named it after himself it as Ahmednagar. Ahmednagar lies in the Western region of Maharashtra. The Rashtrakuta Dynasty, the Western Chalukyas, and then the Delhi Sultanate ruled over the region in the Medieval period. In the case of Delhi Sultanate, the rule was not direct, and a revolt by Afghan soldier Alladin Hasan Gangu led to the establishment of the Bahmani kingdom in the Deccan. After some time, Ahmednagar (then known as Nizamshahi) became one of the five independent kingdoms to emerge from that empire. Source: Indian Express Previous Year Questions Q.1) In medieval India, the term “Fanam” referred to: (2022) Clothing Coins Ornaments Weapons Q.2) Consider the following pairs: King Dynasty Nannuka Chandela Jayashakti Paramara Nagabhata II Gurjara-Pratihara Bhoja Rashtrakuta How many pairs given above are correctly matched? (2022) Only one pair Only two pairs Only three pairs All four pairs India’s first waste-to-hydrogen project Open in new window Syllabus Prelims – Science and Technology Context: Recently, India is planning to build its first waste-to-hydrogen project in Pune, which will turn waste into fuel. About Waste to Hydrogen plant: Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) and The Green Billions (TGBL) will use waste and convert it into useable green hydrogen. Waste will comprise biodegradable, non-biodegradable and domestic hazardous waste. Waste would be segregated in one place using optical sensor technology. Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) from waste would be utilised to generate hydrogen using plasma gasification technology. RDF is a fuel produced from various types of waste such as municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial waste or commercial waste. Plasma arc gasification is a waste-treatment technology that uses electricity and high temperatures to turn municipal waste into usable by-products without combustion. Waste-to-Energy plants are viable only when the plant can process at least 300 TPD (tons per day). Source: DownToEarth Special Category Status (SCS) Open in new window Syllabus Prelims – Governance Context: Recently, the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh requested the Prime Minister for the grant of Special Category Status (SCS) which, he insisted, was essential to mitigate the impact of bifurcation. About SCS: This concept was first introduced in 1969 when the 5th Finance Commission sought to provide certain disadvantaged states with preferential treatment. This concept was named after Dr Gadgil Mukherjee (the then Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission) and is related to the transfer of assistance to the states by centre under various schemes. After the dissolution of the planning commission and the formation of NITI Aayog, the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission were implemented which meant the discontinuation of the Gadgil formula-based grants. The 14th FC effectively removed the concept of special category status after its recommendations were accepted in 2015. States with special category status (SCS): Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura and Uttarakhand. No constitutional provision for the categorization of any state in India as a ‘special category. However, a wide range of provisions are available to as many as 10 states that have been listed under Articles 371, 371-A to 371-H, and 371-J. National Development Council: NDC composed of the prime minister, union ministers, chief ministers and members of the planning commission, who guide and review the work of the commission will grant the SCS to states. Criteria for special category status: Hilly and difficult terrain Low population density or sizeable share of tribal population Strategic location along borders with neighbouring countries Economic and infrastructural backwardness Non-viable nature of state finances Source: The Hindu Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Open in new window Syllabus Prelims – Modern History In News: The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi has paid tributes to Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji on the sacred occasion of Parkash Purab of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji: Guru Gobind Singh Ji was (January 5, 1671 – 21 October, 1708) born “Gobind Rai” at Patna Sahib, Bihar, India He was the tenth and last of the Gurus of Sikhism. He became Guru at the age of nine, following the martyrdom of his father, the ninth Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji (killed by Aurangzeb). Contributions He was a divine messenger, a warrior, a poet, and a philosopher He moulded the Sikh religion into its present shape with the institution of the Khalsa fraternity in 1699 He completed the Guru Granth Sahib Ji, in the final form that we find today. Before leaving his mortal body, Guru Gobind Singh decreed the Guru Granth Sahib Ji as the next and perpetual Guru of the Sikhs. He is variously revered as Sarbans Dani (the merciful donor, who sacrificed his all), Mard Agamra (man without any parallels), Shah-e-Shahenshah (emperor of emperors), Bar do Alam Shah (ruler of both worlds), amongst others. He was a linguist familiar with Persian, Arabic, and Sanskrit as well as his native Punjabi. He further codified Sikh law, wrote martial poetry and music, and was the reputed author of the Sikh work called the Dasam Granth (“Tenth Volume”) The autobiography of Guru Gobind Singh is called Vichitra Katha Veer Bal Diwas is celebrated to smark the martyrdom of sons of Sri Guru Gobind Singh – Sahibzadas Baba Zorawar Singh Ji and Baba Fateh Singh Ji MUST READ veer-bal-diwas Source: PIB Previous Year Question Q.1 ) Consider the following Bhakti Saints: (2013) Dadu Dayal Guru Nanak Tyagaraja Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over? 1 and 3 2 only 2 and 3 1 and 2 National Archives of India Open in new window Syllabus Prelims – Current Affairs In News: The National Archives of India (NAI) does not have records of 1962, 1965, and 1971 wars, or even of the Green Revolution. There are in all 151 ministries and departments, and the NAI has only records of 64 agencies – several Union ministries and departments have not shared their records with NAI The NAI holds regular exhibitions such as the display of declassified files on Subhas Chandra Bose in 2016 and the recent exhibition, ‘The Jammu and Kashmir Saga’, commemorating 70 years of Jammu & Kashmir’s accession to India. NAI: The NAI functions under the Ministry of Culture It is the repository of all non-current government records, holding them for the use of administrators and scholars. Originally established as the Imperial Record Department in 1891 in Calcutta, the capital of British India, the NAI is now located in Delhi. It keeps and conserves records of the government and its organisations only, and does not receive classified documents. The holdings in NAI are in a regular series starting from the year 1748, and the languages of the records include English, Arabic, Hindi, Persian, Sanskrit and Urdu. Lately, NAI has also made efforts to make available all the records digitally — on the newly created Abhilekh Patal portal. However, five years later, only 1,27,136 records available for online access. How it receives documents: As per the Public Records Act, 1993, various central ministries and departments are supposed to transfer records more than 25 years old to the NAI, unless they pertain to classified information. However, it is up to the respective ministries and departments to ascertain what is classified information, and that is where subjective opinions may kick in. Various ministries and administrations come up with their own definitions of what is classified and what is non-current. Recent developments: In 2021, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh had ordered his ministry to declassify and transfer pertinent war records older than 25 years to the archives. In 2022 alone, 20,000 files that go up to the year 1960 have been transferred. From the time of the Independence till early 2022, the Defence Ministry had sent merely 476 files to NAI. Source: Indian express Amrit Bharat Station Scheme for Indian Railways Open in new window Syllabus Prelims – Governance Aim: The scheme aims at preparation of Master Plans of the Railway stations and implementation of the Master Plan in phases to enhance the facilities including and beyond the Minimum Essential Amenities (MEA) and aiming for creation of Roof Plazas and city centres at the station in long run. Meet the needs of the stakeholders, station usage studies and inter-se priority. Introduction of new amenities as well as upgradation and replacement of existing amenities. This scheme will also cover the stations where detailed techno-economic feasibility studies have been conducted. The scheme: Formulated by Ministry of Railways It is a new policy for modernization of stations named “Amrit Bharat Station” scheme. Amrit Bharat Station scheme envisages development of stations on a continuous basis with a long term vision. Scope of work: The scheme aims to relocate redundant/old buildings in a cost efficient manner Provide good cafeteria/retail facilities Space shall also be created for Executive Lounges and places for small business meetings. Elements of landscaping, green patches and local art and culture should be used High level platforms(760-840 mm) shall be provided at all categories of stations. Ballast less tracks would be provided on platform lines and lines with train maintenance facilities. Drainage of platform areas is of utmost importance. Provisions may be made such that station provides free WIFI access to its users. Ceremonial flags may be provided at appropriate space in the station. Enough toilets shall be provided at all categories of stations with separate provisions for women and Divyangjan Gradual shift to sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions as per availability of funds and condition of existing assets. Source: PIB The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) Open in new window Syllabus Prelims – Economy In News: The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has today issued its recommendations on “Renewal of Multi-System Operators (MSOs) Registration”. Aim: to regulate telecom services, including fixation/revision of tariffs for telecom services which were earlier vested in the Central Government. to create and nurture conditions for growth of telecommunications in the country in a manner and at a pace which will enable India to play a leading role in emerging global information society. to provide a fair and transparent policy environment which promotes a level playing field and facilitates fair competition. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) It is a statutory body, established in 1997 by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997 It is headed by a chairman and not more than two full-time members and not more than two part-time members. TRAI is administered through a secretariat headed by a secretary. It comes under Ministry of Communications and Broadcasting. The TRAI Act was amended by an ordinance, effective from 24 January 2000, establishing a Telecommunications Dispute Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) to take over the adjudicatory and disputes functions from TRAI. TDSAT was set up to adjudicate any dispute between a licensor and a licensee, between two or more service providers, between a service provider and a group of consumers, and to hear and dispose of appeals against any direction, decision or order of TRAI. TRAI has brought out Mycall app, MySpeed app and Do not disturb (DND 2.0) apps to ensure that there is transparency between what consumers are paying for and what telecom operators are promising to provide at a certain rate. Source PIB Previous Year Question Q.1) With reference to National Legal Services Authority, consider the following statements: (2011) Its objective is to provide free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of the society on the basis of equal opportunity. It issues guidelines for the State Legal Services Authorities to implement the legal programmes and schemes throughout the country. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither I nor 2 India’s Blue Carbon Potential Open in new window Syllabus Mains – GS 2 (Governance) and GS 3 (Economy) Context: Environmental Experts suggested that India must adopt blue-carbon solutions if it intends to emerge as a global climate leader. India’s commitment to its 2070 net-zero target entails that it must explore all blue carbon interventions to their fullest. About Blue Carbon: The term “blue carbon” refers to the carbon stored in coastal and marine ecosystems. The so-called blue carbon ecosystems – mangroves, tidal and salt marshes, and seagrasses – are highly productive coastal ecosystems that are particularly important for their capacity to store carbon within the plants and in the sediments below. Scientific assessments show that they can sequester two to four times more carbon than terrestrial forests and are thereby considered a key component of nature-based solutions to climate change. Significance of Blue Carbon in mitigating climate change: Large 7,500+ kilometers-long coastline: India could presently have about 5,000 sq. km of mangroves, 500 sq. km of seagrasses, and around 300 to 1400 sq. km of salt marshes. They cumulatively add up to about 0.5 percent of the country’s total area. Despite their small area, these coastal systems can sequester carbon considerably faster and for millions of years. Mangroves, seagrasses and salt marshes can capture carbon dioxide (CO2) up to 20 times greater than any other terrestrial ecosystem, including boreal and tropical forests. Coastal ecosystem’s total carbon sequestration potential has been estimated at around 700 million tons of CO2 about 22 percent of India’s annual carbon emission. Coastal ecosystems provide many climate adaptation benefits: Provide protection from hurricanes and sea-level rise. Prevent shoreline erosion. Regulate coastal water quality. Also offer several ecosystem services such as food security, livelihoods (small-scale fisheries), and biodiversity. Challenges in utilization of India’s blue carbon potential: The ‘Nature’ journal mentions India as a ‘blue carbon wealth recipient country’ instead of a blue carbon ‘donor’ Journal suggests an underutilisation of blue carbon resources in India. Coastal ecosystems erosion due to : Extreme weather events High rate of urbanization Conversion of land into agriculture and aquaculture India’s ‘Long-Term Low-Carbon Development Strategy’ document submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is not focusing on blue carbon opportunity. The absence of a clear pathway for the restoration of blue carbon storage assets can be a major source of carbon emissions in the future. Suggestive measures for India to harness the blue carbon resource significantly: Establish National Institute for Blue-carbon: The Government of India so far relied only on homogenous literature on blue carbon, often by very few subject matter experts. Need is to create, compile, and formalize these databases towards institutionalizing blue carbon work stream. India must bring about a ‘sea change’ in its understanding of its coastal ecosystems as a strategic carbon sequestration reserve. Need of proper strategy: Currently, lack of focus on blue carbon in India’s low-carbon strategy. India must bring about a ‘sea change’ in its understanding of its coastal ecosystems as a strategic carbon sequestration reserve. India has turned a blind eye toward blue carbon possibilities. India’s previous activities under its afforestation and reforestation initiatives include only minor aspects of the restoration and rejuvenation of coastal ecosystems. Learn from other successful initiatives : India must learn from specialised peer organisations like the National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE), National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE), National Institute of Bioenergy (NIBE)to set up an organization for the blue-carbon sector. India needs human resource skilling activities: Incubate start-ups. Promote innovation clusters that prevent the degradation of coastal ecosystems. Promote initiatives that retain soil nutrition and conserve indigenous biodiversity and also respecting cultures and aspirations of local communities. New institute can collaborate closely with the Indian Meteorological Department, National Institute of Oceanography, National Botanical Research Institute and IIT Bombay’s National Centre of Excellence in Carbon Capture and Utilization to fulfill the necessary conditions needed to catalyse this sector. Need to promote the establishment of requisite standards, codes, and peer-review frameworks for assessing blue carbon solutions. Need for India International collaboration: Due to its geostrategic location, India can be a leading beacon to synchronize cross-functional and cross-continental efforts in the blue carbon space. India can forge meaningful consensus across bilateral and multilateral forums. India must actively participate in platforms like the Blue Carbon Initiative, International Partnership for Blue Carbon, and various upcoming projects related to nurturing blue forests in the Indian ocean. India’s recent support of the French-led ‘High Ambition Coalition on Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction’ and its participation in the ‘One Ocean Summit’ are early steps in the right direction. India can also support Small Island Developing States (SIDS) on their vast blue carbon resources. Way Forward: There is a need for National mission on Blue Carbon with the following objectives: Mission can define the phase-wise strategies for value-chain development for acquiring knowledge, manpower, money, and materials that can stimulate the country’s collective efforts. Mission can identify the potential demand generation actions like blue carbon obligations while pushing to put in place the key enablers for domestic and international players in this space. To streamline the technological developments with financial and policy interventions in the blue-carbon sector. Mission can decide national targets for relevant sectors that contribute towards the development of a blue-carbon ecosystem. Mission can be instrumental in setting up a robust carbon market in the country. Mission can launch pilot projects with the private sector/NGOs/Think Tanks while ensuring appropriate monitoring, compliance, and risk-mitigation guidelines. Source: Observer Research Foundation Plastic Waste management Open in new window Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Environment Context: An audit by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India was conducted for 2020-21, which included Central Public Sector Enterprises of Scientific and environmental ministries/departments. It aimed to assess the effectiveness and compliance of the provisions of Plastic Waste Management Rules to examine their adequacy in managing plastic waste. It also addressed the risks posed by plastic waste to the environment and health. Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2021 These rules prohibit identified single use plastic items which have low utility and high littering potential by 2022. The manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale and use of single-use plastic, including polystyrene and expanded polystyrene, commodities shall be prohibited. The thickness of plastic carry bags has been increased from 50 microns to 75 microns and to 120 microns with effect from the 31st December, 2022. The plastic packaging waste shall be collected and managed in an environmentally sustainable way through the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) of the Producer, importer and Brand owner. The Central Pollution Control Board, along with state pollution bodies, will monitor the ban, identify violations, and impose penalties already prescribed under the Environmental Protection Act. States/UTs have been requested to constitute a Special Task Force for elimination of single use plastics and effective implementation of the rules. A National Level Taskforce has also been constituted for coordination efforts The MoEF&CC stated to have adopted a three-pronged strategy for effective implementation of the rules behavioural change strengthening of the institutional system for the collection, segregation and recycling of plastic waste engagement with producers, importers and brand owners. Challenges of plastic waste: Millions of tonnes of plastic waste are lost to the environment or sometimes shipped thousands of kilometres to destinations where it is mostly burned or dumped. If incinerated, its toxic compounds are spewed into the atmosphere to be accumulated in biotic forms throughout the surrounding ecosystems. When buried in a landfill, plastic lies untreated for years. In the process, toxic chemicals from plastics drain and seep into groundwater, flowing downstream into lakes and rivers. The seeping of plastic also causes soil pollution due to the presence of microplastics in the soil. Rivers and lakes also carry plastic waste from deep inland to the sea, making them major contributors to ocean pollution. Issues with implementation: The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has mechanisms to assess the generation of plastic waste, but none for its collection and safe disposal. Plastic Waste Management (PWM) Rules, 2016, could not be implemented effectively and efficiently due to a lack of an action plan by the MoEF&CC. The ministry did not have an action plan for the effective implementation of the three-pronged strategy for 2015-20 The ministry is also lacking in effective coordination with pollution control boards. The ministry was also silent about the existence of a policy for plastic waste reduction, reuse and recycling. The preparation of a comprehensive action plan was initiated in May 2021 and is still underway. The stakeholders — the ministry, CPCB, State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) — are not working in tandem to control generation, putting effective system for collection and safe disposal of plastic waste The Plastic Waste Management Rules framed by MoEF&CC lack comprehensiveness to give thrust to effective implementation and monitoring thereof. There is no uniform method for assessment of plastic waste generation within a state. East Delhi Municipal Corporation assumed the plastic waste generation to be 10 per cent while South Delhi calculated it at the rate of 4.4 to 6 per cent of the total waste generated. Suggestions for future: Waste collection, recycling, co-processing and its ultimate disposal in scientific and environment friendly manner are essential elements of plastic waste management system. A reliable assessment of waste generated is essential for planning and effective implementation of waste management, which can guide in decision-making. Accurate data of assessment of plastic waste is the first step towards effective policymaking, Implementing a sustainability tax on the packaging and carriage cost components of a given product. There is need for a coordination among city’s stressed garbage collection system and a few good Samaritans at the Sahyadri Nisarga Mitra — an NGO. Decentralization of sophistication process that would create more jobs for our youth and give them more dignity and improve the quality of our lives and help preserve the environment. Way forward: The Indian government’s ban on single-use plastics (SUPs) is a step in right direction. The recommendations of Biodegradable Committee (under Director-General CIPET) may be examined by MoEFCC. Information, education & communication (IEC) and Digitalisation is an important cornerstone to ensure plastic waste management. MUST READ Plastic pollution Source DTE Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) Recently in news, the “Abhilekh Patal portal”, refers to which of the following: To record loan disbursed to MSMEs under government schemes To allow record keeping of documents of the government To allow Record of Rights digitization in rural areas To record the success of Swachh Bharat Mission- Urban Q.2) Which of the following Sikh Gurus wrote ‘Dasam Granth’? Guru Arjan Dev Guru Gobind Singh Guru Tegh Bahadur Guru Hargobind Q.3) Recently, India is planning to build its first waste-to-hydrogen project in Pune Mumbai Bengaluru Delhi Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 30th December 2022 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs.st ANSWERS FOR 29th December – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – a Q.2) – c Q.3) – a table, td, th { border: 1px solid;} table {width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }