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Dec 18, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 17th December 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION (EFTA) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: India said that its double taxation treaty with Switzerland may require renegotiation in view of its trade pact with the member states of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Background: – The remarks from the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) came after the Swiss government suspended the most favoured nation status (MFN) clause in the India-Switzerland Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA). About European Free Trade Association (EFTA) EFTA is an intergovernmental organization of four member countries that are not part of the European Union (EU): Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. The organization operates in parallel with the European Union (EU), and all four member states participate in the European single market and are part of the Schengen Area. EFTA vs. EU: While EFTA countries are not part of the EU, three of them (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway) are part of the European Economic Area (EEA), which gives them access to the EU’s single market. Switzerland has bilateral agreements with the EU but is not in the EEA. India and EFTA recently signed a landmark trade agreement, the Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA), on March 10, 2024. This agreement aims to boost trade and investment between the two sides. Key Features of the TEPA: Tariff Reductions: EFTA will eliminate tariffs on 92.2% of its tariff lines, covering 99.6% of India’s exports. India will eliminate tariffs on 82.7% of its tariff lines, covering 95.3% of EFTA exports. Investment Promotion: EFTA is unique for its inclusion of a binding $100 billion investment commitment by companies in those countries into India over the next 15 years, with one million direct jobs to be created. Market Access: The agreement improves market access for both sides in various sectors, including industrial products, fish and marine products, processed agricultural products, and services. Intellectual Property Rights: The agreement includes provisions for the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights. Sustainable Development: The agreement also addresses issues related to sustainable development, including environmental protection and labor rights. Source: Indian Express LA NIÑA AND INDIA’S CLIMATE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: La Nina conditions are likely to develop in the next three months but the phase is expected to be relatively weak and short-lived, the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) said recently. Background: – Latest forecasts from WMO indicate a 55% likelihood of a transition from the current neutral conditions (neither El Niño nor La Niña) to La Nina conditions during December 2024 to February 2025. Key takeaways La Niña, a phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), occurs when the region of the Pacific Ocean between Indonesia and South America is cooler than usual. Its counterpart, El Niño, represents a warming of the same region. This decade began with three consecutive La Niña events (2020-2022), a rare occurrence known as Triple Dip La Niña, followed by an El Niño in 2023. Historically, the La Niña has usually formed during the monsoon or the pre-monsoon period, and it has formed only twice between October and December since 1950. La Niña and its affect on India’s climate and environment North India experiences colder winter than usual during La Niña. Analysis of meteorological data by researchers at the Council on Energy Environment and Water, New Delhi, has revealed that while La Niña winters feature colder nights compared to El Niño, daytime temperatures tend to be higher. Meteorological parameters like wind speed and planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) — the lowest atmospheric layer directly influenced by land-atmosphere interactions — also vary during ENSO phases, affecting air quality. The researchers found the average wind speed is higher throughout the day during La Niña winters. Faster winds help reduce air pollution by transporting pollutants away. They also found that the average PBLH is slightly lower during La Niña winters. If La Niña sets in, lower temperatures in north India may lead people to burn more biomass for heating, worsening pollution. A lower PBLH could also trap more pollutants near the ground. But higher wind speeds could disperse the pollutants, potentially leading to better air quality. A La Niña promotes robust monsoons as evidenced by the “normal” or “above-normal” rainfall in the La Niña years of 2020, 2021, and 2022. Source: The Hindu POLAVARAM PROJECT Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Andhra Pradesh government has prepared an action plan and set a broad milestones for various works, including completing the first phase of the Polavaram Irrigation Project by October 2026. Background: The Polavaram project, considered the lifeline of Andhra Pradesh, has witnessed multiple delays over the last few years. Key takeaways: The Polavaram Project is a significant multi-purpose irrigation project on the Godavari River in the Eluru District and East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh. Also known as the Indira Sagar Project. The project aims to provide irrigation, drinking water, and hydroelectric power. Project was approved initially in 2004 and declared a national project under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014. Key Features Dam Type: Earth-cum-rock fill dam. Reservoir Capacity: Gross storage capacity of 194.6 TMC. Irrigation Potential: 4.36 lakh hectares in Andhra Pradesh. Hydroelectric Power: Generation of 960 MW. In this project, Godavari-Krishna inter-linking will be implemented under the inter-linking of rivers project. The project envisages transfer of 80 TMC of surplus water of Godavari river to Krishna river. Source: The Hindu MAYOTTE Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Rescuers raced against time to reach survivors and supply urgent aid after the devastating cyclone Chido ripped through the French Indian Ocean territory of Mayotte. Background: – Mayotte is France’s poorest region with an estimated third of the population living in shanty towns. About Mayotte Mayotte is an overseas department and region and single territorial collectivity of France. It is located in the northern part of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Southeastern Africa, between Northwestern Madagascar and Northeastern Mozambique. Mayotte consists of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Maore), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), as well as several islets around these two. It is an outermost region of the European Union and, as an overseas department of France, part of the eurozone. Mayotte is the oldest of the four large islands of the Comoros archipelago (The Comoro Islands are a group of volcanic islands in the Mozambique Channel). Source: BBC GREEN HYDROGEN AND THE FINANCING CHALLENGE Syllabus: Mains – GS 3 Context: As India charts its path to net-zero emissions by 2070, green hydrogen offers a crucial pathway to decarbonise its industrial sectors Background: – India’s success in green hydrogen will depend on leveraging its abundant renewable resources through efficient project execution, access to low-cost capital, and strategic investments. Key takeaways India aims to produce 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) of green hydrogen annually by 2030. Based on a recent analysis by BloombergNEF, India is on track to meet only 10% of its stated goal. The sluggish progress is attributable to the substantial disparity between green hydrogen production costs ($5.30-$6.70 per kg) and traditional grey/blue production costs ($1.9-$2.4 per kg). This wide price differential makes it challenging to drive domestic offtake and attract private investment. The economics of green hydrogen production hinge on two factors — the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) and electrolyzer costs, both driven by the cost of capital. In emerging markets like India, perceived higher risks push up borrowing costs, leading to a high weighted average cost of capital (WACC). As investment costs make up 50-80% of LCOE in renewable energy projects, WACC significantly impacts overall costs. India needs to adopt innovative financing mechanisms and policy frameworks to effectively de-risk investments and attract capital to scale its green hydrogen sector. Policy Reforms The U.K.’s Low Carbon Hydrogen Standard Certification provides a model for building market confidence. Strategic hydrogen hubs in the U.S., Japan, and Australia reflect a shift from traditional industrial development approaches — rather than letting infrastructure follow demand, these nations are fostering integrated ecosystems where infrastructure, production, innovation, and consumption co-evolve. Adapting this approach, with localised industrial clusters linked to renewable energy sources, could create self-sustaining hydrogen corridors in India that attract investment. How to de-risk investments First, the government must implement a policy framework that extends beyond production incentives to address fundamental financing barriers. This includes establishing long-term hydrogen purchase agreements and partial loan guarantees. It should also create “regulatory sandboxes” that allow for experimentation with novel business models while maintaining safety standards, similar to how fintech innovation was accelerated in India. Second, India’s financial sector must move beyond traditional project finance paradigms. Indian financial institutions must develop products that address hydrogen’s distinctive challenges — long development timelines, uncertain demand, and complex value chains. Third, India’s international collaboration should aim to tackle practical market-making challenges. Key trade corridors, such as the Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain Project between Australia and Japan, show how cross-border partnerships can provide the demand certainty needed for large-scale investments. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding La Niña and its impact on India: La Niña conditions are associated with colder winters in North India. During La Niña winters, wind speeds tend to decrease, leading to increased air pollution. La Niña generally promotes above-normal monsoons in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A) 1 and 2 only B) 1 and 3 only C) 2 and 3 only D) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) With reference to the Polavaram Project, consider the following statements: The Polavaram Project is constructed on the Krishna River. It involves the transfer of 80 TMC of surplus water from the Godavari River to the Krishna River. The project was declared a national project under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A) 1 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 2 only D) 2 only Q3.) Mayotte, often in the news, is geographically located: A) Between Madagascar and Mozambique in the Indian Ocean. B) Near the eastern coast of Australia in the Pacific Ocean. C) Between Sri Lanka and the Maldives in the Indian Ocean. D) Off the west coast of South America in the Atlantic Ocean. Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 16th December – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – c Q.2) – b Q.3) – b

Dec 17, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 17th December 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Dec 16, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 16th December 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) CARBON MARKET Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: COP29, held at Azerbaijan’s capital Baku, has given a fillip to the idea of using carbon markets to curb carbon emissions by approving standards that can help in the setting up of an international carbon market as soon as the coming year. Background: – Carbon credits were first used in the 1990s in the U.S. What is a carbon market? A carbon market allows the buying and selling of the right to emit carbon. Suppose a government wants to limit the amount of carbon emitted. It can issue certificates called carbon credits that allow certificate holders to emit a certain amount of carbon. One carbon credit is equivalent to 1,000 kilograms of carbon dioxide. By limiting the number of carbon credits that are issued, governments can control how much carbon is released into the environment. It should be noted that anyone who doesn’t hold carbon credits would not be allowed to emit any carbon into the atmosphere. Individuals and firms that hold carbon credits but don’t actually need them for any reason can sell their credits to interested buyers. The price is determined by market forces, which in this case are the supply of carbon credits and the demand for these certificates. A carbon market can also include the trading of carbon offsets. In this case, a business that pollutes the environment for example, can purchase carbon offsets sold by a NGO that promises to plant trees that suck a certain amount of carbon emissions out of the atmosphere for each offset that it sells. What is Good about Carbon Markets? Addresses Externalities: Carbon emissions are a negative externality where the cost of pollution is not accounted for in market prices. Carbon markets impose a financial cost on polluters, incentivizing firms to reduce emissions. Monetary Incentive to Reduce Pollution: Firms must purchase the right to pollute, encouraging them to minimize emissions to save costs. Improved Carbon Accounting: Technological advancements and standardized accounting frameworks have enhanced the ability of corporations to monitor and report emissions. Flexibility for Firms: Firms can purchase credits from others that don’t need them, optimizing resource allocation. What Can Go Wrong with Carbon Markets? Manipulation by Governments: Governments disinterested in reducing emissions may flood the market with carbon credits, reducing their price and effectiveness. Conversely, excessive restrictions on carbon credits may unnecessarily slow economic growth. Cheating and Non-Compliance: Firms may find ways to cheat the system and emit carbon illegally without purchasing credits. Enforcement of compliance is critical for market success. Ineffective Carbon Offsets: Firms may invest in carbon offsets as a form of virtue signaling without ensuring they truly reduce emissions. Limited Incentives for Small Businesses: Small businesses, particularly in developing nations, face challenges in accurately monitoring emissions. Varied Production Processes: Diverse supply chains and production methods make it difficult to establish uniform carbon budgets for all facilities. Source: The Hindu GOLAN HEIGHTS Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Israel is set to double its population on the occupied Golan Heights while saying threats from Syria remained despite the moderate tone of rebel leaders who ousted President Bashar al-Assad a week ago. Background: – Israel captured most of the strategic plateau from Syria in the 1967 Six-Day War, annexing it in 1981. Key takeaways The Golan Heights is a strategically significant plateau located in southwestern Syria, bordered by Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. The Golan Heights covers an area of approximately 1,800 km². It is characterized by its hilly terrain and basaltic rock formations. The Golan Heights offers a vantage point overlooking the Jordan River valley and the Sea of Galilee. It is bordered by the Yarmouk river in the south and the Sea of Galilee in the west. The hilly land is fertile, and the volcanic soil grows apple and cherry orchards as well as vineyards. The region has vital water sources that feed the Jordan River, including the Hasbani River, which flows from Lebanon and through the Golan. Population: The region has a population of around 55,000 people, including 24,000 Druze who identify as Syrians. Highest Point: The highest elevation is Mount Hermon, which stands at 2,814 meters (9,232 feet). Ottoman Rule: The Golan Heights came under Ottoman control in the 16th century and later became part of the French Mandate in Syria. Modern History: During the Six-Day War in 1967, Israel captured the Golan HeDuring the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Syria attempted to take back the Golan Heights but failed to do so. In 1974, the UN got involved, deploying peacekeeping forces in the area after Israel and Syria signed an armistice. The Security Council established the UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) the same year as it tried to maintain a ceasefire and creating a ceasefire buffer zone in the area. As of April, 1,274 UN personnel are deployed in the Golan Heights. In 1981, Israel formally declared its annexation of the Golan Heights. In 2019, the US, under then-President Donald Trump, recognised Israeli sovreignty over the Golan Heights. The recognition still stands, even under President Joe Biden’s administration. Source: The Hindu OLIVE RIDLEY TURTLES Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: Carcasses of Olive Ridley turtles, which are currently in their breeding season, continue to wash ashore along the Visakhapatnam coast. Background: Environmental experts say that a majority of the deaths are due to marine pollution and trawling activities for catching fish. Key takeaways: The Olive Ridley Turtle (scientific name: Lepidochelys olivacea) is the smallest and most abundant sea turtle species in the world. Size: Olive Ridley turtles grow to about 2 feet in length and weigh around 50 kg. Habitat: They inhabit warm and tropical waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Appearance: They get their name from their olive-colored carapace (shell), which is heart-shaped and rounded. Carnivorous: Olive Ridley turtles are carnivores, feeding mainly on jellyfish, shrimp, snails, crabs, mollusks, and various fish and their eggs. Unique Behavior: Arribada: Olive Ridley turtles are best known for their unique mass nesting behavior called arribada, where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs. Nesting Sites: The coast of Orissa in India is the largest mass nesting site for Olive Ridley turtles, followed by the coasts of Mexico and Costa Rica. Major nesting sites in India include: Odisha: Gahirmatha Beach, Rushikulya River mouth, and Devi River mouth. Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Life Cycle: Egg Laying: Females lay eggs in conical nests about 1.5 feet deep, which they dig with their hind flippers. Hatching: After about 45-65 days, the eggs hatch, and the hatchlings make their way to the ocean. Survival Rate: Only about 1 in 1,000 hatchlings survive to adulthood. Conservation Status : The Olive Ridley turtle is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List due to threats like habitat loss, pollution, and poaching. Source: The Hindu JALVAHAK SCHEME Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Centre on Sunday launched the Jalvahak scheme to boost long-haul cargo movement via inland waterways. Background: – India has an extensive inland waterway network spanning 20,236 km, but its freight transport potential remains under-utilised compared to countries like the US and China. About Jalvahak scheme The Jalvahak Scheme is an initiative by the Indian government aimed at boosting cargo movement via inland waterways. Launch Date: Unveiled on December 15, 2024. The scheme will remain valid for three years and is designed to optimise supply chains for major shipping companies, freight forwarders, and trade bodies. Objective: To promote sustainable and cost-effective transportation across National Waterways 1 (Ganga), 2 (Brahmaputra), and 16 (Barak river). Implementation: Jointly implemented by the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) and Inland & Coastal Shipping Ltd (ICSL), a subsidiary of the Shipping Corporation of India. Key Features: Incentives: Cargo owners transporting goods over distances exceeding 300 km via waterways will receive up to 35% reimbursement on operating costs. Economic Impact: The scheme aims to facilitate a modal shift of 800 million tonne-kilometres with an estimated investment of Rs 95.4 crore by 2027. Significance: Decongestion: The scheme aims to reduce logistics costs and decongest road and rail networks. Environmental Benefits: Promotes eco-friendly cargo transportation. Economic Value: Provides a positive economic value proposition to trade and advances Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of transformation via transportation. Source: The Hindu MINERAL DIPLOMACY Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 Context: As India seeks to expand its manufacturing and technological capability, critical minerals will become vital to fulfil this ambition. Background: – India is a major critical mineral importer, still depends on other countries, primarily China, for its mineral security, which has become a cause of strategic concern. Key takeaways To address India’s mineral security challenge, New Delhi has started an attempt to engage in mineral diplomacy. This attempt is based on the pillars of: developing international engagement with mineral-producing countries, and establishing strategic partnerships with intergovernmental organisations. The first pillar focuses on building bilateral ties with resource-rich countries such as Australia, Argentina, the United States, Russia, and Kazakhstan to secure the supply. To facilitate, India established the Khanij Bidesh India Ltd. (KABIL), a joint venture company with a mandate to ensure a consistent supply of critical and strategic minerals to the Indian domestic market. In March 2022, KABIL signed a Memorandum of understanding with Australia for a critical mineral investment partnership, identifying two lithium and three cobalt projects. Latin America’s Lithium Triangle, which constitutes Argentina, Chile, and Bolivia, has attracted India. India signed a $24 million lithium exploration pact with a state-owned enterprise in Argentina for five lithium brine blocks. KABIL is actively working to secure mineral supplies by facilitating the buying of assets from Bolivia and Chile. Central Asia has also caught India’s attention. India and Kazakhstan formed a joint venture, IREUK Titanium Limited, to produce titanium slag in India. The second pillar of mineral diplomacy is forging and strengthening partnerships with minilateral and multilateral initiatives related to mineral security, such as the Quad, the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF), Mineral Security Partnership (MSP) and the G-7, for cooperation in supply chain. The missing pieces India’s mineral diplomacy still lacks three essential ingredients. These are: a lack of private sector participation; weak diplomatic capacity, and insufficient sustainable partnership. India’s private sector has largely been missing from the equation. The absence of a critical mineral supply chain strategy and a clear road map for the private sector are two primary variables responsible for their absenteeism. Second, India must strengthen its mineral diplomacy engagement. Having a dedicated mineral diplomacy division within the Ministry of External Affairs, similar to the New and Emerging Strategic Technologies (NEST) division and a special position for mineral diplomacy in selected diplomatic missions can be a step. Third, Delhi must forge strategic, sustainable, and trusted partnerships with bilateral partners and multilateral forums. Among all its partners, working with EU, South Korea, and the other Quad members is critical to India’s mineral security due to its domestic capabilities, diplomatic network and technological know-how. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) What is the primary objective of a carbon market? a) To create a new source of revenue for governments b) To allow unlimited carbon emissions without penalties c) To trade the right to emit carbon and control overall carbon emissions d) To replace traditional energy markets with renewable sources Q2.) Which of the following rivers is located near the Golan Heights and serves as a vital water source for the region? a) Narmada River b) Hasbani River c) Euphrates River d) Tigris River Q3.) What is the unique nesting behavior of Olive Ridley turtles known as? a) Migration b) Arribada c) Transhumance d) Parthenogenesis Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 14th December – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – a Q.3) – b

Dec 16, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 16th December 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Dec 14, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 14th December 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) NINE YEARS OF PARIS AGREEMENT Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: The Paris Agreement was supposed to save the world from the worst impacts of climate change. But nine years after it was finalised — on December 12, 2015 — it is perhaps more fragile than ever, appearing increasingly ineffective and helpless in containing worsening climate situation. Background: – The main goal of the Paris Agreement — holding global annual average temperatures within 1.5 degree Celsius of pre-industrial averages, two degrees Celsius in the worst case scenario — seems more distant than ever. Key takeaways In the nine years, annual global emissions have grown 8% from about 49 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent to 53 billion tonnes. Average annual global temperatures have increased from 1.1 degree Celsius above the pre-industrial average to 1.45 degree Celsius above that level. Erosion of Trust Among Developing Nations Unmet Financial Obligations: Developed countries failed to meet the $100 billion annual climate finance goal by 2020. A finance deal in Baku only proposed increasing this to $300 billion by 2035, which is grossly inadequate given the trillions needed annually by developing nations. Equity Concerns: The Paris Agreement replaced the Kyoto Protocol, which held developed countries primarily accountable for emissions reductions. The Kyoto Protocol had assigned specific emissions reduction targets on developed countries, but placed virtually no responsibilities on the rest of the world. The Paris Agreement mandated everyone to take climate actions, but only in a “nationally-determined” manner, essentially freeing developed countries of their assigned responsibilities. Geopolitical Dimensions Role of Developed Nations: Developed nations have consistently resisted stringent climate obligations, fearing economic repercussions. The United States’ potential withdrawal under Donald Trump’s presidency could further weaken global climate action. Emerging Economies: The growing economic power of countries like China has shifted the climate narrative, with developed nations demanding greater contributions from such nations while ignoring their historical emissions. Alternative Strategies by Developing Nations Vanuatu’s Initiative: The resolution passed by the UN General Assembly to seek the ICJ’s advice on defining countries’ climate obligations is a significant step by vulnerable nations. Small island nations aim to establish clearer legal consequences for failing to meet climate commitments. Source: Indian Express SOCIAL DIALOGUE REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (ILO) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Social Dialogue Report of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), released recently, has recommended the governments to uphold fundamental principles and rights at work, especially freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining. Background: – Report found that countries’ compliance with freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining had deteriorated by 7% between 2015 and 2022. Key takeaways What is Social Dialogue? Definition: Social dialogue refers to discussions, consultations, negotiations, and other interactions between governments, employers, and workers on issues related to economic and social policy. Purpose: To promote consensus-building, resolve workplace conflicts, and ensure equitable economic and social development. The International Labour Organisation (ILO), a United Nations agency, champions social dialogue as one of its four strategic objectives under the Decent Work Agenda. The Social Dialogue Report provides a global perspective on: The effectiveness of social dialogue in different countries. The role of tripartite structures (governments, employers, and workers) in promoting decent work. Best practices and challenges in achieving workplace harmony. Highlights of the Latest Social Dialogue Report: The report has highlighted the experience of Rajasthan that brought in the Platform Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill to provide for the establishment of the Rajasthan Platform Based Gig Workers Welfare Board. The report argues that social dialogue can enable countries to pursue economic development alongside social progress, while ensuring fair and inclusive low-carbon and digital transitions. The ILO has also recommended the national social dialogue institutions (NSDIs) of various countries to expand their outreach to under-represented groups. Source: The Hindu PORT OF LATAKIA Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Israel Defense Forces (IDF) has attacked Syria’s naval fleet at the ports of Al-Bayda and Latakia. Background: Attacks are part of Israel’s effort to neutralise military assets in the country after the fall of the Assad regime. Key Concerns: The Port of Latakia is a significant seaport located on the Mediterranean coast in the city of Latakia, Syria. When Syria became independent in 1945 it was the only seaport in the country. Since 2019, Iran leases parts of the port of Latakia for civilian and military use. This was followed closely by Russia, which operates its only naval base in the Mediterranean in nearby Tartus. Source: BBC SCHENGEN AREA Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Romania and Bulgaria will become full members of Europe’s Schengen free-travel area from next month. Background: – Although the Schengen agreements guarantee free travel, several members including Germany and the Netherlands have recently increased controls to stem illegal immigration. About Schengen Area The Schengen Area is a zone comprising 29 European countries that have officially abolished border controls at their mutual borders. Establishment: The Schengen Area was established on March 26, 1995. Member Countries: The Schengen Area includes 25 EU member states and 4 non-EU countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland). Key Features: Free Movement: Citizens of Schengen countries can travel freely within the area without needing to show a passport or go through border checks. Common Visa Policy: The Schengen Area has a common visa policy, allowing travelers to use a single visa to visit multiple Schengen countries. External Borders: Schengen countries have harmonized controls at their external borders, ensuring security while allowing free movement within the area Significance: Economic Benefits: The Schengen Area facilitates trade and tourism, benefiting the economies of member states. Cultural Exchange: It promotes cultural exchange and strengthens ties between European countries. Security: Harmonized external border controls enhance security while maintaining the freedom of movement within the area. Source: Reuters JAL JEEVAN MISSION Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Prime Minister recently emphasised that Jal Jeevan Mission was furthering women empowerment, especially in rural areas. Background: – PM Modi pointed out that women, who previously had to travel long distances to fetch clean water, can now access it right at their doorstep. This shift, he said, allows women to focus more on skill development and self-reliance. Key takeaways Jal Jeevan Mission, is envisioned to provide safe and adequate drinking water through individual household tap connections by 2024 to all households in rural India. The mission was launched on August 15, 2019. Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) is a centrally sponsored scheme As of October 2024, the mission has extended tap water connections to 15.20 crore rural households, covering over 78% of all rural households in India. Key Features: Community Approach: The mission emphasizes a community approach to water management, including extensive Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) activities. Source Sustainability: Measures such as recharge and reuse through grey water management, water conservation, and rainwater harvesting are mandatory components. Water Supply: Supply 55 liters of water per person per day (lpcd) in every rural household. Focus on Quality: Ensure safe and adequate water that meets Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) norms. Additional Information A recent report by the State Bank of India highlighted the broader impact of the initiative. Rural households across India have seen an 8.3 percentage point reduction in the need to fetch water from outside their premises. This has led to a 7.4 percentage point rise in women’s participation in agriculture and other productive activities. The report also noted significant progress in states like Bihar and Assam, where female workforce participation has surged by over 28 percentage points. WHO projects that ensuring safely managed drinking water for all households in India could prevent nearly 400,000 deaths from diarrheal diseases, saving approximately 14 million Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). The Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, in partnership with the International Labour Organization (ILO), estimates that JJM will generate 59.9 lakh person-years of direct and 2.2 crore person-years of indirect employment during its capital expenditure phase. Additionally, the operation and maintenance phase could generate 13.3 lakh person-years of direct employment. Source: PM INDIA Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to the Jal Jeevan Mission, consider the following statements: It aims to provide 100 liters of water per person per day to all urban households. It involves a 90:10 funding pattern for Himalayan and North-Eastern states. It is implemented by the Ministry of Jal Shakti. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) With reference to the Port of Latakia, consider the following statements: It is located on the Mediterranean coast of Syria. It is the only operational seaport in Syria since its independence. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) With reference to the Schengen Area, consider the following statements: It includes all member states of the European Union. It allows for free movement of people without border checks between member countries. Bulgaria and Romania is set to join the Schengen Area. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 13th December – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – a Q.2) – b Q.3) – a

Dec 14, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 14th December 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Dec 13, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 13th December 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) PRINCIPLES OF JUDICIAL CONDUCT Syllabus: Mains – POLITY & ETHICS Context: The comments made by Allahabad High Court judge, Justice Shekhar Kumar Yadav, against the Muslim community at an event organised by the legal cell of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad has drawn public flak. Background: – The “Restatement of Values of Judicial Life” and “Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct 2002” presents ethical framework for judicial conduct. Key takeaways The ‘Restatement of Values of Judicial Life’ is the primary code of ethics governing judicial behaviour adopted by the Supreme Court in 1997. The code comprises 16 points: Justice must not merely be done but it must also be seen to be done. Members of the judiciary must reaffirm the people’s faith in the impartiality of the judiciary. Accordingly, any act of a judge of the Supreme Court or a high court, whether in official or personal capacity, which erodes the credibility of this perception, has to be avoided. A judge should not contest the election to any office of a club, society or other association. Close association with individual members of the bar, particularly those who practice in the same court, shall be eschewed. A judge should not permit any member of his immediate family, if a member of the Bar, to appear before him or even be associated in any manner with a cause to be dealt with by him. No member of his family, who is a member of the Bar, shall be permitted to use the residence in which the judge actually resides or other facilities for professional work. A judge should practice a degree of aloofness consistent with the dignity of his office. A judge shall not hear and decide a matter in which a member of his family, a close relation or a friend is concerned. A judge shall not enter into public debate or express his views in public on political matters or on matters that are pending or are likely to arise for judicial determination. A judge is expected to let his judgments speak for themselves. He shall not give interviews to the media. A judge shall not accept gifts or hospitality except from his family, close relations and friends. A judge shall not hear and decide a matter in which a company in which he holds shares is concerned unless he has disclosed his interest and no objection to his hearing and deciding the matter is raised. A judge shall not speculate in shares, stocks or the like. A judge should not engage directly or indirectly in trade or business, either by himself or in association with any other person. A judge should not ask for, accept contributions or otherwise actively associate himself with the raising of any fund for any purpose. A judge should not seek any financial benefit in the form of a perquisite or privilege attached to his office unless it is clearly available. Every judge must at all times be conscious that he is under the public gaze and there should be no act or omission by him which is unbecoming of the high office he occupies and the public esteem in which that office is held. About the Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct, 2002 Adoption: Drafted under the guidance of the United Nations, the principles were formally adopted at a judicial colloquium in Bangalore, India, in 2002. It is a set of universal principles and not legally binding but serves as a reference guide for judiciaries worldwide. Six Core Values: Independence: Judges must ensure independence from executive, legislative, and other external influences. Judicial independence is a precondition for the rule of law. Impartiality: Judges must remain unbiased in all cases, both in conduct and perception. They must avoid conflicts of interest or favoritism. Integrity: Upholding honesty and moral uprightness is fundamental for judicial trustworthiness. Propriety: Judges must maintain propriety in personal and professional conduct, avoiding behavior that diminishes public confidence. Equality: Fair treatment must be ensured regardless of race, gender, religion, or socio-economic background. Competence and Diligence: Judges must continuously update their legal knowledge and ensure efficient case management. Source: The Hindu VAIKOM SATYAGRAHA Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY Context: Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan and his Tamil Nadu counterpart, M.K. Stalin, came together at Vaikom in Kottayam district of Kerala to inaugurate the renovated memorial to Tamil reformist leader E.V. Ramasamy Naicker, fondly known as Thanthai Periyar. Background: – The programme marks the valedictory function of the centenary celebrations of the Vaikom Satyagraha in which Periyar E V Ramasamy Naicker actively participated. Key takeaways The Vaikom Satyagraha was a significant social reform movement in Kerala that aimed to challenge the practice of untouchability and secure temple entry rights for all, irrespective of caste. Location: Vaikom, a town in present-day Kottayam district, Kerala. Issue: The temple roads around the Vaikom Mahadeva Temple were restricted for use by upper-caste Hindus, denying access to lower-caste communities. Larger Aim: Address caste-based discrimination and ensure equal rights in public spaces. Key Events: Start of the Movement (March 30, 1924): Led by leaders of the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) movement inspired by Sree Narayana Guru’s philosophy of “One Caste, One Religion, One God for Man.” Organized by leaders such as T.K. Madhavan, K. Kelappan, and A.K. Gopalan with support from the Indian National Congress. Participation of Mahatma Gandhi: Gandhi advised the satyagrahis to adopt non-violence and resolve the issue through negotiations and public awareness. Resolution: After prolonged protests, dialogues, and arrests of satyagrahis, partial success was achieved in 1925, with the opening of three out of four roads (except the eastern road) surrounding the temple to people of all castes. Only in 1936, after the Temple Entry Proclamation, was access to the eastern road and entry into the temple allowed to the lower castes. Source: Statesman DISEASE X Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The recent outbreak reported in the first week of December 2024 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which has claimed over 400 lives and remains unclassified, has raised concerns that it could be an instance of Disease X. Background: While investigations continue to determine the cause in Congo, the outbreak underscores the importance of Disease X. Key Concerns: Disease X is not an actual but a hypothetical disease or in other words, disease X is not a specific illness but a placeholder for an unpredictable and as-yet-undiscovered pathogen capable of sparking a global health crisis. The World Health Organization (WHO) coined the term in 2018. It was conceptualised by the WHO to prepare for future outbreaks that are difficult to predict or identify. COVID-19 is widely regarded as the first instance of a real Disease X. When SARS-CoV-2 emerged as an unknown pathogen causing a global pandemic, it exemplified the scenario that Disease X was meant to represent — an unpredictable, novel threat requiring rapid global response and adaptation. Forecasting the next Disease X is daunting, as its emergence depends on numerous unpredictable factors. Zoonotic diseases are the most likely source, given their history of driving major epidemics. However, other scenarios, such as pathogens mutating to evade treatment, laboratory mishaps, or deliberate biological attacks, cannot be ruled out. Source: The Hindu BEIJING’S WAR AGAINST AIR POLLUTION Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: Beijing, with a yearly average air quality index (AQI) of 144, was as polluted in 2015 as Delhi is today (Delhi’s average is 155 for 2024). But in the interim, Beijing has managed to cut its pollution level by one-third with the most significant fall spanning between 2013 and 2017. Background: – Beijing is the capital of an emerging economy, as is Delhi. So, if Beijing could manage what it did at its stage of development, Delhi could and needs to, as well. Similarities between Beijing and Delhi: Rapid Urbanization and Economic Growth: Both cities have experienced rapid industrialization and urbanization, leading to increased emissions. Heavy Reliance on Fossil Fuels: Both cities heavily rely on fossil fuels for energy generation and transportation, contributing to air pollution. Regional Impact: Both cities are influenced by regional pollution sources, particularly during winter months. Beijing’s Successful Strategies: Long-Term Planning and Implementation: Beijing’s 20-year anti-pollution programme can be divided into three phases — 1998-2008; 2009-12; 2013-17. It was not shock-and-awe approach but a careful and slowly built-up plan with people’s participation, run by the local government of Beijing. Targeted Pollution Sources: Sources of pollution in Beijing were broadly identified as energy structures and coal combustion, transportation structures, and construction and industrial structures. For the first source, three steps were taken — ultra-low emission renovation and clean energy alternatives in power plants, renovation of coal-fired boilers, and elimination of coal consumption used for residential heating. For transportation infrastructure, the government first retrofitted cars and public service vehicles with diesel particulate filters (DPF) and gradually tightened emission standards. Then it went for scrapping, through subsidies. Subway and bus infrastructure was overhauled and expanded along with optimising the urban layout. As for the industrial and construction activities, tightening environmental requirements, intensifying end-of-pipe (EOP) treatment, eliminating obsolete industrial capacity, creating a green construction management model, efficient washing facilities, and implementing video monitoring with penal action against violators were some steps taken. The last leg of the plan (2013-17) especially focused on the need for regional cooperation, with five adjoining provinces around Beijing coming together for reducing pollution in the region. Lessons for Delhi: Strong Political Will and Leadership: A strong commitment from the government is crucial to implement and enforce effective policies. Since private transport is a big contributor to pollution, an efficient and comfortable bus-metro integrated transport system needs to be in place. Delhi’s DTC bus fleet is not only old but also inadequate for population size. The metro has almost zero last-mile connectivity. Old vehicles need to be scrapped at the earliest through a well-thought-out subsidy-for-scrap programme. Exclusive cycling and walking lanes should be built. Other ideas, such as cross-subsidisation through affordable public transport and expensive private transport using congestion or high parking charges, as well as separate fuel costs for the two modes of transport, could be experimented with. An urban layout is needed where places of work and residence are brought closer, alleviating the need for long travel. Delhi’s electricity is supplied primarily through coal fired plants. This need overhaul both from supply and demand side. Subsiding solar roof tops and connecting it to the grid with electricity bill discounts could be one step. Much like the Beijing plan, Delhi needs to coordinate with neighbouring regions to control other sources which originate in these regions. Source: The Hindu CESS AND SURCHARGE Syllabus: Prelims – ECONOMY Context: Arvind Panagariya, Chairman, 16th Finance Commission, termed the grievance of States regarding the Centre’s increasing reliance on cesses and surcharges as a “complicated issue.” Background: – While it was a worrisome factor for many States, it was also, “in a way,” the Centre’s response to the reduction of its own fiscal space due to the increase in the share of States in the divisible tax pool over the years, Aravind Panagariya said. Key takeaways Cess Definition: A cess is a tax levied by the government for a specific purpose, such as education, health, or infrastructure development. Key Features: Earmarked Purpose: The revenue collected from a cess is meant to be used exclusively for the purpose for which it is levied (e.g., Education Cess for funding education). Temporary Nature: Cess is usually imposed for a limited duration until the specific purpose is fulfilled. No Sharing with States: Unlike regular taxes under divisible pool arrangements, cess collections are not shared with states; the Union government retains the entire amount. Article 270 of the Constitution allows cess to be excluded from the purview of the divisible pool of taxes that the Union government must share with the States. Examples of Cess: Health and Education Cess Infrastructure Cess Surcharge Definition: A surcharge is an additional charge or tax applied on an existing tax.It is usually imposed on individuals/entities earning higher income or engaging in certain high-value transactions. Key Features: No Earmarked Purpose: Unlike cess, the revenue from surcharge can be used for any purpose as deemed fit by the government. Progressive Taxation Tool: Surcharges target high-income groups or high-value transactions, promoting equity in taxation. No Sharing with States: The revenue from surcharge is entirely retained by the Union government. Examples of Surcharge: Surcharge on Income Tax for individuals earning above ₹50 lakh. Constitutional Provision: Empowered by Article 271 of the Constitution. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to Disease X, consider the following statements: Disease X is a hypothetical term used by the World Health Organization (WHO) to represent an unpredictable and unknown pathogen. Zoonotic diseases are the only source of potential Disease X outbreaks. COVID-19 is widely regarded as the first real instance of Disease X. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 1, 2, and 3 (d) 1 only Q2.) With reference to the Vaikom Satyagraha, consider the following statements: The movement was aimed at ensuring temple entry rights for all castes. It was led by the Indian National Congress leaders without any involvement of local social reform movements. The final resolution of complete access to the temple roads and entry was achieved only after the Temple Entry Proclamation of 1936. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Which of the following statements is correct regarding ‘Cess’ and ‘Surcharge’ in India? Cess is levied for a specific purpose, while surcharge is imposed for general revenue purposes. Both cess and surcharge are part of the divisible pool of taxes shared with the states. Options: (a) Only 1 (b) Only 2 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 12th December – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – b Q.3) – b

Dec 13, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 13th December 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Dec 12, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 12th December 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) IMPEACHMENT OF HIGH COURT JUDGE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Opposition has started efforts to move an impeachment motion against Allahabad High Court judge Shekhar Kumar Yadav for his controversial statements at a recent Vishwa Hindu Parishad event. Background: – No High Court judge has been impeached in India so far. Constitutional Provisions Article 217: Deals with the appointment and conditions of service of High Court judges. Specifies that judges hold office until the age of 62 unless they resign, are impeached, or are removed. Article 218: The process of impeachment of a judge of the Supreme Court is laid down in Article 124(4) of the Constitution of India. Article 218 says the same provisions shall apply in relation to a judge of the High Court as well. Grounds for Removal: Proved misbehavior or incapacity. The procedure to be followed for impeachment of a judge is laid down in the Judges Inquiry Act, 1968. Procedure for Impeachment Initiation of Motion – A removal motion must be signed by: At least 100 members in the Lok Sabha, or At least 50 members in the Rajya Sabha. Upon admission of the motion, an inquiry committee is formed. A three-member committee is constituted, comprising: A Supreme Court judge. A Chief Justice of a High Court. An eminent jurist. The committee investigates the charges and submits its report. Parliamentary Approval: If the committee finds the judge guilty, both Houses of Parliament must pass the motion with a two-thirds majority of members present and voting, and the majority must be no less than 50% of the total membership of the House. President’s Order: Upon approval by both Houses, the President orders the removal of the judge. Important Points High Threshold: The impeachment process is deliberately complex to ensure judicial independence. Significant Cases: Justice Soumitra Sen of the Calcutta High Court faced impeachment proceedings but resigned before the process was concluded. Justice V. Ramaswami of the Supreme Court faced impeachment, but the motion failed in the Lok Sabha. Source: The Hindu MALARIA Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: According to the World Malaria Report 2024 by WHO, the South East Asia Region contributes about 1.5% of global malaria cases, with India accounting for nearly half of all estimated cases in the region in 2023. Background: – New data from the WHO revealed that an estimated 2.2 billion cases of malaria and 12.7 million deaths have been averted since 2000, but the disease remains a serious global health threat, particularly in the WHO African Region. About Malaria Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Not all Anopheles mosquitoes have malaria, but if they bite a person with malaria, they can become infectious. People do not spread malaria to other people, like the common cold or the flu. Also, malaria is not sexually transmitted. Because the parasites that cause malaria affect red blood cells, people can acatch malaria from exposure to infected blood, including: From mother to unborn child Through blood transfusions By sharing needles used to inject drugs Symptoms Fever, chills, headaches, muscle pain, vomiting. Severe cases: Organ failure, cerebral malaria, or death. Global Initiatives: WHO’s Global Technical Strategy for Malaria (2016-2030) aims to reduce global malaria cases by 90% by 2030. India’s Measures: National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP): Aims to eliminate malaria by 2030. National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP): Comprehensive approach to combat mosquito-borne diseases. Use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Vaccination: RTS,S/AS01 (Mosquirix): First malaria vaccine approved by WHO in 2021 for pilot projects in high-burden regions. Source: The Hindu CLIMATE IMPACT OF EXPLORING SPACE Syllabus: Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: As the world becomes more reliant on space technology for vital functions like climate monitoring, the environmental consequences of space activities need more attention. The rapid growth of the number of satellites in orbit has led to concerns about interference with climate monitoring systems and the accumulation of orbital debris. Background: Space activities currently fall outside international sustainability instruments like the Paris Agreement. Key Concerns: Climate Change: Rocket emissions (CO2, black carbon, water vapor) contribute to global warming. Chlorine-based propellants deplete the ozone layer. Satellite re-entry and burn up releases metallic ash, potentially altering the atmosphere. Energy-intensive satellite production and mining activities have significant carbon footprints. Orbital Debris: Rapid growth of satellites and debris poses collision risks to functional satellites. Debris interferes with scientific observations and communication systems. Increases the cost and complexity of space missions. Poses a threat to human-crewed missions. Challenges to Space Sustainability: Lack of International Regulation: No specific international regulations address space debris and environmental impact. Technological Limitations: Reusable rockets have limitations in terms of payload capacity and fuel efficiency. Cleaner fuels like hydrogen and biofuels face challenges in production and storage. Biodegradable satellite materials lack durability for space environments. Autonomous debris removal technologies are expensive and require legal clarity. International Cooperation: Data sharing and coordination among nations are hindered by security and commercial concerns. Path Towards Space Sustainability: International Cooperation: International cooperation through bodies like the Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space (COPUOS) is necessary to create enforceable standards. Standardize emission limits, debris mitigation, and data-sharing practices. Technological Innovation: Invest in research and development of cleaner fuels, biodegradable materials, and autonomous debris removal technologies. Policy and Incentives: Implement strict regulations and incentives for sustainable space practices. Encourage public-private partnerships to accelerate technological advancements. Establish a global space traffic management system to monitor and coordinate satellite activities. Source: The Hindu EXPANSION OF UNIVERSE Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Two years of data from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has corroborated the observation by Hubble Telescope that the universe is expanding more rapidly than expected. Background: – The observations by Webb, the most capable space telescope ever deployed, appear to rule out the notion that the data from its forerunner Hubble was somehow flawed due to instrument error Key takeaways Data from James Webb Space Telescope have now validated the Hubble Space Telescope’s earlier finding that the rate of the universe’s expansion is faster — by about 8% — than would be expected based on what astrophysicists know of the initial conditions in the cosmos and its evolution over billions of years. The discrepancy is called the Hubble Tension. According to scientists, the current understanding of the universe contains a lot of ignorance about two elements — dark matter and dark energy — and these make up 96% of the universe. Dark matter, thought to comprise about 27% of the universe, is a hypothesised form of matter that is invisible but is inferred to exist based on its gravitational effects on ordinary matter – stars, planets, moons, all the stuff on Earth – which accounts for roughly 5% of the universe. Dark energy, believed to comprise approximately 69% of the universe, is a hypothesised form of energy permeating vast swathes of space that counteracts gravity and drives the universe’s accelerating expansion. More about Hubble Tension Hubble Constant (H₀): Represents the rate of expansion of the universe, typically expressed in kilometers per second per megaparsec (km/s/Mpc) Hubble Tension: Discrepancy between values of H₀ measured using different methods, challenging our understanding of cosmology. About James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is the most powerful space telescope ever built, designed to explore the universe in unprecedented detail. Launch Date: JWST was launched on December 25, 2021. Location: It orbits the Sun at the second Lagrange point (L2), about 1.5 million kilometers (1 million miles) from Earth. Design and Features: Sunshield: It has a 5-layer sunshield the size of a tennis court, which protects its instruments from the Sun’s heat and light. Mirrors: JWST uses 18 hexagonal mirrors that unfold like a “Transformer” in space to form a single large mirror with a diameter of 6.5 meters (21 feet). Scientific Instruments: Instruments: JWST is equipped with four main instruments: Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam), Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec), Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI), and Fine Guidance Sensor/Near InfraRed Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (FGS/NIRISS). Capabilities: These instruments allow JWST to observe the universe in infrared light, which can penetrate dust clouds and reveal objects that are too faint or distant for visible light telescopes. Scientific Goals: Early Universe: JWST aims to study the first galaxies formed after the Big Bang, providing insights into the early universe. Planetary Systems: It will observe the atmospheres of exoplanets to search for signs of habitability and possibly life. Star and Planet Formation: JWST will study the formation of stars and planets within dust clouds. Source: The Hindu CASPIAN SEA Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Kazakhstan’s state-owned energy company said recently that it had decontaminated Soviet-era oil waste on the shores of the Caspian Sea. Background: – In Central Asia, work to remove toxic waste dating back to Soviet times has gathered pace in recent years, particularly in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, where millions of cubic metres of radioactive waste are stored. Key takeaways Location: Lies between Europe and Asia, bordered by five countries: Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, and Azerbaijan. Unique Feature: Largest enclosed inland water body, often called a sea due to its size and salinity. Geographical Features Salinity: Lower than seawater but higher than freshwater. Important Rivers: Volga, Ural, and Kura rivers flow into the Caspian Sea. Economic Importance Energy Resources: Rich in oil and natural gas reserves, contributing significantly to regional economies. Fishing Industry: Famous for sturgeon and caviar production. Trade and Transportation: Strategic hub for trade routes connecting Europe and Asia. Environmental Significance Biodiversity: Home to unique species, including the endangered Caspian seal. Environmental Concerns: Pollution from oil exploration, industrial activities, and declining water levels due to climate change. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding malaria: Malaria is caused by viruses transmitted through the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes. People with malaria can spread the disease to others through casual contact, like shaking hands. Malaria parasites can be transmitted through blood transfusions or from mother to child. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Consider the following statements about the Caspian Sea: It is the largest enclosed inland water body in the world. The Caspian Sea has a higher salinity level than seawater. The Caspian Sea is a significant hub for global sturgeon production. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) With reference to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), consider the following statements: It operates in the visible light spectrum to study the early universe. JWST is stationed at the second Lagrange point (L2), which is approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. It uses a 5-layer sunshield to protect its instruments from heat and light. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 11th December – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – b Q.3) – a

Dec 12, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 12th December 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

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