Jun 9, 2021 TLP Mains Answer Writing

SYNOPSIS [9th JUNE,2021] Day 108: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE   SYNOPSIS [9th JUNE,2021] Day 108: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)   1. What do you understand by ‘structural reforms’ in the economic context? Elaborate. Does Indian economy need structural reforms? Discuss. Approach The question is straightforward.First the candidate needs to define what is meant by structural reforms.In next part elaborate what are the elements of structural reforms.Then contextualise to India and why there is need for structural reforms in present context. Introduction Structural reforms are essentially measures that change the fabric of an economy, the institutional and regulatory framework in which businesses and people operate. They are designed to ensure the economy is fit and better able to realise its growth potential in a balanced way.Economies which brought structural reform are more resilient to economic shocks, achieve greater macroeconomic stability and increased productivity; and experience higher living standards over time. Body: Elements of Structural reforms: Good regulatory reforms: Reduction in the redtapism and strengthening the implementation of good regulatory practices through ensuring internal coordination, assessing the impact of regulations, conducting public consultations, and encouraging single online window for information and other tools for which maintenance of autonomy in independent institution is critical. Fiscal consolidation and Transparency: Continued fiscal consolidation through revenue measure like implementation of GST but there is need of reforms in direct taxes, formalisation of economy for efficient tax collection, reducing non-merit subsidies, removing exemptions, increasing tax base and shifting from revenue to capital expenditures. Transparency aligns government activities with citizen needs, helps minimise corruption and ensures public accountability. Banking sector: Addressing the banking sector weaknesses by accelerating the resolution of nonperforming loans, rebuilding the capital buffers for the public sector banks, and enhancing bank debt recovery mechanisms. The government cannot fully fix the problems of public sector banks with capital if it is not accompanied by governance reforms.  Disinvestment of government from doing business and privatisation of public sector entities as soon as possible with right intent of asset monetisation is necessary from the perspective of structural reform. Land and Labour reforms: Improving the efficiency of labour is the major structural reform in case of India. As there are redundant, archaic, obsolete labour laws which hinder the growth of manufacturing industry. Land acquisition remains major challenge for the start of business. On both front states are making progress in right direction.  Employment: Moving resources from traditional low-productivity activities into modern, more productive industries or activities and development of human capital. The two major foundational pillars for job growth for the medium and long term are an industrial-strength apprentice and vocational training system in India along with a quantum jump in the quality of our school education. Competition policy: Need to enhance the effectiveness of competition policy, including implementation or improvement of competition law.This will avoid monopoly and incentivise competition to benefit consumers . Strengthening economic and legal infrastructure: Economic and legal infrastructure, including bankruptcy law need to upgrade further. Reforms in judiciary are vital as large scale pendency hurts the growth of economy.   Need of structural reform in India: India has adopted path of structural reforms since the new economic policy of 1991 with liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation which was mainly an response to the Balance of payment (BOP) crises.  Further Government has taken various steps in recent time to revive Indian economy such as  reducing the corporate tax significantly and withdrew capital gains tax imposed through budget.It has formulated Bank Board Bureau for appointing professional executive in banking sector, brought new labour codes to formalise the labour and compete in international market, New farm laws to liberalise the agricultural sector.However: The Indian economy was already slowing down before the advent of pandemic and the pandemic has caused a demand shock in the economy which has led to negative growth(-7.3%)  after 40 years and worst since Independence. Households have slowed down on their consumption due to their discomfort with regards to general economic conditions.The majority are holding cash for nay untoward outcome in the pandemic and also savings rate has collapsed due to expenditure on health and low income due to lockdowns. The Gross NPA which was on path of recovery will get worsen as the loan defaults is bound to increase especially in the msme sector. The unemployment rate is at record high of 12 percent as per the Centre for monitoring Indian economy.This is visible not only in urban but rural area as well. Therefore there needs to be new set of reforms to make Indian economy resilient in future from such catastrophic events.This will include capacity building of youth to switch between different job profiles, readying the msme sector to formalise, reducing the digital divide to avoid inequity, enabling banks and insurance sector to cater to losses arising from such events, allowing easy moratorium and restructuring of loans in future. Conclusion: India had started its structural reforms in 1991 which catered to the early 2000’s period.But with the change in global dynamics after the 2008 subprime crises and the current pandemic event there is need to launch new set of reforms in each sector of Indian economy to bring it back of growth trajectory and make it resilient for future disruptions for a economically and socially stronger nation. 2. What measures have been taken to formalise the economy? What benefits would accrue if this transition becomes successful? Discuss. Approach  The candidate needs to first define informal economy and contextualise to India.Next address the measures taken by India in this aspect and lastly write what benefits would accrue with formalisation. Introduction: Informal sector consists of units engaged in the production of goods or services with the primary objective of generating employment and income to the persons concerned. These units typically operate at a low level of organisation, with little or no division between labour and capital as factors of production and on a small scale.Majority of Indian economy is based on informal sector and therefore there is need to formalise the economy. Body: Status of Informal economy in India: The informal sector in India represents an important part of the economy, and certainly of the labour market, plays a major role in employment creation, production and income generation. Close to 81% of all employed persons in India make a living by working in the informal sector, with only 6.5% in the formal sector and 0.8% in the household sector as per report of International Labour Organisation. Labour relations are based mostly on casual employment, kinship or personal and social relations rather than contractual arrangements with formal guarantees. The informal sector forms part of the household sector as household enterprises or, equivalently, unincorporated enterprises owned by households. In country like India with high rates of population growth(1%) or urbanisation(34%), the informal sector tends to absorb most of the expanding labour force in the urban areas. In India, NSSO consider informal sector as manufacturing unit outside the Annual survey of Industries and all service units except government run and corporate ones.  Measures taken for formalisation of economy: India has undertaken a number of initiatives to address informality, including targeted schemes for promotion of micro, small and medium enterprises and legislative measures such as the Unorganised Workers Social Security Act, Contract Labour (Abolition & Regulation) Act, and Workers Welfare Boards. Demonetisation and GST made many msme to adopt digital technology and register their firms to get the benefits of GST. Reform initiatives in Employees Provident Fund (EPF) and Employee’s State Insurance (ESI) contributed the most in the formalisation of jobs at 1.28 million and 1.25 million, respectively, during 2015-2018. Initiatives like Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY), under which the government shouldered employer’s burden for mandatory EPF contribution. Skill India Initiatives of government of India played important role in formalisation.   Schemes like MUDRA loans and Start-up India are helping the youth carve a niche in the organised sector. Investing in social security schemes like Atal Pension Yojna, PM Jeevan Jyoti Yojana, Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana, Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana has helped improve the condition of workers. Fig.Measures for formalisation  Benefits of formalisation of economy:  Long term and cheaper loans with Formal Credit Facility will help enterprises to outgrow limited capacity and compete in international market. Government benefits in form of Subsidies, Tax credit, Cheap Electricity and other supports will be seamless. There will proper regulation and strict implementation of rules for welfare of workers, Environment protection etc. Increased employment opportunity and attraction of Talent. Increased tax collection as more revenue for Exchequer, with increased revenue government can invest more in Social infrastructure like Education, Skill Development etc. Better security to poor, health benifits,pension which will decrease uncertainty and provide stability to workers. Conclusion: The informal sector employs the majority of the uneducated and unskilled labour force which, otherwise, may not find a place in the formal sector. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the transition to formal economy is a smooth, encouraging process and not a process of vitiating or punishing the informal sector. Formalisation will lead India to achieve both social and economic goals set in Sustainable development goals of 2030. 3. Has India been able to truly leverage its islands? Critically examine? What is the recent controversy surrounding the regulation of of Lakshadweep Island? Discuss Approach  The candidate need to first introduce Indian islands.Further analyse its historical development and  potential which remains unutilised.Then address the part on recent controversy and write a balanced conclusion  Introduction  India has 615 islands/islets. The majority of them, around 572 islands/islets are located in the Bay of Bengal and remaining 43 islands/islets are located in the Arabian Sea. Apart from these, there are some coral islands in the Gulf of Mannar and Khambat regions and there are some offshore islands along the mouth of the Ganga river.These islands posses potential for security, energy, tourism and strategic aspects.Recently India have constituted Islands development agency in 2017 for focused development of these islands Body Status of Islands development since independence: India has historically neglected the strategic aspect of the islands.Due to  their remote location, they remained at the periphery of Delhi’s gaze for decades, often overseen in favour of a fixation with the mainland.  The Indian Ocean itself declined in maritime importance in the post-war period and with it, the islands too. Yet, this obscurity gradually reversed in the latter half of the 20th century.  China’s unprecedented economic growth engendered its stakes in the Indian Ocean and the littorals. India abandoned its insular outlook in the 1990s and began to ‘look east’ for partners across the seas.  The eastern Indian Ocean and its subzones, connecting South and Southeast Asia, correspondingly became critical in maritime strategy for India. The Andaman Sea in particular, at the mouth of the Malacca Straits, assumed tactical importance. Delhi, in turn, slowly picked up the slack in developing its capabilities in the region.  Its strategic focus towards the islands peaked in 2001 with the establishment of the first tri-service command, the Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC).  Even after the change in perspective over the years the islands true potential have not been utilised when compared to the neighbouring nations such as Maldives ,Singapore, and Malaysia. Potential of Islands to Indian context: Maritime Strategic Importance Given the strategic location of Andaman & Nicobar (A&N Islands) and the Lakshadweep Islands and China’s assertive expansionist policy in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) there is a need to develop critical infrastructure and upgrade the military base in these regions. India’s only tri-service command is established at the A&N Islands at the entrance of the Malacca Strait, the 2.8 km long -world’s most congested choke point, and the primary route for Chinese oil supply. Illicit activities such as Pirates and territorial violations can be curbed if the Islands such as Lakshadweep are strategically developed. Andaman & Nicobar Islands is centre-point for the development of Quad Group’s maritime agenda in the Indo-Pacific Region. Energy Potential The Islands host an unexplored Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) with clearly demarcated boundaries that can be capitalised on in numerous ways. The varied ecosystem can be exploited for its medicinal plants and exotic plant species, sustainable agriculture and horticulture practices conducive to the agro-climatic conditions of the regions can be propagated. The IOR is home to large-scale hydrocarbon which can be explored. Recently India’s exclusive rights to explore polymetallic nodules from seabed in Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) have been extended by five years. This can boost India’s hunt for alternate renewable energy resources so as to meet the energy needs of the nation. Economic Importance Fisheries, the main occupation of the larger population of these regions, can be given a thrust so as to develop modernised and sustainable inland fisheries and aquaculture ecosystem integrated with the ‘Blue Economy’ vision. Ex. Fishing of Lakshadweep Tuna. Most importantly, the Islands can be developed as prime Tourist Hotspots for not just the country, but also internationally. The pristine beaches, coupled with rich tropical vegetation, can be turned into a more economical and attractive alternative to conventional destinations such as Bali and Maldives. This help in creating many forward and backward linkages and boost the economy of the regions to a large extent. Trade and Regional Connectivity Indian Ocean Region handles most of the sea trade in the world. The shallow coastline of mainland India has severe impact on trade capacity. Deep water ports can be developed on these Islands thereby paving way for creation of additional service and refuelling stations. Greater connectivity of these islands with South East Asia can be harnessed for India’s Act East Policy. Therefore the recent steps taken by Indian government to develop these islands is welcome and will ensure better integration of these islands and socioeconomic development. Recent controversy in Lakshwadeep:  Protests have erupted on the Lakshadweep Islands after the administrator, former BJP minister Praful Khoda Patel, issued Lakshadweep draft regulations.These include: The creation of the Lakshadweep development authority is one. It empowers the administration to take over any land, without consultation with the stakeholders. Second, is Anti-Social Activities Regulation Bill 2021, which is something of a Goondas Act, using which the State can detain anyone without disclosing it to the public for up to one year. This reeks of the usual tactics authoritarian laws use to brand as criminals and punish those who democratically protest. The third is the Lakshadweep Animal Preservation and Regulation 2021, which is similar to anti-cow slaughtering rules implemented in BJP-ruled states. It effectively prohibits slaughtering cows, by mandating a license for killing animals, which most likely will not be given for cows. The islanders have a lifestyle of using cows for agriculture, breeding or giving milk, and for meat consumption. The new law subverts it. Fourth, there is a provision to serve alcohol in tourist resorts,which has been previously banned due to majority of the community considers it against its culture. Fifth the regulations also seek to ensure family planning measures by not allowing persons with more than two children to hold government posts. Reasons for protests against the regulations: The rule of ban on cow slaughter is viewed as direct infringement on their culture and eating habits. They allege the rule was decided without consultation with local bodies.The Administration has not provided an explanation on why the rule was brought in. Local have alleged that the move to allow liquor will lead to a proliferation of liquor sales on the island, which had been observing near-prohibition until now. There is a fear among locals regarding large infrastructure and tourism projects.It can destabilise the ecology, and that the notification gives powers to the Administration to remove small landholdings of ST residents. Locals are sceptical of the need for such a stringent law in a UT with one of the lowest crime rates in the country. Residents have fear to arrest those opposed to the Administration.Crime in the union territory is nearly absent, rendering most of its small jails empty. Therefore both the sides of administration and the local population have equal stakes.The administration wants to develop the island on the international level to spur growth and development but the haste without due consultation with the local population does against the subsidiarity principle of governance.Therefore the administration needs to reach out to locals and reach an amicable solution  Conclusion Therefore the development of islands which was historically neglected have taken new pace with formation of a new island development agency and proactiveness o the administration. This forward movement needs to be continued to achieve true economic, energy, social and strategic potential of the islands of India.This will make Indian Islands global tourist hub and also ensure strategic hold over the Indian ocean region in long run. TLP Synopsis Day 108 PDF

Jun 9, 2021 PIB

PRESS INFORMATION BUREAU (PIB) IAS UPSC – 1st June to 6th June – 2021

ARCHIVES GS-2 Union Education Minister approves the release of Performance Grading Index (PGI) 2019-20 for States and Union Territories (Topic: Education) The Government has introduced the Performance Grading Index with a set of 70 parameters to catalyse transformational change in the field of school education. The PGI for States and Union Territories was first published in 2019 with reference year 2017-18. The PGI: States/UTs for 2019-20 is the third publication in this series.  The PGI exercise envisages that the index would propel States and UTs towards undertaking multi-pronged interventions that will that will bring about the much-desired optimal education outcomes. The PGI helps the States/UTs to pinpoint the gaps and accordingly prioritise areas for intervention to ensure that the school education system is robust at every level. Punjab, Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Kerala occupy the highest grade (Grade A++) for 2019-20. Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Puducherry, Punjab and Tamil Nadu have improved overall PGI score by 10%, i.e., 100 or more points. Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep and Punjab have shown improvement by 10% (8 points) or more in the PGI domain: Access. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Odisha have shown more than 10% improvement in the PGI domain: Equity. Launch of SAGE ( Seniorcare Ageing Growth Engine) initiative (Topic: Government schemes for vulnerable population) Aim: To select, support and create a “one-stop access” of elderly care products and services by credible start-ups. The start-ups will be selected on the basis of innovative products and services, which they should be able to provide across sectors such as health, housing, care centres, apart from technological access linked to finances, food and wealth management, and legal guidance. The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment will act as a facilitator, enabling the elderly to access the products through these identified start-ups.  India’s elderly population is on the rise, and as per surveys, the share of elders, as a percentage of the total population in the country, is expected to increase from around 7.5% in 2001 to almost 12.5% by 2026, and surpass 19.5% by 2050. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to create a more robust elder care ecosystem in India, especially in the post-COVID phase. NITI Aayog Releases SDG India Index and Dashboard 2020–21 Since its inaugural launch in 2018, the index has been comprehensively documenting and ranking the progress made by States and Union Territories towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Now in its third year, the index has become the primary tool for monitoring progress on the SDGs in the country and has simultaneously fostered competition among the States and Union Territories. NITI Aayog has the twin mandate to oversee the adoption and monitoring of the SDGs in the country, and also promote competitive and cooperative federalism among States and UTs. The index represents the articulation of the comprehensive nature of the Global Goals under the 2030 Agenda while being attuned to the national priorities. The modular nature of the index has become a policy tool and a ready reckoner for gauging progress of States and UTs on the expansive nature of the Goals, including health, education, gender, economic growth, institutions, climate change and environment. The SDG India Index 2020–21, developed in collaboration with the United Nations in India, tracks progress of all States and UTs on 115 indicators that are aligned to MoSPI’s National Indicator Framework (NIF). The initiative to refine and improve this important tool with each edition has been steered by the need to continuously benchmark performance and measure progress, and to account for the availability of latest SDG-related data on States and UTs. The process of selecting these 115 indicators included multipleconsultations with Union Ministries. Feedback was sought from all States and UTs and as the essential stakeholder and audience of this localisation tool, they played a crucial role in shaping the index by enriching the feedback process with localised insights and experience from the ground. States and Union Territories are classified as below based on their SDG India Index score: Aspirant: 0–49 Performer: 50–64 Front-Runner: 65–99 Achiever: 100 Key Highlights: The country’s overall SDG score improved by 6 points—from 60 in 2019 to 66 in 2020–21. This positive stride towards achieving the targets is largely driven by exemplary country-wide performance in Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and Goal 7(Affordable and Clean Energy), where the composite Goal scoresare 83 and 92, respectively. Kerala retained its rank as the top state with a score of 75. Both Himachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu took the second spot with a score of 74.  Bihar, Jharkhand and Assam were the worst performing states in this year's index.   Chandigarh maintained its top spot among the union territories (UTs) with a score of 79, followed by Delhi (68).   Mizoram, Haryana and Uttarakhand were the top gainers in 2020-21 in terms of improvement in score from 2019, with an increase of 12, 10 and 8 points, respectively.   Under the health sector goals, Gujarat and Delhi were the top performers among the states and the UTs, respectively.    Under the goal of quality education, Kerala and Chandigarh were the top performers among the states and UTs, respectively.     Under the goal of no poverty, Tamil Nadu and Delhi were the best performers among the states and UTs, respectively. Under the goal of reduced inequalities, Meghalaya and Chandigarh (Achiever, with Index score of 100) emerged as the best performers among the states and UTs.      India called for a strong and aligned international cooperation to combat the challenge of Fugitive Economic Offenders and Assets (Topic: International relations) India has made it clear that the world is presently combatting another serious emerging challenge of Fugitive Economic Offenders and Assets which flee across national jurisdictions. India’s Fugitive Economic Offenders Act 2018 law empowers authorities for non-conviction-based attachment and confiscation of proceeds of crime and properties and assets of a ‘fugitive economic offender’ –against whom a warrant for arrest in relation to a Scheduled Offence has been issued by any court in India and who has left the country to avoid criminal prosecution or judicial processes. Addressing the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Special Session on Challenges and Measures to fight Corruption last night, Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh called for a strong and aligned international cooperation on the return of persons and assets sought for such offences, consistent with international obligations and domestic legal systems. As the accused take shelter in foreign countries and conceal the proceeds of crime in complex legal structures spread over different countries and jurisdictions, the gaps and weaknesses of international cooperation in this area are fully exploited by such fugitives to their advantage. India provides Mutual Legal Assistance to widest possible extent and it has strengthened its domestic law and widened the scope for International Co-operation with Contracting States and International organizations. ADB, India sign agreement to support preparation of road upgradation project in Sikkim (Topic: India and International organisations) The Asian Development Bank and the Government of India today signed a $2.5 million project readiness financing (PRF) loan to support project preparation and design activities to upgrade major district roads in Sikkim that will help improve connectivity to important towns, rural areas, and pilgrimage and tourist destinations in the northeastern state. Aims to ensure implementation readiness through feasibility studies, preparing detailed engineering designs of selected subprojects and building capacity of state agencies so that the ensuing project gets completed in a timely manner Support the state government’s priority in improving road connectivity in the hill state through planning and designing of major district and other roads and bridges that will help boost the state’s economy and improve accessibility for people in remote villages. Cabinet approves  1. Memorandum of Understanding between India and Maldives on cooperation in the field of sustainable urban development: The MoU will Promote strong, deep and long-term bilateral cooperation in the field of Sustainable Urban Development between the two countries. Create employment in the areas of sustainable urban development including Urban Planning, Smart Cities Development, Solid waste management, Affordable housing, Urban Green Mobility, Urban Mass Rapid Transport, Smart Cities Development. 2. Signing and Ratification of an Agreement on “Cooperation in the field of Mass Media” between all the Member States of Shanghai Cooperation Organization: The main areas of cooperation are following: Creation of favorable conditions for wide and mutual distribution of information through the Mass Media in order to further deepen the knowledge about the lives of the peoples of their States Cooperation among the Editorial Offices of the Mass Media of their States, as well as among the relevant Ministries, Agencies and Organizations working in the field of the Mass Media, specific conditions and forms of which shall be determined by the participants themselves, including through conclusion of separate agreements; Promote equal and mutually beneficial cooperation among professional associations of journalists of the States of the Sides in order to study the available professional experience, as well as to hold meetings, seminars and conferences in the field of Mass Media; Assist in broadcasting of television and radio programs and programs, distributed legally within the territory of the State of the other Side, the legal broadcasting by Editorial Offices of materials and information, if their distribution meets the requirements of the legislation of the States of the Sides; Encourage the exchange of experience and specialists in the field of Mass Media, provide mutual assistance in training media professionals and encourage cooperation among the educational and scientific-research institutions and Organizations operating in this field. 3. Memorandum of Understanding between India and Argentine Republic on cooperation in the field of Mineral Resources: Strengthen the activities involved like cooperation for encouraging minerals exploration and development, including extraction, mining and beneficiation of lithium;  Possibilities of forming joint venture in the field of base metals, critical and strategic minerals for mutual benefit;   Exchange of technical and scientific information and interchange of ideas and knowledge; Training and capacity building; and p Promotion of investment and development in the area of mining activities  4. Memorandum of Cooperation between India and Japan in the field of sustainable urban development: The MoC will promote strong, deep and long-term bilateral cooperation in the field of Sustainable Urban Development between the two countries. Create employment opportunities in the areas of sustainable urban development, including Urban Planning, Smart Cities Development, Affordable Housing, (including rental housing), Urban Flood Management, Sewerage and Waste Water Management, Urban Transport (including Intelligent Transport Management System, Transit-Oriented Development and Multimodal Integration) and Disaster Resilient development. 5. Model Tenancy Act for circulation to the States/Union Territories for adoption Operational  After the act is in force, no person shall let out or take on rent any premises except by an agreement in writing.  It will be applicable prospectively and will not affect existing tenancies.  The law seeks to cover urban and rural areas.  Written agreement to be submitted to the rent authority; a digital platform will be set up in the local vernacular language.  Seeks to avoid dispute by clarifying the roles and responsibilities of the landlord as well as the tenant. Subletting of premises can only be with the prior consent of the landlord.  No structural change in the premises by the tenant without the written consent of the landlord. Monetary  Rent and duration of tenancy to be fixed by mutual consent between the owner and the tenant through a written agreement; no monetary ceiling.  The security deposit should be a maximum of two months' rent in case of residential premises and up to six month’s rent in case of non-residential premises. Dispute Redressal  Time-bound and robust grievance redressal mechanism comprising the rent authority, the rent court, and the rent tribunal to provide fast-track resolution.  Disposal of complaint/appeal by the rent court and the tribunal within 60 days.  The tenant will continue to pay the rent even during the pendency of a dispute.  No eviction of tenant during the tenancy period, except in accordance with provisions of the act.  Jurisdiction of civil courts barred. Force Majeure  In case of a force majeure event, the landlord shall allow the tenant to continue in possession till a period of one month from the date of cessation of such disastrous event on the terms of the existing tenancy agreement. Expected impact of Model Tenancy Act: The government says the Act will  Facilitate unlocking of vacant houses for rental housing purposes Expected to give a fillip to private participation in rental housing as a business model for addressing the huge housing shortage Aims to bridge the trust deficit between tenants and landlords by clearly delineating their obligations Help overhaul the legal framework with respect to rental housing across the country GS-3 Sustainable and responsible development of fisheries sector in India (Topic: Fisheries) The sustainability and conservation of our aquatic ecosystem which constitutes of various freshwater habitats, with oceans and seas covering more than 70 percent of the Earth, has gained a lot of attention in recent times at national and international forums.  It also underpins key economic sectors, such as fisheries and tourism. However, today these habitats are constantly facing huge threats from various actors. As predicted by eminent scientists and practitioners across the world, millions of tonnes of our plastic waste released into these habitats by humans are harming creatures, including seabirds, turtles, crabs and other species. To curb the impact caused to these habitats, it is imperative that more awareness be created amongst nations to take responsible actions, work towards conservation of environment and leverage existing resources to reverse and restore the planet Earth. However, at the same time one must understand that protecting and restoring the entire ecosystem is a massive task and needs to be taken up collectively by nations across the globe on priority and at a faster pace. “Blue Revolution”, the flagship scheme of the Department, launched in the year 2015, aimed to achieve economic prosperity of the country and the fishers and fish farmers as well as contribute towards food and nutritional security through full potential utilization of water resources for fisheries development in a sustainable manner, keeping in view the bio-security and environmental concerns.  Under Blue Revolution, total funds of Rs. 2573 crores were released as central assistance to various States and Union Territories and various organisations for sustainable and holistic development of fisheries and fishers’ welfare, along with promotion of environment friendly aquaculture practices. As part of Blue Revolution scheme, various environment friendly technologies were adopted for safeguarding of our aquatic ecosystem.  Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) were supported; RAS technology is eco-friendly, water efficient, and  is a highly productive intensive farming system, with zero environmental impact.  Likewise, Sea Cages for marine fish culture were promoted and supported, Seaweed cultivation has also been promoted, fish lean/ban period have been implemented during the breeding season amongst many other initiatives.  Solar panel units for producing energy to operate water pumps, aerators and carrying out other fisheries related activities were provided assistance under the Blue Revolution Scheme. This entailed providing one-time central assistance to beneficiaries for procurement and installation of solar power support system for fisheries. These initiatives amongst others have played a major role in protecting the land as well as the aquatic ecosystems. To further build-on the achievements in the fisheries sector through implementation of the Blue Revolution Scheme and develop the sector in a sustainable and responsible manner, the Government of India launched a flagship scheme of “Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)” in May 2020, with highest ever estimated investment of Rs. 20,050 crore under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat package. PMMSY aims at sustainable and responsible development of fisheries sector with focus on infrastructure, species diversification, sustainable livelihoods, aquatic health management, robust database, innovations, collectivization, modernization of value chain, export promotion, establishing a robust fisheries management framework, with special focus on implementing technologies that ensure protection of habitats and fisheries wealth. In this context, the Department is taking up a range of activities including  Implementation of bio-flocs, Recirculatory Aquaculture System (RAS) with special focus, Reservoir cage culture, open sea cage culture for conservation of marine fisheries and risk mitigation to marine fishers, s Sea weed cultivation for supporting livelihood and ushering prosperity for coastal communities especially women in sustainable environment friendly manner alongwith providing livelihood and nutritional support for fishers’ families for conservation of fisheries resources during fishing ban/lean period.  Furthermore, the Department is also actively promoting installation of Bio-toilets in fishing vessels to keep the marine environment clean and prevent contamination of marine resources. PMMSY aims to promote sustainable fish production systems/methods with minimal environmental impacts to support more crop per drop.   Integrated Modern Coastal Fishing Villages will be developed under PMMSY with investment of Rs. 750 crore to leverage Blue economy/Blue growth with an aim to maximize economic and social benefits to coastal fishers while minimizing environmental impact through sustainable fishing practices.  Project proposal with total outlay of Rs. 2881.41 crore have been approved under PMMSY during 2020-21 for sustainable development of fisheries and fisheries related infrastructure including fishers’ welfare. Alongside, the Fishery Survey of India (FSI) is also developing new fishing practices and gears that will help in minimizing the physical and biological degradation of marine ecosystem. The diversified fishing methods like trap fishing, hook and line, bottom set vertical longtime, tuna longline, mid water travel, pot fishing etc. have been introduced and successfully experimented with zero damage to the marine ecosystem. Climate change research in India (Topic: Climate Change) Researchers from corners of India are tracing the impact of climate change on the country, finding new ways to track the global problem, improving the projection of climate, its impact as well as vulnerability to prepare for the future. Key findings: Small-sized glaciers in Sikkim are melting at a higher magnitude as compared to other Himalayan regions Black carbon from agricultural burning & forest fire has alerted over the years may influence melting of Gangotri Glacier Aerosols like black carbon and dust, which makes the Indo-Gangetic Plain one of the most polluted regions of the world, have led to increased incidents of high rainfall events in the foothills of the Himalayan Region A planetary wave from the North Atlantic is capable of derailing the Indian monsoon on which the Indian economy is heavily dependent. Climate Centres of excellence strengthen models:  Centres of excellence in Climate Change in four Indian Institute of Technologies – Delhi, Bombay, Kharagpur and Madras, are working on improving climate projection models to make them more comprehensive and accurate. IIT-Delhi: Contributed to significant improvements to the base model, moving towards development of the India Centric Climate Model (ICCM). IIT Bombay: Underlined the need for representation of irrigation practices, farmer’s behavior, and vegetation- land and atmosphere interactions to improve model predictions and also develop agricultural vulnerability maps at the National level. IIT Kharagpur: Historical climate data for the Indian Ocean region has been used to understand the temporal variability of wave height (SWH) over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) region for the period 1997-2015, which have been reputed international and national journals. IIT Madras is developing suitable climate change adaptation measures for coastal infrastructure and utilization of water resources. A technique is known as “pseudo global warming method” has been adapted and successfully used for prognostic understanding of how cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal would behave in the near future (2025) and in far future (2075) under different RCP scenarios (a greenhouse gas concentration trajectory adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). It is predicted that cyclone damage potential will increase significantly in future. This strategic knowledge is essential for all the studies related to adaptation of coastal infrastructure, water resources management in coastal areas and preparedness of coastal communities to extreme events in the future.  DST-ICMR Centre of Excellence for Climate Change and Vector-borne Diseases, National Institute of Malaria Research: The temperature thresholds for survival of vectors of major Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) have been studied to set up a system for early warning of outbreaks for malaria and dengue. The impact of temperature on development and survival of vector of dengue (Aedesaegypti), Malaria (An. stephensi, An. culicifacies) on immature stages like eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults was studied. The most preferred breeding habitats of Japanese Encephalitis vectors were also identified in Gorakhpur. High-risk areas have been identified by the DST-ICRISAT Center of Excellence on Climate Change Research for Plant Protection (CoE-CCRPP) for mapping the spatial and temporal distribution of diseases and insect-pests under changing climate scenarios and study host–insect-pest/pathogens interactions in relation to simulated climate variables. This will help develop adaptation strategies to minimize crop losses and weather-based plant protection advisory tools for the timely management of diseases and insect pests. Building the next generation of climate experts In order to build capacity in the area, over 1000 scientists, experts, and 200 institutions in the country trained research students to carry on the legacy of the work. International collaborations have helped enhance this capacity and helped in the exchange of expertise in the subject. The Government of India and the Government of Switzerland established an Indo-Swiss Joint Committee for Scientific and Technological Cooperation. The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), through its Indian Himalayan Climate Adaptation Programme (IHCAP) programme, has been working as a knowledge partner of DST in providing technical support for undertaking vulnerability and risk assessment, stakeholder training and public awareness programme to the 12 State CC Cells established under NMSHE. As part of this cooperation, a detailed district-wise vulnerability assessment has been carried out for all the 12 Himalayan States. An Indo-US Fulbright- Kalam fellowship scheme was initiated during 2015-16. During 2016-17 to 2018-19, three batches of six fellows (3 each in Doctoral and postdoctoral students) were awarded the fellowships through Indo-US Fulbright-Kalam Fellowships in Climate Change for research in the subject in US universities. DBT-NII Receives Trademark for India’s First Indigenous Tumour Antigen SPAG9 (Topic: Science and Technology) Cancer kills8.51 lakh people in India every year (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2020,Globocan). As per World Health Organization (WHO), one in 10 Indians will develop cancer during their lifetime, and one in 15 will die of cancer. Therefore, it is all the more critical to make extraordinary breakthroughs and innovations for this deadly disease.  To successfully implement innovation newer modalities for cancer treatment, researchers at the New Delhi-based National Institute of Immunology (NII), an Autonomous Institute of Department of Biotechnology (DBT),and clinicians at Cancer Institute, Adyar, Chennai have been working together to translate new scientific discoveries into improved care for cancer patients. Over the past two decades, this team has been engaged in translating breakthrough that promises to add a highly potent weapon to the armoury against cancer especially employing targeted cancer Immunotherapy. India's first indigenous tumour antigen SPAG9 was discovered by Dr Anil Suri in 1998 who is heading the Cancer Research Program at NII. In a recent development, the SPAG9 antigen has received the trademark ASPAGNIITM. Currently, ASPAGNIITM is being used in dendritic cell (DC) based immunotherapy in cervical, ovarian cancer and will also be used in breast cancer. Immunotherapy is a new approach that exploits the body’s inner capability to put up a fight against cancer. With this approach, either the immune system is given a boost, or the T cells are “trained’’ to identify recalcitrant cancer cells and kill them. In this personalised intervention,those patients expressing SPAG9 protein can be treated with DC-based vaccine approach. In DC-based vaccine, patient’s cells called monocytes from their blood are collected and modified into what are called dendritic cells. These dendritic cells are primed with ASPAGNIITM and are injected back to the patient to help the ‘fighter’ cells, or T-cells, in the body to kill the cancer cells. DC-based immunotherapy is safe, affordable and can promote antitumor immune responses and prolonged survival of cancer patients. The ASPAGNIITM is a true example of translational cancer research and the Atmanirbhar Bharat spirit. It will eventually be helpful to patients in India and the world. This will be a real morale boost in affordable, personalised, and indigenous products for cancer treatment. Anomalously large abundance of lithium in low mass red giants traced to He-flashing phase of 2 million years (Topic: Science and Technology) The discrepancy between the abundance of lithium as inferred from observations of stars and the theoretically predicted amount has intrigued astronomers for a long time. Scientists from the Indian Institute of astrophysics have pinned down the mechanism behind the Lithium production in low mass red clump stars. Having found lithium excess to be common among the low mass red clump giants, they have now traced Helium (He)-flashing phase of the star's evolution as the site for high lithium production. This transition phase lasts for about 2 million, during which RGB giants with inert He-core at the centre become red clump giants of He-core burning. The researchers used asteroseismology (seismic study of stars using time-resolved photometry from Kepler space telescope) combined with spectroscopic abundances of elements to track the evolution of lithium in a sample of giant stars.  In addition to the evidence for Li production site, a first-of-its-kind correlation between the two independent observed quantities Li abundance and stellar oscillations (gravity mode period spacing) will serve to track the He-flashing phase of converting RGB giant of an inert, electron-degenerate He-core into a fully convective He-burning core by a series of core He-flashes, a theory developed in the 1960s. This work is published in the 'Astrophysical Journal Letters'. These results will be of great interest to a larger community of theoreticians and observers. This is because of lithium's broader implications to cosmological models, which predict Big Bang lithium abundance, which is a factor of four less than the presently observed values in the interstellar medium or very young stars, indicating lithium is increasing. Identification of production sites is important for accounting for Li enhancement in the Universe and provides excellent insights into the internal working of stars. Nanorod based oxygen sensor working at room temperature can save lives in places like underground mines, higher altitudes (Topic: Science and Technology) Indian Scientists have developed a nanorods-based oxygen sensor which works at room temperature with assistance of UV irradiation and can detect oxygen gas concentrations in places such as underground mines, at higher altitudes, inside aeroplanes and research labs. Monitoring O2 concentration in very low ppm-level is of paramount importance, and a fast and selective oxygen sensor working at room temperature can save lives in places like underground mines, higher altitudes and improve the accuracy of numerous experiments being conducted in research labs. The team showed that the sensor gives the best sensitivity with low power consumption and works at room temperature. The fabricated sensors exhibited response and recovery times of around 3 sec and 10 sec, respectively, at 1000 ppm. The sensor works in oxygen concentrations ranging from 25 ppm to 10 lakh ppm (100%) with good stability. The superior sensing property is attributed to the enhanced electrical conductivity, excitons (combination of an electron and a positive hole) created, and desorption of water molecules (released through surface) from the sensor surface by UV irradiation, facilitating increased interaction of oxygen molecules with chromium incorporated in titanium dioxide slanted nanorods array present in the sensor. The CeNS team is further working on miniaturising the sensor and its electronics interfacing with other gas sensors to fabricate a suitable electronic nose. Researchers track reason behind decline in star formation activity 8 billion years ago (Topic: Science and Technology) Astronomers tracking star formation activity of the young Universe billions of years ago have long been intrigued by the fact that star formation in galaxies which was at its  highest about 8-10 billion years ago, had declined steadily thereafter. Searching for the reason behind this, they have found that the likely cause for the decline is that galaxies were running out of fuel. The fuel critical to hydrogen formation is atomic hydrogen gas content of galaxies. Two studies that measured the atomic hydrogen content 9 billion years ago and 8 billion years ago, respectively, have helped them come to this conclusion. Galaxies 9 billion years ago were rich in an atomic gas, with nearly three times as much mass in atomic gas as in stars. This is very different from galaxies today like the Milky Way, where the gas mass is nearly ten times smaller than the mass in stars. The star formation in these early galaxies was so intense that they would consume their atomic gas in just two billion years. And, if the galaxies could not acquire more gas, their star formation activity would decline and finally cease. It thus appears likely that the cause of the declining star- formation in the Universe is simply that galaxies were not able to replenish their gas reservoirs after some epoch, probably because there wasn’t enough gas available in their environments.  Prelims-oriented News Padma Vibhushan Sir Anerood Jugnauth: The architect of modern Mauritius Largest Green Railways in the world with Zero Carbon Emission: Indian Railways World Environment Day: 5th June; established by the UN General Assembly in 1972, to mark the opening of the Stockholm Conference on Humans interfering with the Environment. To commemorate World Environment Day, Government of India is  Releasing E-20 Notification directing Oil Companies to sell ethanol blended petrol with percentage of ethanol up to 20% from 1st April 2023 BIS Specifications for higher ethanol blends E12 & E15 These efforts will facilitate setting up of additional ethanol distillation capacities and will provide timelines for making blended fuel available across the country. This will also help increase consumption of ethanol in the ethanol producing states and the adjoining regions, before the year 2025. World Milk Day: 1st June Launch of a National Award, Gopal Ratna Award, for Dairy Sector. The award has three categories -  Best Dairy farmer, Best Artificial Insemination Technician (AIT) and Best Dairy Cooperative/ Milk producer Company/ FPO. Integration of e- Gopala app with UMANG platform so that 3.1 Crore users of Umang platform will get access to App. e-GOPALA app (Generation of wealth through Productive Livestock), a comprehensive breed improvement marketplace and information portal for direct use of farmers Milk production has increased at an average annual growth rate of 6.3% per year in the last 6 years Dairy sector is the source of livelihood of more than 8 crore dairy farmers FIRST Institution to be declared SDO under one "One Nation One Standard" mission on BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards): RDSO (Research Design & Standards Organization) - R&D Wing of Indian Railways To attain “ Nation One Standard” vision of Govt. of India, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the National Standards Body, has launched a scheme which provides for “Recognition of SDO”. Through this scheme, BIS aims at aggregating and integrating the existing capabilities and dedicated domain specific expertise available with various organizations in the country engaged in standards development in their specific sectors, and enable convergence of all standard development activities in the country resulting in “One National Standard for One Subject”. India-Australia cooperation and collaboration in the field of Agriculture The India - Australia Grains Partnership was a significant inclusion aiming to use Australia’s expertise in post harvest management to strengthen rural grain storage and supply chains so as to reduce losses and wastage. National Institute of Agricultural Marketing will be the nodal organisation from India. Australia has recently given market access for export of Indian pomegranates. There would be a joint strategy for deeper access for Indian mangoes and pomegranates in Australian markets led by the Indian High Commission in Canberra also. The Australian Minister assured to fast track the Indian requests for market access for okra and pomegranate arils. On the issue of closer cooperation between India and Australia in multilateral fora like FAO and G20 – India is looking forward for closer dialogue between likeminded countries. Climate change is one area where there was great opportunity for India and Australia to work together since both countries have similar commitments. The flagship program of National Innovation for Climate Resilient Agriculture and said collaboration could be set up with the research organisations of Australia. SATAT scheme: Union Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas launched a number of initiatives to provide major fillip to the SATAT initiative in a virtual ceremony. Aim of SATAT scheme: To set up Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) production plants and make CBG available in the market for use as a green fuel. ‘SATAT’ aims to target production of 15 MMT of CBG from 5000 plants by 2023. It has the potential to boost availability of affordable transport fuels, better use of agricultural residue, cattle dung and municipal solid waste.  It will also provide an investment of 1.75 lakh crore, an additional revenue source to farmers, and 75,000 direct job opportunities and lakhs of indirect jobs. Release of A Model Panchayat Citizens Charter: A Model Panchayat Citizens Charter/ framework for delivery of the services across the 29 sectors, aligning actions with localised Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as prepared by Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) in collaboration with National Institute of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj (NIRDPR) was released. The Citizen Charter would ensure transparent and effective delivery of public services for sustainable development and enhanced citizen service experiences; deepening inclusive and accountable Local Self Governments by incorporating diverse views while designing and delivering services. It is expected that the Panchayats will utilise this framework to draw up a Citizens Charter and adopt it through a resolution of the Gram Sabha by 15th August, 2021 Panchayats constitute the third tier of government in the rural areas and represents the first level of Government interaction for over 60 per cent of the Indian populace. Panchayats are responsible for delivery of basic services as enshrined under article 243G of the Constitution of India, specifically in the areas of Health & Sanitation, Education, Nutrition, Drinking Water.

Jun 9, 2021 Important Articles

[INTERVIEW SCHEDULE] - UPSC Civil Services Main Examination 2020 from 2nd August!

Dear Students On the basis of the results of the Civil Services (Main) Examination, 2020 declared by the Union Public Service Commission on 23rd March, 2021, the Commission decided to commence the Personality Tests (Interviews) of the Civil Services (Main) Examination, 2020 from 26.04.2021. However, due to unprecedented growth in the number of people infected with Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) countrywide, as a precautionary measure, the Union Public Service Commission deferred the Personality Test of the CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION 2020 which were scheduled to commence with effect from 26.04.2020. After reviewing the situation, the Commission has decided to commence the Personality Test of the Civil Services Examination, 2020 from 2nd August 2021. The e-Summon Letters of Personality Tests (Interviews) of the candidates will be made available shortly, which may be downloaded from the Commission’s Website https://www.upsc.gov.in & https://www.upsconline.in. You can download the Schedule here - CLICK HERE We have opened the slots for Online Mock Interviews on 16th and 17th June 2021. ONLINE MOCKS: 16th June – Slots Open 17th June – Slots Open To Book Your Slots - REGISTER HERE Note - Offline Mocks in Bangalore and Delhi will start soon subject to government guidelines. P.S: You can also share the same with your friends who are interested in taking ONLINE Mock Interviews, One-One Mocks with Mohan Sir, DAF Questionnaire. For further queries with regard to interview, you can mail us at support@iasbaba.com or call us on 8549000077 (Bangalore)/ 8506910969 (Delhi)

Jun 9, 2021 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 9th June 2021

Archives (PRELIMS + MAINS FOCUS) Recent Reforms in Defence Sector Part of: GS Prelims and GS -III – Security In news Recently, the Defence Minister released an E-booklet titled ‘20 Reforms in 2020’ highlighting the major reforms undertaken by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) in 2020. Structural Reforms: The post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) was created to increase efficiency & coordination among the Armed Forces and reduce duplication, while Department of Military affairs (DMA) was established to ensure improved civil-military integration. Boost to Indigenisation: To promote ‘Make in India’ in the defence sector, a list of 101 defence items for which there would be an embargo on the import was notified in August 2020, while Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 was unveiled in September 2020. The increased partnership with the private sector has led to a substantial rise in defence exports. Funding: There was a 10% budget increase in 2020-21 over the previous year. Promoting Innovation: To promote innovation by young minds, five Young Scientists Laboratories of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) were launched in 2020. Digitising Tribunals: The Armed Forces Tribunal began digital hearing for the first time in August 2020. Strategic Connectivity: World’s longest Atal tunnel above 10,000 feet, at Rohtang on the Leh-Manali Highway was inaugurated. Women Participation: Ten streams of Indian Army were opened for giving Permanent Commission to Short Service Commission (SSC) Women officers. All Sainik Schools were thrown open for girl students from academic session 2020-21. NCC: Expanding the reach of the National Cadet Corps (NCC) to remote locations was a major announcement. Related Articles Challenges in India’s defence trade Grasping the Defence Self-reliance Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen Phase-II Part of: GS Prelims and GS -II - Governance  In news Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) [SBM (G)] Phase-II is making steady progress amidst Covid-19 with 1249 villages declared ODF(Open Defecation Free) Plus. About SBM(G) Phase-II: SBM (G) Phase-II was approved in February 2020 by the Ministry of Jal Shakti and will be implemented from 2020-21 to 2024-25 with total outlay of Rs. 1,40,881 crores. It emphasizes the sustainability of achievements under phase I and to provide adequate facilities for Solid/Liquid & plastic Waste Management (SLWM) in rural India. The fund sharing pattern between Centre and States will be 90:10 for North-Eastern States and Himalayan States and UT of J&K; 60:40 for other States; and 100% for other Union Territories. Other Schemes as part of SBM: Individual Household Latrines (IHHL) initiative whereby individuals get around 15,000 Rs for the construction of toilets. GOBAR-DHAN (Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources) Scheme launched by the Ministry of Jal Shakti in 2018.The scheme aims to augment income of farmers by converting biodegradable waste into compressed biogas (CBG). Swachh Vidyalaya Abhiyan launched by the Ministry of Education with an objective to provide separate toilets for boys and girls in all government schools. World Food Safety Day Part of: GS Prelims and GS -II – Health; International In news The Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare virtually attended the World Food Safety Day (7th June) celebrations organized by Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). Access to sufficient amounts of safe food is key to sustaining life and promoting good health Global food waste accounts for 6.7% of global greenhouse gas emissions, directly leading to climate change. About World Food Safety Day WHO and FAO jointly facilitate the observance of World Food Safety Day. It was first celebrated in 2019, to strengthen the commitment to scale up food safety made by the Addis Ababa Conference and the Geneva Forum in 2019 under the umbrella of “The Future of Food Safety”. Aim: To draw attention and inspire action to help prevent, detect and manage foodborne risks, contributing to food security, human health, economic prosperity, agriculture, market access, tourism and sustainable development. 2021 Theme: Safe Food for a Healthy Tomorrow. Value Addition Indian Initiatives for Food Safety: State Food Safety Index, released by FSSAI to measure the performance of States on five parameters of food safety namely  Human Resources and Institutional Data, Compliance, Food Testing – Infrastructure and Surveillance, Training & Capacity Building and Consumer Empowerment.  Eat Right India Movement: Initiative of the Government of India and FSSAI to transform the country’s food system in order to ensure safe, healthy and sustainable food for all Indians. Eat Right Awards: Instituted by FSSAI to recognize the contribution of food companies and individuals to empower citizens to choose safe and healthy food options, Eat Right Mela: Organised by FSSAI, it is an outreach activity for citizens to nudge them towards eating right Also Read: COVID-19 and Food Security I-Familia: Global Database to Identify Missing Persons Part of: GS Prelims and GS –II- International In news Recently, the Interpol has launched a new global database named “I-Familia” to identify missing persons through family DNA and help the police solve cold cases in member countries About I-Familia: There is growing international concern about the number of missing persons and unidentified victims around the world due to increased international travel, the prevalence of organized crime and human trafficking, the rise in global migration, conflicts and natural disasters. The first of its kind, I-Familia is a global database for identifying missing persons based on international DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) kinship matching. The database seeks to identify missing persons or unidentified human remains when direct comparison is not possible, by using DNA samples from family members instead. Family members must give their consent for their data to be used for international searching. Value Addition International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)  Interpol is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Lyon, France that helps coordinate the police force of 194 member countries. Each of the member countries hosts an Interpol National Central Bureau (NCB) which connects their national law enforcement with other countries and with the General Secretariat. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is designated as the National Central Bureau of India. Interpol Notices are international requests for cooperation or alerts allowing police in member countries to share critical crime-related information. RBI’s Bimonthly Monetary Policy – June 2021 Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III - Economy; Monetary policy Various decisions were announced by RBI while unveiling Bimonthly Monetary Policy Policy Rate Unchanged: The Policy rate was unchanged at 4% for the sixth time in a row and reverse repo rate at 3.35% Growth Prospects downsized: India’s GDP growth rate projection was slashed to 9.5% due to uncertainties caused by second wave of COVID-19 Liquidity Boost: Rs. 15,000-crore liquidity window to be launched by banks for contact intensive sectors like Hotel and tourism. Also, fresh Rs 16000-crore liquidity line to Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) for on-lending/ refinancing through novel models and structures. Upper limit for MSMEs revised: The maximum limit for borrowers is enhanced from Rs. 25 crore to Rs. 50 crore for MSMEs, small businesses and business loans to individuals Value Addition Monetary Policy Committee Urjit Patel committee in 2014 recommended the establishment of the Monetary Policy Committee. It is a statutory and institutionalized framework under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, for maintaining price stability, while keeping in mind the objective of growth. Composition: Six members (including the Chairman) - three officials of the RBI and three external members nominated by the Government of India. The Governor of RBI is ex-officio Chairman of the committee Functions: The MPC determines the policy interest rate (repo rate) required to achieve the inflation target (presently 4%). Decisions are taken by majority with the RBI Governor having the casting vote in case of a tie. Miscellaneous Pic Source: Al Jazeera Sea Snot outbreak in Turkey Recently, Turkey’s Sea of Marmara, which connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, has witnessed the largest outbreak of ‘sea snot’. Sea Snot, which looks like a viscous, brown and foamy substance, are huge mass of marine mucilage – a thick, slimy substance made up of compounds released by marine organisms.  It is formed when algae are overloaded with nutrients as a result of water pollution combined with the effects of climate change. The nutrient overload occurs when algae feast on warm weather caused by global warming. Impact: Several species are under threat, livelihoods of fishermen are getting affected due to mass deaths among the fish population. (Mains Focus) EDUCATION/ GOVERNANCE Topic: GS-2: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Education, Human Resources GS-2: Federalism Performance Grading Index Context: The Education Ministry released the latest edition of the Performance Grading Index or PGI.  The Education Ministry released the first PGI in 2019 for the reference year 2017-18. How is PGI worked out? Objective: This relatively new index measures the performance of states in school education. The objective is to help the states prioritise areas for intervention in school education Multiple Data Sources: It assesses states’ performance in school education based on data drawn from several sources, including the Unified District Information System for Education Plus, National Achievement Survey, and Mid-Day Meal.  Parameters: States are scored on a total of 1,000 points across 70 parameters, which are grouped under five broad categories:  Access (eg. enrolment ratio, transition rate and retention rate);  Governance and management;  Infrastructure Equity (difference in performance between scheduled caste students and general category students)  Learning outcomes (average score in mathematics, science, languages and social science). Grading & not ranking: States are graded and not ranked to discourage the practice of one improving only at the cost of others, “thereby casting a stigma of underperformance on the latter”.  What does the grading system reflect? The PGI grading system has 10 levels.  Level 1 indicates top-notch performance and a score between 951 and 1,000 points.  Level II, also known as Grade 1++, indicates a score between 901 and 950.  Those with Grade 1+ (or Level III) have scored between 851 and 900.  The lowest is Grade VII, and it means a score between 0 and 550 points. Source: Indian Express How have states performed this time? None in first level: In PGI 2019-20, no state or Union Territory could achieve the highest grade, that is Level I. Even in the 2017-18 and 2018-19 editions, no state had reached Level 1 and Grade 1++.  General Upward Shift: A total of 33 States and UTs have improved their total PGI score in 2019-20 as compared to 2018-19, indicating a general upward shift. For some this improvement has been improvements in their data reporting mechanisms while for some others, the improvements have been in specific domains Best Performing States: Chandigarh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Andaman and Nicobar and Kerala have scored more than 90% and obtained Grade 1++ (or Level II), which makes them the best performing states. This is the first time that any state has reached Level II.  Biggest Improvements: The biggest improvement in PGI this year has been shown by Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Punjab, and Arunachal Pradesh. All three have improved their score by 20%. Areas of Concern: However, there are still 31 states and UTs placed in Level III (Grade 1) or lower, showing that they still have a lot of ground to cover Only the UT of Ladakh has been placed in the lowest grade, that is Grade VII, but that’s because it was the first time it was assessed after it was carved out of Jammu and Kashmir in 2019. What are the areas where the states still have to improve? The PGI accords the highest importance to Governance Domain because compliance with the indicators here will lead to critical structural reforms  According to the report, states and UTs mainly need to improve their performance in terms of governance processes. This domain carries several parameters, including  Teacher availability: monitoring the attendance of teachers Teachers training Regular inspection Availability of finances.  In the domain Governance Processes, there are 24 States/UTs which have scored less than 288 (80% of the maximum possible score) The second area that requires attention is the Domain for Infrastructure and facilities. This is a cause for concern as a proper school building with adequate facilities is a must to improve the overall quality of school education Connecting the dots: ASER Survey & COVID-19 impact ASER 2019 report: Fix early learning in government schools New Educational Policy, 2020 Right to Education Act ENVIRONMENT/ GOVERNANCE Topic: GS-2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. GS-3: Environmental Conservation Green future for Indian cities Context: A progressive track of urban development while keeping sustainability, disaster risk resilience and community building at its core has been the guiding principle for urban development in India. The following national programmes and missions of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has contributed to the mitigation of Climate Change and helping India progress towards greener cities The Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban)  This scheme focuses on achieving an open-defecation-free India, building solid waste management capacity and bringing about behavioural change.  Through the annual Swachh Survekshan, cooperative and competitive federalism have become the driving force behind this citizen-led jan andolan. It is estimated that the various initiatives under SBM-U can mitigate 17.42 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2022. It was, in effect, the harbinger of a total transformation of our urban landscape.  The Smart Cities Mission  This mission has been the one taking charge of the technological advancements of our cities to improve governance, sustainability and disaster risk resilience.  Smart solutions are being implemented to improve energy efficiency and non-motorised transport capacity in urban centres.  The Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework has been adopted which aims to help cities adapt, collaborate and exchange best practices to achieve international standards for green, sustainable and resilient urban habitats.  So far, the infrastructure for 417.5 km of smart roads, solar panels generating 30 MW of energy and 253.5 MLD of wastewater treatment capacity has been completed.  The overall reduction in GHG emissions from projects implemented under SCM is expected to reach 4.93 million tonnes of CO2 by 2022. Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) Under AMRUT, water supply and management, energy efficiency and increased green spaces have been part of the goal in 500 target cities. As of June 2021, 1,831 parks over 3,700 acres have been developed, 85 lakh street lights have been replaced, resulting in energy saving of 185.33 crore units (kWh), and 106 water bodies have been rejuvenated.  The mission is likely to result in the mitigation of 48.52 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent of GHG emissions by 2022. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) With 1.12 crore houses sanctioned, PMAY(U) has focused on new construction technologies that are innovative, environmentally friendly and disaster-resilient.  The Global Housing Technology Challenge was launched, and 54 new technologies identified & incorporated in construction. About 43.3 lakh houses are being constructed where fly ash bricks/blocks and concrete blocks are being used.  Overall, the mission has the potential to mitigate around 12 million tonnes CO2 equivalent of GHG emissions by 2022. Public Transport- Metro Lastly, the metro rail, an energy-efficient mass rapid transit system, is operational in 18 cities with over 720 km of line constructed.  Another 1,055 km of new lines is under construction in 27 cities.  This network is expected to mitigate around 21.58 million tonnes of CO2 eq GHG from 2015-2022.  Conclusion  Cumulatively, the national missions under the MoHUA are projected to mitigate GHG emissions equivalent to more than 93 million tonnes of CO2 by 2022. This number is bound to increase. Connecting the dots: Paris Climate Accord Top Three SDGs and India (TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) Model questions: (You can now post your answers in comment section) Note: Correct answers of today’s questions will be provided in next day’s DNA section. Kindly refer to it and update your answers. Comments Up-voted by IASbaba are also the “correct answers”. Q.1 Consider the following statements: There has been10% budget increase in 2020-21 over the previous year for the defence sector Atal tunnel was constructed by National Highways Authority of India Which of the above is or are correct?  1 only  2 only  Both 1 and 2  Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2 Consider the following statements regarding GOBAR-DHAN (Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources) Scheme: It was launched by the Ministry of Agriculture  It aims to augment income of farmers by converting biodegradable waste into compressed biogas (CBG). Which of the above is or are correct ? 1 only 2 only  Both 1 and 2  Neither 1 nor 2 ANSWERS FOR 8th June 2021 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK) 1  A 2  B 3 B Must Read On centralised procurement of vaccines: The Hindu On preparing for third wave: The Hindu About Human Rights in Digital Era: Indian Express

Jun 9, 2021 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2021 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 9th JUNE 2021

For Previous Daily Quiz (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken, and solutions. To take the Test - Click Here

Jun 9, 2021 TLP Mains Answer Writing

IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – General Studies Paper 3 Questions [9th JUNE,2021] – Day 108

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Hello Friends, Welcome to IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – General Studies Paper 3 Questions [9th JUNE,2021] – Day 108 TLP (Phase 1) just got over on 8th May (Saturday) and we are extremely thankful for your active participation to make this program a success. Well, though TLP (Phase 1) got over, ‘Picture abhi baaqi hai mere dost’. There is a surprise for you. Since prelims is bound to get delayed once again this year, its not wise to leave the writing practice just now. Hence, we are extending the TLP program  We will be posting 3 questions per day (Monday to Friday). The questions will be based on Current Affairs, so that you don’t have to invest your time separately on exclusively mains oriented topics. So, keep practicing and keep improving. To Know More about TLP  -> CLICK HERE For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Note: Click on Each Question (Link), it will open in a new tab and then Answer respective questions! 1. What do you understand by structural reforms in the economic context? Elaborate. Does Indian economy need structural reforms? Discuss. (10 Marks) आर्थिक संदर्भ में संरचनात्मक सुधारों से आप क्या समझते हैं? विस्तृत करें। क्या भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था को संरचनात्मक सुधारों की आवश्यकता है? चर्चा करें। 2. What measures have been taken to formalize the Indian economy? What benefits would accrue if this transition becomes successful? Discuss. (10 Marks) भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था को औपचारिक रूप देने के लिए क्या उपाय किए गए हैं? यदि यह संक्रमण सफल हो जाता है तो क्या लाभ प्राप्त होंगे? चर्चा करें। 3. Has India been able to truly leverage its islands? Critically examine? What is the recent controversy surrounding the regulation of of Lakshadweep Island? Discuss (15 Marks) क्या भारत वास्तव में अपने द्वीपों का लाभ उठाने में सक्षम रहा है? समालोचनात्मक जाँच करें? लक्षद्वीप द्वीप के नियमन को लेकर हालिया विवाद क्या है? चर्चा करें P.S: The review from IASbaba will happen from the time the question is posted till 10 pm every day. We would also encourage peer reviews. So friends get actively involved and start reviewing each other's answers. This will keep the entire community motivated. All the Best :)

Jun 9, 2021 RSTV Video

Agreement on Ceasefire With Pakistan – The Big Picture – RSTV IAS UPSC

Archives TOPIC: General Studies 3 Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security. Security challenges and their management in border areas In News: In what has come as a surprise development, the armies of India and Pakistan announced that they had begun observing a ceasefire along the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir from the midnight of February 24th. A joint statement issued by the militaries of both countries said the move followed a discussion between India’s Director General of Military Operations Lt Gen Paramjit Singh Sangha, and his Pakistani counterpart, Maj Gen Nauman Zakaria, over their established telephone hotline.  The statement said:  In the interest of achieving mutually beneficial and sustainable peace along the borders, the two DGsMO agreed to address each other’s core issues and concerns which have the propensity to disturb peace and lead to violence. Further, both sides reiterated that existing mechanisms of hotline contact and border flag meetings will be utilised to resolve any unforeseen situation or misunderstanding.  The United Nations and the United States have hailed the move by India and Pakistan, calling it a positive step towards greater peace and stability in South Asia. The 2003 ceasefire understanding Facilitated the opening of the Srinagar-Muzaffarabad and Poonch-Rawalkot routes, paving the way for bus and truck services linking the two Kashmirs for the first time in six decades and encouraging cross-LoC contacts, exchanges, travel, and trade. Enabled India to complete the construction of a fence near the LoC to prevent Pakistan’s infiltration of terrorists into Kashmir, a project that it had begun a couple of decades earlier but had to suspend due to Pakistan’s artillery fire. Will this ceasefire last? This is not the first time that India and Pakistan have agreed to give peace a chance on the LoC to make the lives of civilians living along the line easy. The original ceasefire agreement was reached in November 2003, four years after the Kargil War. The 2003 ceasefire agreement remains a milestone as it brought peace along the LoC until 2006. It paved the way for the Vajpayee-Musharraf meeting in Islamabad on the side-lines of the SAARC summit. That meeting kickstarted the much talked about peace process from 2004-2008 before the whole thing got blown apart by the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks by Pakistani terrorists. From November 2003 to November 2008, the ceasefire was scrupulously observed. Post 26/11, ceasefire violations started happening more regularly. But it was around 2012-13 when these violations spiked. After tensions peaked in 2018, yet another agreement was reached between the two DGMOs to “fully implement the Ceasefire Understanding of 2003 in letter and spirit forthwith and to ensure that henceforth, the Ceasefire will not be violated by both sides”. But this didn’t survive more than a couple of months and since then ceasefire has been observed more in its violation with over 5,000 incidents reported in 2020. According to data provided by the Ministry of Defence in Parliament earlier this month, there were 5133 instances of CFVs along the LoC and other areas in Jammu and Kashmir, resulting in 46 fatal casualties in 2020, and 3,479 CFVs in 2019. In May 2018, the DGsMO agreed during a similar hotline conversation to observe the ceasefire strictly, but subsequent tensions over the Pulwama attack, Balakot air strikes and the Article 370 move led to a sharp spike in CFVs. Conclusion We will have to wait and watch as to how long the fresh commitment to ceasefire along the LoC can hold especially with summers approaching. As a matter of annual routine, terror infiltration bids from Pakistan increase as summer begins in the Kashmir Valley. Melting of ice on the high mountains offers Pakistan an opportunity to foment terrorism in the Valley. Must Read: Shimla Pact and Lahore Agreement Connecting the Dots: Is war a necessity to teach Pakistan a lesson?

Jun 8, 2021 IASbaba Prelims 60 Day Plan

[COMPILATION] IASbaba’s 60 Day Plan - IAS Prelims Test Series 2021 - Day (31-60) Subject Wise Compilation!

For Previous (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Hello Friends,  ARCHIVES OF 60 DAYS The Pandemic is having a disastrous effect on us. Every second family seems affected, there are cries of help everywhere. Students have become volunteers and are doing their best. The least we can do is stay home. In these testing times, many of the Aspirants have shown grit and perseverance towards their goal & following the schedule of 60 Day Plan religiously. We appreciate your commitment. Others, who couldn't follow the schedule - Follow it from today. It's never too late! To assist all of you in Revision, we are providing you with the Compilation of the last 30 days of the 60 Day Plan. Make the best use of them. All the best!   POLITY-II HISTORY-II GEOGRAPHY-II ECONOMICS-II ENVIRONMENT-II SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-II CURRENT AFFAIRS-II CSAT-II [COMPILATION] IASbaba’s 60 Day Plan - IAS Prelims Test Series 2021 - Day (1-30) Subject Wise Compilation - Click Here DOWNLOAD THE 60 DAYS PLAN 2021 Thank You IASbaba

Jun 8, 2021 TLP Mains Answer Writing

SYNOPSIS [8th JUNE,2021] Day 107: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE   SYNOPSIS [8th JUNE,2021] Day 107: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)   1. Illustrate the scenarios that forced Congress to accept the partition of the country. In your opinion, could it have been avoided? Comment. Approach  The candidate needs to define first what is meant by partition in Indian context.Further write what forced congress to accept partition and balance it out by writing points to support how it could have been avoided.In conclusion try to contextualise to present scenario after partition. Introduction The Partition of India in 1947 was the division of British India into two independent dominion states, the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. Today the Dominion of India is the Republic of India, while the Dominion of Pakistan is today the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.Partition was one of the most disastrous event of 20th century which led to death of millions of people on both the sides of border. Body Events that forced Congress to accept partition  The seeds of partition were sown long ago by the divide and rule policy of Britishers starting from the formation of muslim league then giving of separate electorates and continuing this until the Shimla conference where Jinnah was given virtual veto in talks. Rajaji’s formula, which was proposed by C Rajagopalachari and also the Desai-  Liaquat  in March 1944 which were rejected by the majority within the congress and also there was a forceful opposition from the Hindu Mahasabha.  The communal riots which were a constant phenomenon in 1940s reached a unmanageable stage after the announcement of direct action day announced by the muslim league on 16 August 1946. Partition could control riots: The British government was not doing anything to check communalism. INC leaders felt that accepting Dominion status would at least give them some power to check further riots. Recalcitrant  and adamant behaviour of Muslim league and Jinnah led to Failure of Cripps Mission, Shimla Conference, Cabinet Mission and the Interim government which convinced INC that Muslim League will not reconcile for one nation. Direct action day: It was observed by Muslim league and the following incidents of Hindu-Muslim riot made Congress believe that partition was the only option if otherwise there could be lasting peace even if British leave India. Mountbatten Plan (1947): it provided a way whereby the Congress need not any longer to construct ways for cooperating with the Muslim League. There was a constant pressure not only from the Muslim league but also the right wing within India and congress to have separate nation and this forced Congress hands further in the negotiations. The elections results of 1946 showed how India was divided between Hindu and muslim as the Muslim league which had not previously got good support among muslims won in majority of the seats and same was true for Congress in general category seats  Therefore the overall circumstances made partition rather an inevitable scenario for the congress.But historians has over the years made some strong arguments of how the partition was avoidable such as : Congress was not able to imbibe nationalism across the communities.  After the initial failure of khilafat movement of 1920s congress didn’t take enough efforts to reconcile with Muslim league and also to bring muslim population in mainstream nationalism. The Lahore pact of 1916 by congress was a tacit acceptance of the existence of Two nations by accepting the demand for separate electorates.This was avoidable which further gave legitimacy to muslim league. Congress was over the years unable to reign in the conservative and communal elements within the congress.This went on exacerbating the situation as seen at the 1928 all party conference events. Conclusion Therefore it can be concluded that there were both possibilities alive in the 1940s.While Congress was focused on achieving Independence for whole India the two parties that are Muslim league and British were both in connivance to thwart such plans by Congress.This eventually resulted into partition of India which was the price India payed for its independence which was achieved on 15 August ,1947. The scars of this partition still haunts India in persistent problems of communalism, militancy, terrorism and illegal migration across borders of Bangladesh and Pakistan. 2. What rural India really needed post-independence was land reform. Do you agree? Substantiate. What measures were taken by the government on this front? Were they successful? Critically examine. Approach  This question has many demands therefore the candidate needs to address each demand briefly and then transit to next one.The introduction can be based of what are land reforms and what was the need of these reforms at time of independence.Next write what were the measures taken by government and analyse their success and failures. Introduction  Land reforms were necessary to ensure that the fruits of independence could reach the common section of population, as land was basic mean for livelihood then. Political independence was meaningless in the absence of socio-economic independence.Further the need for land reform has been a vocal demand of the nationalist movement and a consensus was seen with the Indian national congress on the eve of independence. Body  Need of Land reform: They were counter measure against the colonial legacy by which millions of Indian peasants were impoverished resulted into concentration of land in few hands. For equitable distribution of land, reforms were necessary. Level of industrialization was quite low, Agriculture was the main stake of Indian economy and to make agricultural activity profitable, changes were required in the agricultural system of India. Socialist ideology of independent leaders favoured equitable distribution of means of production. Empowerment of peasantry was the important slogan of national movement; to fulfill the promise made to peasantry land reforms were crucial. More than 85% population used to live in rural India in 1950s and agriculture was the centre for direct and indirect economic activity hence for rural development land reforms became necessary. The process of land reform after independence basically occurred in two broad phases. The first phase started soon after independence and arguably continued till the early 1960s. This phase has also been called the phase of institutional reforms. It focused on the following features: Abolition of intermediaries—zamindars, jagirdars, etc. Tenancy reforms involving providing security of tenure to the tenants, decrease in rents and conferment of ownership rights to tenants.  Ceilings on size of landholdings. Consolidation of land. Cooperativization and community development programmes. The second phase beginning around the mid or late 1960s saw the gradual ushering in of the so-called Green Revolution and has been seen as the phase of technological reforms. Success of Land reforms: As result of the abolition of intermediaries, about 2 crore tenants are estimated to have come into direct contact with the State making them owners of land. More lands have been brought to government possession for distribution to landless farmers. As per tenancy reforms, tenants cannot be evicted without any reason. They can be evicted only in accordance with the laws. Land can be resumed by the landlord only on the ground of personal cultivation. But the land-lord can resume the land only up to a maximum limit. The landlord should leave some area to the tenant for his own cultivation. The tenant in no case should be made landless. About 40 lakh tenants have already acquired ownership rights over 37 lakh hectares of land. They have become better-off economically and socially. However, the success of land reform measures taken by the government at various levels was quite skewed. Large holders, articulate and capable, organized pressure in defense of their interests and the small cultivators and the landless were not only unorganized but in most cases, ignorant of legal and constitutional process; the former were very often successful in getting the land reforms modified or even nullified both at the stage of legislation as well as implementation  The Land reform laws enacted by various state governments differed quite significantly. In states of Andhra Pradesh, limit of Land ceiling was so high that most of the land owners remained unaffected. The concept of land ceiling was applied to only land under cultivation. The land under the trees was not taken into consideration.  The big peasants resorted to benami transactions; the land was transferred into the names of various family members, relatives or even servants to escape the imposition of land ceiling.  Land being the state subject tied the hands of the central government and state government could not show the necessary political commitment to implement land reform initiatives in letter and spirit. Conclusion India witnessed the unique phenomenon of wide-ranging land reforms being implemented within a modern democratic structure without any violence or use of authoritarian force. But the lack of thorough implementation became reason behind social crisis even today in which result in marginalisation of farmers and landless communities.Therefore a new approach and vigour is needed for land reform for the 21st century to tackle agrarian distress as well as to march towards industrial growth to achieve equitable and sustainable growth. 3. Critical assess the performance of India’s states towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Approach  The candidate needs to first define what are sustainable development goals.In the next part mention the recent performances by different states.In next part add criticism on the current state of progress and suggest some reforms to overcome this situation. Introduction  The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future.India played a prominent role in the formulation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 and much of the country’s National Development Agenda is mirrored in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The progress of the world to meet the SDGs largely depends on India’s progress and India’s progress depends upon the performances of individual states. Body Sustainable development goals index as baseline : While countries around the world were considering how to implement and measure success against the Goals, NITI Aayog took the lead by bringing out the SDG India Index  Baseline Report 2018, and showing how SDGs will be measured in India. The NITI Aayog released the Baseline Report of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) India Index, which comprehensively documents the progress made by India’s States and Union Territories towards implementing the 2030 SDG targets. NITI Aayog has constructed the SDG India Index spanning across 13 out of 17 SDGs (leaving out Goals 12, 13, 14 and 17). The Index tracks the progress of all the States and Union Territories (UTs) on a set of 62 National Indicators, measuring their progress on the outcomes of the interventions and schemes of the Government of India. The SDG India Index is intended to provide a holistic view on the social, economic and environmental status of the country and its States and UTs. Performance of Indian states : According  to NITI Aayog’s SDG Index 2020-21., India has made progress on fronts like clean energy, urban development and health which has improved its overall Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) score from 60 in 2019 to 66 in 2021,  SDGs on eradication of poverty and hunger; affordable and clean energy have showed improvement in several states and Union Territories (UTs). Kerala with a score of 75 has topped the third edition of NITI Aayog’s SDG index while Bihar with a score of 52 continues to remain at the bottom of the list. The second spot was shared by two states Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh with 74 points each. Bihar with 52 points, Jharkhand 56 points and Assam with 57 occupied the bottom berths on the index, according to the NITI Aayog report.  Among Union Territories, Chandigarh, Delhi and Lakshadweep scored 79, 68 and 68 points respectively. Mizoram gained 12 points as compared to 2019-20, Haryana 10 points and Uttarakhand 8 points emerging as top gainers. Among new front runners, were Uttarakhand, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Punjab, Haryana, Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh. According to the report, Tamil Nadu and Delhi improved per capita income of citizens while Gujarat and Delhi topped the health sector while Kerala and Chandigarh did well on education. Critical analysis of the SDG index 2020-21: While this is cause for cheer, the Index reveals that there has been a major decline in the areas of industry, innovation and infrastructure besides decent work and economic growth, again made worse by the lockdowns imposed by the governments seeking to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic.  But the stark differences between the southern and western States on the one hand and the north-central and eastern States on the other in their performance on the SDGs, point to persisting socio-economic and governance disparities.  These, if left unaddressed, will exacerbate federal challenges and outcomes, as seen in the public health challenges during the second wave across some of the worse-off States. Solutions to tackle the uneven progress of different states : The majority of the goals of SDG 2030 are in the domain of state governments therefore it becomes imperative to devolve more funds to state’s government.The current devolution scheme envisages 42 percent which can be increased further. The SDG index released by Niti aayog can be made and important parameter to devolve funds to the state governments especially the schemes which target SDG goals. Municipal corporation’s should be allowed to gather funds from green bonds to support its efforts to support targets in view of resource crunch. In light of COVID-19 pandemic the states should be allowed a greater fiscal room in deficit targets to spend more on welfare measures. A good practices repository of different states and practices around the world should be formulated and shared with states to enable them have more diverse options. The school curriculum needs to be focused towards bringing a behavioural change to create a next generation bureaucracy and workforce who imbibe the motives of SDG for better future. Conclusion  Therefore India has made commendable efforts towards achieving the targets of SDG 2030.This can be seen by improvement of overall score of India from 60 to 66 in SDG Index India 2020-21.But the current pandemic and the regional disparities between states in achieving the SDG can hinder future progress.Therefore there is need to make rigorous efforts to incentivise lagging states and help India achieve these targets for a sustainable and prosperous future of India and world. TLP Synopsis Day 107 PDF

Jun 8, 2021 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 8th June 2021

Archives (PRELIMS + MAINS FOCUS) Education Ministry approves release of Performance Grading Index Part of: GS Prelims and GS -II - Education  In news Union Education Minister has recently approved the release of the Performance Grading Index 2019-20.  Features of the PGI  The PGI provides grades to the states and union territories instead of ranks.  Grading allows states and union territories to be considered at the same level.  It eliminates the possibility of being cast as a stigma due to one's underperformance.  It comprises 70 indicators on aggregate classified into categories with a maximum score of 1000.  Result of the PGI Top performing states: Punjab, Tamilnadu, Kerala  Lowest performing states: Meghalaya and Ladakh Significance  It would help them focus on the gaps and prioritise those areas for intervention to ensure that the school education system is strong at every level  Recent steps to improve quality of School Education  National Achievement Survey conducted by the NCERT for classes 3, 5, 8 and 10.  India shall also participate in Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) to be conducted by the OECD in 2021. Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing (DIKSHA) platform for high quality e learning material. G7 Nations agree on global minimum tax of at least 15% Part of: GS Prelims and GS -II - International Relations & GS-III - Economy  In news A group of the world's richest nations reached a landmark deal to close cross-border tax loopholes used by some of the world's biggest companies. The Group of Seven (G7) would support a minimum global corporation tax rate of at least 15%.  They would put in place measures to ensure taxes were paid in the countries where businesses operate. How will it work?  Global minimum tax rate would apply to Overseas profits.  Governments could set whatever local corporate tax rate they want, but if companies pay lower rates in a particular country, their home governments could top-up their taxes to the minimum rate, thus eliminating the advantage of shifting profits.  The Organisation of Economic, Cooperation and Development (OECD) has also been coordinating tax negotiations on rules for taxing cross-border Digital Services and curbing tax base erosion, including a global corporate minimum tax.  Also, countries would lose the device used to push policies that suit them once a global minimum rate is put in place.  Impact on India  The decision is likely to benefit India as India has wanted to keep corporate tax rate artificially lower to attract FDI in comparison to tax havens or low taxation countries.  Global food price index rises to 10- year high Part of: GS Prelims and GS -II - Policies and interventions and International Relations  In news Food and Agricultural Organisation's (FAO) food price index (FPI) rose at their fastest monthly rate in a Decade in May.  However, world cereal production is on its way to reach a new record.  Reasons for this inflation  Revived demand in some countries.  A backlog of low production Market and supply disruptions due to restrictions on movement due to COVID-19  Impact of the inflation Higher inflation will affect poor countries dependent on imports. Huge Multi-National Companies such as Nestlé and Coca-Cola could pass on increased prices of their raw materials to consumers.  What is inflation?  It measures the average price change in a basket of commodities and services over time.  However, a certain level of inflation is required in the economy to ensure that expenditure is promoted and hoarding money through savings is demotivated.  Important value additions  FPI is released by Food and Agriculture Organisation  It is a measure of the monthly change in international prices of a basket of food commodities.  It consists of the average of five commodity group price indices- cereals, oilseeds, dairy products, meat and sugar.  It is weighted with the average export shares of each of the groups Related articles How Food Inflation will affect Economy? Rising Prices of Essential Commodities New PLI scheme notified for white goods and telecom sector Part of: GS Prelims and GS -III - Economy  In news Recently, Production Linked Incentive schemes were announced for white goods and Telecom and Network Equipment White goods include large electrical goods used domestically such as refrigerators and washing machines, Air conditioners and LED lights, typically white in colour. For White Goods Objective:  To create complete component ecosystems in India To make India an integral part of the Global supply chains  Duration and funds  Rs. 6,238 crores  From 2021-22 to FY 2028-29  Features  It will offer an incentive of 4 to 6% on incremental sales of goods manufactured in India.  Benefits  Increased investment, production, exports Create additional 4 lakh direct and indirect jobs For Telecom sector and Network Equipment  Objective To make India a global manufacturing hub for Telecom and networking products. Duration and funds  Rs. 12, 195 crores with 1,000 crore to be allocated for MSMEs  From Fy 2021-22 to FY 2025-26  Features  It is available to both MSMEs and non MSMEs companies.  Also available to Domestic and global companies with minimum investment threshold limits for MSMEs above Rs. 10 crore and non MSMEs above Rs. 100 crore. Benefits  Investment of around Rs. 3,000 crores Increased production and exports of Rs. 2 lakh crore over five years Create direct and indirect jobs 'Ecosystem Restoration for people, nature and climate' report by UNEP Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III - Conservation; Climate change In news 'Ecosystem Restoration for people, nature and climate' report was recently published by the United Nations environment programme (UNEP).  The report has been published in Association with Food and Agriculture Organisation for UN Decade on ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030.  Ecosystem restoration means assisting in the recovery of ecosystems that have been degraded or destroyed, as well as conserving the ecosystems that are still intact.  Key findings of the report  We are using the equivalent of 1.6 Earths to maintain our current way of life and the ecosystem is unable to keep up with our demands.  Every year ecosystem services worth more than 10% of our global economic output are lost.  Around 1/3rd of the world's farmland is degraded.  About 87% of Inland wetlands worldwide have disappeared since 1700.   1/3rd of commercial fish species are over-exploited.  Degradation is already affecting the well-being of 40% of the world's population.  Countries need to deliver on their existing commitments to restore 1 billion hectares of degraded land and make similar commitments for Marine and coastal areas.  Restoration is essential for keeping Global temperature is below 2° Celsius  Recommendations  Restoration and avoiding degradation. Large scale investments in dryland agriculture  Mangrove protection  Water management  Miscellaneous Asia Pacific economic cooperation (APEC)  APEC Leaders met online to discuss ways to build back the economy better from the pandemic.  APEC is a regional economic forum established in 1989 to take maximum advantage of the growing interdependence of the Asia-Pacific.  It has 21 members.  Aim: To create greater prosperity for the region by promoting balanced, inclusive and sustainable growth.  India is not a member of APEC.  (Mains Focus) SCIENCE & TECH/ ECONOMY Topic: GS-3: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.  GS-3: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers etc. Supersonic Flying Context: Nearly two decades since the last supersonic passenger flight, of the British-French airliner Concorde, took off, the planes are set to return to the runways by 2029.  United Airlines of USA has recently announced it was ordering 15 planes (named Overture) with the ability to travel at Mach 1.7, faster than the speed of sound, from the Denver-based startup Boom. What is a supersonic plane? Supersonic aircraft are planes that can fly faster than the speed of sound. Usually, supersonic planes can travel at the speed of around 900 kmph, twice the speed of normal aircraft The technology for supersonic flights is actually over 70 years old, but only recently has been used for commercial flying.  Before 1976, when the first commercial supersonic flight took off, the planes were used entirely for military purposes. Concorde, the British-French turbojet-powered commercial airliner, was the first aircraft to carry passengers at supersonic speed, but eventually had to discontinue, due to cost and other concerns. Supersonic vehicles in the past have been flagged for their high use of jet fuels, causing extensive environmental damage.  About Boom’s Overture supersonic plane Long Range: The Overture aircraft would travel at the speed of Mach 1.7 or 1,805 kmph with a range of 4,250 nautical miles (7871Km). In a single flight, it could carry 65 to 88 passengers and reach an altitude of 60,000 ft. This would enable travel of passengers between busy routes like Paris-New York, Los Angeles to Sydney and San Francisco to Tokyo. Halves the Travel Time: Overture aircraft can reduce travel time by about half of today’s planes. Travel time from Singapore to Dubai, usually around seven hours, would be reduced to four hours.  Commercial Operations within decade: The company has expressed confidence in getting an “experimental” jet ready by 2022, start rolling out aircraft by 2025 and eventually open them for passengers by 2029.  No Overland Noise: The Overture will also not be noisy as supersonic planes in the past were, Boom claims, as it aims for “zero overland noise.” This essentially means that it will cruise at supersonic speeds only over water, ensuring that no sonic boom or excessive noise reaches the surfaces where people live. Coastal buffer zones will be created into route planning of the airline, enabling the Overture planes to travel over Mach 1 only after it reaches a “safe” distance from the shore. Net-Zero Emissions: Boom claims to produce an eco-friendly aircraft with “net-zero carbon emissions”, set to fly with 100 per cent sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) made from biodegradable material Cost cutting technologies: The company also promises to equip the airliner with advanced aerodynamics and carbon composite materials. Through this, it says, it will be able to cut significant development and maintenance costs in ways which the Concorde planes could not. Helps recover the sector impacted by Pandemic: The announcement of the new technology comes at the time when the global aviation industry is bearing losses due to the Covid-19 pandemic, and a third of the world’s air routes have been lost since 2020. Challenges for Supersonic Overture Flights High Production Costs: The costs of making “sustainable” supersonic planes are extremely high. The very nature of its flying — using excessive amounts of fuel and energy — is likely to have high environmental costs. Noise Pollution: The very speed of the planes result in producing excessive amounts of noise pollution in the environment. The “Sonic Boom” created by these planes feels like an explosion to the human ear. Limitations in areas of operation: Noise pollution caused by Sonic boom limits where and when the supersonic planes can fly. They can only reach their actual speed until they are far enough from people and completely over the ocean. Government Approvals: Regulatory approvals to fly such planes can be unsuccessful, especially for transatlantic flights. Getting clearance from regulators around the world would be a challenging task, since the supersonic planes in the past have already been flagged for these hurdles. Expensive Fuel: Sustainable aviation fuel is currently very limited in its supply, and is extremely expensive. Moreover, the use of this fuel does not eliminate greenhouse gas emissions altogether. Safety Concerns: One of reasons for discontinuance of Concorde flights were safety. The July 2000 accident, when an Air France Concorde crashed right after takeoff, killing all 109 people on board and four on ground, brought safety of supersonic flights into limelight. Accessible only to rich: Lastly, it would not be economically feasible for everyone. Only the very rich can afford supersonic planes, as a ticket is likely to be way more costlier than a first class ticket of a regular plane. Connecting the dots: Reforms in India Civil Aviation Sector Aviation Flying for all UDAN scheme National Civil Aviation Policy 2016 and National Civil Aviation programme 2018 WOMEN/ GOVERNANCE/ ECONOMY Topic: GS-1: Society & issues related to women. GS-2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. GS-3: Indian Economy and issues relating to it The invisible women in India’s labour market Context: India’s female labour force participation rates have been dismal over the past two decades.  Issues At 24.5% in 2018-19, its current participation rate is well below the global average of 45%, and is also the lowest in South Asia. Despite rising GDP, increasing educational attainment, rising household incomes, and declining fertility, women’s participation in the labour market has decreased.  The gender gap in participation is overwhelmingly large and has been widening over the last decade or so Women’s participation has decreased substantially across all age brackets, especially between 25 to 59 years. There are considerable variations in the rates of women’s labour force participation between rural and urban areas (26.4% for rural versus 20.4% for urban women). Available evidence suggests that finding a paid job is much harder for women than men. And once they enter the labour market, women still face limited work options, have fewer learning and career advancement opportunities. Women are overrepresented in the informal economy, particularly in vulnerable, low skilled and poorly paid jobs that have limited social security. What factors influence Women to enter labour market & work? Multiple factors influence women’s decision to enter the labour market, including  Demand and supply-side drivers Prevailing socio-cultural  Gender norms and attitudes.  Specifically, women’s ability to work is influenced by  Their marital status Number of children Caste, religion and ethnicity Lack of essential education and vocational skills Labour market discrimination. Availability of women-friendly jobs. Does lower participation rate indicate that women work less? The low participation rates, however, do not indicate that women are working less. Instead, women’s time and efforts are diverted to unpaid care work (such as raising children, caring for sick and elderly) and domestic work. Women spend disproportionately more time on unpaid care work in India than men, particularly if married. The Time-use Survey of 2019 shows that, on average, a woman spends 19.5% of her time every day in unpaid responsibilities compared to merely 2.5% by a man.  While essential to the welfare of society and the economy, these activities are not accounted for in the System of National Accounts and employment, which means that they remain unrecorded and undervalued As a result, such unpaid essential work finds limited focus in policies and programmes aimed at improving labour market outcomes. Also, the declining labour force participation is associated with women’s limited involvement in sectors that provide jobs in white-collar services. Way Ahead Policymakers should take a holistic and integrated approach to improve women’s labour force participation and their overall labour market outcomes by  Enhancing access to timely and impactful skill development Adequate maternity benefits and entitlements Access to affordable childcare facilities, household infrastructure and provision of other family-friendly policies to reduce the burden of unpaid care work  Safe and convenient transportation and public infrastructure.  Providing access to better-paid formal jobs  Support for women-led entrepreneurship opportunities Investing in public services and women-friendly public spaces  Addressing discriminatory employment practices. Imparting necessary vocational and technical skills Invest in robust data and evidence systems to better measure and count women’s unpaid work  Design gender-smart policies and programmes for women’s economic empowerment and overall well-being. Connecting the dots: Women Issues Women Employment Women Friendly Cities Women with disabilities (TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) Model questions: (You can now post your answers in comment section) Note: Correct answers of today’s questions will be provided in next day’s DNA section. Kindly refer to it and update your answers. Comments Up-voted by IASbaba are also the “correct answers”. Q.1 Consider the following statements regarding Asia Pacific economic cooperation (APEC): APEC is a regional economic forum.  India is one of the members of the APEC Which of the above is or are correct  1 only  2 only  Both 1 and 2  Neither 1 nor 2  Q.2 Food Price Index is released by which of the following? World bank Food and Agricultural Organisation World Economic Forum Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development  Q.3 Consider the following statements Key findings of the 'Ecosystem Restoration for people, nature and climate' report:  It was published by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change  1/3rd of commercial fish species are over-exploited.  Which of the above is or are correct  1 only  2 only  Both 1 and 2  Neither 1 nor 2  ANSWERS FOR 7th June 2021 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK) 1  C 2  D 3 A Must Read  On Performance Grading Index: The Hindu  On mitigating third wave: The Hindu  About Environmental Crisis: Hindustan Times