IAS Baba

Jan 28, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 27th January 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) FISCAL HEALTH INDEX Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Chairman of the 16th Finance Commission, Dr. Arvind Panagariya, launched the inaugural issue of NITI Aayog’s report titled “Fiscal Health Index (FHI) 2025”. Background: – The FHI aims to throw light on the fiscal status at the sub-national level and guide policy reforms for sustainable and resilient economic growth Key things to know about elections The report ranks 18 major States on the basis of composite fiscal index, which is based on five major sub-indices – Quality of Expenditure: Assesses how effectively states allocate their expenditures. Revenue Mobilisation: Evaluates the ability of states to generate revenue. Fiscal Prudence: Measures the fiscal discipline of states in managing their finances. Debt Index: Assesses the debt burden and sustainability of states. Debt Sustainability: Evaluates the long-term sustainability of state debt. With a cumulative score of 67.8, Odisha tops the ranking in fiscal health among 18 major States, followed by Chhattisgarh and Goa with scores of 55.2 and 53.6, respectively. Goa, Telangana and Odisha are leading in revenue mobilization and fiscal prudence. It was observed that Odisha, Jharkhand, Goa, and Chhattisgarh have effectively mobilised non-tax sources, with Odisha relying heavily on mining-linked premiums and Chhattisgarh benefitting from coal block auctions. Punjab emerged as the biggest laggard, followed by Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Kerala, and Haryana. Kerala and Punjab struggle with low quality of expenditure and debt sustainability, while West Bengal faces revenue mobilization and debt index issues. Andhra Pradesh has high fiscal deficits, and Haryana has a poor debt profile. Source: PIB IRON AGE Syllabus: Prelims – ANCIENT HISTORY Context: In an announcement that challenges long-held assumptions about the origins of the Iron Age, a new study has found evidence that the use of iron in the area that is now Tamil Nadu dates back to the first quarter of the 4th millennium BCE. Background: – Globally, the Iron Age has long been attributed to the Hittite Empire in Anatolia, where iron technology is believed to have emerged around 1300 BCE. However, the Tamil Nadu findings challenge this and positions the region as a pioneering hub of early metallurgy, surpassing global timelines by nearly two millennia. Key takeaways The new findings, which provide evidence that iron technology in Tamil Nadu dates as far back as 3345 BCE, are supported by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) analyses conducted on samples from sites such as Sivagalai, Adichanallur, Mayiladumparai, and Kilnamandi. Until recently, the Iron Age in India was believed to have emerged between 1500 and 2000 BCE, closely following the Indus Valley Civilisation. However, new data pushes this timeline back. A paddy sample from a burial urn in Sivagalai was dated to 1155 BCE, while charcoal and potsherds (broken pieces of ceramic material) from the same site provided dates ranging from 2953 BCE to 3345 BCE, making it the earliest recorded evidence of iron technology globally. At Mayiladumparai, samples were dated to 2172 BCE, surpassing earlier benchmarks of iron usage in the region. Kilnamandi, meanwhile, yielded a sarcophagus burial dated to 1692 BCE, marking a significant milestone as the earliest-dated burial of its kind in Tamil Nadu. Study establishes that Tamil Nadu was not merely a participant in the evolution of metallurgy but an innovator, as the smelted iron findings have been dated to the middle of the third millennium BCE for the first time in the world. When cultural zones located north of Vindhyas experienced the Copper Age, the region south of Vindhyas might have entered into the Iron Age due to the limited availability of commercially exploitable copper ore. Thus, the Copper Age of North India and the Iron Age of South India are probably contemporary. Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu also revealed varied metallurgical techniques. Three types of iron-smelting furnaces were identified, showcasing early innovations in extracting iron. Circular furnaces in Kodumanal, for instance, reached temperatures of 1,300°C, sufficient to produce sponge iron. The study explains that the people in the area mastered the complex technology of smelting iron, which requires temperatures between 1,200°C and 1,400°C, as far back as 5,300 years ago. Source: Indian Express INLAND WATERWAYS AUTHORITY OF INDIA (IWAI) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: For effective implementation of Inland Water Transport activities in National Waterway-1 (NW-1), River Ganga, the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) has upgraded its existing sub-office at Varanasi to a full-fledged Regional Office. Background: IWAI, presently has five regional offices in Guwahati (Assam), Patna (Bihar), Kochi (Kerala), Bhubaneswar (Odisha) and Kolkata (West Bengal). It will now have its sixth regional office in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Key takeaways The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is the statutory body responsible for the development, maintenance, and regulation of inland waterways for shipping and navigation across the country. Established on October 27, 1986, under the IWAI Act of 1985, it operates under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways. The headquarters of IWAI is located in Noida, Uttar Pradesh. Key Functions of IWAI: Infrastructure Development: IWAI is tasked with building and enhancing infrastructure on national waterways, including the construction of terminals, jetties, and navigational aids to facilitate smooth and efficient water transport. Regulation and Maintenance: The authority ensures the maintenance of navigable channels, conducts dredging operations, and implements measures to maintain desired depth and width for safe vessel movement. Project Feasibility Studies: IWAI conducts economic feasibility studies for new projects, assessing the potential and viability of developing additional waterways to expand the inland water transport network. National Waterways in India: To promote and develop inland water transport, several waterways have been designated as National Waterways (NWs). Some of the prominent NWs include: National Waterway 1 (NW-1): Extending from Prayagraj to Haldia over a length of 1,620 kilometers along the Ganges-Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system. National Waterway 2 (NW-2): Covering an 891-kilometer stretch from Sadiya to Dhubri on the Brahmaputra River. National Waterway 3 (NW-3): A 205-kilometer route from Kollam to Kottapuram in Kerala, encompassing the West Coast Canal along with Champakara and Udyogmandal canals. National Waterway 4 (NW-4): Spanning 1,095 kilometers, it includes the Kakinada-Puducherry stretch of canals and the Godavari and Krishna rivers. National Waterway 5 (NW-5): Covering 623 kilometers, it comprises the East Coast Canal integrated with parts of the Brahmani and Mahanadi rivers. Source: PIB KALARIPAYATTU Syllabus: Prelims – ART & CULTURE Context: Kalaripayattu has become a bone of contention ahead of the 38th edition of the National Games which is scheduled to commence from January 28 in Uttarakhand. Background: – The Indian Kalaripayattu Federation has accused the Indian Olympics Association (IOA) of “relegating” the martial art to the demonstration section of the event. In the 37th edition of the National Games, held in Goa in 2023, Kalaripayattu was included in the competition section. Key takeaways Kalaripayattu is one of the oldest and most scientific martial art forms in the world, aimed at mind and body coordination. It originated and is widely practiced in Kerala. The term “Kalaripayattu” is derived from two Malayalam words: “kalari” (training ground or battleground) and “payattu” (training of martial arts), which together mean “practice in the arts of the battlefield”. Practices: Combines strikes, kicks, weaponry, and healing techniques. Practitioners are trained in physical agility, meditation, and knowledge of vital body points (Marmas). Styles: Divided into Northern (Vadakkan), Southern (Thekkan), and Central styles based on regional practices. The four stages of Kalaripayattu are: (i) Maippayattu: It is the body conditioning phase where the person is schooled to prepare their body for a fight. Only after qualifying this stage can the practitioner proceed to the next phase of training. (ii) Kolthari: In this stage, a person is taught attack and self-defense with the help of wooden weapons such as short sticks, and long sticks. (iii) Angathari: Once the person overcomes the fear of fighting with wooden weapons, sharp metal objects are introduced — in the third stage. (iv) Verumkai: This stage includes bare-hand fighting. Students are taught body anatomy so that they know what points they can hit and what they cannot. Weaponry: Involves the use of various weapons like swords, spears, shields, and urumi (flexible whip sword). Source: Indian Express VIKAS ENGINE Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully carried out a demonstration of restarting its Vikas liquid engine at a test facility at Propulsion Complex in Mahendragiri. Background: – This test marks a milestone in the development of technologies for recovery of stages, leading to reusability in future launch vehicles, according to an ISRO statement. Key takeaways The Vikas Engine is a liquid-fuel rocket engine developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It is an essential part of India’s space launch vehicle program and has been used in multiple launch vehicles, including the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), and GSLV Mk III (now called LVM3). Vikas engine is used to power the second stage of PSLV, boosters and second stage of GSLV Mark I and II and also the core stage of LVM3. The engine uses Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel and Nitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4) as the oxidizer. Source: India Today Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements about the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is/are correct? IWAI was established in 1985 under the IWAI Act, 1986. The National Waterway 1 (NW-1) connects Prayagraj to Haldia along the Ganga River. IWAI operates under the Ministry of Jal Shakti. Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2, and 3 (d) 1 and 3 only Q2.) Consider the following statements about Kalaripayattu: It originated in Andhra region and is one of the oldest martial art forms in the world. The term “Kalaripayattu” means “practice in the arts of the battlefield.” One of the stage of Kalaripayattu training, called Verumkai, includes bare-hand fighting techniques. Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Which of the following statements about the Vikas Liquid Engine is correct? It is a liquid-propellant engine developed by ISRO. It uses liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as propellants. The engine is used in both PSLV and GSLV series of launch vehicles. Options: (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2, and 3 (d) 1 only Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 25th January – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – b Q.3) – b

Jan 27, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 27th January 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Jan 25, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 25th January 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) NATIONAL VOTERS’ DAY Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: January 25 is celebrated annually as National Voters’ Day to mark the foundation day of the Election Commission of India (ECI), which was founded on January 25, 1950. Background: – This year we are celebrating the 15th National Voters’ Day with the theme “Nothing Like Voting, I Vote for Sure” emphasising the importance of participation in the electoral process, and encouraging voters to take pride in exercising their franchise. Key things to know about elections In democracies, voting is seen as a basic exercise that shows people’s faith in the political process. Voting is a crucial part of exercising one’s citizenship. In 2013, the Indian Supreme Court allowed for the option ‘None of the Above’ to be introduced in Lok Sabha and state Legislative Assembly elections to allow such views to be expressed. “Not allowing a person to cast a vote negatively defeats the very freedom of expression and the right ensured in Article 21, i.e. the right to liberty… a provision of negative voting would be in the interest of promoting democracy as it would send clear signals to political parties and their candidates as to what the electorate think about them. The mechanism of negative voting, thus, serves a very fundamental and essential part of a vibrant democracy,” the court said at the time. Postal Ballots ‘Postal ballot’ allows voters who cannot be physically present in polling stations to vote remotely, as specified in Section 60 of the RPA. As per Rule 18 of The Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, the following classes of persons are entitled to vote by postal ballot: Special voters: Individuals holding declared office under Section 20(4) of RPA, including the President, Vice President, Governors, Cabinet Ministers, other high-ranking dignitaries, etc. and their spouses. Service voters: Members of the Indian armed forces, paramilitary forces, an armed state police member serving outside their state, or a government employee stationed abroad and their spouses residing with them. Voters on election duty: This includes all Commission’s observers, presiding officers, polling officers and agents, police personnel, and public servants assigned official tasks on polling day. Private individuals and non-government staff, such as videographers, control room staff, drivers, conductors, cleaners, helpline staff, etc., are also covered. Electors subjected to preventive detention Absentee voters under Section 60 (c) of RPA, 1951: In 2019, the Election Commission created the ‘Absentee Voters’ category. This includes senior citizens aged 85+, persons with disabilities having at least 40% disability, Covid-19 suspect or affected persons, and persons employed in essential services. Source: Indian Express ESSENTIAL RELIGIOUS PRACTICES DOCTRINE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Observing that use of loudspeakers is not essential part of any religion, the Bombay High Court directed the Maharashtra government to have an in-built mechanism to control decibel levels in loudspeakers, public address system (PAS) or any other sound-emitting gadgets used at places of worship, or institutions, irrespective of religion. Background: – The court passed these directives on a plea alleging failure to take action against use of loudspeakers and amplifiers by religious places beyond prohibited hours and permissible decibel limits. Key takeaways The court referred to the 2016 HC judgement that issued several directives for the strict implementation of Noise Pollution (Regulations and Control) Rules, 2000. The HC in 2016 observed that “use of loudspeakers is not an essential part of any religion and therefore protection under Article 25 (freedom of religion) of constitution is not available” to violating institutions. The doctrine of “essentiality” was invented by a seven-judge Bench of the Supreme Court in the ‘Shirur Mutt’ case in 1954. The court held that the term “religion” will cover all rituals and practices “integral” to a religion, and took upon itself the responsibility of determining the essential and non-essential practices of a religion. The ‘essentiality doctrine’ of the Supreme Court has been criticised by several constitutional experts. Scholars of constitutional law have argued that the essentiality/integrality doctrine has tended to lead the court into an area that is beyond its competence, and given judges the power to decide purely religious questions. As a result, over the years, courts have been inconsistent on this question — in some cases they have relied on religious texts to determine essentiality, in others on the empirical behaviour of followers, and in yet others, based on whether the practice existed at the time the religion originated. Freedom of religion was meant to guarantee freedom to practice one’s beliefs based on the concept of “inward association” of man with God. The apex court in ‘Ratilal Panachand Gandhi vs The State of Bombay and Ors’ (March 18, 1954) acknowledged that “every person has a fundamental right to entertain such religious beliefs as may be approved by his judgment or conscience”. Scholars have argued that the essentiality test impinges on this autonomy. The apex court has itself emphasised autonomy and choice in its Privacy (2017), 377 (2018), and Adultery (2018) judgments. Source: Indian Express AD HOC JUDGES IN HIGH COURTS Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Recently, the Supreme Court suggested temporarily appointing retired judges on an ad hoc (as required) basis to address the growing backlog of pending criminal cases before several High Courts. Background: In 2021, the SC noted there have only been three recorded instances of ad hoc judges being appointed under Article 224A, calling it a “dormant provision”. Key takeaways Article 224A of the Indian Constitution allows the Chief Justice of a High Court to request retired HC judges to perform the duties of a judge again, with the permission of the President of India. Such appointees are entitled to allowances as determined by the President’s order and have all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of a Judge of that High Court. However, they cannot be “deemed” as such. Further, both the retired judge and the President of India are required to consent to the appointment. The detailed procedure can be found in the 1998 Memorandum of Procedure (MOP) for the appointment of High Court judges, prepared following the creation of the collegium system for appointing judges. The MOP states that after the retired judge has consented to the appointment, the Chief Justice must forward name and details on the duration of the appointment to the state’s Chief Minister. The CM will pass this recommendation to the Union Law Minister, who will consult the Chief Justice of India before forwarding the recommendation and the CJI’s advice to the Prime Minister of India. The PM will advise the President on whether to give her approval. However, in the case of Lok Prahari Through Its General Secretary S.N. Shukla IAS (Retd.) v. Union of India (2021), the SC held that this recommendation “has to be routed through the collegium of the Supreme Court”. This collegium includes the CJI and the two seniormost judges of the Supreme Court. When can an ad hoc judge be appointed? The SC, in Lok Prahari, was considering measures to address pending cases before the courts and the vacancies in posts for HC judges. SC expressed concerns that Article 224A would encourage “inaction in making recommendations” for regular judge appointments. The court thus passed directions on when the appointment process under Article 224A could be initiated. Most importantly, the court held ad hoc judges can only be appointed when recommendations have not been made for less than 20% of the vacancies. This is so that Article 224A can be “resorted to only on the process having being initiated for filling up of the regular vacancies and awaiting their appointments.” The court also held that there has to be a “Trigger Point” for appointing judges under Article 224A, such as if the HC has vacancies of more than 20% of the sanctioned strength (excluding any proposals for appointment) and if more than 10% of the backlog of pending cases is over 5 years. It further recommended that each Chief Justice should create a “panel” of retired and soon-to-retire judges for possible ad hoc appointments. Such judges should generally be appointed for 2-3 years, with two to five ad hoc judges in a HC. Source: Indian Express YALA GLACIER Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: Yala glacier is expected to vanish by 2040s. Background: – It is the only glacier in the entire Himalayas to be included in the Global Glacier Casualty List, a project launched in 2024 through a collaboration between Rice University, University of Iceland, Iceland Glaciological Society, World Meteorological Organization (WMO), World Glacier Monitoring Service, and UNESCO. It is categorised as “critically endangered”. Key takeaways Yala Glacier is situated in the Langtang region of the Himalayas, in Nepal, near the Nepal-Tibet border. Retreat: The glacier has retreated by 680 meters between 1974 and 2021. Area Reduction: It has experienced a 36% reduction in area during the same period Additional Information The United Nations has designated 2025 as the International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation, to emphasise the importance of glaciers and provide essential hydrological, meteorological and climate services to those dependent on them or affected by cryospheric processes. Additionally, starting in 2025, March 21 will be observed annually as the World Day for Glaciers. Another glacier in Asia which made it to the “critically endangered” category of the Global Glacier Casualty List is is Dagu glacier in China, which is expected to disappear by 2030. Source: Times of India DARK OXYGEN Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: Scientists who discovered mysterious ‘dark oxygen’ on the ocean floor last year is planning a new expedition to study further about it. Background: – The discovery of “dark oxygen” was a big deal, prompting scientists to reconsider their long-held beliefs about how complex life might have evolved on Earth. Key takeaways Dark oxygen refers to the production of molecular oxygen (O₂) through processes that do not involve photosynthesis or light. Traditionally, it was believed that significant oxygen generation required light-driven photosynthesis. A notable discovery in 2024 revealed that polymetallic nodules on the abyssal seafloor might facilitate oxygen production through seawater electrolysis. These nodules, composed of metals like manganese, nickel, copper, and cobalt, exhibit electrical potentials on their surfaces. It’s proposed that these potentials could split water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen, even in the absence of light. This phenomenon, termed “dark oxygen production,” suggests that oxygen might be generated in deep-sea environments previously thought to be anoxic. Source: Smithsonian Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Yala Glacier, often mentioned in the context of climate change, is located in which of the following mountain ranges? Karakoram Himalayas Andes Alps Q2.) The term “dark oxygen” refers to the production of oxygen through: Photosynthesis in deep-sea plants Artificial splitting of water molecules in laboratories Biotic and abiotic processes generating oxygen in the absence of light The natural photolysis of ozone in the atmosphere Options: A) 1 and 4 only B) 3 only C) 2 and 3 only D) 1, 3, and 4 Q3.) Which of the following statements regarding ad hoc judges in High Courts under Article 224A is/are correct? Ad hoc judges can only be appointed if the vacancies in a High Court exceed 80% of its sanctioned strength. The consent of the Chief Justice of the High Court and the President of India is mandatory for the appointment. Ad hoc judges have the same jurisdiction, powers, and privileges as regular High Court judges but are not considered permanent judges. Options: A) 1 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 3 only D) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 24nd January – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – b Q.3) – a

Jan 25, 2025 IASbaba's Monthly Current Affairs Magazine

[CURRENT AFFAIRS] IAS UPSC REVAMPED Current Affairs Magazine December 2024

Archives Hello Friends, This is December 2024 of IASbaba’s REVAMPED Current Affairs Monthly Magazine. Current Affairs for UPSC Civil Services Examination is an important factor in this preparation. An effort towards making your Current Affairs for IAS UPSC Preparation qualitative. We hope you make the best use of it! This edition covers all Important current affairs issues that were in the news for the month of December 2024. Kindly leave your feedback in the comment section below on the new design and presentation of the magazine. We would love to hear from you! Download The Magazine - December 2024 Important Topics Covered In The Magazine Includes: The Bridge to Moscow Production-linked Incentive (PLI) Hydrothermal Vent Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS) Spadex Mission Brain Rot Jalvahak Scheme And Much More..... Download The Magazine - December 2024 To get Regular Updates from IASbaba, follow- TELEGRAM Channel – https://t.me/IASbabaOfficialAccount YOUTUBE – https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChvbVdio9Wgj7Z3nQz1Q0ZQ FACEBOOK – https://www.facebook.com/iasbaba/ Also, SUBSCRIBE to the WEBSITE Below, so that you don’t miss out on important posts! Thank You IASbaba

Jan 25, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 25th January 2025

Jan 24, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 24th January 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) SCHEMES RELATED TO GIRL CHILD Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: National Girl Child Day, an initiative of the Ministry of Women and Child Development, is celebrated every year on January 24. Background: – The day is aimed at promoting awareness about the rights of the girl child and to increase awareness on the importance of girls’ education, their health and nutrition. It also aims at promoting the position of girls in the society to make their living better. Key schemes for girl child NPS Vatsalya Scheme The scheme was launched in 2024. It is a new pension scheme for children in the age group of 0 to 18 years. A parent can deposit a minimum of 1000 per month and a maximum with no limit. This account will be operated by the parents until the child turns 18, after which the account will be in the name of the children. Once the child turns 18, the account can be seamlessly converted into a regular NPS account or a non-NPS scheme. It is regulated and administered by the Pension Fund Regulatory Authority of India (PFRDA). Beti Padhao, Beti Bachao: On January 22, the BBBP scheme completed 10 years since its launch in 2015. The Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Scheme, launched to address the decline in Child Sex Ratio and related issues of empowerment of girls, is implemented by states with 100% central assistance. It set several targets concerning the nutritional status of girls, their attendance in schools, the provision of adequate infrastructure in schools and so on. Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana: Launched in 2015 as part of the Indian government’s ‘Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao’ campaign, Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana is a small savings scheme designed to help parents of girl children accumulate a corpus for their daughter’s education and marriage. Parents of a girl child aged 10 years or younger can invest in this scheme. The scheme allows for a minimum and maximum annual deposit of Rs.250 and Rs.1.5 lakh, respectively. Deposits to the account can be made for 15 years from the account opening date. The account, however, has a lock-in period of 21 years, implying that deposits mature after 21 years. CBSE Udaan Scheme: Launched in 2014 by Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) under the guidance of the Ministry of Education aims to address low enrollment of women in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics), specifically in the Indian engineering colleges. The CBSE provides free tutorials for students of class 11 and class 12 to crack engineering entrance exams including the Joint Entrance Exam (JEE). Source: Indian Express PREAMBLE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: As India prepares to celebrate its 76th Republic Day under the theme “Swarnim Bharat: Virasat aur Vikas” (Golden India: Legacy and Progress), the day also marks a historic moment to reflect on the core values of the Indian Constitution as reflected in the preamble. Background: – The idea of “constitutional patriotism,” first introduced by German social theorist Jürgen Habermas in the 1990s within a primarily European context, has taken on a unique and dynamic character in India. The Preamble, embodying the nation’s core values of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity, holds a deeply symbolic and aspirational status, making constitutional patriotism in India a spirited and vibrant expression of loyalty to democratic principles. Key takeaways The preamble begins with the words, “We, the people of India”. This invocation is significant as it stands in sharp contrast to the often unchecked and emotional invocation of “the people” by populist movements. The people invoked in the Preamble are presented with a sense of sobriety, as a constitutionally mediated entity, which prevents any possibility of such populist invocation of the people from easily descending into tyranny. Sovereign: The term refers to three aspects: first, sovereignty connotes a supremacy of power that the state claims and tolerates no power above it; second, there is no possibility or threat of insubordination below the state that could threaten its integrity; and third, this sovereignty is crystallised in the form of popular representation in Parliament, which represents the will of the people through universal adult franchise. Socialist: The term was not present in the original version. It was introduced into the Preamble in 1976 through the 42nd constitutional amendment along with the term “secular”. There has been controversy around the term socialist being part of the Preamble. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was against the inclusion as he felt that its presence would unfairly constrain future governments. Secular: The word secular does not imply a lack or negation of religion. Instead, it simply means that in the interests of maintaining religious harmony among India’s numerous religions and belief systems, the state shall maintain a secular stance. Republic: The term republic in the Preamble of the Constitution connotes that the head of the state has to be an elected figure and not a hereditary monarch, which continues to be the case to this day in the United Kingdom. The landmark Keshavananda Bharati case (1973) ruled that the Preamble is a part of the Constitution. The Keshavananda Bharati judgement is particularly significant as it gave rise to the “basic structure” doctrine of the Constitution and included the Preamble in it. This judgement marked a departure from an earlier judgement in the Berubari Union Case (1960) that did not view the Preamble as part of the Constitution. Source: Indian Express GLOBAL PLASTIC ACTION PARTNERSHIP (GPAP) Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP) has recently reached a significant milestone by expanding its network to include 25 countries. Background: With a combined population of over 1.5 billion people, the expansion highlights a growing global effort to address the urgent issue of plastic pollution. Seven new countries — Angola, Bangladesh, Gabon, Guatemala, Kenya, Senegal, and Tanzania — have joined this collaborative effort. Key takeaways The Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP) is a multistakeholder platform launched by the World Economic Forum in 2019. Its primary goal is to accelerate the transition to a circular economy for plastics and tackle plastic pollution on a global scale. Objectives Reduce Plastic Pollution: GPAP aims to reduce plastic waste leakage into the environment, particularly oceans. Promote Circular Economy: Encourage the reuse and recycling of plastics to minimize waste and environmental impact. Foster Collaboration: Bring together governments, businesses, and civil society to work towards common goals. Key Initiatives National Action Roadmaps: Tailored strategies for each participating country to address plastic waste management. Investment Mobilization: GPAP has mobilized significant investments to support sustainable plastic management. Job Creation: Focus on creating green jobs, especially for informal waste workers. Awareness and Education: Raise awareness about the impact of plastic pollution and promote sustainable practices. Source: Down To Earth BHITARKANIKA NATIONAL PARK Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: The population of saltwater crocodiles in Odisha’s Bhitarkanika National Park has marginally increased in 2025. Forest officials counted 1,826 crocodiles during the recent annual reptile census whereas in 2024, they sighted 1,811 reptiles. Background: – The forest department had stopped the crocodile breeding and rearing programme in 2024 in the park as the crocodile population reached a saturation point. Key takeaways Bhitarkanika National Park is a prominent protected area in Odisha, known for its rich biodiversity, mangrove ecosystems, and unique wildlife. Situated in the delta region of the Brahmani, Baitarani, and Dhamra rivers. Designation: Declared a national park in 1998. Part of the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary (declared in 1975). Designated as a Ramsar Site in 2002 for its wetland significance. Flora: One of India’s largest mangrove ecosystems. Supports diverse plant species such as Avicennia, Rhizophora, and Heritiera. Fauna: Known for saltwater crocodiles, with one of the largest breeding populations in India. Other species include Indian python, king cobra, water monitor lizard, spotted deer, and wild boar. Rich avian biodiversity, including migratory birds like open-billed storks and herons. Located within the close vicinity of the Bhitarkanika National Park is Odisha’s only Turtle Sanctuary. A part of the Gahirmatha Beach, the Turtle Sanctuary is the place where one can spot Olive Ridley Turtles. Source: Down To Earth KEELING CURVE Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: In 2024, the yearly average level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) rose faster over the prior year than ever before in the 67-year-old Keeling Curve record. Background: – When researchers took the average readings for all 12 months in 2024, the average was 3.58 parts per million (ppm) higher than for 2023’s average. That broke the record for largest jump set in 2016 of 3.41 ppm. In both instances, the climate pattern El Niño played a role. Key takeaways The Keeling Curve is a graphical representation of the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in Earth’s atmosphere over time. Origin: Named after Dr. Charles David Keeling, who began continuous monitoring of atmospheric CO₂ levels in 1958 at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. The curve shows the steady increase in atmospheric CO₂ levels since 1958. It also captures seasonal fluctuations caused by natural processes like photosynthesis and plant respiration. CO₂ levels decrease during spring and summer as plants absorb CO₂ through photosynthesis, and increase during fall and winter due to plant decay. Source: Scripps Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to the Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP), consider the following statements: GPAP was launched by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 2019 to tackle global plastic pollution. One of the objectives of GPAP is to promote a circular economy for plastics by encouraging reuse and recycling. The recent expansion of GPAP includes countries such as Angola, Bangladesh, and Kenya. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) With reference to the Keeling Curve, consider the following statements: It represents the variations in global temperatures over time. It was developed in 1858. The Keeling Curve shows a steady increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels due to human activities. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) With reference to the Bhitarkanika National Park, consider the following statements: It is located in the delta region of the Brahmani, Baitarani, and Dhamra rivers in Odisha. It is a designated Ramsar Site, recognized for its significant mangrove ecosystems and wetland biodiversity. Bhitarkanika is known as a major nesting site for Great Indian Bustard. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 23nd January – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – c Q.2) – d Q.3) – b

Jan 24, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 24th January 2025

Jan 23, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 23rd January 2025

Jan 23, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 23rd January 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) NETAJI SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – HISTORY Context: Since 2021, January 23, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose’s birth anniversary, has been observed as “Parakram Diwas,” or the Day of Valour. This year marks Netaji’s 128th birth anniversary. Background: – The government decided to celebrate Parakram Diwas to inspire the people of the country, especially the youth, to act with fortitude in the face of adversity as Netaji did and to infuse them with a spirit of patriotic fervour. Key takeaways Born to an upper-class Bengali family in 1897 in Cuttack. Attended Presidency College and Scottish Church College in Kolkata. Cleared the Indian Civil Services (ICS) examination in 1920 but resigned in 1921. In 1938, he was elected Congress president in the Haripura session, where he tried to push for swaraj as a “National Demand” and opposed the idea of an Indian federation under British rule. He stood for re-election in 1939 and defeated Dr Pattabhi Sitaramayya, the Gandhi-backed candidate. Bose tried to set up another working committee, but after being unable to do so, was forced to resign and was replaced by Rajendra Prasad. Within a week, he proposed the creation of the “Forward Bloc” within the Congress Party, in order to bring the radical-left elements of the party together. He was arrested in 1940 before he could launch a campaign to remove the monument dedicated to the victims of the Black Hole of Calcutta, an incident when a number of European soldiers died while imprisoned in 1756. Gandhi and Bose Gandhi was willing to wait a long time for Independence, Bose wanted immediate action, if not immediate results. Gandhi was anti-materialistic and hostile to modern technology, Bose saw technology and mass production as essential. Gandhi wanted a decentralized society and disliked the modern state; Bose wanted a strong central government and saw the modern state as the only solution to India’s problems. And finally, Bose did not share Gandhi’s dedication to non-violence. Bose was well aware of the significance of Gandhi. He was the first to call him the “father of the nation” during an address from the Azad Hind Radio from Singapore in July 1944. The INA and Bose The INA was formed on February 17, 1942, two days after the British surrendered to Japanese forces in Singapore. It mostly comprised Indian prisoners of war (PoWs) captured by the Japanese during their Southeast Asia campaign. Bose arrived in Singapore in July 1943 and took charge of INA on July 4. He gave the call of “Delhi Chalo” to INA to march on Delhi and liberate India. The INA crossed the Indo-Burma border and marched towards Imphal and Kohima in March 1944. The Chalo Delhi campaign ended at Imphal. By 1945, the British had launched their own campaign to retake Burma, and the INA once again found itself in retreat. After the atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, the war came to an end. Bose wanted to stay with his troops for the surrender but was persuaded to leave by his subordinates. He died in a plane crash three days later. Source: Indian Express TRUMP TO END BIRTHRIGHT CITIZENSHIP Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 Context: Starting his second term with a flurry of executive orders, US President Donald Trump has sought to revoke birthright citizenship – automatic citizenship of children born in the US to non-citizen parents. Background: – The Indian-American community, which is one of the fastest-growing immigrant populations in the US, will be profoundly impacted by this change as and when it comes through. Key takeaways Under birthright citizenship, anyone born on American soil is automatically granted US citizenship, regardless of the citizenship or immigration status of the parents. This provision was enacted in 1868. Trump’s new order would deny US citizenship, including passports, to those children born in the US starting 30 days from now, if at least one parent isn’t an American citizen. Children born to Indian nationals who are on temporary work visas (like the H-1B visa) or waiting for the Green Card would no longer automatically acquire US citizenship. Children born to Indian students on non-immigrant visas would face challenges in securing US citizenship, at a time when Indian students make up one of the largest groups of international students in the US. Such a move would discourage many Indian professionals & students from seeking opportunities in the US, opting for more immigration-friendly countries like Canada or Australia instead. It could also affect the US economy, as the Indian community significantly contributes to the tech industry, healthcare and education. US-born children could no longer petition to bring their parents to the US after turning 21 if they do not get birthright citizenship. The policy will also curb “birth tourism” from countries like India and Mexico, a practice of women travelling to the US specifically to give birth, so their children can claim citizenship. Source: Indian Express INDUS WATER TREATY Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Neutral Expert (NE) appointed under terms of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT), 1960, decided that he was “competent” to decide on differences between India and Pakistan on the design of hydroelectric projects built on the Indus Treaty-rivers. Background: The dispute resolution mechanism laid out under the terms of the IWT says that disputes must first attempt to be resolved by the Permanent Indus Commission (PIC). If they do not succeed, the matter would be weighed by the World Bank-appointed Neutral Expert. If this fails too, the matter would be decided by a Court of Arbitration. Key takeaways The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) is a landmark water-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank. Negotiations, mediated by the World Bank, began in the 1950s and culminated in the signing of the Indus Water Treaty in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Ayub Khan. It governs the use and distribution of the waters of the Indus River and its tributaries. Rivers Covered: Western Rivers (allocated to Pakistan): Indus, Jhelum, Chenab. Eastern Rivers (allocated to India): Ravi, Beas, Sutlej. Water Allocation: India has exclusive rights over the waters of the Eastern Rivers Pakistan has rights over the waters of the Western Rivers, but India is allowed limited use. In effect, the treaty gave India about 30% of the water carried out by the “Indus Rivers System” while Pakistan got 70% of the waters. Institutional Mechanism: A Permanent Indus Commission was established with representatives from both countries to implement and manage the treaty. The commission meets regularly to resolve disputes and exchange data. There is controversy over the construction of two hydel power projects by India in Jammu & Kashmir — one on Kishanganga, a tributary of Jhelum, in Bandipora district, and the other (Ratle Hydroelectric Project) on Chenab in Kishtwar district. Both are “run-of-the-river” projects, meaning they generate electricity (330 MW and 850 MW respectively) using the natural flow of the river, and without obstructing its course. However, Pakistan has repeatedly alleged that both these projects violate the IWT. India decided there would be no more meetings of the Permanent Indus Commission (PIC) until the IWT was renegotiated. The last meeting happened in Delhi in May 2022. Source: The Hindu NATIONAL HEALTH MISSION Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The National Health Mission (NHM) has significantly contributed to improving public health, including lowering of the maternal mortality ratio, incidence of tuberculosis (TB), and sickle cell anaemia. It has also contributed to expanding human resources while fostering an integrated response to health emergencies, the Union government said in its assessment report (2021-24) presented to the Cabinet. Background: – The National Health Mission (NHM) was launched by the government of India in 2013 subsuming the National Rural Health Mission and National Urban Health Mission. Key takeaways Components of NHM: Health System Strengthening: Focuses on improving healthcare infrastructure and services in both rural and urban areas. Reproductive-Maternal-Neonatal-Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A): Addresses the health needs of women and children, aiming to reduce mortality rates. Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases: Works on controlling and preventing both communicable diseases (like malaria and tuberculosis) and non-communicable diseases (like diabetes and hypertension). Major Initiatives: Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA): Over 9.15 lakh ASHAs are deployed across the country to provide community-level care, especially for marginalized sections. Rogi Kalyan Samiti/Hospital Management Society: Committees involving community members manage hospital affairs and ensure better facilities for patients. Mainstreaming of AYUSH: Integrates traditional medicine practices (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) into the healthcare system Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) aims to reduce maternal mortality among pregnant women by encouraging them to deliver in government health facilities. National Ambulance Services (NAS): People can dial 108 or 102 telephone number for calling an ambulance. Dial 108 is predominantly an emergency response system, primarily designed to attend to patients of critical care, trauma and accident victims etc. Dial 102 services essentially consist of basic patient transport aimed at the needs of pregnant women and children though other categories are are not excluded. Source: The Hindu LID-568 AND EDDINGTON LIMIT Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: An international team using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope and Chandra X-ray Observatory has discovered LID-568, a low-mass supermassive black hole from 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang, offering insights into the formation and growth of supermassive black holes. Background: – Supermassive black holes, found at the centers of most galaxies, have masses ranging from millions to billions of times that of the Sun. Sagittarius A*, the Milky Way’s central black hole, is about 4.3 million solar masses. However, the mechanisms behind their immense growth remain uncertain. Key takeaways LID 568 was feeding on a surrounding cloud of matter at 40 times the Eddington limit (theoretical maximum rate). The Eddington Limit, named after British astrophysicist Sir Arthur Eddington, is a theoretical concept that defines the balance between two opposing forces acting on matter near a luminous object, such as a black hole or star. Forces at Play: Gravitational Force: Pulls matter inward toward the object (e.g., a black hole). Radiation Pressure: Outward pressure created by the intense energy and radiation emitted by the accreting material. Equilibrium Point: The Eddington Limit is reached when the radiation pressure exactly balances the gravitational pull. At this point, the accreting matter no longer falls inward because the outward pressure prevents further accumulation. Significance in Black Hole Accretion: Feeding and Luminosity: Black holes accrete matter, which forms a hot accretion disk around them. The heating of the disk emits radiation, especially X-rays, that contributes to the outward radiation pressure. The Eddington Limit governs the maximum rate of accretion and brightness of the black hole. Super-Eddington Accretion: Occurs when accretion rates exceed the Eddington Limit. In such cases, black holes feed much faster, emitting higher radiation levels than the limit would suggest. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements about the Indus Water Treaty (IWT): The Indus Water Treaty was signed in 1960 and brokered by the World Bank. India has exclusive rights over the waters of the Western Rivers under the treaty. The treaty includes a dispute resolution mechanism involving the Permanent Indus Commission, a Neutral Expert, and a Court of Arbitration. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Which of the following components is/are part of the National Health Mission (NHM)? Reproductive-Maternal-Neonatal-Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) National Ambulance Services (NAS) Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Which of the following correctly describes the Eddington Limit? (a) It is the maximum mass a star can attain before collapsing into a black hole. (b) It is the theoretical maximum rate at which a black hole can accrete matter without being disrupted by radiation pressure. (c) It is the limit beyond which a black hole cannot emit any radiation. (d) It is the distance from a black hole within which no light can escape its gravitational pull. Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 22nd January – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – b Q.3) – d

Jan 22, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 22nd January 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) EXCAVATION IN RATNAGIRI Syllabus: Prelims – ART & CULTURE, HISTORY Context: The Archaeological Survey of India recently resumed excavations at Odisha’s Ratnagiri Buddhist complex, uncovering a colossal Buddha head, a massive palm, an ancient wall, and inscribed relics from the 8th-9th Century AD. Background: – The discoveries are significant, especially given Odisha’s historical relationship with Buddhism beginning with Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (304-232 BCE), one of Buddhism’s greatest patrons whose invasion of the kingdom of Kalinga – the ancient name for Odisha – led to him embracing the religion. Key takeaways Ratnagiri — the centre of ancient Buddhist learning Located 100 km northeast of Bhubaneswar and part of the famous Diamond Triangle of Odisha along with Udaygiri and Lalitgiri, Ratnagiri – translated as the ‘Hills of Jewels’ – was first documented as a historical site in 1905. The last excavations carried out between 1958 and 1961 led to the discovery of many remains — including a brick stupa, three monastic complexes and over hundreds of votive and commemorative stupas. However, with the ASI eventually shifting focus on sites such as Lalitgiri, where the oldest Buddhist monastery in the state was found, the Ratnagiri excavation was put on the backburner. Experts date Ratnagiri to the 5th and 13th Century, although the peak period of construction is dated between the 7th and 10th centuries. Ratnagiri rivalled Nalanda as a learning centre. There are some studies that suggest that the renowned Chinese Buddhist monk and traveller, Hiuen Tsang, who visited Odisha, during 638-639 AD, might have visited Ratnagiri. Odisha, Southeast Asia and Buddhism Odisha has long enjoyed maritime and trade links with Southeast Asian countries: pepper, cinnamon, cardamom, silk, camphor, gold, and jewellery were popular items of trade between the ancient kingdom of Kalinga and Southeast Asia. Even though there was no evidence of Buddha visiting Odisha during his lifetime, Kalinga played a great role in popularising Buddhism, especially in Southeast Asia, because of its trade link: experts believe that Tapassu and Bhallika, the two merchant brothers who became the first disciples of Lord Buddha, having their origins from Utkala, another ancient name of Odisha. Mauryan Emperor Ashoka is believed to have invaded Kalinga in 261 BC but, deeply moved by the bloodshed, he embraced Buddhism, which he eventually helped spread not only to his own empire but also to Sri Lanka, and Central and Southeast Asia. In Odisha, Buddhism is stated to have particularly flourished under the Bhaumakara dynasty, which ruled parts of the state in between the 8th and 10th Century. Odisha annually holds Baliyatra, literally ‘voyage to Bali’ – a seven-day festival to commemorate the 2,000-year-old maritime and cultural links between Kalinga and Bali and other South and Southeast Asian regions such as Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Burma (Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Source: Indian Express DEATH PENALTY Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 & GS 4 Context: A sessions court in Kolkata sentenced Sanjoy Roy, convicted of the rape and murder of a doctor at RG Kar Medical College, to life imprisonment. The CBI had argued strongly for the death penalty in the case that shook West Bengal and triggered several weeks of protests. Background: – The Supreme Court has held that a sentence of death should be passed only in the “rarest of rare” cases, after the court has considered possible “aggravating” and “mitigating” circumstances (Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, 1980). Key takeaways In Bachan Singh, the SC considered a challenge to the constitutionality of the death penalty. It upheld the death penalty, but said it should be imposed only in the “rarest of rare” cases where there is no possibility of reformation. The five-judge Constitution Bench did not specify the standards to determine whether the death penalty should be imposed, but laid down non-exhaustive lists of “aggravating” and “mitigating” circumstances for courts to consider while making the decision. Aggravating circumstances, which could tilt the court’s decision towards the death penalty: If the murder is pre-planned, calculated, and involves extreme brutality; If the murder involves “exceptional depravity”; If the accused has been found guilty of murdering a public servant, police officer or a member of the armed forces while on duty, or because of anything they may have lawfully done while discharging their duty. Mitigating circumstances, which could tilt a case away from the death penalty: Whether the accused was “under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance” at the time of the offence; Age of the accused; they would not be given death if they are very young or very old; Probability of the accused posing a continued threat to society; Probability of reforming the accused; If the accused was acting on the directions of another person; If the accused believed their actions were morally justified; If the accused suffers mentally and is unable to appreciate the criminality of their actions. The understanding of mitigating and aggravating circumstances has evolved over the years, and new factors have been added through several decisions. In Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab (1983), the SC held that death could be given in cases where the “collective conscience” of society is so shocked that the judiciary is expected to impose the death penalty. In Santosh Bariyar v. State of Maharashtra (2009), the SC said “the court will have to provide clear evidence as to why the convict is not fit for any kind of reformatory and rehabilitation scheme”. The Law Commission of India noted in its 262nd Report (2015), The Death Penalty, age as a mitigating factor has been used very inconsistently. The Law Commission Report said the requirement for evidence was held as essential in Bariyar for introducing an element of objectivity into the sentencing process. When should the court consider these circumstances? In Bachan Singh, the SC said courts must conduct a separate trial after convicting, so that judges can be persuaded why the death sentence should not be imposed. In Dattaraya v. State of Maharashtra (2020), the court held that such a hearing did not take place, and that this was a valid reason to commute a death sentence to life imprisonment. Source: Indian Express WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The United States will exit the World Health Organization, President Donald Trump said, saying the global health agency had mishandled the COVID-19 pandemic and other international health crises. Background: The move means the U.S. will leave the United Nations health agency in 12 months’ time and stop all financial contributions to its work. The United States is by far the WHO’s biggest financial backer, contributing around 18% of its overall funding. Key takeaways The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) responsible for international public health. Founded: April 7, 1948 (celebrated as World Health Day). Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland. Regional Offices: Six regional offices and over 150 field offices globally to enhance the reach and impact of WHO initiatives. The WHO South-East Asia Regional office in based in New Delhi. Governance Structure World Health Assembly (WHA): Decision-making body with representatives from all member states. Meets annually to set priorities and approve the budget. Executive Board: Comprises 34 technical experts elected for three years. Advises and implements WHA decisions. Director-General: Chief executive officer of the WHO, elected by the WHA. Source: The Hindu MOUNT IBU Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Indonesia’s Mount Ibu has erupted at least a thousand times this month, according to an official report, as efforts are under way to evacuate thousands of villagers. Background: – Mount Ibu sent a column of smoke up to 4 km into the sky in an eruption on January 15. It was one of 1,079 eruptions by the volcano recorded since January 1 by Indonesia’s Geological Agency, sending columns of ash reaching between 0.3 km and 4 km above its peak. Key takeaways Mount Ibu is classified as a stratovolcano, which indicates a conical volcano built up by many layers of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash. Situated on Halmahera Island, Indonesia. Positioned within the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area known for frequent volcanic activity and earthquakes. Why is Mount Ibu Important? Geological Significance: Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, contributing to the study of plate tectonics and volcanic processes. Hazard Management: Frequent eruptions require effective disaster management strategies to protect local populations. Biodiversity: Halmahera Island, where Mount Ibu is located, is part of the Wallacea region, known for unique biodiversity. Global Climate Impact: Volcanic eruptions release sulfur dioxide and ash into the atmosphere, potentially influencing weather patterns and global temperatures. Source: The Hindu BOREAL FORESTS Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Nearly half of the global boreal forests — spanning Canada, Alaska and Siberia — are undergoing major transitions due to climate change, making them increasingly vulnerable to forest fires and altering their role as a key carbon sink, a new study has revealed. Background: – Boreal forests, also known as Taiga, are the largest terrestrial biome on Earth, forming a critical part of the planet’s ecological balance. Key takeaways Boreal forests are primarily found in the high northern latitudes, forming a circumboreal belt around the world, spanning across northern Europe, Asia, and North America. They are located between temperate forests in the south and the Arctic tundra in the north. Characteristics Climate: Boreal forests experience long, cold winters and short, mild summers. The regions are characterized by low temperatures, low precipitation, and frequent snow cover. Vegetation: The predominant vegetation consists mainly of coniferous trees like pines, spruces, and larches. There are also some deciduous trees, such as birches and poplars. Understory vegetation includes shrubs, mosses, and lichens. Soils: The soils in boreal forests are usually acidic and nutrient-poor, formed under cool, moist conditions which slow down the decomposition of organic matter. This results in a thick layer of litter on the forest floor. Ecological Importance Carbon Storage: Boreal forests are vital carbon sinks, holding more carbon than all tropical forests combined. The accumulation of organic matter, under cold temperatures, leads to large stores of carbon. Biodiversity: They support a variety of wildlife adapted to the cold, such as moose, caribou, wolves, bears, and many bird species. These forests also provide essential breeding grounds for several migratory bird species. Hydrology: Boreal forests contain substantial amounts of surface freshwater and play a critical role in regulating the water cycle. Source: Down To Earth Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Mount Ibu, recently in the news, is located in which of the following countries? (a) Japan (b) Indonesia (c) Philippines (d) Papua New Guinea Q2.) Which of the following statements is/are correct about Boreal Forests? They are predominantly located in the Southern Hemisphere. Boreal forests act as significant carbon sinks, holding more carbon than tropical forests. Coniferous trees like pines and spruces dominate the vegetation in boreal forests. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Consider the following statements about the World Health Organization (WHO): The WHO was established in 1945 as a specialized agency of the United Nations. Its headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland. The Director-General of the WHO is elected by the Executive Board. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 2 only Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 21th January – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – a Q.3) – d

Posts