Posts

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 6th August 2021

Archives (PRELIMS + MAINS FOCUS) Constitutional (127th) Amendment Bill, 2021 Part of: GS Prelims and GS- II- Polity In news: Union Government is planning to bring a Bill to Parliament to clarify some provisions in the 102nd Constitutional amendment Act (CAA) to restore the power of the states to identify backward classes. In India, separate OBC lists are drawn up by the Centre and each state concerned. Articles 15(4), 15(5) and 16(4) expressly conferred power on a state to identify and declare the list of socially and educationally backward classes. The amendment was necessitated after the SC in its Maratha reservation ruling upheld the 102nd CAA but said the President, based on the recommendations of the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC), would determine which communities would be included on the state OBC list. What is the 102nd Constitution Amendment Act of 2018? It inserted Articles 338B and Article 342A (with two clauses) after Article 342. Articles 338B deals with the structure, duties and powers of the National Commission for Backward Classes. Article 342A says that the President, in consultation with the governor, would specify the socially and educationally backward classes. About the Constitutional (127th) Amendment Bill, 2021: It will amend clauses 1 and 2 of Article 342A and also introduce a new clause 3. The bill will also amend Articles 366 (26c) and 338B (9). It is designed to clarify that the states can maintain the "state list" of OBCs as was the system before the Supreme Court judgment. Articles 366 (26c) defines socially and educationally backward classes. The "state list" will be completely taken out of the ambit of the President and will be notified by the state assembly. What is the procedure for passing Constitutional Amendment Bills? As per the procedure laid down in the Constitution, Constitution Amendment Bills can be of three types viz. requiring a simple majority for their passage in each House. requiring a special majority for their passage in each House i.e., a majority of the total membership of a House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting (article 368). requiring special majority for their passage and ratification by Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States by resolutions to that effect passed by those Legislatures (clause (2) of article 368).  A Constitution Amendment Bill under article 368 can be introduced in either House of Parliament and has to be passed by each House by special majority. There is no provision of joint sittings on a Money Bill or a Constitution Amending Bill. Centre seeks to redact retrospective tax law Part of: GS Prelims and GS- III - Economy In news Union Finance and Corporate Affairs Minister recently introduced the Taxation Laws (Amendment) Bill in the Lok Sabha The bill aims to nullify the relevant retrospective tax clauses that were introduced in 2012 to bring past indirect transfer of Indian assets under the ambit of taxation. The retrospective tax law of 2012 was used to raise large tax demands on foreign investors such as Vodafone and Cairn Energy, It was also blamed for impairing India’s investment climate. What are the major features of the bill? As per the proposed changes, any tax demand made on transactions that took place before May 2012 shall be dropped. Any taxes already collected shall be repaid. To be eligible, the concerned taxpayers would have to drop all pending cases against the government and promise not to make any demands for damages or costs. What is retrospective taxation? As the name suggests, retrospective taxation allows a country to pass a rule on taxing certain products, items or services and deals and charge companies from a time behind the date on which the law is passed Countries use this route to correct any anomalies in their taxation policies that have, in the past, allowed companies to take advantage of such loopholes. Global Norm: Apart from India, many countries including the US, the UK, the Netherlands, Canada, Belgium, Australia and Italy have retrospectively taxed companies, which had taken the benefit of loopholes in the previous law. Consequence of Retrospective Taxation on Market  Hurts Companies: While governments often use a retrospective amendment to taxation laws to “clarify” existing laws, it ends up hurting companies that had knowingly or unknowingly interpreted the tax rules differently. Hurts Investor Confidence: The amendment was criticised by investors globally, who said the change in law was “perverse” in nature. This impacted the market sentiment and the flow of foreign funds to India. News Source: TH 22 Assam rhinos killed in 5 years Part of: Prelims and GS -III- Conservation In news Poachers have killed 22 one-horned rhinos in Assam since 2017, The government had set up 10 fast-track sessions courts over the years for speedy trials of wildlife- related crimes. About Rhino There are three species of rhino in Asia — Greater one-horned, Javan and Sumatran. India is home to the largest number of Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros in the world Two greatest threats: Poaching for the horns and habitat loss The five rhino range nations: India, Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia and Malaysia. These Nations have signed a declaration ‘The New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019’ for the conservation and protection of the species. Protection Status IUCN Red List Javan and Sumatran Rhino: Critically endangered Greater one-horned rhino:  vulnerable All three are listed under Appendix I (CITES). Greater one-horned rhino: Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. In India, rhinos are mainly found in: Assam: Kaziranga National Park (NP), Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS), Orang NP and Manas NP, West Bengal: Jaldapara NP and Gorumara NP Uttar Pradesh: Dudhwa Tiger Reserve. Conservation Efforts by India Recently, the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has begun a project to create DNA profiles of all rhinos in the country. National Rhino Conservation Strategy: It was launched in 2019 to conserve the greater one-horned rhinoceros. Indian Rhino Vision 2020: It was launched in 2005. Aim: To attain a wild population of at least 3,000 greater one-horned rhinos spread over seven protected areas in the Indian state of Assam by the year 2020. Other Protected Areas in Assam: Dibru-Saikhowa National Park Manas National Park Nameri National Park Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park Kaziranga National Park. News Source: TH Continuation of Scheme for Fast Track Courts Part of: GS Prelims and GS - II - Policies and interventions In news Recently, the Union Government approved the continuation of more than 1000 Fast Track Special Court (FTSCs) as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) for two years (April 2021-March 2023). It includes 389 exclusive POCSO (Protection of Children from Sexual Offences) Courts. The Central share will be provided from the Nirbhaya Fund. What is the Background of Fast Track Courts? Fast track courts (FTCs) were first recommended by the Eleventh Finance Commission in 2000 to substantially bring down pendency in the district and subordinate courts over the next five years. In 2011, the central government stopped funding fast-track courts. The decision was challenged in the Supreme Court (SC) in 2012, but the apex court said it was up to the states to continue or shut down these courts depending on their financial situation. Three states--Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Kerala--continued running these courts while Delhi, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh and Karnataka had said they would continue till 2013. Following the December 2012 Gangrape and murder, the Union Government set up a 'Nirbhaya Fund', amended the Juvenile Justice Act and set up fast-track Mahila Courts.  What is the Scheme for Fast Track Special Courts? In 2019, the government approved a scheme for setting up 1,023 fast-track special courts (FTSCs) across the country for expeditious disposal of pending rape cases under the Indian penal Code (IPC) and crimes under the POCSO Act. FTSCs are dedicated courts expected to ensure swift dispensation of justice. They have a better clearance rate as compared to the regular courts and hold speedy trials. It also strengthens the deterrence framework for sexual offenders.  How has the Performance been for Fast Track Courts?  The Performance has been below par. According to NCRB (National Crime Records Bureau), at the end of 2019, rape cases had a pendency rate of 89.5% and the conviction rate of 27.8%. For POCSO cases, 88.8% cases were pending at the end of the year, and of those disposed of, 34.9% ended in a conviction.  What are the Issues with FTCs? Lack of Infrastructure No clear Mandate: There are no clear mandates on what kind of cases fast-track courts are supposed to hear. Delay in Judgement Overburdened Judges News Source: IE Importance of vaccine for pregnant women  Part of: GS Prelims and GS - II - Health In news  Recently a senior member of the National COVID-19 Task Force has thrown light over the importance of Covid-19 vaccine for pregnant women. Why is COVID-19 vaccine important for pregnant women? Though pregnancy and childbirth do not increase the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection, they worsen the clinical course of COVID-19 compared with other women in the same age group. During the second wave, It was found that 22% of pregnant women who tested positive for COVID-19 had premature deliveries, and 48% had to undergo a caesarean delivery. The rate of admission to the ICU among pregnant women with COVID-19 was also higher than those of non-pregnant women. COVID-19 during pregnancy can lead to pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, which is an increase in the blood pressure of mother, and the risk of cardiopulmonary arrest increases, especially if the infection occurs during the third trimester. Since the vaccine significantly reduces the severity and mortality due to COVID-19, the government took the decision to provide vaccination to pregnant women. News Source: TH  (Mains Focus) ENVIRONMENT GS-3: Environmental Conservation Red tide in Florida Context: Gulf of Florida witnessed the bloom of a red tide organism, Karenia brevis recently.  About the recent bloom It is pointed out that the algal bloom aggravated Florida’s Gulf of Mexico coast  due to the release of 215 million gallons of contaminated water into Tampa Bay earlier this year. The water was released from a defunct phosphate wastewater plant near the city of St Petersburg in March and April 2021, to prevent its collapse. Karenia brevis, a type of algae commonly known as ‘Red Tide’, has swept Florida’s Gulf of Mexico Coast, killing 1,400 tonnes of fish in and around Tampa alone. Besides fish, the algal bloom has also killed turtles, manatees and dolphins on the coastline. The bloom might have used nutrients from the contaminated water to grow and release toxins, killing marine life in the area. Its origins have been traced back to another red tide in December last year.  About florida’s red tide It is one of the best known Harmful algal blooms, or HABs, in the nation that occurs nearly every summer along Florida’s Gulf Coast. This bloom, like many HABs, is caused by microscopic algae that produce toxins that kill fish and make shellfish dangerous to eat. The toxins may also make the surrounding air difficult to breathe.  What is red tide? Red tides are a phenomenon of discoloration of the sea surface. The ride tide is created by the phytoplankton Karenia brevis, a species that releases a neurotoxin called brevetoxin that can disrupt the firing of nerve cells. It is a common name for harmful algal blooms occurring along coastal regions, which are resulted from large concentrations of aquatic microorganisms, such as protozoans and unicellular algae (e.g. dinoflagellates and diatoms). Harmful algal blooms, or HABs, occur when colonies of algae simple plants that live in the sea and freshwater grow out of control while producing toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals, and birds. But not all algal blooms are harmful. Most blooms, in fact, are beneficial because the tiny plants are food for animals in the ocean. In fact, they are the major source of energy that fuels the ocean food web. Certain species of phytoplankton and dinoflagellates like Gonyaulax found in red tides contain photosynthetic pigments that vary in color from brown to red. These organisms undergo such rapid multiplication that they make the sea appear red.  What stimulates HABs? Terrestrial runoff containing fertilizer, sewage and livestock wastes transport abundant nutrients to the seawater and stimulate bloom events. Natural causes, such as river floods or upwelling of nutrients from the sea floor, often following massive storms, provide nutrients and trigger bloom events as well. Increasing coastal developments and aquaculture also contribute to the occurrence of red tides. The growth and persistence of an algal bloom depends on wind direction and strength, temperature, nutrients, and salinity.  Impact of red tide/HABs The production of natural toxins such as brevetoxins and ichthyo toxins are harmful to marine life. A small percentage of algae, however, produce powerful toxins that can kill fish, shellfish, mammals, and birds, and may directly or indirectly cause illness in people. HABs also include blooms of non-toxic species that have harmful effects on marine ecosystems. For example, when masses of algae die and decompose, the decaying process can deplete oxygen in the water, causing the water to become so low in oxygen that animals either leave the area or die. Connecting the dots: Eutrophication Marine Pollution Sea Snot outbreak in Turkey EDUCATION/GOVERNANCE Topic: GS-2: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Education, Human Resources  GS-3: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. Progress on Indo-US nuclear deal Context: The progress of greenfield projects since the Indo-US nuclear deal has been tardy. What is India- US Nuclear deal? The U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement or Indo-US nuclear deal or the 123 Agreement was signed between US and India in 2005. Under the agreement, India agreed to separate its civilian and military nuclear activities. It also agreed to open up the civilian part to inspection by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The safeguard is aimed at ensuring that the nuclear material or technology brought in for civilian purposes is not diverted for military use. Out of its 22 operating/under construction nuclear facilities, India will place 14 under IAEA safeguard. The accord took three years to be finalized, during which it went through a series of complex stages that included Amendment of U.S. domestic law Formulation of a civil-military nuclear separation plan in India An India-IAEA safeguards (inspections) agreement. Grant of an exemption for India by the Nuclear Suppliers' Group (NSG). In return, the US offered to resume full nuclear trade i.e selling of reactors, Transfer of Technology, Uranium sale with India. Further, the agreement also lays down the clause of "non-interference" in India's strategic program. Thus, the Indian nuclear power program stands to get a much needed push without any threat to its strategic program. Why the Indo-US Nuclear deal holds significant importance to India? Fissile material: Better access and aid in development of a strategic reserve of nuclear fuel Energy security for India Access to better technologies from US and developed world Recognizes India as a de-facto nuclear power De-hyphenation of relations: In refusing to extend the civil nuclear initiative to Islamabad, Washington removed the hyphen in its relations with Delhi and Islamabad. Since 2005, America has also discarded the idea of mediating between India and Pakistan, especially on the Kashmir question  Deal was used as Launchpad for Indo-US bilateral relationship The US has become one of India’s major suppliers of arms. Cooperation on counter-terrorism and intelligence-sharing have expanded rapidly over the last decade The US has become India’s largest trading partner in goods and services, and the two sides have set an ambitious goal of half a trillion dollars for future trade. The growing commercial engagement has been reinforced by an intensification of people-to-people contact and the presence of the 3 million strong Indian diasporas in America. While the US has been discussing the sale of nuclear reactors to India since the 2008 pact, two subsequent agreements were signed only in 2016 and 2019 Nuclear Power Project in Kovvada in coastal Andhra Pradesh A “project proposal” is to set up six reactors in collaboration with Westinghouse Electric Company (WEC) but work is yet to begin. The will comprise six reactor units of 1208 MWe (mega watt electric) capacity each. These are Light Water Reactors where water is used both as coolant and moderator. (Similar technology in Tamil Nadu’s Kudankulam plant built in collaboration with Russia) The project, however, came under a cloud after WEC filed for bankruptcy in mid-2017 following cost overruns on reactors coming up in the US. As a result, the Kovavada project has made barely any progress.  Nuclear Power Project Jaitapur, Maharashtra. It consists of six EPR (European Pressurised Water Reactors) reactors by French state-owned operator Areva which was subsequently taken over by the French electricity utility EDF, also controlled by the state. EDF is learnt to have submitted to NPCIL techno-commercial offer that will effectively enable discussions aimed at a binding framework agreement in the coming months. Do You Know? India has also signed Inter Governmental Agreements for co-operation in peaceful use of nuclear energy with 14 other countries: Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, Czech Republic, European Union, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Namibia, Republic of Korea, Sri Lanka, UK and Vietnam. Connecting the dots: QUAD Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Reviving SAARC to deal with China ECONOMY/ GOVERNANCE GS-3: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment. GS-2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation Despite a normal monsoon so far, sowing worries persist Context: Two out of the four months (June-September) of India’s official monsoon season are now over. However, progress of sowing for India’s winter crop or Kharif season is still short of normal sown area at this point of time. Some of the issues which determines the agricultural season of this year are: A revival in July rainfall after June’s dry patch  The first 62 days of this year’s monsoon season can be divided into three phases — a bumper rainfall in the first 20 days, a dry patch between June 21 to July 11 a recovery in the period thereafter. Monsoon performance is measured by comparing current period’s rainfall with what is called the Long Period Average (LPA). The current LPA mark is the average rainfall between 1961 and 2010 July revival has brought cumulative rainfall above LPA Excess rain in peninsula, normal/deficient rain elsewhere All regions in the country have not had adequate rains this year. A state-wise analysis of the rainfall data shows that cumulative rainfall in 14 states and union territories is lower than the LPA figure so far. Among the major states, Gujarat, Kerala and Assam feature on this list. Seven states have had excess rainfall (20% above the LPA figure) so far. This list includes Maharashtra, Haryana, Delhi, Telangana, and Tamil Nadu Also, there are significant differences in rainfall even within states. Of the 614 districts, the number of districts with excess rainfall has increased from 162 on July 15 to 205 on August 1, while those with normal rainfall has increased from 229 to 269. The number of districts with deficient rainfall has decreased from 223 to 140. Storage of Water in reservoirs The live storage status of 130 main reservoirs in the country is monitored by the Central Water Commission. These reservoirs had 85.36 billion cubic metres (BCM) of water available as on July 29, higher than both the 70.77 BCM available at this time last year. This is a testimony to the revival in monsoon. However, the storage in several Northeastern, northern, eastern, and central states is less than the average of the last 10 years. It is in the southern, states, which have received abundant rainfall, where current storage is exceeding the historical average significantly. Despite monsoon revival, kharif sowing continues to lag  As of July 30, 79.04% of the area normally sown during the kharif season was covered (less than the 83.45% area covered by this time last year) Progress of sowing is slower than last year for all major crops except sugarcane and arhar. Analysis: How does Sowing impact the economy? Crucial three weeks: The Kharif sowing should get completed by mid-August, so the rainfall in the first half of August becomes crucial, which determines the agricultural output of the season. Economic Revival dependent on agriculture: Sowing numbers are important because India is banking a lot on Kharif crop to provide support to GDP. It was the rural sector which was the saviour in the aftermath of first wave of COVID-19 Pandemic. Whether it will play the same role this year depends on rainfall & sowing. Aggregate Demand: Sowing also determined the rural income that will be available for spending during the festival season as part of the rural demand. Regional Inequality: Presence of adequate quantity of waters in reservoirs of South would mean less disruption to the agricultural activities in Southern region. This may lead to region differentiation of farm incomes between North & South thus perpetuating the existing regional divide. Connecting the dots: Employment & Recovery of Indian Economy Recession in India Current Challenges of Indian Economy  (RSTV - DEBATE) The Big Picture - Carbon Border Tax: Why is India opposing it - Rajya Sabha TV (rstv.nic.in) https://rstv.nic.in/big-picture-carbon-border-tax-india-opposing.html TOPIC: General Studies 3 Defence Carbon Border Tax and India’s opposition At the two-day G-20 ministerial meeting on environment and climate change in Italy, developing countries, including India, are expected to raise their concerns over the European Union’s recent proposal on the first of its kind carbon border tax. Under this proposal, the 27 EU nations will impose border tax on imports of carbon-intensive goods. The tax plan, yet to be legally formalized, will come into force from 2026. On similar lines, Democratic lawmakers in USA, earlier this week, introduced a legislation establishing a carbon tariff on certain imports like steel as a means to fight climate change.  What exactly is a carbon border tax? Carbon border tax is the European Union’s sweeping new plan to tackle climate change and if adopted would be the first of its kind. It is a carbon tariff on imports from countries that aren’t taking similarly aggressive steps to slash their own planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions. What is the need for Carbon border tax? Suppose a country tries to impose policies, like Carbon tax, to cut emissions domestically. This will increase the cost of its goods (for ex: steel and cement factories) that will now be at a disadvantage to foreign competitors that are based out in nations having looser environmental rules. In such situation steel and cement production shifts overseas to that country where the environmental conditions are liberal, which will enable them to cut costs & increase profits. Such an event would undercut the climate policy, since those foreign factories would be emitting just as much or more carbon dioxide elsewhere. In theory, a carbon border tax could help prevent that undercutting. If factories all over the world that wanted to sell steel, cement, aluminum or fertilizer to the EU had to pay a surcharge for the pollution they emit, they would have incentive to clean up their act too. Companies within Europe would have less incentive to shift operations overseas. And, if other countries adopted similar rules, that could put pressure on nations that are reluctant to curb their use of fossil fuels. Under the EU’s proposal, importers of carbon-intensive products such as steel, cement, fertilizers and aluminum will have to pay the carbon border tax. It will soon be legally adopted by 27 nations as part of the EU’s programme to meet its new climate target of cutting greenhouse gas emission by 55% by 2030 from 1990 levels. Why do developed countries want to impose such a tariff? For two reasons: its environmental goals and its industries' global competitiveness. Recently, the EU declared it would cut its carbon emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. EU's greenhouse gas emissions have fallen by 24% compared to 1990 levels. But imports from emissions which contribute 20% of the EU's carbon dioxide emissions are increasing. Such a carbon tax would incentivize other countries to reduce GHG emissions and further shrink the EU's carbon footprint. Secondly the 27 EU member states have much stricter laws to control GHG emissions. It has an 'Emissions Trading System' that caps how much GHG individual industrial units can emit; those that fail to cap their emissions can buy 'allowances' from those who have made deeper cuts. This makes operating within the EU expensive for certain businesses, which, the EU authorities fear, might prefer to relocate to countries that have more relaxed or no emission limits. This is known as 'carbon leakage' and it increases the total emissions in the world. Why are developing nations opposed to the idea? India has always held a view that any such unilateral carbon border adjustment will be discriminatory and against the principles of equity and CBDR-RC (common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities). How does this impact India? As India's third-largest trading partner, the EU accounted for €62.8 billion ($74.5 billion) worth of trade in goods in 2020, or 11.1% of India's total global trade. India's exports to the EU were worth $41.36 billion in 2020-21, as per data from the commerce ministry. The EU's March resolution stated that to begin with, by 2023, the CBAM would cover energy-intensive sectors such as cement, steel, aluminum, oil refinery, paper, glass, chemicals as well as the power sector. By increasing the prices of Indian-made goods in the EU, this tax would make Indian goods less attractive for buyers and could shrink demand. The tax would create serious near-term challenges for companies with a large greenhouse gas footprint--and a new source of disruption to a global trading system already roiled by tariff wars, renegotiated treaties, and rising protectionism. It is estimated that a levy of $30 per metric ton of CO2 emissions could reduce the profit pool for foreign producers by about 20% if the price for crude oil remained at $30-40 per barrel. Way forward: Such a mechanism to charge imported goods at borders may spur adoption of cleaner technologies. But if it happens without adequate assistance for newer technologies and finance, it would amount to levying taxes on developing countries. Richer countries must make good on their promises of technological and financial assistance to enable developing countries to make the transition to low-carbon pathways for growth. There is disagreement on whether developed countries have kept their climate finance commitments with conflicting claims from countries, according to this 2021 editorial published in the journal Nature. Can you attempt these questions now? “Unilateral carbon border adjustment will be discriminatory and against the principles of equity and CBDR-RC (common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities)”. Discuss. What is a carbon border tax? Also mention the reason behind India’s opposition to carbon tax. (TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) Model questions: (You can now post your answers in comment section) Note: Correct answers of today’s questions will be provided in next day’s DNA section. Kindly refer to it and update your answers. Q.1 Consider the following statements regarding red tide? 1. Red tides are a phenomenon of discoloration of the sea surface. 2. The ride tide is created by the phytoplankton Karenia brevis, a species that releases a neurotoxin called brevetoxin that can disrupt the firing of nerve cells. Select the correct statements: a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2 Consider the following statements regarding Retrospective Taxation: 1. Allows a country to pass a rule of taxation from a time behind the date on which the law is passed 2. India is the only country to have retrospective taxation 3. It increases foreign investors' confidence in investing in a country. Which of the above statements are Incorrect? a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 Q.3  Which of the following are the rhino range Nations 1. India 2. Bhutan 3. Nepal 4. Indonesia 5. Malaysia Select the correct statements a) 1, 2 and 3 only b) 2 and 4 only c) 1, 2 and 5 only d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ANSWERS FOR 5th August 2021 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK) 1 A 2 D 3 A  Must Read On Madras High Court Judgement on Online Gambling: The Hindu On India-Nepal Flood Management: The Hindu On 1991 Economic reforms: Indian Express  

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2021 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 6th August 2021

For Previous Daily Quiz (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken, and solutions. To take the Test - Click Here

IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – General Studies Paper 3 Questions [6th August,2021] – Day 150

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Hello Friends, Welcome to IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – General Studies Paper 3 Questions [6th August,2021] – Day 150 TLP (Phase 1) just got over on 8th May (Saturday) and we are extremely thankful for your active participation to make this program a success. Well, though TLP (Phase 1) got over, ‘Picture abhi baaqi hai mere dost’. There is a surprise for you. Since prelims is bound to get delayed once again this year, its not wise to leave the writing practice just now. Hence, we are extending the TLP program  We will be posting 3 questions per day (Monday to Friday). The questions will be based on Current Affairs, so that you don’t have to invest your time separately on exclusively mains oriented topics. So, keep practicing and keep improving. To Know More about TLP  -> CLICK HERE For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Note: Click on Each Question (Link), it will open in a new tab and then Answer respective questions! 1. Discuss the attributes of India’s nuclear doctrine. Do you think India’s nuclear doctrine. (10 Marks) भारत के परमाणु सिद्धांत की विशेषताओं की चर्चा कीजिए। क्या आपको लगता है कि भारत का परमाणु सिद्धांत परमाणु हथियार मुक्त विश्व की आकांक्षा का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है? जांच करें। 2. What’s a proxy war? Has it affected India? Examine. (10 Marks) छद्म युद्ध क्या है? क्या इसने भारत को प्रभावित किया है? जांच करें। 3. The National Education Policy completed one year recently. What is your assessment of the new policy? Critically comment. (15 Marks) राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति ने हाल ही में एक वर्ष पूरा किया है। नई नीति के बारे में आपका क्या आकलन है? समालोचनात्मक टिप्पणी करें। AWARE ( Answer Writing REdefined) Series - 7 Steps to Master Answer Writing Skills by Mohan Sir - CLICK HERE P.S: The review from IASbaba will happen from the time the question is posted till 10 pm every day. We would also encourage peer reviews. So friends get actively involved and start reviewing each other's answers. This will keep the entire community motivated. All the Best :)

SYNOPSIS [4th August,2021] Day 148: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE SYNOPSIS [4th August,2021] Day 148: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)   1. From economic and strategic point of view, port development is a vital component of India’s infrastructure priorities. Elucidate.  Approach  Introduce with statistics on importance of ports in Indian scenario.In next part focus on elucidating with help of different points on importance of ports from strategic and economic perspective as part of Infrastructure.While doing this you need to make use of examples to make it more specific.In conclusion you can write a future direction needed in ports development. Introduction According to the Ministry of Shipping, around 95 per cent of India's trading by volume and 70 per cent by value is done through maritime transport. India is the sixteenth largest maritime country in the world, with a coastline of about 7,517 km. The Indian ports and shipping industry plays a vital role in sustaining growth in the country’s trade and commerce.Thus ports development have both strategic and economic implications for India. Body India has 12 Major Ports, administered by the Central Government, and around 200 notified Non-Major Ports, administered by the State Governments. In 2014-15, out of the 200 Non-Major Ports, 69 ports were reported to have handled cargo traffic. The infrastructure sector, particularly the Maritime Sector, is expected to grow significantly with the increase in international and domestic trade volumes. Considering the objective on US $5 trillion economy, ports have an instrumental role to play. They constitute both strategic as well as economic significance. Economic Significance Port development and modernization: New port infrastructure like better handling capacity, modernization etc will help improve the turnaround time of ships (From 2015-16 to 2017-18, it got reduced by 25%). Infrastructure : Development new infrastructure like new ports, road connectivity to ports, coastal economic zones (CEZs), multi-modal logistics parks etc will provide new infrastructure to handle more cargo which will be needed in future. Reduced logistics cost- At present, logistics cost in the country is in the range of 14-16 per cent against 8-10 per cent in other countries. Ex: The project Sagarmala can help reduce these costs.This will help in improving exports and increasing the speed of trade. Inter-connectivity: It leads to inter-connection between roadways, railways, water ways and airways, thus reducing the overall cost of transportation as well as improving connectivity. Employment: Provides employment opportunity to coastal area people and increase their standard of living. It is estimated to create an estimated 10 million new jobs (four million in direct employment). Development: Will help in development of regions around ports by increase in investment, new sectors presence like manufacturing, services etc.The cities like Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai owe a great deal to the presence of large ports.Similarly new ports can lead to new cities being developed. Efficiency: Will reduce the cost of transportation and make India a new transit hub. Developing rivers as inland waterways can also help save domestic logistics costs too.India is investing in inland transportation over the last 7 years.This will help in reducing load on railways and increase profits as it’s a cheaper mode of transportation.Project Unnanti is focused on increasing the efficacy of existing ports. Export competitiveness- Ports could help the country and industries to gain competitive advantage compared to its neighbours. It is expected to boost India’s merchandise exports to $110 billion by 2025  Power sector- The project aims to shift the movement of coal to the coastal route, which would cut down electricity costs by up to 35 percent, especially for coastal power plants in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, which receive coal by rail networks. Blue economy: Developed coastal infrastructure, livelihood development of coastal communities, exploitation of ocean resources will help improve India’s Blue economy. FDI: It will also help in attracting foreign container companies to set up their facilities. Strategic Significance Strong port infrastructure is necessary for securing India’s strategic policy objective of Security and Growth for All in the Region(SAGAR).India recently provided Covid relief materials to the Seychelles, Comoros, Maldives and Madagascar under mission Sagar trough INS Kesari. Role on securing objective of Net Security Provider for Indo-Pacific region.India have provided security to countries in Indian ocean in past.The operation Cactus which thwarted the efforts of rebels to capture Maldives in 1990s was one such mission. Ensuring influencing naval presence to enable free sea lines of communication(SLoC).The growing dominance of China in Indian ocean needs to be countered trough strong infrastructure in the region.Development of strategic command centre at Andaman and Nicobar is part of the initiative. Vital role in safeguarding maritime border.India has played an important role in curbing the piracy in West Indian ocean.Also the attack in 2008 was from sea front therefore better investment in security is needed. Coastal security: It also enhances coastal security along with economic development. Check Chinese intrusion- The project is an effective way to counter China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in the Indian Ocean region (IOR).India has tied with Singapore, UAE and Maldives for better monitoring of Chinese activities. ASEAN- With increasing ties with ASEAN countries, the importance of ports and port infrastructure further increases and Sagarmala can help address it. Relief measures : Ports can also use these capabilities to support emergency relief activities. Conclusion As per the studies conducted under the Sagarmala Programme, it is expected that by 2025, cargo traffic at Indian ports will be approximately 2500 MMTPA while the current cargo handling capacity of Indian ports is only 1500 MMTPA. A roadmap has been prepared for increasing the Indian port capacity to 3300+ MMTPA by 2025 to cater to the growing traffic. This includes port operational efficiency improvement, capacity expansion of existing ports and new port development.This will help in achieving both the economic and strategic goals for India. 2. How does highway development lead to positive spillover effects? Is it happening in India also? Critically analyse.  Approach  Introduce with importance of Highways in an economy.In next part write what are the positive spillovers of Highways with giving different dimensions.In next part write specific positive effects with respect to India.In next part write some drawbacks of highways development with examples.In conclusion balance both the positive effects and limitations discussed in body part. Introduction Highways are the arteries through which the economy pulses. By linking producers to markets, workers to jobs, students to school, and the sick to hospitals, roads are vital to any development agenda.Across the world, highways are seen as drivers of economic growth. They connect cities, transport goods and help bring people together.The roads such as national expressway, golden quadrilateral in India have had enormous positive spillover effect on the regional and national development. Body A highway is the main public road that connects different cities, towns and at times, villages etc. together. It is a major and significant public road that is able and fit to carry fairly heavy traffic. Substantial investments on road infrastructure developments by government at the different levels e.g. federal, state and local government are also frantic efforts to attracting investors that will promote the economy. Positive effects of highways: Reduced costs- Highway network enhances transport system that reduces transportation costs and this, in turn, reduces the production costs while it increases productivity and profitability of organisations. Promote industrialisation- Industries and highways often exist in pair. Industries can avail better logistic facilities through good highway network. Connectivity- Network of highways interlinked with state and district roads connect the distant and remote locations with each other. Enhance trade- Highways can relatively reduce travel time to villages, cities and towns thereby encourage people to travel for business and trade. Reliability- Highways make transportation schedules and deliveries more reliable and timely. Increase exports- Better connectivity to ports through highways increases economic activity and exports of a country. Employment generation- Highway constriction and associated ancillary industries create employment opportunities in the area. Regional growth- It has been observed that a greater economic activity is found near highways and thus results in the growth of the respective region. Social capital- Highways also contribute immensely to social growth, relatives are able to visit their loved ones more often and it enhances good relationship between family and friends. India has implemented two major schemes to improve highways, they are Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana and Golden Quadrilateral. India also witnessed the above mention positive spillover impacts like: Small and large towns have crop up on the major routes, not just along the national highway but also along other major roads i.e. State highways and rural roads. Rise of cities such as Ankleshwar , Pali, Khopoli is mainly due to national highways. The  1% increase in density in a region close to the highway road, and also leads to about a 0.8% increase in its neighbouring region’s density.For example the creation of Mumbai- Pune expressway led to development of satellite towns such as Pimpri Chinchwad, Aundh etc. There are spillovers in activity from one region to its neighbour.The development in commercial hubs such as Pune, Bangalore gives rise to MSME industries in neighbouring areas. In the two decades, since the early 1990s, regions along the transit networks are the first to develop, after which activity spreads to their neighbours, and then their neighbours’ neighbours. Thus, the path taken by the road determines the geographic spread of economic activity across the country. As early as 1992, one can see areas along the national highway seem to be more developed than those further away. This is especially true for regions closer to Mumbai, and then the portion between Bangalore and Chennai. By 1997, the region on the road between Mumbai and Bangalore develops, and activity spreads to regions adjacent to the places that were rich in 1992, highlighting the pattern of spillovers. Access to better infrastructure, therefore, can have significantly large impacts on the overall development of the region.It improves health care, education, migration and cultural exchanges as well. However, there are various negative consequences of highway development too: Destruction of habitats this has been seen in highways being carved out of mountains in tunnel forms.It makes the terrain fragile especially in landslide prone regions of Western ghats and Himalayas  Loss of Natural Resources due to road development. Loss of Access to Common Property.Many farmers lose some of he most productive lands to highways development.This affects their livelihood.Also many landless labourers who were dependent upon the agriculture gets uprooted. Displacement: Tribal displacements due to highways and Dams has been a consanguinity theme in Indian development history.For example:Bhil tribe was displaced due to Jaipur Ajmer highway. Conclusion Development of Highways brings multiple socio-economic benefits to the urban and  rural areas which form a strong base of the National economy and it is a powerful instrument for the socio-economic transformation of the cities and villages.Further to avoid negative externalities such as displacement and loss of productive land there is need for better Impact assessment studies. 3. What in your opinion are the key priorities for India’s power sector? Discuss.  Approach  Introduce with giving brief points on Indian power sector.In next part focus on what are the issues plaguing Indian power sector.In complementary to the issues write what are key priorities for Indian power sector.In conclusion summarise India’s progress and future targets. Introduction Power is one of the most critical components of infrastructure crucial for the economic growth and welfare of nations. India’s power sector is one of the most diversified in the world. Sources of power generation range from conventional sources such as coal, lignite, natural gas, oil, hydro and nuclear power to viable non-conventional sources such as wind, solar, and agricultural and domestic waste Body Problems in Indian Energy sector Dependence of fossil fuel: Around 60 per cent of the generated power comes from thermal power plants. Despite the fact that India has the third largest coal reserves in the world, most of the domestic requirements are met through imports due to poor quality of coal, which is of low Gross Calorific Value, inefficient mining processing, environment problems in creating new mines.  Transmission and distribution problems: Around 25 per cent of the generated power is lost in transmission in India. This is very high when compared to a maximum of 5 % to other Asian giants like China and South Korea. The primary reason behind this is mainly due to lack of proper infrastructure.  Free electricity to farmer and political giveaways: Apart from the power theft, other biggest problem in India’s power sector is giveaways. In several states, it is considered impossible to charge farmers for power consumption. Investment scenario in power sector: Though Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), is around USD 12.97 billion (between April 2000 and December 2017), investment is very low when compared to other sectors India’s Next Generation Priorities in Power Sector : Take advantage of falling prices for renewable energy: As prices rapidly drop, RE will increasingly provide an alternative source of clean and low-cost electricity. India can meet a large part of its future electricity demand at competitive costs while limiting further environmental damage Assertive planning for the energy transition by promoting markets: Coal currently provides significant base load power supply. Replacing this with intermittent wind and solar will require a more flexible electricity system that can buy and sell power on a far greater scale. An immediate priority is the promotion of a national scale electricity market, establishing linkage between wholesale and retail levels, and fostering flexibility to address future uncertainties. Fixing the financing mechanisms to attract private investment: Meeting the projected future demand will require addition of massive electricity infrastructure for generation, transmission and distribution, which is beyond the limits of public funding. An active role for the federal and state governments The central government and each state will need to ensure appropriate regulations and market incentives are in place, while coordinating across a complex web of state-specific political-economy The government will need to develop mechanisms to unwind the lock-ins, absorb transaction costs, and mitigate the costs to and resistance of market losers. Given continued need for state-subsidized electricity to low-income households and distressed farmers, the government will necessarily play an active role even in a market-centric electricity system. Enhancing diplomacy: With India dependent on other countries for its oil needs, it becomes pertinent for the government to foster international diplomatic relations. For one, the government must look to recruit cadre with relevant domain and international expertise. Also, the government must establish strong personal relations with the leaders of oil exporting states. Handing major oil, gas fields to international players: Mumbai High and other major oil and gas fields should be given to international players who have better oil recovery strategy than the Indian players. Clubbing Energy and Environment ministries: Currently, energy and environment are two different ministries and the merger of the same will perforate the siloed approach to energy policy and enable the new government to view the sector through an integrated and holistic lens. The government can also look to pass the “Energy and Environment Security Act” which will bring these sectors to the national narrative. This will also lead to mitigation of citizens in adopt ing a non-fossil fuel based energy system, he added. Decarbonisation, renewable energy sources: Harnessing solar and wind power to generate electricity, incentivising the usage of electric vehicles, and restructuring factories and buildings to make them carbon neutral should be on the agenda of the government. Tapping the potential of natural gas: Reforms in Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) can further the need to exploit the potential posed by natural gas. First, GAIL should unbundle into a monopoly gas pipeline company. Moreover, every player, despite public or private, must have fair access to gas pipelines. Also, the prices of gas should be grounded in market and competitive principles. Green Hydrogen and Biofuel policy: Future technologies such as green hydrogen should be emphasised for better head start on electric vehicle infrastructure.Biofuel policy which was recently formulated will help in prioritising a sustainable economy. Nuclear neglect: Nuclear energy has been long been neglected.This needs to be focused to diversify from coal and not been too dependent on solar and wind which have limitations of continued supply. Conclusion India has come a long way from power deficit country to power surplus nation.From here the target for Indian power sector should be to increase the load of green energy in the energy mixture for sustainable development.Further there needs to be focus on increasing the efficacy and efficiency of per unit of production with help of technology such as smart meter, smart grids and better monitoring of transmission lines to avoid theft. TLP Synopsis Day 148 PDF

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 5th August 2021

Archives (PRELIMS + MAINS FOCUS) Dams safety and resilience Part of: GS Prelims and GS- II - International relations In news The Government of India, the Central Water Commission, government representatives from 10 participating states and the World Bank recently signed a $250 million project for long-term dam safety program and improving the safety and performance of existing dams across various states of India. The signed project is known as Second Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP-2).  What are the features of DRIP- 2? DRIP-2 will strengthen dam safety by building dam safety guidelines, bring in global experience, and introduce innovative technologies.  Another major innovation envisaged under the project is the introduction of a risk-based approach to dam asset management that will help to effectively allocate financial resources towards priority dam safety needs. The project will be implemented in approximately 120 dams across the states of Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Odisha, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu, and at the national level through the Central Water Commission (CWC).  Other states or agencies may be added to the project during project implementation. DRIP-2 will also support:  flood forecasting systems and integrated reservoir operations that will contribute to building climate resilience;  the preparation and implementation of Emergency Action Plans to enable vulnerable downstream communities to prepare for and enhance resilience against the possible negative impacts and risks of climate change;  the piloting of supplemental revenue generation schemes such as floating solar panels. News Source: PIB Indigenous Aircraft Carrier ‘Vikrant’ Part of: GS Prelims and GS - III - Defence and Security In news  Union Minister for Ports, Shipping and Waterways has recently praised the launching of sea trials of indigenous aircraft carrier (IAC) ‘Vikrant’.  Vikrant is India’s most complex warship to have been indigenously built by Cochin Shipyard for the Indian Navy.  Cochin Shipyard Limited is the largest public sector shipyard and the only shipyard under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.  About Vikrant The launching of the IAC in Aug 2013 had catapulted the nation into the elite League of Nations capable of designing and building an Aircraft Carrier.  It is the first time in the country that a ship of the size of an Aircraft Carrier is completely modeled in 3D and production drawings extracted from the 3D model. The IAC is the largest warship built in the country having a displacement of about 40,000 tonnes. The Aircraft Carrier is a mini floating city, with a flight deck area covering the size of two football fields. INS Vikrant, is likely to be commissioned in 2022.  At present, India has only one aircraft carrier, the Russian-origin INS Vikramaditya. The vessel is named Vikrant after the decommissioned maiden carrier of the Navy. It will have an air component of 30 aircraft, comprising MiG-29K fighter jets, Kamov-31 airborne early warning helicopters and the soon-to-be-inducted MH-60R multi-role helicopter, besides the indigenous Advanced Light Helicopters. The shipborne weapons include Barak LR SAM and AK-630, while it has MFSTAR and RAN-40L 3D radars as sensors.  It has a pair of runways and a ‘short take off but arrested recovery’ system to control aircraft operations. Significance The combat capability, reach and versatility of the aircraft carrier will add formidable capabilities in the defence and help secure India’s interests in the maritime domain. It would offer an incomparable military instrument with its ability to project air power over long distances. News Source: PIB 50% funds allotted for ongoing MPLADS projects lapse Part of: Prelims and GS -II- Welfare Schemes In news Virtually half of the belated Rs. 2,200 crore allotted for completing the ongoing MPLADS projects in 2020-21 simply lapsed as the Finance Ministry granted only a week to the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) to release the funds. The resultant funding crunch would have hit several local area development projects under implementation across the country, Spending under the Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) had already halved before the government suspended the scheme for two years in April 2020 and diverted the funds for managing the COVID-19 pandemic. From Rs. 5,012 crore spent during 2018-19, in 2019-29 expenditure of just Rs. 2,491.45 crore was taken up. Background: After the scheme’s suspension, several MPs and parliamentary committees, including the Standing Committee on Finance (SCF), had asked the government to release MPLADS funds which were due from previous years for projects that were already sanctioned. On March 16 2021, an SCF report pointed out that many MPLADS projects that began earlier were left unfinished midway due to the suspension. of the scheme.  The panel had sought the release of funds for these projects so that MPs could fulfil their promises to the public. Now, the FInance Ministry has given only a week’s time to MoSPI to release these funds. It is, thus, feared that major funds would lapse due to time constraint. What is MPLADS (Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme) Scheme or Sansad Nidhi Yojana? It is a central sector scheme for MPs to recommend works of developmental nature in their constituencies It was launched in December, 1993 The emphasis is on creating durable community assets based on locally felt needs. Parent Body: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI)  The funds – Rs. 5 crore/annum/MP – under the scheme are non-lapsable. Funds are released in the form of grants in-aid directly to the district authorities. MPs have only recommendatory role and the district authority is empowered to examine the eligibility of works, select the implementing agencies and monitor it. News Source: TH RTE entitlements to be paid through cash transfers Part of: GS Prelims and GS - II -  Policies and interventions; Education In news The Centre plans to pay students their Right to Education (RTE) entitlements in the form of cash transfers as part of a revamp and extension of its flagship school education scheme. In order to enhance the direct outreach of the scheme, all child-centric interventions will be provided directly to the students through DBT [or direct benefit transfer] mode on an IT-based platform over a period of time  The Samagra Shiksha scheme, which has been extended till March 2026, will have a financial outlay of Rs. 2.94 lakh crore, including a Central share of Rs. 1.85 lakh crore, and several new initiatives on early childhood education, foundational literacy, and numeracy and language education. Samagra Shiksha is an integrated scheme for 11.6 lakh government and aided schools with over 15 crore students and 57 lakh teachers.  It involves a 60:40 split in funding between the Centre and most States. What is Right to Education? Right to Education Act (RTE) provides free and compulsory education to children in and was enforced as a fundamental right under Article 21-A in 2009. The RTE Act aims to provide primary education to all children aged 6 to 14 years. The act mandates 25% reservation for disadvantaged sections of the society in Private schools It had a clause for “No Detention Policy” which has been removed under The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (Amendment) Act, 2019.   News Source: TH EC proposal to link electoral roll with Aadhaar under study Part of: GS Prelims and GS-II -  E-governance In news The proposal of the Election Commission of India to link the electoral roll with the Aadhaar ecosystem is under consideration of the government. The Law Commission had extensively dealt with the subject. in its 244th and 255th reports  The Election Commission of India has proposed to link the electoral roll with the Aadhaar ecosystem with a view to curbing the menace of multiple enrolment of the same person at different places.  News Source: TH CJI recuses himself from Andhra-Telangana case Part of: GS Prelims and GS -II - State relations In news The Chief Justice of India has recently recused himself from the Andhra-Telangana case. What is the background of the case? In July, Andhra Pradesh government had moved the top court claiming that the Telangana government refused to follow the decisions taken by the Apex Council constituted under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014, the directions of Krishna River Management Board (KRMB) formed under this Act, and the Centre''s directives. The petition said the fundamental rights including right to life of the people living in Andhra Pradesh was "seriously impaired and infringed" upon as they were being deprived of their "legitimate share of water" due to "unconstitutional, illegal and unjust" acts of the Telangana government and its officials. What is Apex Council? It has been constituted by the Central Government under the provisions of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act (APRA), 2014. It supervises the functioning of the Godavari River Management Board and Krishna River Management Board It comprises the Union Jal Shakti Minister and the Chief Ministers of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. What is Krishna River Management Board (KRMB)?  Krishna River Management Board (KRMB) is an autonomous body established as per Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 under the administrative control of Ministry of Jal Shakti  Objective: To manage and regulate the waters in Krishna Basin in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.  The headquarters of the KRMB shall be in Andhra Pradesh. News Source: TH Minervarya Pentali Part of: GS Prelims and GS -III - Biodiversity  In news A team of Delhi University (DU) researchers has discovered a new frog species and has named it after former DU Vice-Chancellor and plant geneticist Deepak Pental. About the new frog species  Minervarya Pentali, was discovered from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot at multiple localities in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. This new species is endemic to the southern Western Ghats. This species is also among the smallest known Minervarya frogs. It belongs to the family Dicroglossidae.  The new species was identified on the basis of multiple criteria including “external morphology, DNA and calling pattern.”  The study was funded by DU, Department of Science and Technology (DoST), CSIR, Critical Ecosystem partnership Fund from the US, and Global Wildlife Conservation in the US. Minervarya sahyadris is a species of frog that is also endemic to Western Ghats of India.  Its IUCN status is Endangered. News Source: IE Skyglow- Light pollution Part of: GS Prelims and GS -III - Pollution  In news Increasing urbanisation and the installation of new streetlights, security floodlights and outdoor ornamental lighting have all contributed to sky glow, a type of light pollution. What is Skyglow? Skyglow is an omnipresent sheet of light across the night sky in and around cities that can block all but the very brightest stars from view. It is a commonly noticed aspect of light pollution.  The natural component of sky glow has five sources:  Sunlight reflected off the moon and earth. Faint air glows in the upper atmosphere (a permanent, low-grade aurora). Sunlight reflected off interplanetary dust (zodiacal light). Starlight scattered in the atmosphere and background light from faint. Unresolved stars and nebulae (celestial objects or diffuse masses of interstellar dust and gas that appear as hazy smudges of light).   What are Human-made sources of sky-glow?  Electric lighting Light that is either emitted directly upward by luminaires or reflected from the ground is scattered by dust and gas molecules in the atmosphere, producing a luminous background What are the Impacts of Skyglow and Night pollution on ecosystem?  Recent study findings confirm that beetles exposed to light pollution both directly through the glare of bright artificial lights and indirectly via skyglow, abandoned their sky compass and rely instead on earthbound artificial lights as beacons. Like beetles, other species that can rely on other compass references also suffer from the loss of the stars due to skyglow. Nocturnal ants use landmarks for outbound journeys, but need their sky compass when returning home. Migratory birds have a magnetic compass, with which they check latitude and magnetic North, but use their sky compass to calibrate their magnetic compass to geographic North. In the worst case, animals that need the stars to find their home or breeding site may never make it.  Starless skies may cause them to gradually deviate off course, wasting energy and risking predator encounters. News Source: DTE  (Mains Focus) EDUCATION/GOVERNANCE Topic: GS-2: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Education, Human Resources  GS-3: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. A language ladder for an education roadblock Context: The recent decision of 14 engineering colleges across eight States to offer courses in regional languages in select branches from the new academic year marks a historic moment in the academic landscape of the country. This move opens the door to a whole world of opportunities — to students of B.Tech courses, in Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Gujarati, Malayalam, Bengali, Assamese, Punjabi and Odia. On a parallel note, All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), has decided to permit B. Tech programmes in 11 native languages in tune with the New Education Policy (NEP). Benefits of Providing Higher Education in regional languages Benefits Downtrodden sections of Society: Higher education in mother tongue as the medium of instruction will instil confidence in students from poor, rural, and tribal backgrounds to pursue Higher Education. Demand of the students: In a survey by the AICTE, nearly 44% students voted in favour of studying engineering in their mother tongue, underscoring a critical need in technical education. Improves Learning Outcomes & builds Cognitive faculties: Multiple studies have proved that students who learn in their mother tongue perform better than those taught in an alien language.  Builds Self-Esteem & Self-identity: UNESCO and other organisations have been laying emphasis on the fact that learning in the mother tongue is germane to building self-esteem and self-identity, as also the overall development of the student. Democratises Education Sector: India was infamous for creating small islands of higher education (IITs, NITs) that imparted education only in English. This ended up building academic roadblocks, impeding the progress of the vast majority of our students. Offering technical & professional courses in native languages helps improve access to Higher education. International Best Practice: Among the G20, most countries have state-of-the-art universities, with teaching being imparted in the dominant language of their people. Promotion & Preservation of Culture: If we neglect a language, not only do we lose a priceless body of knowledge but also risk depriving future generations of their cultural roots and precious social and linguistic heritage. Way Ahead Expand the initiative: We must begin with imparting primary education (at least until Class 5) in the student’s mother tongue, gradually scaling it up. For professional courses, while the initiative of the 14 engineering colleges is commendable, we need more such efforts all across the country.  Textbooks in Native Languages: In technical courses there is lack of high-quality textbooks in native languages. This creates bottleneck for more students to take higher education and therefore needs to be addressed urgently. Leveraging Technology in Digital age: Content in the digital learning ecosystem is greatly skewed towards English which excludes the vast majority of our children, and this has to be corrected. Non-exclusivist approach: Educational institutes should not adopt ‘Mother tongue versus English’, but a ‘Mother tongue plus English’ approach. In today’s increasingly interconnected world, proficiency in different languages opens new vistas to a wider world. Conclusion India is a land of immeasurable talent. We must unlock the full potential of our youth, without letting their seeming inability to speak a foreign language impede their progress.  Connecting the dots: New National Education Policy 2020 Criticism of Board Exams Formative Assessment ENVIRONMENT/ GOVERNANCE Topic: GS-2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. GS-3: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources. Policy Dilemma with Fossil Fuel Context: Recent Extreme Weather events In China, 1.2 million people were displaced in the province of Henan by what was reported as a “once in a 1,000-year downpour”.  In Russia, the Siberian city of Yakutsk, better known for its subzero winter temperatures faced the “worst-ever air pollution” because of smoke from 200 nearby wildfires.  In Europe, flash floods killed approximately 200 people in Germany and Belgium.  And in North America, city after city was scorched by unprecedentedly high temperatures. In this background of destruction caused by climate change, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas faces a policy dilemma - how to redefine the supply-side priorities in the face of the imperatives of Atma Nirbharta when about 85% fossil fuels are still imported. Issues plaguing the oil & Natural gas sector  Exploration and Production(EP) in India is a high-risk activity Whilst India may well be sitting on substantial hydrocarbon reserves, as is claimed by our petroleum scientists, these reserves are not easy to locate and, even when located, difficult to develop and produce on a commercial basis.  Bulk of the recently discovered reserves are in complex geological structures and harsh terrain (Himalayan foothills or deep waters offshore).  The risk of EP is even greater today because of the longer-term structural softness of the petroleum market (i.e. falling prices in petroleum market due to rise of renewable energy) Poor Productivity  The average oil recovery rate in India was around 28 per cent. That is, for every 100 molecules discovered, only 28 were monetised.  This number did not compare well with the global average of around 45 per cent for fields of comparable geology. This is due to factors like difficult geology, inefficient PSUs and lack of modern technologies. Vulnerable to Market Fluctations Oil & Natural gas can face unexpected supply disruptions. Pre-Covid, India imported approximately 4.5 million barrels of oil, of which 50 per cent or so came from the Middle East, predominantly Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Iran.  This region faces deep political and social fault lines and there is no knowing when the supply lines might get ruptured. Presence of Multiple PSUs In the upstream sector there are multiple PSUs like ONGC BPCL, IOC, HPCL, and GAIL that leads to “avoidable” costs of intra public sector competition and inefficiencies of “sub scale” operations  Way Ahead Using enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology that offers a relatively low-risk avenue for increasing domestic production. Building contingency safeguards like buffer stocks of around 35 days (presently 12 days) so as to cushion international shocks. This should be done by constructing a cavern in Jamnagar, the entrepôt that receives approximately 60% of India’s crude oil imports and is well connected through tanks and pipelines to the hinterland refineries. Restructure and reorganise the public sector petroleum companies: the upstream assets should be consolidated under ONGC (the upstream assets of BPCL, IOC, HPCL, and GAIL should pass onto ONGC) and GAIL should be unbundled into a public utility gas pipeline company.Hereafter, these companies should be encouraged to look beyond hydrocarbons to build an “energy” enterprise. Conclusion Climate Change & Natural Gas Sector Paris Climate Deal (AIR – SPOTLIGHT) In News: Fillip to Leather Industry TOPIC: General Studies 3 Industry On the occasion of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, UT Administration in collaboration with Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI) is conducting workshops in Leh and Kargil to create awareness and explore the opportunities in Leather industry in Ladakh.  Ladakh, with a tradition of rearing animals like Goats, Sheep, Yaks and meat consumption, has a scope for opportunities in Leather industry and entrepreneurship development. Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI)  CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Chennai Central Leather Research Institute, India was founded on 24 April, 1948 to develop an internal strength in the country to generate, assimilate and innovate technologies for leather sector. CLRI has been playing a vital role in this transformation. On one side, it has been playing advisory role to Government in framing the industry-friendly policies and on the other side helping the industry by extending all technical advice and necessary technologies and technical manpower and made growth of the industry smooth and dynamic.  The Government’s policy to export more value-added products which can generate more employment and earn higher foreign exchange was well appreciated by the industry. Highlights of Product Segments of Indian Leather and Footwear Industry Annual availability of leathers in India is about 3 billion sq.ft. India accounts for 13% of world leather production of leathers. Indian leather trends/colors are continuously being selected at the MODEUROPE Congress. India is Second largest footwear producer after China, with Annual Production of 2.58 billion pairs (2018). India is also the second largest consumer of footwear after China, with a consumption of 2.60 billion pairs. Footwear (leather and non-leather) export accounts for about 45.62% share in Indian leather and footwear industry’s export (2020-21). India is the second largest global exporter and accounts for 8.03% share of India’s total export from leather sector (2020-21). India is the fifth largest global exporter of Leather Goods & Accessories and third largest exporter of Saddlery and Harness items. Indian leather industry: The Indian leather industry’s growth has been from the pre independence days.  India has an abundance of raw materials with access to good number of bovine animals:  20% of world’s cattle and buffalo and 11% of the world’s goat and sheep population. The country accounts for 9% of the world’s footwear production.  The industry is known for its consistency in high export earnings and it is among the top ten foreign exchange earners for the country. The Leather industry is an employment intensive industry providing job to more than 4 mn people, mostly from the weaker sections of the society.  Women employment is predominant in Leather products industry with about 30% share. The Leather industry in India has one of the youngest workforces with 55% of the workforce below 35 years of age. Background of leather industry: During 70s the industry was mostly exporting raw hides and skins. Based on Seetharamaiah Committee recommendations, in 1973, the Government has banned the export of raw hides and skins and introduced quota on the export of semi-finished leathers and several incentives for exporting finished leathers and products.  As a result, and many positive developments both within and outside the country, the structure of the industry has undergone changes in a phased manner. During early 80s India’s export basket consisted of mainly finished leathers. But mid-80 onwards the share of leather products has been gradually increasing. At present more than 80% of India’s leather exports consist of finished products. The Council for Leather Exports (popularly known as CLE) set up in July 1984, is an autonomous non-profit company registered under the Indian Companies Act, 1956 entrusted with export promotion activities and development of the Indian leather industry. Today we don’t export any raw material but only finished leather and leather products. As of today, in terms of volume, we are the second largest producer of footwear, largest producer of saddlery and the second largest producer of leather garments.  Strength of Indian leather industry: Own raw material source – About 3 billion sq ft of leather produced annually Some varieties of goat / calf / sheep skins command premium position Strong and eco-sustainable tanning base Modernized manufacturing units Trained / skilled manpower at competitive wage levels World-class institutional support for Design & Product Development, HRD and R & D. Presence of support industries like leather chemicals and finishing auxiliaries Presence in major markets – Long Europe experience Strategic location in the Asian landmass Challenges faced by the leather industry: The quality and character of leather is prone to change when the parameters of processing are altered. In most developing countries tanning operations is a family business, carried out in small to medium scale semi-mechanized units, very frequently grouped tightly in clusters which used to be outside residential areas. Thus, lack of properly trained staff at different levels remains one of the crucial constraints. The Leather industry suffers from economic constraints. They suffer the often inordinately high cost of capital or inflation rates. Amount of capital tied up in work in-progress has increased along with the necessity to keep higher inventories of chemicals, machinery spares, etc. B Way forward The Government of India had identified the Leather & Footwear Sector as one of the 12 Focus Sectors where India can be a Global Supplier.  With the implementation of various industrial developmental programmes as well as export promotional activities; and keeping in view the past performance, and industry’s inherent strengths of skilled manpower, innovative technology, increasing industry compliance to international environmental standards, and dedicated support of the allied industries, the Indian leather industry aims to augment the production, thereby enhance export, and resultantly create additional employment opportunities. CONNECTING THE DOTS: The Leather Industry holds a prominent place in the Indian economy. Elucidate.  (TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) Model questions: (You can now post your answers in comment section) Note: Correct answers of today’s questions will be provided in next day’s DNA section. Kindly refer to it and update your answers. Q.1 Right to Education is a Fundamental right under which of the following Article? Article 21A Article 19(a) Article 24 Article 25 Q.2 Consider the following statements regarding  Krishna River Management Board (KRMB)? It is a Statutory body established as per KRMB Act, 2014  The administrative control of the Board rests with Cabinet Secretary Select the correct statements  1 only  2 only  Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2  Q.3 Consider the following statements: Aircraft carrier ‘Vikrant’ was indigenously built in India. It is the only aircraft carrier India has ever had. Select the correct statements  1 only  2 only  Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2  ANSWERS FOR 4th August 2021 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK) 1 A 2 A 3 A Must Read On GST: The Hindu On India’s UNSC Presidency: Deccan Herald On US- China relationship: Indian Express

SYNOPSIS [3rd August,2021] Day 147: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE   SYNOPSIS [3rd August,2021] Day 147: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)   1. Unifications of Germany and Italy are two parallel lines in the history of nationalism in Europe. Elaborate  Approach  Introduce with brief information on unification of Germany and Italy.In next part try to mention similar conditions of both the countries which led to a parallel process of unification.In conclusion write how it influenced other nations. Introduction The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 when Bismarck brought all territory under Prussian control and crowning Wilhelm I Kaiser of Germany. In 1861, Italy was declared a united nation state by Camillo di Cavour. A nation state represents the nation to the rest of the world, and is bonded together by nationalism, language and culture. Both these events were occurring parallel to each other. Body: Factors which led to unification of Germany and Italy  Geographical Factors Natural Resources such as coal and Iron was widely available in German areas, to take benefit of these resources along with Industrialisation, a Unified Germany was required. Geographic unity of Italian peninsula was natural factor that played role in unification of the country. Renaissance and role of thinkers/Philosophers Most of the initial thinkers and philosophers were from Italy and Germany. Therefore, awakening of the mass was inevitable. J. G. Fichte gave the concept of German idealism, glorifying German people, language and culture. Similarly, Friedrich Nietzsche gave the slogan of “Live dangerously”. Trade and economy The progress of German unification was greatly encouraged by the creation of Zollverein, a customs union in Central Germany, where internal trade tariffs were abolished, and a common trade policy with external states was developed. Similar efforts were taken in Italy also. Uprisings due Exploitation Earlier, Germany never had German rulers. Pop was the deciding authority for the affairs of German states. Similarly, after the defeat of Napoleon, Italy was exploited by France under the shield of Treaty of Campo Formio. Wars and policies of the Napoleon Napoleon abolished the smaller states in the area and established state of Westphalia in Germany. He took similar steps in Italy too. Strong leadership “Blood and Iron policy” of Bismarck played an important role in unification of Germany. Similarly, Italy got the great leaders in the form of Mazzini, Garibaldi and Cavour. Mazzini formed a nationalist group known as “Young Italy” and called for an end to foreign rule and unification of Italy. Social and Political Factors Common language and common culture played their role in unification of both the countries. Rise of new ideas and a strong wave of nationalism made the unification of both the countries possible. Conclusion Like for every reforms or revolution there will be certain hurdles, in there both cases it was Austria and France. So both fought them to attain unification and become independent nations of European continent.This event in history created ripples throughout the Europe and thus nationalism became the new way of organising states.Many in India were inspired by the acts of Mazzini and Garibaldi which energised the national movement of India. 2. How significant were the changes the Industrial Revolution brought to the world in economic, social, and political terms? Describe.  Approach  Define industrial revolution in introduction and mention the period of context.In next part write what economic, social and political changes did industrial revolution bring.In conclusion try to balance both the positive and negative effects of industrial revolution. Introduction Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. These technological changes introduced novel ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society. This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. Body Changes brought by Industrial revolution  In the social sphere also the industrial revolution produced far reaching consequences.  In the first place, the growth of factory system resulted in the growth of new cities. Workers shifted to places near the factories where they were employed.This resulted in the growth of a number of new cities like Leeds, Manchester, Burmingham and Sheffield in Britain, which soon became the centres of industry, trade and commerce.similar rise in cities was seen world over such as rise Bombay, Kolkata etc. Secondly, the rise of cities was accompanied by the growth of slums. Before the advent of industrial revolution, the industry was scattered throughout the country. Artisans generally worked in their cottages or shops and were not entirely dependent on trade for their livelihood. They often combined manufacturing and agriculture.This was not possible after the growth of factories and the workers had to live at places near the factory. In the dark, dingy and dirty houses the workers fell easy prey to various types of diseases and often died premature deaths. Thirdly, the extremely low wages paid by the factory owners made it difficult for them to make both ends meet. As a consequence they were often obliged to send their women and children to factories, where they worked on extremely low wages.The industrialists preferred women and children also because they were easy to manage. This exploitation of women and children resulted in "stunned bodies, deformed backs, horribly twisted legs, sunken chests and savage natures." Fourthly, the conditions of factory life were not conducive to healthy family life. The women were required to work in factories and mines for long hours and were hardly left with any time or energy to look after their household or children.Further, as they lived in extremely congested quarters they also lost their qualities of modesty and virtue. Often women and children began to drink like men. This wrecked their health and made their life miserable. Fifthly, industrial revolution led to sharp divisions in society. The society got divided into two classes-the bourgeois and the proletariat. The former consisted of factory owners, great bankers, small industrialists, merchants and professional men. They amassed great wealth and paid very low wages to the workers. In the political sphere also the industrial revolution had manifold impact. In the first place it led to colonization of Asia and Africa. Great Britain and other industrial countries of Europe began to look for new colonies which could supply them the necessary raw materials for feeding their industries and also serve as ready market for their finished industrial products. Therefore, the industrial countries carved out extensive colonial empires in the nineteenth century. Secondly, industrial revolution sharply divided the countries. The industrially advanced countries which possessed necessary finances and technical know-how, invested their surplus capital in the backward countries and fully exploited their resources and crippled their industries. Thus the world came to be divided into two groups-the developed and the underdeveloped world, which is a cause of great tension even at present. Thirdly, as a result of the Industrial Revolution a large number of Europeans went across the oceans and settled down in America and Australia and contributed to the Europeanisation of these countries. It has been estimated that as against 145,000 people which left Europe in 1820's, over 9 million people left Europe between 1900 and 1910. Fourthly, the Industrial Revolution provided a fillip to the reform movement in England. A number of Factory Laws were enacted to improve the lot of the workers between 1833-45 which tried to limit the working hours for children under eleven-years of age to 9 hours a day and that of women to 12 hours a day. These Acts also prohibited employment of children in mines and laid down general rules for the health and safety of workers. Fifthly, the industrial revolution led to a strong trade union movement.The working men in various trades and industries formed trade union to protect themselves against their employers. Though initially the English law forbade these unions but ultimately they were accorded recognition by law in 1824. However, the trade unions could not prove effective as they were divided and lacked national unity. Finally, industrial revolution paved the way for the development of new social and economic doctrines.While philosophers like Malthus, Ricardo and James Mill defended capitalist system and wanted the state to abstain from interfering in the economic and social sphere, on the other hand philosophers like Robert Owen, Karl Marx, William Godwin, Proudhon etc. advocated creed of socialism and insisted that the whole society ought to strive for the improvement of the moral and physical standards of the people.  Economic changes Development of Banking and Finance System: the middle class began opening up new factories for which they required financing and therefore, the banking and finance system began developing. Capitalism developed as an distinct ideology and business practice where profit was earned to invest more. It led to rise of exports and trade all over the world.As the articles were produced in surplus it required the markets. It reduced the labour burden on agriculture and shifted it to manufacturing sector. It improved the economic well being and standard of living in the long run. Conclusion The Industrial Revolution was a revolutionary experience.Initially it led to many socioeconomic problems but it also increased material wealth, extended life, and was a powerful force for social change. And therefore, there was more to the Industrial Revolution than a bunch of machines, it was not only a technological revolution but a social-economic revolution that changed the way people lived afterwards. 3. Which factors were responsible to cause the nations of Europe to engage in imperialist activities? What were their implications? Discuss.  Approach  Define what is imperialism in introduction.In next part mention the causes for the rise of imperialism in Europe.In next part write what were the implications of these imperialistic activities.In conclusion take a stand on the effects of imperialism. Introduction Imperialism is a policy or ideology of extending the rule over peoples and other countries,for extending political and economic access, power and control, often through employing hard power, especially military force, but also soft power. While related to the concepts of colonialism and empire, imperialism is a distinct concept that can apply to other forms of expansion and many forms of government.Europeans were the masters in imperialistic activities. Body The following are the causes for the rise of Imperialism. Industrial revolution :Industrial revolution in European countries resulted in a great increase in production. They could not find market in Europe as they followed "Protective Trade Policy". The purchasing power of the people was also low due to capitalism. It also introduced a great progress in the means of transport and communication. The telegraph system linked the whole world and reduced great distances. The development or railways speeded up the movement of goods between colonies and the mother country so it was easier to bring raw materials and to take the finished goods to the markets in the interior parts of the colonies in Asia and Africa. National security :The sense of National Security and self sufficiency among the European political groups instigated colonial imperialism. The Presidents or Prime Ministers worked towards colonial imperialism owing to the influence of business or some other interest. Nationalism :The later part of the 19th Century saw extreme nationalistic ideals in Europe. Many nations developed pride over their race, culture and language and started feeling superior to other countries. They felt that acquisition of colonies would enhance the prestige of their nations. Imperialism became the fashion of the age. The Europeans felt that it was 'white man's burden' to civilise the backward and uncivilised native people of African and Asia. Balance of Power :The concept of Balance of power was one of the driving factors. European Nations were forced to acquire new colonies to achieve a balance with their neighbours and competitors. Discovery of new routes :The discovery of new routes of African and Asian continents promoted the spirit of imperialism. The discovery of sea routes paved the way for the traders and soldiers to exploit the abundant wealth of the countries. Growth of population :The population growth which resulted in unemployment and forced the Europeans to emigrate in search of new lands and careers abroad. State of Anarchy :There was no international organisation to enact and enforce laws for nations to maintain peace and security among countries before the First World War. This state of anarchy supported the colonial race. Implications of imperialism on the world: Positives implications  Development of modern economy- Laying of railroad networks, road networks, telephone and telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and irrigation canals enabled colonies to modernise. Increased life spans and literacy- Humanitarian efforts in some colonies improved sanitation and brought hospitals and schools. Economic expansion- African products came to be valued on the international market. Reduced local warfare- British troops cleared central India of bandits and put an end to local warfare among competing local rulers. Negatives implications  Decline of locally owned industries- British held much of the political and economic power. British restricted locally-owned industries such as cotton textiles. Loss of self-sufficiency- Emphasis on cash crops resulted in a loss of self-sufficiency for many villagers. Famines- Conversion to cash crops reduced food production, causing famines in the late 1800s. Disruption in traditional life- The increased presence of missionaries and the outspoken racist attitude of most British officials threatened Indian traditional life. Colonial wars- Various Europeans would fight among themselves over ruling the colonies. Division of African continent- The artificial boundaries that combined or unnaturally divided groups created problems that plagued African colonies during European occupation. These boundaries continue to create problems for the nations that evolved from the former colonies. Conclusion Imperialism destroyed the colonies and pushed them their economic, social and political systems to ruins. The growth of masters was at the cost of colonies as they exploited and drained colonies to the core.Imperialism badly affected India which was corroborated by the poor conditions of Indian population on the eve of Independence.   TLP Synopsis Day 147 PDF

[Day 67]: UPSC PRELIMS 2021- Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series

Highlights/Features of Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series:  It is a FREE initiative! Program Duration - 120 Days (31st May, 2021 to 27th September, 2021). 1. Dedicated Portal for Focused Preparation There will be a separate dedicated portal to help you stay focused and keep your preparation streamlined for the next 120 Days. The Registration link for the dedicated portal is given at the end of the post. 2. 120 Days Integrated (Prelims + Mains) Time Table This year’s RaRe Series will include Integrated Revision Plan (IRP) where we will be syncing your mains and prelims syllabus together over next 120 Days. The Revision Plan is designed by integrating IASbaba's famous flagship initiatives - 60 Day Plan and TLP Mains Answer Writing. 3. Daily RaRe Series (RRS) Videos on High Probable Topics (Monday - Friday) In video discussions, special focus is given to topics which have high probability to appear in UPSC Prelims Question Paper. Each session will be of 20 mins to 30 mins, which would cover rapid revision of 10 high probable topics (both static and current affairs) important for Prelims Exam this year according to the schedule. 4. Daily Prelims MCQs from Static (Monday - Friday) Daily Static Quiz will cover all the topics of static subjects – Polity, History, Geography, Economics, Environment and Science and technology. 10 questions will be posted daily and these questions are framed from the topics mentioned in the schedule and in the RaRe videos. It will ensure timely and streamlined revision of your static subjects. Note: Should be integrated with the 60 Days Plan 2021. This will expose you to diverse questions from the same topics. 5. Daily Current Affairs MCQs (Monday - Saturday) Daily 5 Current Affairs questions, based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, would be published from Monday to Saturday. Note: Current Affairs questions covered in the 60 Days Plan and Daily Quiz Monthly Compilations should be covered retrospectively. 6. Daily CSAT Quiz (Monday - Friday) CSAT has been an achilles heel for many aspirants. Daily 5 CSAT Questions will be published. 7. Daily Mains Answer Writing (Monday - Friday) GS Mains will be covered along with Prelims in an integrated manner. Daily three Mains questions will be covered syllabus-wise according to the topics mentioned in the schedule. In total, it covers 250+ Mains Questions along with synopsis. 8. Brainstorming on Ethics & Essay (BEE) (Saturday & Sunday) Each week, Sunil Oberoi Sir (Retd. IAS) will take 3 sessions, two for Essay and one for Ethics. The two sessions earmarked for Essay will have a topic-based discussion where he will discuss the approach to write issue-based and philosophical essays. The topics will be picked from previous year question papers of UPSC and TLP initiative of IASbaba. 9. Full Mocks 3 GS Paper 1 Full Mocks will be provided along the lines of UPSC Prelims. 3 CSAT Paper 2 Full Mocks will be provided so that you are not overwhelmed during the D-Day. 10. Rapid Revision (RaRe) Notes Right material plays important role in clearing the exam and Rapid Revision (RaRe) Notes will have Prelims specific subject-wise refined notes. The main objective is to help students revise most important topics and that too within a very short limited time frame. Day-67 of RaRe Series - Click here To Register - Click here For complete details of the RaRe Series -  Click here

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2021 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 5th August 2021

For Previous Daily Quiz (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken, and solutions. To take the Test - Click Here

IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – General Studies Paper 3 Questions [5th August,2021] – Day 149

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Hello Friends, Welcome to IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – General Studies Paper 3 Questions [5th August,2021] – Day 149 TLP (Phase 1) just got over on 8th May (Saturday) and we are extremely thankful for your active participation to make this program a success. Well, though TLP (Phase 1) got over, ‘Picture abhi baaqi hai mere dost’. There is a surprise for you. Since prelims is bound to get delayed once again this year, its not wise to leave the writing practice just now. Hence, we are extending the TLP program  We will be posting 3 questions per day (Monday to Friday). The questions will be based on Current Affairs, so that you don’t have to invest your time separately on exclusively mains oriented topics. So, keep practicing and keep improving. To Know More about TLP  -> CLICK HERE For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Note: Click on Each Question (Link), it will open in a new tab and then Answer respective questions! 1. In the last few years, many new airports have come up in India, whereas, the older ones have got upgraded. The overall performance of these airports has been praiseworthy. What in your opinion, have been the prime movers of this welcome change? Analyse (10 Marks) पिछले कुछ वर्षों में, भारत में कई नए हवाईअड्डे बने हैं, जबकि पुराने हवाईअड्डों को अपग्रेड किया गया है। इन हवाई अड्डों का समग्र प्रदर्शन प्रशंसनीय रहा है। आपकी राय में, इस स्वागत योग्य परिवर्तन के प्रमुख प्रेरक क्या रहे हैं? विश्लेषण करें। 2. Discuss the prominent investment models that are operational in India’s infrastructure sector. Also, assess their performance. (10 Marks) उन प्रमुख निवेश मॉडलों की चर्चा कीजिए जो भारत के बुनियादी ढांचे के क्षेत्र में काम कर रहे हैं। साथ ही उनके प्रदर्शन का आकलन करें। 3. What are the key provisions of the Airports Economic Regulatory Bill? What are going to be its intended benefits? (15 Marks) हवाईअड्डा आर्थिक नियामक विधेयक के प्रमुख प्रावधान क्या हैं? इसके इच्छित लाभ क्या होने जा रहे हैं? AWARE ( Answer Writing REdefined) Series - 7 Steps to Master Answer Writing Skills by Mohan Sir - CLICK HERE P.S: The review from IASbaba will happen from the time the question is posted till 10 pm every day. We would also encourage peer reviews. So friends get actively involved and start reviewing each other's answers. This will keep the entire community motivated. All the Best :)

मासिक पत्रिका जून 2021- हिन्दी IASbaba सामयिकी

ARCHIVES Hello Friends,   Current Affairs for UPSC Civil Services Examination is an important factor in this preparation. An effort towards making your Current Affairs for IAS UPSC Preparation qualitative. We hope you make the best use of it! This Hindi edition covers all important current affairs issues that were in news for the month of जून/JUNE 2021. Kindly leave your feedback in the comment section below on the new design and presentation of the magazine. We would love to hear from you 🙂 DOWNLOAD THE MAGAZINE- CLICK HERE To get Regular Updates from IASbaba, follow- TELEGRAM Channel – https://t.me/IASbabaOfficialAccount YOUTUBE  –  https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChvbVdio9Wgj7Z3nQz1Q0ZQ FACEBOOK  – https://www.facebook.com/iasbaba/ Also, SUBSCRIBE to the WEBSITE Below, so that you don’t miss out on important posts! Thank You IASbaba