Feb 5, 2021 TLP Mains Answer Writing

SYNOPSIS [4th February,2021] Day 22: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE   SYNOPSIS [4th February,2021] Day 22: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)   1. Inclusive growth is the growth that has a high elasticity of poverty reduction. Elucidate. Approach  Since question is asking you to Elucidate it means you have to explain in detail/to make clear. You have to bring out the connection more clearly by citing evidence and examples. Introduction  The concept of inclusive growth involves ensuring that fruits of growth and development reach the poor and marginalized sections as well by focussing on equitable growth for all sections of society. Inclusiveness is a multi-dimensional concept. Inequalities that include, social exclusion, discrimination, restrictions on migration, constraints on human development, lack of access to finance and insurance, corruption – are sources of inequality and limit the prospect for economic advancement among certain segments of the population, thereby perpetuating poverty. Body INCLUSIVE GROWTH IS THE GROWTH THAT HAS A HIGH ELASTICITY OF POVERTY REDUCTION  Inclusive growth requires full respect for human rights. Inclusive growth generates decent jobs, gives opportunities for all segments of society, especially the most disadvantaged, and distributes the gains from prosperity more equally. The first priority of inclusive growth is to create opportunities for good and decent jobs and secure livelihoods for all including poor. This will make growth inclusive and ensure that it reduces poverty and inequality.  A development strategy anchored in inclusive growth will have two mutually reinforcing strategic focuses. First, high, sustainable growth will create and expand economic opportunities for poor. Second, broader access to these opportunities will ensure that even the poor members of society can participate in and benefit from growth.  It involves proper attention and planning for growth that reach the impoverished who remain excluded by circumstance, poor governance, and other market-resistant obstacles.  Achieving inclusive growth in developing countries includes investment in infrastructure to achieve high sustainable economic progress, connect the poor to markets, and increase their access to basic productive assets.  Provide the opportunity for poor to improve their standards of living, thereby contributing to economic growth, poverty reduction, and the mitigation of extreme inequalities.  It emphasizes gender equality and the empowerment of women majority of whom are poor as fundamental elements and is aimed at providing these women with better access to education and other economic resources, such as credit.  Conclusion Economic growth is critical for poverty eradication. Yet, an expanding economy does not mean that everyone benefits equally. Economic growth has to be inclusive to ensure the wellbeing of the entire population. Two of the Millennium Development Goal Achievement Fund encouraged practices related with inclusive growth, especially providing opportunities for the most vulnerable: youth, employment and migration and private sector and development. Some programmes on culture and development also tried to boost the economic potential of cultural industries to create livelihoods. Lessons learned from these programmes have been translated into a broader perspective on inclusive growth as a means of poverty reduction.  2. What are the key elements of inclusive and equitable growth? Discuss. What are the challenges of inclusive economic growth in India? Examine. Approach: As the question is very straight forward in its approach, students are expected to briefly explain the inclusive and equitable growth in India in Introduction also proper explanation of the points is needed, Also in the second part of the answer mention challenges as well with proper explanation . Introduction: Inclusive growth means economic growth that creates employment opportunities and helps in reducing poverty. It means having access to essential services in health and education by the poor. It includes providing equality of opportunity, empowering people through education and skill development. The concept of inclusive growth is based on the recognition that economic growth must be increasingly ‘pro-poor’. The concept represents recent thinking on development, and supplants the ideas of ‘trickle-down development’ advocated in the 1950s and 1960s.The concept of equitable growth entails the inclusiveness with equal proportion of the growth percolation among the population. It also encompasses a growth process that is environment friendly, aims for good governance and helps in creation of a gender sensitive society. Body: Key Elements of inclusive and equitable growth:         Economic Growth- India is among the fastest-growing major economies in the world. However, currently Indian economy is facing slowdown due to both cyclic and structural challenges. Economic growth is the main element of inclusive and equitable growth because with out growth trickle down is not possible at all.        Financial Inclusion- Financial Inclusion is the process of ensuring access to financial services to vulnerable groups at affordable costs. Financial inclusion is necessary for inclusive growth as it leads to the culture of saving, which initiates a virtuous cycle of economic development.        Technological Advancement- It is an important aspect of inclusive and equitable growth in terms of decreasing the growth divide between Rich and poor and between government and the people, Initiatives in this regard such as Digital India mission, use of JAM trinity in delivery of services has been quite effective in bringing transparency and accountability in governance also with industrial revolution 4.0 new technological advancements can be revolutionary in bringing governance very close to people . Technology can help combat challenges in Agriculture by making value  chain more efficient and competitive also new innovative digital technologies can be used by increasing accessibility and adaptability of learning. Technology can also bring a sea-change in sectors like Health and manufacturing through changes in the production process and remote health services.        Social development and environment protection- Protection of the marginalised sections like women, tribal groups, minorities and other weaker sections is also an important aspect of inclusive and equitable growth it helps in bringing population towards the mainstream economy and increase their accessibility in growth process  and ease of living. Economic growth through reckless use of resources and at the cost of environment cannot be inclusive it must be sustainable as well.        Skill development and employment opportunities- Harnessing the demographic dividend and growth for all that is the participation of people in the growth process will depend upon the availability if jobs and development of skills. India is facing a dual challenge of providing enough employment opportunities and enhancing skill level of the employable youth. Challenges of inclusive growth:            Poverty- As per multi dimensionality index India lifted 271 million people between 2005-06 and 2015-16 out of poverty despite these massive gains still 22% of the population lives below poverty line.       Unemployment- As per Periodic labour force Survey total unemployment rate in India stands at 6.1% with the impact of COVID pandemic and the measures taken to curb it like complete lockdown unemployment rate further shifted towards the upperside thus creating more severe challenge of reaping the benefits of demographic dividend and inclusive growth.       Agricultural issues- Around 44% of the population depends on the agriculture with low income levels  its contribution towards GDP stands at 16.5%. Almost 60% of agriculture is rainfall dependent thus making it more vulnerable to natural climatic extremities.        Issues in social development- Significant regional, social and gender disparities, Low level and slow growth in public expenditure particularly in health and education, The poor quality delivery system, Social indicators are much lower for OBC, SC, ST, and Muslims, Malnutrition among the children – India still ranks at 102 in the Global Hunger index.        Maintaining rapid growth while making growth more inclusive- The growing disparities between urban and rural areas, prosperous and lagging states, skilled and lowskilled workers. New challenges brought by COVID 19 pandemic like increased fiscal deficit,unemployment less production and consumption has further aggravated the challenges to increase growth levels in a sustainable manner.        Improving the delivery of core public services- The incomes rise, citizens are demanding better delivery of core public services such as water and power supply, education, policing, sanitation, roads and public health. As physical access to services improves, issues of quality have become more central. There are four avenues for reform: internal reform of public sector agencies, producing regular and reliable information for citizens, strengthening local Governments and decentralizing responsibilities; and expanding the role of non-state providers. It however cautions that planned reform alone cannot bring about the desired changes-ultimately implementation is everything.        Regional disparities- Factors like caste, inequality, availability of resources, corruption  contributes to the regional disparities where some specific groups hold more previliges than others. This creates a big challenge in bringing inclusiveness in growth pattern  in India.         Conclusion:    The post reform period witnessed increase in disparities across regions and social groups and between rural and urban areas. There is a need to have a broad based and inclusive growth to benefit all sections of the society. The challenges in most important elements of inclusive growth are agriculture, poverty and employment, social sector and regional. There are strong social and economic reasons for achieving broader and inclusive growth. To inclusive growth is a wider connotation encompassing social, economic and political factors. Through innovative partnerships with an international organization, civil societies, and private companies, inclusive and equitable growth can be targeted.Inclusive growth will help in the empowerment of vulnerable and marginalized populations, improve livelihoods, and augment skill-building for women. New India is the India of aspirations, Inclusiveness in the growth process is must for the prosperity of all.  3. Can inclusive growth be ensured without a sustained and high growth rate? Critically comment. Approach Candidate needs to comment upon the argument that inclusive growth can be ensured without a sustained and high growth rate and also give points counter to the discussion in question through proper substantiation in terms of facts, examples, etc. Introduction Inclusive growth is the equitable allocation of resources with an aim to ensure the development of every section of the society. It includes the inclusion via poverty reduction, agriculture development, and social sector development including education, health, environmental sustainability etc. where many debate its relation with high and sustained growth rate of economy for overall prosperity. Body  Inclusive growth results in lower incidence of poverty, broad-based and significant improvement in health outcomes, universal access for children to school, increased access to higher education and improved standards of education, including skill development. It is also reflected in better opportunities for both wage employment and livelihood, and an improvement in the provision of basic amenities like water, electricity, roads, sanitation, and housing. High economic growth has raised living standards around the world and is a necessary criteria to overcome the burden of poverty and inequality and move towards the goals of inclusive growth.  High pace of growth is important, but how growth is generated is critical for growth sustainability and for accelerating employment creation and poverty reduction. For example, China grew in double digits for sustained period of time to bring majority of its population out of poverty. Rapid pace of growth and employment can be achieved through extensive growth, which requires expansion of capacity, but for this type of growth to be sustainable and for employment to be productive, there must be periods when growth is intensive and accompanied by productivity improvements and innovation. For growth to be sustainable in the long term, it should be broad-based across sectors. Issues of structural transformation for economic diversification therefore take front stage. However, some countries may be an exception and continue to specialize as they develop due to their specific conditions (e.g., small states). It should also be inclusive of the large part of the country’s labour force, where inclusiveness refers to equality of opportunity in terms of access to markets, resources, and unbiased regulatory environment for businesses and individuals. Inclusive growth should focus on productive employment rather than income redistribution. Hence, the focus is not only on employment growth, but also on productivity growth. Inclusive growth should not be defined in terms of specific targets such as employment generation or income distribution. These are potential outcomes, not specific goals.  But modern economies have lost sight of the fact that the standard metric of economic growth, gross domestic product (GDP), merely measures the size of a nation’s economy and doesn’t reflect a nation’s welfare. This kind of focus on singular factor to measure economic growth leads to many issues, some of which are discussed below – The debate between growth and equity and redistribution is one of the oldest in economic development. The common citizens of any country care more about the real  impact of growth in terms of improvement in their standard of living, provision of basic facilities such as electricity, drinking water, healthcare systems etc.  Focus on sustained and high growth rate invariably leads to focusing exclusively on GDP and economic gain to measure development which ignores the negative effects of economic growth on society, such as climate change and income inequality. Ineffective trickle down of benefits earned from high economic growth. There is increasing disconnect between economic growth and social development. As per popular development economist Jean Dreze, India’s high economic growth has failed to bring about any significant improvement in the quality of life of the common people. Despite the high growth rates in India, almost half of the children younger than 5 years are stunted due to improper nutrition and sanitation. As of 2018, more than 163 million Indians do not have access to safe drinking water. As per the Tendulkar methodology, 22% of Indians live on less than $1.25 a day. For ensuring inclusive growth, economic growth of lower strata should be faster than the affluent class. However, India has experienced one of the highest rates of growth of inequality. As per OXFAM survey India’s richest 1% holds four times of the wealth held by 70% of bottom population which is around 1 billion.  Certainly focus on only high growth fails to account pie of growth of shared by different sections of society which makes it ineffective indication of national progress. Though, it is necessary to generate wealth in the first place to redistribute it, however overemphasis on high growth rate may create huge inequality and disparity.  Sustained and high economic growth cannot differentiate between an unequal and an egalitarian society if they have similar economic sizes. Thus, rising inequality is resulting in a rise in societal discontentment and increased polarization. India need alternative metrics to complement GDP in order to get a more comprehensive view of development and ensure informed policy making that doesn’t exclusively prioritize economic growth. E.g. - Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness, and UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI). Further, India is also beginning to focus on the ease of living of its citizens which is evident from – Rural development with Agriculture centric approach. E.g. Rain-fed area development program, integrated rural development programme. Electrification to every house under Saubhagya Yojana. Targets of reducing infant and under-5 mortality rate under swachh bharat mission than just building toilets.  Emphasis on Last mile reach: for instance, the target under 100% immunisation target under Mission indradhanush and follow up under Intensified Indradhanush scheme. Preventive approach than curative by addressing the core issues. E.g. emphasis on primary health care under Ayushman Bharat by creating health and wellness centres.  Gender inclusion: At present, the element of gender equality as a part of inclusive development is more focussed. E.g. Gender budgeting, women empowering schemes like Kanyashree Prakalpa of West-Bengal etc.,  Along with these fundamental measures for social sector, the focus is also on improving the business environment in the nation through efforts like improving ease of doing business ranking as well as schemes like Make in India as well as Production Linked Incentive’s (PLI’s) recently announced in budget. Conclusion As a practice of good governance, it has been always incorporated in India to – ‘wiping every tear from every eyes’ to the latest with the objective of ‘Sabka sath sabka vikas’ which encapsulates the core philosophy of inclusive growth to overcome the tag of a 1% economy where the end goal is to be more just and equitable society that is economically thriving and offering citizens a meaningful way of life. 4. Why is it important to have a stable tax regime? Analyse. Approach Students are expected to write about stable tax regime and analyse the importance to have a stable tax regime.  Introduction Paying taxes is a mark of civilisation. Stability is one of the three fundamentals for policymakers to consider when trying to design and implement a good tax system, alongside simplicity and certainty. For individuals and businesses alike, stable tax regime is fundamental to effective planning and efficient compliance. Body One of the likely reasons for India to suffer a relatively poor reputation in larger global community of investors was when it comes to the stability of its tax regime. By not tinkering with tax rates in this budget 2021 whether corporate tax, personal income tax, peak rates of Customs duty or GST the Government has sent out a strong signal to the that India is indeed a stable tax regime where they should be looking to invest. Importance of stable tax regime: Create Ease of doing business: Stable and moderate tax regime will give thrust and  a clear road map to ease of doing business. The Economic Survey suggested that the measures that need to be taken soon should include a clear, transparent, and stable tax and regulatory environment. Refrain from retrospective taxation: While governments often use a retrospective amendment to taxation laws to “clarify” existing laws, it ends up hurting companies that had knowingly or unknowingly interpreted the tax rules differently. For example Vodafone case. With stability in tax regime government provide simple, predictable and transparent tax regime that stands beneficial for companies and well nurture the economy. Tax terrorism to tax transparency: Domestic tax laws allow the authorities to issue ‘demand notices’ even to people who have paid all their taxes for the year and have dutifully filed their returns. But with stable tax regime less fluctuations in tax rules set efficient tax administration and increase the tax transparency. Bring about certainty: Common procedures for registration of taxpayers, refund of taxes, uniform formats of tax return, common tax base, common system of classification of tax slabs will lend greater certainty to taxation system. Increase in disposable income: With stability in tax regime disposable income increases, households have more money to either save or spend, which naturally leads to a growth in consumption. Consumer spending is one of the most important determinants of demand; it creates the demand that keeps companies profitable and hiring new workers. Increase tax Compliance and broaden tax base: Certainty with stable tax regime will enhance environment for compliance as all returns are to be filed on stable rate. Compliance increase will also help in broaden tax base. The improved compliance and increased tax base have resulted in a rise in the tax to GDP ratio. The same has reached 12%, which is the highest in the recent past (the ratio was 10.1% in 2013-14). Helps in streamline taxation: Through stability in tax regime there is harmonisation of laws, procedures and rates of tax between Centre and States and across States. It is expected to reduce cost of taxation and inflation in the economy. Improved competitiveness: Reduction in transaction costs of doing business would eventually lead to an improved competitiveness for the trade and industry. World Bank believes that the implementation of the stable tax regime with  Goods and Service Tax (GST), is the most crucial reform that could improve competitiveness of India’s manufacturing sector. Reducing pendency: Stability in tax regime especially when coupled with the increasing digitalisation of tax compliance creates mechanisms for early dispute resolution reduce pending tax litigation in Tax Appellate Tribunal should serve to improve investor sentiment. Stable and predictability: A stable tax regime is welcome as we believe that a predictable policy environment is critical for sustained growth and to attract more investments into the country. Conclusion Overall, India’s long-running objective of achieving stability in tax regime and minimising disputes, appears to have been achieved in this Budget. Taxes for the upcoming Budgets should focus on mainly clarity in law, simplification of procedures and reduction of litigation, facilitating business transitions apart from exemptions and deduction  will in turn promote ease of doing business in the country. It is hoped that these measures pave the way for a thriving national economy in the near future. 5. What can be the possible implications of the recent regime change in Myanmar for India? Discuss. Approach- Question requires candidate to understand history of military rule in Myanmar. Answer can be framed giving a short background behind events and how things will play out for India and the region in the future. Introduction In the early hours of Monday, Feb 1, 2021 Myanmar army's TV station said power had been handed over to commander-in-chief Min Aung Hlaing. Ms Suu Kyi, President Win Myint and other leaders of the National League for Democracy (NLD) were arrested in a series of raids. A coup was organized by military establishment.  Body What are the possible implications for India? For India, the return to military rule by Myanmar’s Tatmadaw (Army) and the arrest of Aung San Suu Kyi and the political leadership of the National League of Democracy (NLD), are a repeat of events thirty years ago, but the Modi government’s reaction, is likely to be starkly different to India’s strong public criticism of the Junta’s actions in 1989-90. India does care about democracy in Myanmar, but that’s a luxury it knows it will not be able to afford for the time being. The only option will be to engage, building on its outreach in recent years via the security and defence establishment India has successfully worked with the Tatmadaw, Myanmar’s military, to contain ethnic insurgencies in its own North East. The Tatmadaw has, moreover, pushed back against China’s influence, increasingly cultivated by Aung San Suu Kyi as she faced a hostile West. In 2019, India emerged, for the first time, as the Tatmadaw’s leading arms supplier, selling $100 million of equipment compared with China’s $47 million. In Myanmar Eternal crisis, had the great virtue of providing legitimacy for endless military rule. In 1988, large-scale pro-democracy protests led the Tatmadaw to commit to democratization. There was, however, a significant gap between the promise and its realization. The 2008 Constitution, which finally paved the way for the election of Aung’s National League for Democracy, gave the Tatmadaw an institutional stake in power. The Constitution reserved for it a quarter of seats in both houses of the Assembly of the Union, the country’s parliament, as well as the ministries of defence, home affairs and border affairs. The NLD, though, proved more successful than the Generals had bargained for, winning by the elections of 2015 handily. Su Kyi’s party cashed in on the rising ride of majoritarian nationalism. Following the genocidal anti-Rohingya violence in 2017, Su Kyi positioned herself as a defender of ethnic-Bamar identity and the Myanmar nation. The result was a head-on challenge to the Army’s legitimacy as the sole guardian of the country’s unity—yielding a landslide win for the NLD in the 2020 elections. Su Kyi also proved successful in containing the fallout from Western sanctions after 2017—expanding the country’s economic relationship with China and using Beijing’s diplomatic heft to ward off international pressure. This, in turn, irked the Tatmadaw, which believed Beijing had failed to act against insurgent networks operating from China. Apart from strategic concerns, India has cultivated several infrastructure and development projects with Myanmar, which it sees as the “gateway to the East” and ASEAN countries. These include the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral highway and the Kaladan Multi-modal transit transport network, as well as a plan for a Special Economic Zone at the Sittwe deep-water port. India still hopes to help resolve the issue of Rohingya refugees that fled to Bangladesh, while some still live in India, and will want to continue to engage the Myanmar government on that. In the past decade, the balance between engaging Myanmar’s civil and military establishment became easier, once Ms. Suu Kyi was released and the NLD was allowed to form the government in 2015. In Myanmar, India faces a tightrope walk, A pro-military tilt, moreover, risks alienating democratic forces in Myanmar, pushing them closer to China, and giving that country greater popular legitimacy. An escalation in violence will, inexorably, draw the energies of the Tatmadaw away from the borders with India’s North-East and will cause more headache for country. Conclusion India faces a tough call, as more unstable neighborhood will give rise to insurgency, and for that they will need support of military, on other hand we cannot compromise installation of democracy. Hence the choice for India between democratic ideals, that it has expressed in Nepal and Maldives recently, and ‘Realpolitik’, to keep its hold in Myanmar and avoid ceding space to China, will be the challenge ahead. TLP HOT Synopsis Day 22 PDF

Feb 5, 2021 RSTV Video

Health Data Management Policy – The Big Picture – RSTV IAS UPSC

Health Data Management Policy Archives TOPIC: General Studies 2 Issues relating to development and management of health e-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential In News: The Health Ministry approved a policy under the National Digital Health Mission (NDHM) to protect and manage personal data of patients using the digital services of the scheme. The government said that this policy is to be read along with, and not in contradiction to, any applicable law, or any instrument having the effect of any law together with the Blueprint, the information security policy, the data retention and archival policy and any other policy, which may be issued for the implementation of the NDHM. Data collected across the National Digital Health Ecosystem (NDHE) will be stored in at the central level, the state or Union Territory level and at the health facility level, by adopting the principle of minimality at each point. The policy was approved “after over a month” of soliciting feedback from various stakeholders and the public. It would also apply to any healthcare provider who collects, stores and transmits health data in electronic form, insurers, charitable institutions, pharmaceuticals and all individuals, teams, entities who collect or process personal or sensitive data of any individual as part of the NDHE. The NDHM will significantly improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and transparency of health services in India. National Digital Health Mission (NDHM) The policy acts as a guidance document across the National Digital Health Ecosystem (NDHE).  One of the main objectives of the draft policy is to provide adequate guidance and to set out a framework for the secure processing of personal and sensitive personal data of individuals who are a part of the national digital health ecosystem. This will be in compliance with all applicable laws and international standards that define the set of frameworks of consent for the collection and processing of health data by healthcare practitioners and other entities and other relevant standards related to data interoperability and data sharing. The NDHM envisages creating a national health ID for every Indian, an idea mooted by the NITI Aayog in 2018 when it recommended creating a centralised system to manage healthcare in the country.  The NDHM is part of the Centre’s National Digital Health Blueprint, which aims to enhance healthcare delivery by setting up a core e-health database of international standards and, on paper, allowing patients to have control over their health data.  With its key building blocks or applications, HealthID, DigiDoctor, Health Facility Registry, Personal Health Records, Telemedicine, and e-Pharmacy, the mission will bring together disparate stakeholders and radically strengthen — and, thus change — India’s healthcare delivery landscape. The NDHM is supposed to cover all government health programmes to begin with. This will be a huge exercise, akin to the Aadhaar project, and would require more resources than the currently allocated ₹144 crore, making private participation a necessity given the strained finances of the Centre. However, unlike Aadhar, the health ID isn’t mandatory and is only one of the components of the Mission, which the government reckons will go a long way in providing universal health coverage to over 1.3 billion people.  The core building blocks of the NDHM — the Health ID and Health Facility Registry —shall be owned, operated and maintained by the government. However, private operators will have equal opportunities to integrate with these systems and create products for the market. Such linkages across public and private players could enhance medical efficiency and improve the patient’s experience. Patients can choose the documents they would like to share, with whom and for how long. Merits of NDHM Creates Digital Health Ecosystem: It will reduce the existing gap between various stakeholders such as doctors, hospitals and other healthcare providers by bringing them together and connecting them in an integrated digital health infrastructure. Voluntary Scheme: The NDHM is a holistic, voluntary healthcare programme. While option of digital Health ID will be there, in case a person does not want Health ID, then also treatment needs to be provided. Data Safeguards: All products by private participants shall be as per official guidelines taking care of security, privacy and standards of the NDHM ecosystem Improves Healthcare Service Efficiency: The created Digital Health infrastructure enables users to obtain a longitudinal view of their healthcare records. Electric Medical Records will increase accountability, improves patient outcomes, and advances evidence-based policymaking.  Addresses Healthcare Challenges: The Digital Health infrastructure greatly reduces the risk of preventable medical errors and significantly increase quality of care.  Reduces Information Asymmetry: The Digital data will empower all Indians with the correct information and sources enabling them to take an informed decision to avail the best possible healthcare. Aligned with International Goals: NDHM will be a major stride towards achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.8 of Universal Health Coverage, including financial risk protection Last Mile Connectivity Issue: The provision of promoting e-pharmacy & Telemedicine will enable people in rural areas access quality healthcare providers. Data Ownership issues addressed: The health data will reside at individual hospital servers in a federated architecture.  Citizen will own his/ her health data and would require consent to share data. All the basic registries of patients/hospital/medical professionals that enable data sharing will be owned by a government entity. Challenges Ahead Cannot be a Substitution: Digitalisation is welcome but is no substitute for inadequate human resources and infrastructure in the health sector.  Doesn’t address core concern of Health care sector: The real issue in India’s health sector is the abject lack of primary health facilities in much of India.  Digital awareness about the utility of the scheme is needed for its successful adoption by beneficiaries so that it eases the process and not  To enable seamless data exchange, all users (pharmacists, laboratories, radiology clinics, insurers and hospitals) must be incentivised to adopt a standard language of communication Prone to digital theft: Considering that the mission involves government collaboration between hospitals in both public as well as private sectors, laboratories, insurance firms, pharmacies and telemedicine, there is a risk of exposing individual healthcare data to hacking and commercial misuse.  Voluntary or involuntary: Although the NDHM is now a voluntary exercise, like the Aadhaar was at the outset, it could become mandatory for availing government health services. In such a context, ensuring the safety of individual health data becomes paramount. The government must gain the confidence of all stakeholders, including rights groups, before going ahead.  Clarity required: There should be more clarity on questions such as: who will maintain and manage the centralised repository of citizen’s health data; who will own the data — the individual or the state; whether individuals can transfer the data between service providers (which is an opaque and cumbersome exercise in the offline world today) and whether the individual has the right to erase irrelevant healthcare data and maintain ‘his or her right to be forgotten’— an issue that has raked up a controversy in the European Union.  Insurance companies should not be allowed to misuse personal data.  The NDHM must also be in compliance with the global best practices on data privacy, such as the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation. Conclusion Such centralised data, combined with real-time Big Data analytics, can become a surveillance tool. Considering the way healthcare data from wearable devices are getting mainstreamed, with healthcare providers, doctors and patients using them for diagnosis, if not for treatment, the NDHM should spell out its stand on collecting such data from individuals and integrating it with the unique health ID. The country’s data protection law — in the works for almost three years — will have to factor in such concerns, arm patients with safeguards. In the coming months and years, the government and the country’s legal, IT and medical systems will have to come together to translate the NDHM’s patient-centric vision into reality. Connecting the Dots: The potential and pitfalls of digitisation of health data How will the National Digital Health Mission change India’s health delivery landscape? Discuss.

Feb 5, 2021 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 5th February 2021

Archives (PRELIMS + MAINS FOCUS) 1st India-Bahrain Joint Working Group meeting in the field of Renewable Energy Part of: GS Prelims and GS- II – International relations In news  The 1st meeting of the Joint Working Group in the field of Renewable Energy between India and the Kingdom of Bahrain was held recently.  Key takeaways  A Memorandum of Understanding between India and Bahrain was signed in July 2018 for promoting bilateral cooperation in the field of Renewable Energy. Now, both sides have underscored the importance of renewable energy to meet climate change goals.  They presented the initiatives taken, progress made and future targets set by their respective governments and opportunities available in this sector. They agreed on sharing experience, expertise, and best practices.  Both sides agreed to forge deeper engagement in capacity building and focused cooperation between concerned agencies and the private sector of the two countries in this sector, particularly in the field of solar, wind, and clean hydrogen. India Post and Tata Memorial Centre release a Special Cover on World Cancer Day  Part of: GS Prelims and GS- II – Health In news  India Post, Mumbai Region, in collaboration with the Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai released a Special Cover on World Cancer Day (February 4). Important value additions  World Cancer Day Objective: To save millions of preventable deaths each year through raising awareness and by pressing governments to take action against Cancer. Organized by: Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), an International NGO that exists to help the global health community accelerate the fight against cancer.  NGO was founded in 1933 and is based in Geneva, Switzerland. Origin of World Cancer Day: Paris Charter adopted at the World Summit Against Cancer for the New Millenium in Paris in 2000. Theme: In 2019, Union for International Cancer Control, launched a new 3-year campaign with the theme: “I Am and I Will.”  The campaign is an empowering call-to-action urging for personal commitment and represents the power of individual action taken now to impact the future. Chairman of National Safety Council appointed  Part of: GS Prelims and GS- II – Policies and Interventions In news  The Ministry of Labour & Employment has appointed Shri S.N. Subrahmanyan, CEO and Managing Director, L&T Ltd, as the Chairman of the National Safety Council for three years. Important value additions  National Safety Council  National Safety Council is a non-profit, self-financing apex body at the national level in India. Objective: To generate, develop and sustain a voluntary movement on Safety, Health, and Environment (SHE) at the national level. It is an autonomous body.  Set up by: Ministry of Labour and Employment in 1965. It was registered as a Society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 and subsequently, as a Public Trust under the Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950. MoU For Composite Raw Materials signed Part of: GS Prelims and GS- III – Defence and Security In news  Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MIDHANI) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the development and production of composite raw materials during Aero India 2021 in Bengaluru  Key takeaways  This is the first time that such an MoU has been signed for composite raw materials. Composites raw materials, mainly in the form of prepregs (carbon, aramid, glass types, etc) are used in platforms like Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH), Light Combat Helicopter (LCH), and Light Utility Helicopter (LUH).  These are currently imported. This is the major step forward in the area of composite materials.  The HAL is not only taking care of frontline aircraft production but also raw materials. There is no equivalent proven Indian approved/qualified supplier for various types of prepregs for the aircraft applications.  This creates a dependency on foreign Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs).  Aligned with the “Atmanirbhar Bharat” initiative, these efforts shall help in developing and manufacturing such prepregs in India through collaboration. The usage of composites in aerospace is going to continue and increase, particularly for fighter aircraft/helicopters because of its inherent advantages over metallic raw materials. Related articles: Aero India – 2021 – Click here Rashtriya Yuva Sashaktikaran Karyakram Part of: GS Prelims and GS- II – Policies and Interventions  In news  Minister of State for Youth Affairs & Sports informed Lok Sabha about Rashtriya Yuva Sashaktikaran Karyakram. Important value additions  Rashtriya Yuva Sashaktikaran Karyakram (RYSK) The Scheme Rashtriya Yuva Sashaktikaran Karyakram (RYSK) is an ongoing Central Sector Scheme. The budget allocation of the scheme RYSK for the year 2020-21 is Rs.486.48 Crores. It is an umbrella scheme.  The 7 sub-schemes under scheme RYSK are: Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan. National Youth Corps. National Programme for Youth and Adolescent Development. International Cooperation. Youth Hostels. Assistance to Scouting and Guiding Organisations. National Young Leaders Programme. KAPILA campaign launched for Intellectual Property Part of: GS Prelims and GS- III – Intellectual Property In news  KAPILA campaign was in news recently. Important value additions  KAPILA The Government launched a campaign namely Kalam Program for Intellectual Property Literacy and Awareness Campaign (KAPILA) for Intellectual Property Literacy and creating patent awareness on 15th October 2020. Objectives:  creating awareness regarding Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in Higher Education Institutions(HEIs), enabling of IP protection of inventions originating from faculty and students of HEIs, development of Credit Course on IPR, training program on IPR for faculty and students of HEIs and sensitization and development of a vibrant IP filing system. So far, total of 46,556 users have been registered for KAPILA. Related articles: Objectives of India’s IPR Policy: Click here (Mains Focus) POLITY/ GOVERNANCE Topic: GS-2: Mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections GS-2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. Sub-categorisation of OBCs: G Rohini Commission  Context: On January 21, the Centre has extended the tenure of The Commission to Examine Sub-categorisation of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) headed by Justice G Rohini, former Chief Justice of Delhi High Court. The commission now has until July 31 to submit its report. Three decades of Mandal Movement: Click here What is sub-categorisation of OBCs? OBCs are granted 27% reservation in jobs and education under the central government.  In September 2020, a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court reopened the legal debate on sub-categorisation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for reservations.  The sub-categorisation debate arises out of the perception that only a few affluent communities among the over 2,600 included in the Central List of OBCs have secured a major part of this 27% reservation.  The argument for sub-categorisation — or creating categories within OBCs for reservation — is that it would ensure “equitable distribution” of representation among all OBC communities. Formation of Commission To examine this inequitable enjoyment of benefits of reservation, the Rohini Commission was constituted on October 2, 2017.  At that time, it was given 12 weeks to submit its report, but has been given several extensions since, the latest one being the 10th.  The other member in the Commission is former journalist Jitendra Bajaj, director of the Centre for Policy Studies.  Before the Rohini Commission was set up, the Centre had granted constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC). The Rohini Commission operates out of an office at Vigyan Bhawan Annexue and its expenses are borne by the NCBC. Until December 2020, over Rs 1.92 crore have been spent on the Commission including salary, consultant fee and other expenses. What are the Commission’s terms of reference? It was originally set up with three terms of reference: To examine the extent of inequitable distribution of benefits of reservation among the castes or communities included in the broad category of OBCs with reference to such classes included in the Central List; To work out the mechanism, criteria, norms and parameters in a scientific approach for sub-categorisation within such OBCs; To take up the exercise of identifying the respective castes or communities or sub-castes or synonyms in the Central List of OBCs and classifying them into their respective sub-categories. A fourth term of reference was added on January 22, 2020, when the Cabinet granted it an extension: To study the various entries in the Central List of OBCs and recommend correction of any repetitions, ambiguities, inconsistencies and errors of spelling or transcription. This was added following a letter to the government from the Commission on July 30, 2019 that said the Commission has noted several ambiguities in the list and these needs to be clarified before sub-categorising the central list. What progress has it made so far? In its letter to the government on July 30, 2019, the Commission wrote that it is ready with the draft report (on sub-categorisation).  It is widely understood that the report could have huge political consequences and face a judicial review. Following the latest term of reference given (on January 22, 2020) to the Commission, it is studying the list of communities in the central list.  A hurdle for the Commission has been the absence of data for the population of various communities to compare with their representation in jobs and admissions.  The commission initially proposed all-India survey for an estimate of the caste-wise population of OBCs but later said that it has dropped the idea of undertaking such survey. On August 31, 2018, then Home Minister had announced that in Census 2021, data of OBCs will also be collected, but since then the government has been silent on this, whereas groups of OBCs have been demanding enumeration of OBCs in the Census. What is the extent of OBC recruitment in central jobs? As per the report submitted to the NCBC by the Department of Personnel and Training on July 24, 2020, OBC representation is  16.51 % in group-A central government services 13.38 % in group-B 21.25 % in group-C (excluding safai karmacharis)  17.72 % in group-C (safai karmacharis).  This data was for only 42 ministries/departments of the central government. It is reported that a number of posts reserved for OBCs were being filled by people of general category as OBC candidates were declared “NFS” (None Found Suitable). Home Minister has asked the NCBC to collect countrywide data on this and NCBC is yet to collect and process the data of the “NFS”. The government is also contemplating revision of the income limit for the creamy layer for the OBCs. What have its findings been so far? In 2018, the Commission analysed the data of 1.3 lakh central jobs given under OBC quota over the preceding five years and OBC admissions to central higher education institutions, including universities, IITs, NITs, IIMs and AIIMS, over the preceding three years. The findings were: 97% of all jobs and educational seats have gone to just 25% of all sub-castes classified as OBCs;  24.95% of these jobs and seats have gone to just 10 OBC communities;  983 OBC communities — 37% of the total — have zero representation in jobs and educational institutions;  994 OBC sub-castes have a total representation of only 2.68% in recruitment and admissions. ECONOMY/ GOVERNANCE Topic: GS-3: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment  GS-2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. MFIs: Digital and Physical Micro-lending Context: Micro-lending is in the news again for the wrong reasons – first is related to Assam and the second is related to Digital Micro Lending. What is microfinance? Microfinance is a basis of financial services for entrepreneurs and small businesses deficient in contact with banking and associated services.  The two key systems for the release of financial services to such customers include ‘relationship-based banking’ for individual entrepreneurs and small businesses along with ‘group-based models’ where several entrepreneurs come together to apply for loans and other services as a group.  The interest rates charged by microfinance institutes (MFIs) are lower than those charged by normal banks. Usually, their area of operations of extending small loans are rural areas and among low-income people in urban areas. The model had its genesis as a poverty alleviation tool, focused on economic and social upliftment of the marginalised sections through lending of small amounts of money without any collateral to women for income-generating activities Lack of security and high operating costs are some of the major limitations faced by the banks while providing loans to poor people. These limitations led to the development of microfinance in India as an alternative to provide loans to the poor with an aim to create financial inclusion and equality. MFIs act as supplements to Banks as they not only offer micro credit but they also provide other financial services like savings, insurance, remittance and non-financial services like individual counseling, training and support to start own business etc. Salient Features of Microfinance Borrowers are from the low income group Loans are of small amount – micro loans Short duration loans Loans are offered without collaterals High frequency of repayment Loans are generally taken for income generation purpose Microfinance in India SEWA Cooperative Bank was initiated in 1974 in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, by Ela Bhatt which is now one of the first modern-day microfinance institutions of the country.  MFIs in India exist as NGOs (registered as societies or trusts), Section 25 companies and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs).  The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) offered financial services to the unbanked people, especially women and later decided to experiment with a very different model, which is now popularly known as Self-help Groups (SHGs).  Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), cooperative societies and other large lenders have played an important role in providing refinance facility to MFIs.  Banks have also leveraged the Self-Help Group (SHGs) channel to provide direct credit to group borrowers. Do You Know? MFI loan portfolio has reached Rs 2.31 lakh crore at the end of FY2020, touching the lives of 5.89 crore customers.  Some of the MFIs, that qualify certain criteria and are non-deposit taking entities, come under RBI wings for Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) Regulation and supervision. These “Last Mile Financiers” are known as NBFC MFI. The objective of covering them under RBI was to make these NBFC MFIs healthy and accountable.  What is the issue of MFI in Assam? Assam government passed a bill which barred micro-finance institutions (MFIs) from lending to vulnerable sections of society. It was a response to a backlash against MFIs.  A large number of borrowers working in tea plantations had taken loans from MFIs. RBI noted that the economic slowdown in tea plantations and anti-Citizenship (Amendment) Act disruptions led to rise in the delinquencies.  MFIs started sending collectors for recoveries to the borrowers, leading first to the backlash and then the political response in terms of the bill. In 2010, the Andhra Pradesh government also passed similar legislation like the one in Assam against MFIs leading to a crisis in the industry.  Though the scale of lending is lesser in Assam and is unlikely to drive MFIs to a crisis, finance is not about scale alone but interconnectedness of the players. What is the issue with Digital Micro-lending? Digital lending platforms have mushroomed and there are criticisms of high interest rates, hidden charges, unacceptable recovery methods and misuse of data of borrowers. RBI expressed caution against digital lending platforms and constituted a working group to study both regulated and unregulated digital lending so that an appropriate regulatory approach can be put in place. Fintechs will soon be criticised for being Shylocks and loan sharks. Pre-2008 crisis, financiers were the cynosure of all eyes and post-crisis they were branded as devils of the game.  Way Ahead In 1870s, a similar backlash emerged in Poona and Ahmednagar districts of the Bombay presidency. The agriculture boom in the early 1860s led farmers to take loans from moneylenders. As the boom went bust, farmers were unable to pay these loans. The moneylenders took away land placed as collateral, fuelling protests and riots. Government responded by passing the Deccan Agricultural Relief Act in 1879 that barred the arrest of the agriculturist-debtor and saved his immovable property from attachment and sale, unless specifically pledged. However, this and other related legislations enacted did not have the desired impact. Therefore, government of the day must learn from the previous incidents before passing laws that restrict the working of MFIs. One should go for an honest review of the entire issue by engaging with all the stakeholders involved in this sector. Connecting the dots: Challenges with MFI and need for Social Impact Monitoring: Click here (TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) Model questions: (You can now post your answers in comment section) Note:  Correct answers of today’s questions will be provided in next day’s DNA section. Kindly refer to it and update your answers.  Comments Up-voted by IASbaba are also the “correct answers”. Q.1 KAPILA campaign is launched for which of the following?  Education  Agriculture  IPR Outer Space Q.2 The World Summit Against Cancer for the New Millenium where a charter was adopted and which marks Origin of World Cancer Day was held at which of the following?  Paris  Amsterdam South Korea India Q.3 Consider the following statements regarding National Safety Council  It is an autonomous body.  It is set up by the Ministry of Environment  Which of the above is or are correct?  1 only  2 only  Both 1 and 2  Neither 1 nor 2  Q.4 Which of the following are the sub-schemes under scheme under Rashtriya Yuva Sashaktikaran Karyakram (RYSK)?  Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan National Youth Corps National Programme for Youth and Adolescent Development International Cooperation Youth Hostels Select the correct code: 1, 4 and 5 only 1, 2 and 4 only 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 4 and 5 only ANSWERS FOR 4th February 2021 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK) 1 D 2 D 3 D Must Read On Gandhian imprint in present day farmer’s protest: The Hindu On critical gaps in the response to the pandemic: The Hindu About criticism of Budget w.r.t Health Expenditure: The Indian Express

Feb 5, 2021 TLP Mains Answer Writing

IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1 – ENGLISH & हिंदी): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – General Studies Paper 4 Questions [5th February,2021] – Day 23

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Hello Friends, Welcome to IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1- ENGLISH & हिंदी): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – General Studies 4 Questions [5th February 2020] – Day 23 We will make sure, in the next 100 days not a single day is wasted and your mains preparation is solidified. All your energies are channelized in the right direction. Trust us! This will make a huge difference in your results this time, provided that you follow this plan sincerely every day without fail. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. We are giving 5 Mains Questions on a daily basis so that every student can actively participate and keep your preparation focused. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” To Know More about the Initiative -> CLICK HERE SCHEDULE/DETAILED PLAN – > CLICK HERE Note: Click on Each Question (Link), it will open in a new tab and then Answer respective questions! 1. Is it possible to excel professionally without having a supportive family? Critically examine. क्या सहायक परिवार के बिना पेशेवर रूप से उत्कृष्टता प्राप्त करना संभव है? समालोचनात्मक जांच करें। 2. What were the merits of the Guru-Shishya tradition? Discuss. गुरु-शिष्य परंपरा के गुण क्या थे? चर्चा करें। 3. Should a person always his/her values to the prevalent social norms? Share and substantiate your views. क्या किसी व्यक्ति को हमेशा अपने मूल्यों को प्रचलित सामाजिक मानदंडों के अनुरूप बनाना चाहिए? अपने विचार को साझा कर उनकी पुष्टि करें। 4. Time and place change the moral yardsticks. Do you agree? Illustrate with the help of suitable examples. समय और स्थान नैतिक यार्डस्टिक्स को बदलते हैं। क्या आप सहमत हैं? उपयुक्त उदाहरणों की सहायता से चित्रण करें।  5. Is the current breed of actors and cinema professionals an ideal role model for the young generation? Critically comment. क्या अभिनेताओं और सिनेमा पेशेवरों की वर्तमान नस्ल युवा पीढ़ी के लिए एक आदर्श रोल मॉडल है? समालोचनात्मक टिप्पणी करें।  P.S: The review from IASbaba will happen from the time the question is posted till 10 pm everyday. We would also encourage peer reviews. So friends get actively involved and start reviewing each others answers. This will keep the entire community motivated. All the Best :)

Feb 5, 2021 Ace The Prelims (ATP)

Ace The Prelims (ATP) – 2021– PRELIMS – [5th February, 2021] – Day 29

ARCHIVES Hello Friends, Welcome to IASbaba’s Ace The Prelims (ATP) – 2021 – PRELIMS & MAINS – [5th February, 2021] – Day 29   UPSC Quiz - 2021 : IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs Quiz 5th February 2021 UPSC CSAT Quiz – 2021: IASbaba’s Daily CSAT Practice Test – 5th February 2021 UPSC Static Quiz – 2021: IASbaba’s Daily Static Quiz (PYQs) – Environment and Sci & Tech [Day 29]   The way ATP molecules provide energy to every single cell of our body and help us in achieving our day to day tasks, similarly, the ‘Ace the Prelims (ATP) 2021’ Programme will help in providing energy and direction to your prelims preparation and push you beyond the cutoff of Prelims 2021. Ace the Prelims (ATP) – 2021 will include Daily Static Quiz (PYQs) Daily CSAT Practice Test Daily Current Affair Quiz 60 Days Plan (starts from 2nd week of March) To Know More about Ace the Prelims (ATP) 2021 - CLICK HERE   Thank You IASbaba

Feb 5, 2021 Daily Static Quiz

UPSC Static Quiz – 2021: IASbaba’s Daily Static Quiz (PYQs) – Environment and Sci & Tech [Day 29]

ARCHIVES DAILY STATIC QUIZ (PYQs) It will cover PYQs all the topics of static subjects – Polity, History, Geography, Economics, Environment and Science and technology. Daily 5 questions (Monday to Saturday) will be posted from static topics (PYQs) The questions will be in the quiz format so you will be able to answer them directly on the portal. Schedule Week 1 – Polity Week 2 – Economics Week 3 – History and Art & Culture Week 4 – Geography Week 5 – Environment and Science & Technology Same cycle will be repeated from Week 6. Make the best use of the initiative. All the best! To Know More about Ace the Prelims (ATP) 2021 - CLICK HERE Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken and solutions. To take the Test - Click Here

Feb 5, 2021 IASbaba’s Daily CSAT Quiz

UPSC CSAT Quiz – 2021: IASbaba’s Daily CSAT Practice Test – 5th February 2021

ARCHIVES Daily CSAT Practice Test Everyday 5 Questions from Aptitude, Logical Reasoning, and Reading Comprehension will be covered from Monday to Saturday. Make the best use of the initiative. All the best! To Know More about Ace the Prelims (ATP) 2021 - CLICK HERE Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken and solutions. To take the Test - Click Here

Feb 5, 2021 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz - 2021 : IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs Quiz 5th February 2021

For Previous Daily Quiz (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. We will make sure, in the next 4 months not a single day is wasted. All your energies are channelized in the right direction. Trust us! This will make a huge difference in your results this time, provided that you follow this plan sincerely every day without fail. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” To Know More about Ace the Prelims (ATP) 2021 - CLICK HERE Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken and solutions. To take the Test - Click Here

Feb 4, 2021 Important Articles

IASbaba’s Workshop in LUCKNOW – OPEN TO ALL!!

IASbaba’s Workshop in LUCKNOW – OPEN TO ALL!!     Even though, we are a newcomer in Lucknow, the kind of response we are getting right from the announcement of the center at Lucknow has a heartwarming effect on us. Your love and trust in us have made us make a decision. We have decided to organize a Workshop at Lucknow on 7th February 2021 (Sunday) at 11 AM. The purpose of organizing this workshop is- Make you understand the Philosophy, Structure and approach of UPSC Civil Services Exam.  To send you back with certain takeaways that will become a part of your intellectual repository, that will streamline your UPSC preparation. To provide you a clear path to success. Some of the most common Queries of the aspirants include: How to study for UPSC Prelims 2021 in the last 5 Months? How to tackle the Unpredictable nature of UPSC Prelims? Which Sources to study and how to Revise them effectively? How to cover Current Affairs? Importance of Solving Tests and Analyzing the solved Tests. All these questions will be addressed in detail by our Founder Mohan Sir, Sunil Oberoi Sir (Retd. IAS) and a serving IRS officer. Invitee for the Workshop- Workshop is OPEN/FREE but preference will be based on first-come-first-served basis. Register if you are interested to come so that we are in a position to know the sincere candidates. We will send an invite to all the registered candidates. Register soon since seats are limited! This session could be the turning point in terms of your perspectives of UPSC Prelims 2021.  REGISTER -> CLICK HERE Also, many students have been messaging and emailing regarding some demo classes of the Program. Even though we have posted some videos of last year’s PEP on YouTube, in order to maintain the goodwill, we have kept the first two sessions of PEP – 2021  ‘OPEN FOR ALL’ !! The session will be on Polity and Prelims Strategy Classes on the 8th and 9th of February @ 10 am. These classes will be Open for All. Prelims strategy classes will be taken by SUNIL OBEROI Sir (Retd. IAS) and Polity classes by SUDEEP Sir, experienced and renowned faculty for Polity. Also, as a cherry on top there will be a surprise event - 'Try your Luck now in Lucknow!' on all the 3 days (7th, 8th, 9th February) Make sure you don’t miss it!   Workshop Date and Time: 7th February 2021@ 11 AM PEP 2021 Open Session Date and Time : 8th & 9th February 2021@ 10 AM Venue: B-1/66, Sector J, Lucknow, – 226024 Landmark: Near Mr Brown / Opp to Sahu Studio For any Queries: You can also reach us on Contact:  8429688885 /9169191888 Email: pep@iasbaba.com/support@iasbaba.com   All the Best See you in Lucknow IASbaba Team

Feb 4, 2021 TLP Mains Answer Writing

SYNOPSIS [3rd February,2021] Day 21: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE   SYNOPSIS [3rd February,2021] Day 21: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)   1. How has the fiscal scenario panned out during COVID-19? What are your views on the mid-year budgetary allocations announced by the government during the previous year? Discuss. Approach  Since question is asking you to discuss it necessitates a debate where reasoning is backed up with evidence to make a case for and against an argument and finally arriving at a conclusion. In simple terms an examiner expects one to discuss various perspectives and present a logical argument. Introduction  Amidst the economic slowdown triggered by the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in India's there have been many demands for the government to announce a large fiscal stimulus to support the economy. Economic growth and tax revenues remain uncertain in 2020-21 making it challenging for the government to finance any addition to the fiscal deficit.  Body HOW HAS THE FISCAL SCENARIO PANNED OUT DURING COVID-19?  India's fiscal support measures can be divided into two broad categories:  Above-the-line measures which include government spending (about 3.2 percent of gdp, of which about 2.2 percent of gdp is expected to fall in the current fiscal year), foregone or deferred revenues (about 0.3 percent of gdp falling due within the current year) and expedited spending (about 0.3 percent of gdp falling due within the current year); and  Below-the-line measures designed to support businesses and shore up credit provision to several sectors (about 5.2 percent of gdp).  In the early stages of the pandemic response, above-the-line expenditure measures focused primarily on social protection and healthcare. These include in-kind (food; cooking gas) and cash transfers to lower-income households (1 percent of gdp); wage support and employment provision to low-wage workers (0.5 percent of gdp); insurance coverage for workers in the healthcare sector; and healthcare infrastructure (0.1 percent of gdp).  The more recent measures that were announced in october and november include additional public investment (higher capital expenditure by the central government and interest-free loans to states, of about 0.2 percent of gdp) and support schemes targeting certain sectors. The latter includes a production linked incentive scheme targeting 13 priority sectors and is expected to cost about 0.8 percent of gdp over 5 years, a higher fertilizer subsidy allocation benefiting the agriculture sector (0.3 percent of gdp) and support for urban housing construction (0.1 percent of gdp).  Several measures to ease the tax compliance burden across a range of sectors have also been announced, including postponing some tax-filing and other compliance deadlines, and a reduction in the penalty interest rate for overdue gst filings.  Measures without an immediate direct bearing on the government’s deficit position aim to provide credit support to businesses (1.9 percent of gdp), poor households, especially migrants and farmers (1.6 percent of gdp), distressed electricity distribution companies (0.4 percent of gdp), and targeted support for the agricultural sector (0.7 percent of gdp), as well as some miscellaneous support measures (about 0.3 percent of gdp).  Key elements of the business-support package are various financial sector measures for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises and non-bank financial companies, whereas additional support to farmers will mainly be in the form of providing concessional credit to farmers, as well as a credit facility for street vendors. Agricultural sector support is mainly for infrastructure development. VIEWS ON THE MID-YEAR BUDGETARY ALLOCATIONS ANNOUNCED BY THE GOVERNMENT DURING THE PREVIOUS YEAR The Finance Minister has announced a package (“Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan” package) of policy initiatives targeted at low-income households and micro, small and medium enterprises which are likely to be most vulnerable in the broad-based economic slowdown. The total amount of the package has been announced to be Rs 20 trillion (or roughly 10% of GDP).  This allocation focussed on land, labour, liquidity and laws, and would deal with such sectors as cottage industries, MSMEs, the working class, middle class and industry. He also talked of focusing on empowering the poor, labourers and migrant workers, both in the organised and unorganised sectors. However, a careful analysis reveals that the actual amount of fiscal stimulus offered by the government has been around 2-3% of GDP. As a result, demand for a larger fiscal stimulus has been emerging from various quarters. Several economists have argued that spending on welfare measures should be increased significantly, by 5 percent of GDP or more. Increase in government spending beyond the levels already announced would then mean an increase in the fiscal deficit beyond the levels discussed above. This may be financed either if disinvestment revenue turns out to be higher this year due to additional efforts made to sell off Public Sector Enterprises.  Conclusion The economic impact of COVID-19 has been substantial and broad-based. GDP contracted sharply in 2020Q2 (-23.9 percent year-on-year) due to the unprecedented lockdowns to control the spread of COVID-19. However, if the fiscal deficit is even higher and puts the government’s debt trajectory on an unsustainable path, longer term considerations will come into play. 2. What are your views on recent budgetary announcement regarding disinvestments and privatisation? Discuss. Approach: The question is very much straight forward, students need to put forward their views regarding recent budgetary provisions in terms of disinvestment and privatisation, also mention some data regarding disinvestment policies of the previous budgets as well. Introduction: Privatization is the process of transferring the ownership of a business of a public sector to the private sector. In a broader sense, privatization refers to transfer of any government function to the private sector including governmental functions like revenue collection and law enforcement whereas disinvestment means sale or liquidation of assets by the government, usually Central and state public sector enterprises, projects, or other fixed assets. The government undertakes disinvestment to reduce the fiscal burden on the exchequer, or to raise money for meeting specific needs, such as to bridge the revenue shortfall from other regular sources.  Disinvestment allows a larger share of PSU ownership in the open market, which in turn allows for the development of a strong capital market in India. Body: Historical context of disinvestment and privatisation- Central public sector Enterprises policy was reset in 1991 when the government decided to disinvest upto 20% in select public sector undertakings. The first disinvestment commission set up in 1996 recommended strategic sales meant to bring down the government’s share to less than 50% in select PSU’S. Strategic sales were part of policies being pursued between 1998-2004. In last five financial years attempted disinvestments through buy-backs, exchange traded funds and in some cases transfer of stake to other public sector entities. In 2020 a new public sector policy was put in place, accordingly maximum of four public sector companies in strategic sectors will be retained and other firms will eventually be privatised. Provisions in budget 2021-22: Budget 2021-22 projected 1.75 lakh crore from stake sale in public sector companies and financial institutions including 2 PSU banks and one insurance company. According to new PSE policy barring four strategic areas like Atomic energy, Space and defence, Transport and telecommunications power petroleum coal and other minerals and banking insurance and financial services, all CPSEs in other sectors will be privatised, in four strategic areas a bare minimum number of firms will be retained and rest will be privatised. Views: The government has no business to be in Business, guided by the basic principle that government should not be in the business to engage itself in producing and manufacturing goods where competitive markets have come of age, examining the realised efficiency gains from privatisation in the Indian context economic survey 2019-20 analysed the before and after performance of 11 CPSEc that had undergone strategic disinvestment during 1999-2004 comparing such CPSEs with their peers in the same industry group showed that on an average they performed better post privatisation in terms of their net worth, net profit and sales growth this indicated that privatised CPSEs could generate more wealth from same resources. Providing employment was one of the objectives of the CPSEs in the years that followed several PSUs became white elephants serving neither social nor economic cause, many of them naturally became black holes for public money they were often the text book case of poor management and aggressive trade unionism and became umpireless playfields for political parties with myopic objectives. Confronted with an unprecedented fiscal deficit and worried by economy in crisis the government has to find resources and Disinvestment is a preferred option for ideological and practical reasons. Privatisation will give ample space for creative and innovative thinking as well as systematic and strategic planning to realize the full potential of economy. Privatising PSUs will incentivise the employees to work more efficiently in order to serve the interests of company which will ultimately help in making market more competitive and efficient. However, the process of disinvestment and privatisation has some issues which are as follows- With disinvestment government would get some cash in hand and could carry out some capital formation, but there are multiple claims on government funds and only a fraction of capital receipts from the sale of PSUs is likely to be channelled into new investment. At the time of crashing growth and low animal spirits the competition to buy up public enterprises on the block would be anaemic and government will get significantly lower. With rising unemployment figures of about 23% due to COVID containment measures it would be hazardous to tamper with PSEs that employ over 15 lakh people at this juncture. Privatisation is one element of the overall reform policy but it can’t be adopted as a foremost plank of reforms in sectors like banking and insurance simple solutions like privatising all PSUs may be no panacea. Conclusion: Privatisation only weighs well when there is transparency of process and effectiveness of the regulators, every government has an obligation to reconcile growth with equity and privatising government assets is a step in that direction, however It must be accompanied by competition in the post privatised scenario in order to improve the performance of inefficient units creation of competitive market environment is absolutely essential eventually it is the people who will benefit, as an arm of overall reforms disinvestment and privatisation need to be carefully proceeded. 3. The economy will get the required impetus with sustained focus on expanding physical infrastructure? Do you agree? Substantiate your views. Approach The candidate needs to give his views regarding the sustained focus on expanding physical infrastructure and its effect on economy where the views should be well substantiated with proper facts, examples, etc. Introduction Development can be defined as improving the welfare of a society through appropriate social, political, and economic conditions. The expected outcomes are quantitative and qualitative improvements in human capital as well as physical capital such as infrastructures (utilities, transport, telecommunications, etc.) which clearly showcases the importance of expanding physical infrastructure. Body Good quality infrastructure is the most critical physical requirement for attaining faster growth in a competitive world and also for ensuring investment in backward regions.  This includes all-weather roads; round-the-clock availability of power at a stable voltage and frequency; water for irrigation; railways that are not overcrowded, which run on time and do not overcharge for freight; ports with low turnaround time to reduce costs of imports and exports; etc.  Physical infrastructure development is an essential driving force for achieving rapid economic growth. Higher investment in physical infrastructure reduces transaction costs as well as other input costs, fosters trade and investment, opens up new markets, improves competitiveness, creates employment opportunities, raises productivity, and stimulates economic activities, which contributes to economic growth. Greater access, especially for the deprived population, to transport, telecommunications, energy, electricity, water and sanitation, education and health services are needed to bring inclusive growth and development.  All these facilities play both direct and indirect role in the development process by increasing the factor productivity of land, labour, and capital in the production process, which promotes economic growth. Lack of infrastructure continues to be a major obstacle to achieve growth and development. Recently, the Indian government estimated that there is a need for nearly $4.5 trillion for reducing physical infrastructure deficit in the country. Continuous supply of good quality electrical power from the grid is critical for industries, but the situation in this regard is very unsatisfactory. Large-scale units can deal with this problem by setting up captive power plants, but this is not an economical option for small and medium units.  Manufacturing also entails movement of large volumes of goods in order to compete in a globalized context and manufacturers need transport infrastructure which can ensure speedy and reliable movement.  Deficiencies in the road infrastructure must be addressed urgently to increase the competitiveness of Indian manufacturing. Much the same is true of ports where insufficient port capacity and inadequate navigation aid facilities. Without substantial improvement in all these aspects of the transport infrastructure, growth in manufacturing cannot be sustained. The COVID-19 crisis has just reinforced the idea of the failing infrastructure in India. To add to this, almost half the country is exposed to severe climate-induced disasters. India desperately needs to buckle up its infrastructure, and while it does so, it can give it a green boost.  The Indian Railway Finance Corporation Ltd (IRFC) recently established a Green Bond Framework for fundraising, for financing the Dedicated Freight Corridor project and electrification of the railways. India can look into establishing an agency for green financing, to fund the green infrastructure projects of the country to make development more environment friendly.  But at the same time, it is important to consider other investments that would also provide short-term stimulus. To be sure, spending money on pretty much anything will spur growth in a recession if it is debt-financed.  It has been an article of faith for decades that traditional physical infrastructure—concrete and steel—boosts long-term growth, but evidence suggests that the growth benefits are limited when compared to other areas, especially 21st century digital infrastructure. In contrast, investments in digital infrastructure can generate greater overall economic returns. These include both dedicated digital infrastructure (infrastructure that is innately digital, such as broadband, 5G, cloud computing centres) and hybrid infrastructure (adding digital components to traditional infrastructure, such as smart meters, smart grid, and smart cities).  Further, India’s dismal performance in social indicators shows urgent need to invest more in social infrastructure rather than only physical infrastructure. This does not imply that physical infrastructure should be ignored. There are potential projects that can have big payoffs, but a policy makers should avoid the notion that massive investment in infrastructure will pay long-term economic dividends. For example, reviving the nationwide smart cities program to help cities and towns use digital technologies to improve operations and improve quality of life can help. Conclusion India’s goal of becoming a USD 5 trillion economy rests on the completion of critical infrastructure under the National Infrastructure Pipeline. Given the sudden shock to the economy and the resultant recessionary pressures, there is a need for strong re-prioritization of resources towards majors sectors with emphasis on physical infrastructure sector. 4. What are the intended benefits of graded water tariff? Examine. Approach Students are expected to write about graded water tariff and also examine the intended benefits of graded water tariff. Introduction As per the UN’s Dublin Principle (1992), water is an economic good and hence should reflect its scarcity value. Fortunately, this has been recognised by successive National Water Policies. The 1987, the policy envisaged that the water rates should reflect the scarcity value of the resource and foster economy in water use. The 2002 policy envisaged that the water charges for various uses should cover at least the operation and maintenance charges of providing the service initially, and a part of capital costs subsequently. Body Graded water tariff:  Graded water tariff is to fix an appropriate price for water on a graded basis, wherein higher consumption entails higher charges. The government has accepted the recommendation of the 15th Finance Commission, which has suggested fixing a graded water tariff to reform the water sector. Per capita water availability has been declining over the years, and it has now touched the scarcity benchmark of 1,000 cubic meter annually. In such situation we need to study importance of graded water tariff and it’s intended benefits such as: According to the 15th finance commission, fixing water tariff is necessary because “inappropriate water pricing” is one of the major causes of over-exploitation of water in the domestic sector. Graded water tariffing can work on controlling over exploitation. It will enhance the revenue collection. Tariff do not get revised on a periodic basis, resulting in a large gap between the cost of supply of water and the revenue collected. Thus it will create revenue for local bodies and state governments from heavy water usage industries which can be used to subsidies water vulnerable section of society. Help in increasing the water use efficiency. Tariff of water will reflect its efficient use and reward its conservation. Graded water tariff will roll out equitable access of water for all and its fair pricing for drinking and other uses will be undertaken by a statutory regulatory authority. It will refrain water determined directly on a volumetric basis. It will be beneficial if Water charges  be determined on volumetric basis after taking into consideration equity and efficiency. With graded water tariff there will be establishment of water regulator. The water regulator can be made a statutory body and be given a mandate to regulate various water uses and their fair pricing. The irrigation sector, which accounts for 90 per cent of the groundwater consumed, which was exempted earlier from levy of Ground Water Conservation Fee (GWCF) can be taken under fold.  Through graded water tariffing, it is expected to discourage setting up of new industries in overexploited and critical areas and to deter large scale groundwater extraction by industries in these areas. However, moving towards an elaborate water tariffing is not that easy. There are few challenges involved in it: To make a case for water tariffing at a time when the most vulnerable to water shortage are already reeling under severe economic hardship. To introduce graded water tariff in the entrenched political economy in different parts of India. Severe water crisis in some parts of the country are in stark contrast to flourishing fields in some other parts.  The public procurement policies also promote cultivation of water-intensive crops, sometimes in those very states where the usage is most inefficient. The most important challenge is the inherent design problems associated with graded water pricing. This is because the government does not exercise control over the sources of water as it does over other natural resources. Wayforward: The government should make people realise that without a price on water usage, it is they who will suffer the worst consequences of a drought. Groundwater has to be priced through proxies electricity or diesel used by farmers to pump the water. The strategy for pricing should be such that the cost of migration from one method of irrigation to another or from electricity to diesel offsets the difference in cost between the two. It is also important to target irrigation water for pricing purposes because it alone comprises more than 78% of the total water usage in India. Also, irrigation consumption is an area where the scope for increase in efficiency is very high and provide sustainable control over water guzzling crops. Conclusion Graded water tariffing is a complex subject and its imposition has huge political overtones. The determination of water-use charges has to be rational, consultative and transparent. And, the role of the statutory water regulator should be recognised. 5. What is a Development Finance Institution (DFI)? Discuss. What are its key objectives?  Approach- Question is straight forward. Candidate is required to define development finance institution and then discuss its importance by giving examples of such institutions. Introduction The development finance institutions or development finance companies are organizations owned by the government or charitable institution to provide funds for low-capital projects or where their borrowers are unable to get it from commercial lenders. Body What is Development Finance Institution? These are specialized institutions set up primarily to provide development/ Project finance especially in developing countries. These DFIs are usually majority-owned by national governments. The source of capital of these banks is national or international development funds. This ensures their creditworthiness and their ability to provide project finance in a very competitive rate. How is it different from commercial banks? It strikes a balance between commercial operational norms as followed by commercial banks on the one hand, and developmental responsibilities on the other. DFIs are not just plain lenders like commercial banks but they act as companions in the development of significant sectors of the economy. Objectives of Development Finance Institutions The prime objective of DFI is the economic development of the country These banks provide financial as well as the technical support to various sectors DFIs do not accept deposits from people They raise funds by borrowing funds from governments and by selling their bonds to the general public It also provides a guarantee to banks on behalf of companies and subscriptions to shares, debentures, etc. Underwriting enables firms to raise funds from the public. Underwriting a financial institution guarantees to purchase a certain percentage of shares of a company that is issuing IPO if it is not subscribed by the Public. They also provide technical assistance like Project Report, Viability study, and consultancy services. Some important DFI’s (sector specific) Industry IFCI – 1st DFI in India. Industrial Corporation of India was established in 1948. ICICI – Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Limited established in 1955 by an initiative of the World Bank. It established its subsidiary company ICICI Bank limited in 1994. In 2002, ICICI limited was merged into ICICI Bank Limited making it the first universal bank of the country. Universal Bank – Any Financial institution performing the function of Commercial Bank + DFI It was established in the private sector and is still the Only DFI in the private sector. IDBI – Industrial Development Bank of India was set up in 1964 under RBI and was granted autonomy in 1976 It is responsible for ensuring adequate flow of credit to various sectors It was converted into a Universal Bank in 2003 IRCI – Industrial Reconstruction Corporation of India was set up in 1971. It was set up to revive weak units and provide financial & technical assistance. SIDBI – Small Industries development bank of India was established in 1989. Was established as a subsidiary of IDBI It was granted autonomy in 1998 Foreign Trade EXIM Bank – Export-Import Bank was established in January 1982 and is the apex institution in the area of foreign trade investment. Provides technical assistance and loan to exporters Agriculture Sector NABARD – National Bank for agriculture and rural development was established in July 1982. It was established on the recommendation of the Shivraman Committee It is the apex institution in the area of agriculture and rural sectors It functions as a refinancing institution Housing NHB- National Housing Bank was established in 1988. It is the apex institution in Housing Finance Conclusion India needs DFI’s to boost economic growth which would increase capital flows and energize capital markets. To improve long term finances, provide credit enhancement for infrastructure and housing projects. As India does not have a development bank, DFI would fulfil the need for us to have an institutional mechanism.   TLP HOT Synopsis Day 21 PDF