IAS Baba

Dec 4, 2020 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 3rd December 2020

Archives (PRELIMS + MAINS FOCUS) Third stimulus package for Mission Covid Suraksha Part of: GS Prelims and GS-II – Policies and Interventions In news The Indian Government recently announced the third stimulus package of Rs. 900 Crore for the Mission COVID Suraksha - The Indian COVID-19 Vaccine Development Mission. This grant will be provided to the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) for Research & Development of Indian COVID-19 vaccines. Important value addition Mission COVID Suraksha - The Indian COVID-19 Vaccine Development Mission The COVID-19 Vaccine development Mission with end-to-end focus from preclinical development through clinical development and manufacturing and regulatory facilitation for deployment would consolidate all available and funded resources towards an accelerated product development. Led by: Department of Biotechnology Implemented by: Mission Implementation Unit at Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) The existing activities under National Bio Pharma Mission (NBM) and Ind-CEPI Mission will provide complementary strengths to this Mission. MARCOS being deployed in the Eastern Ladakh Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Defence & Security In news MARCOS are being deployed in the Eastern Ladakh alongside the Indian Army against the Chinese military. They are present in the vicinity of the Pangong Tso lake where they will soon be conducting missions using boats. Important value addition The Marine Commandos are abbreviated as MARCOS and officially called the Marine Commando Force (MCF). It is the special forces unit of the Indian Navy that is responsible for conducting special operations. MARCOS was founded in February 1987. MARCOS are capable of operating in all types of environments; at sea, in air and on land. The force has gradually acquired experience and an international reputation for professionalism. The MARCOS regularly undertake specialised maritime operations in Jammu and Kashmir through the Jhelum River and Wular Lake. Migrant workers engaged in Honey Mission Part of: GS Prelims and GS-II – Policies and Interventions In news Responding to the Prime Minister’s call for Aatmanirbhar Bharat, Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) engaged hundreds of migrant workers in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar with its flagship scheme like Honey Mission. The distressed migrant workers who were engaged with KVIC’s Honey Mission in Uttar Pradesh in the month of August, have reaped their first honey harvest and are awaiting a bumper yield. Important value addition Honey Mission Aim of the Honey Mission: Creating employment for farmers, Adivasis, women and unemployed youth by roping them with beekeeping and increasing India’s honey production. Launched by: KVIC 3 years ago Under the Honey Mission, KVIC provides training and 10 bee boxes with live colonies to beneficiaries including farmers, beekeepers and unemployed youth. KVIC also runs beekeeping training programmes and courses. The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) It is a statutory body formed in April 1957 (as per an RTI) by the Government of India, under the Act of Parliament, 'Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act of 1956'. It is an apex organisation under the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. Vision – To plan, promote, facilitate, organise and assist in the establishment and development of khadi and village industries in the rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development wherever necessary. In April 1957, it took over the work of former All India Khadi and Village Industries Board. Head office: Mumbai Six zonal offices: Delhi, Bhopal, Bangalore, Kolkata, Mumbai and Guwahati. US drugmaker Moderna applies for Emergency Use Authorisation (EUA) Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Sci & Tech In news US drugmaker Moderna said it was applying for emergency use authorisation for its Covid-19 vaccine. In India, Serum Institute of India, which is trialling a version of the AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine, has said it expects to seek emergency use authorisation within the next two weeks. Key takeaways Vaccines, medicines, diagnostic tests and medical devices, require the approval of a regulatory authority before they can be administered. In India, the regulatory authority is the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO). For vaccines and medicines, approval is granted after an assessment of their safety and effectiveness, based on data from trials. This is a long process, designed to ensure that a medicine or vaccine is absolutely safe and effective. In emergency situations, like COVID-19, regulatory authorities around the world have developed mechanisms to grant interim approvals if there is sufficient evidence to suggest a medical product is safe and effective. Final approval is granted only after completion of the trials and analysis of full data; until then, emergency use authorisation (EUA) allows the medicine or the vaccine to be used on the public. Apex Committee For Implementation Of Paris Agreement (AIPA) constituted Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Environment In news The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has constituted a high-level inter-ministerial Apex Committee for Implementation of Paris Agreement (AIPA) under the chairmanship of Secretary, MoEFCC. Key takeaways Purpose: To generate a coordinated response on climate change matters that ensures India is on track towards meeting its obligations under the Paris Agreement including its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). Senior officials from fourteen ministries will serve as Members to AIPA who will oversee the progress in implementation of India’s NDC Key functions: (1) Operate as a National Authority to regulate carbon markets in India under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement; (2) Formulate guidelines for consideration of projects or activities under Article 6; (3) Issue guidelines on carbon pricing, market mechanism, and other similar instruments that have a bearing on climate change and NDCs. World Malaria Report, 2020 released Part of: GS Prelims and GS-II – Health In news The World Malaria Report (WMR), 2020 was recently released by WHO. It indicates that India has made considerable progress in reducing its malaria burden. Key takeaways India is the only high endemic country which has reported a decline of 17.6% in 2019 as compared to 2018. The Annual Parasitic Incidence (API) reduced by 27.6% in 2018 compared to 2017 and by 18.4% in 2019 as compared to 2018. India has sustained API less than one since year 2012. India has also contributed to the largest drop in cases region-wide, from approximately 20 million to about 6 million. The percentage drop in the malaria cases was 71.8% and deaths was 73.9% between 2000 to 2019. India achieved a reduction of 83.34% in malaria morbidity and 92% in malaria mortality between the year 2000 and 2019, thereby achieving Goal 6 of the Millennium Development Goals (50-75% decrease in case incidence between 2000 and 2019). States of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Meghalaya and Madhya Pradesh disproportionately accounted for nearly 45.47% of malaria cases and 70.54% of falciparum Malaria cases in 2019. 64% of malaria deaths were also reported from these states. Do you know? WHO has initiated the High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) initiative in 11 high malaria burden countries, including India. Implementation of HBHI initiative has been started in four states i.e. West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh in July, 2019. National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME) was launched in India in 2016 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. National Strategic Plan for Malaria Elimination (2017-22) was launched by the Health Ministry in July, 2017 which laid down strategies for the next five years. Miscellaneous Kaavan Following years of public outcry and campaigning, the "world's loneliest elephant" embarked on a mammoth move from Pakistan to retirement in a Cambodian sanctuary. Kaavan is dubbed the "world's loneliest elephant" after languishing alone for years in a Pakistani zoo. BNT162b2 Britain became the first country in the world to approve the Pfizer-BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine for use. It will be rolled out from early next week. The British regulator Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) declared that the vaccine offers protection of up to 95% and is safe to be used for immunisation against Covid-19. The American pharmaceutical giant Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech last month concluded phase 3 study of their mRNA-based Covid-19 vaccine candidate BNT162b2, meeting all primary efficacy endpoints. It is an RNA vaccine composed of nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding a mutated form of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, and is encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles. (Mains Focus) HEALTH / GOVERNANCE Topic: General Studies 2: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. Antimicrobial Resistance Context: While the COVID-19 pandemic continues to wreak havoc on our daily lives, a silent pandemic (AMR) has been brewing in the background for decades In India, the largest consumer of antibiotics in the world, this is a serious problem. AMR Data Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is growing at an alarming rate. Globally, about 35% of common human infections have become resistant to available medicines. About 700,000 people die every year because available antimicrobial drugs — antibiotics, antivirals, antiparasitic and antifungals — have become less effective at combating pathogens. Resistance to second- and third-line antibiotics — the last lines of defence against some common diseases — are projected to almost double between 2005 and 2030. According to a study published in The Lancet, an estimated 58,000 new-born children die annually from sepsis in India alone because antibiotics can no longer treat certain bacterial infections. Reasons Natural process catalyzed: Microorganisms develop resistance to antimicrobial agents as a natural defence mechanism. But, human activity has significantly accelerated the process. Misuse of Antibodies: The misuse and overuse of antimicrobials for humans, livestock and agriculture is probably the biggest reason for this, but other factors also contribute. Waste releases: Once consumed, up to 80% of antibiotic drugs are excreted un-metabolised, along with resistant bacteria. Also, they are release in effluents from households and health and pharmaceutical facilities, and agricultural run-off, is propagating resistant microorganisms. Ineffective Wastewater treatment: An analysis of single wastewater discharge from a treatment facility in India catering to drug manufacturers found concentrations of antibiotics high enough to treat over 40,000 people daily. Thus, Wastewater treatment facilities are unable to remove all antibiotics and resistant bacteria. Pollution: Research points to the role of environment and pollution in AMR. Other reasons: Water, then, may be a major mode for the spread of AMR, especially in places with inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene. Wildlife that comes into contact with discharge containing antimicrobials can also become colonised with drug-resistant organisms. Interventions UN agencies are working together to develop the One Health AMR Global Action Plan (GAP) that addresses the issue in human, animal, and plant health and food and environment sectors. Centre and State governments in India can strengthen the environmental dimensions of their plans to tackle antimicrobial resistance. Promote measures that address known hotspots such as hospitals and manufacturing and waste treatment facilities. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and MoEF&CC constituted the inter-ministerial Steering Committee on Environment and Health, with representation from WHO and UNEP. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) issued draft standards which set limits for residues of 121 antibiotics in treated effluents from drug production units. Conclusion Antimicrobial resistance is growing exponentially and needs to be tackled before it is late AGRICULTURE/ GOVERNANCE Topic: General Studies 2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. Policy Making and Farm Protests Context: Need to have detailed discussions and consultations while making law and policy. Issues Discontent over the new farm laws is a result of sidestepping debate and discussion in Parliament. The Bills were initially enacted through ordinances. The Bills to replace the ordinance were introduced in Lok Sabha and passed within three days without being referred to a Standing Committee. While the jurisdiction of Parliament to enact these laws seems to be clear, they affect agricultural markets, which are governed by State laws. It was important to address the concerns of various stakeholders, including farmers and State governments. The absence of proactive engagement with affected parties has led to the current crisis. Discussions & Consultations The process of building consensus and addressing concerns may be time-consuming, but it leads to greater acceptance of policy objectives. Parliament is perhaps the most important forum for this. It has a well-established process to get inputs of experts and stakeholders, and to build cross-party consensus while enacting a law. This is usually done through its committees. The government can also use other consultative mechanisms, such as expert committees and consultative groups, to get feedback and tailor policy. Parliamentary committees perform a very important role in the lawmaking process. These committees have helped negotiate a path through conflicting interests. Way Ahead Stable policy-making needs a broad agreement on the benefits of the policy. Such consensus has to be built through conversations with stakeholders. Parliament should revitalise its committees to enable wider public participation. It should insist that every Bill is deliberated upon in a committee, much like what the British Parliament does. Parliament needs to perform its function as a deliberative body that enables compromises to assuage concerns. (TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) Model questions: (You can now post your answers in comment section) Note: Correct answers of today’s questions will be provided in next day’s DNA section. Kindly refer to it and update your answers. Comments Up-voted by IASbaba are also the “correct answers”. Q.1 Consider the following statements regarding a Pangong Tso lake: It is a landlocked lake. It is fresh water lake. It is a part of the Indus river basin area. Which of the above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 only 1 and 3 only Q.2 Implementation of the High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) initiative has been started in which of the following states: West Bengal Jharkhand Chhattisgarh Uttar Pradesh Select the correct code: 1,2 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 4 only 4 only ANSWERS FOR 2nd December 2020 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK) 1 C 2 B 3 A Must Read About Free Speech & need to take criticism: The Indian Express About China’s Wolf Warrior Diplomacy: The Hindu On higher GST inflows: The Hindu

Dec 4, 2020 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz - 2020 : IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs Quiz 4th Dec 2020

For Previous Daily Quiz (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. This is a part of our recently launched, NEW INITIATIVE IASbaba’s INTEGRATED REVISION PLAN (IRP) 2020 – Road Map for the next 100 Days! FREE INITIATIVE! We will make sure, in the next 4 months not a single day is wasted. All your energies are channelized in the right direction. Trust us! This will make a huge difference in your results this time, provided that you follow this plan sincerely every day without fail. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” To Know More about the Initiative -> CLICK HERE SCHEDULE/DETAILED PLAN – > CLICK HERE Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken and solutions. To take the Test - Click Here

Dec 4, 2020 TLP Mains 2020

IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 2 - ENGLISH & हिंदी): UPSC Mains Answer Writing - General Studies Paper 4 Questions[4th DECEMBER,2020] - Day 47

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Hello Friends, Welcome to IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 2 - ENGLISH & हिंदी): UPSC Mains Answer Writing - General Studies Paper 4 Questions[4th DECEMBER,2020] - Day 47 We will make sure, in the next 3 months not a single day is wasted. All your energies are channelized in the right direction. Trust us! This will make a huge difference in your results this time, provided that you follow this plan sincerely every day without fail. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. We are giving 5 Mains Questions on Daily basis so that every student can actively participate and keep your preparation focused. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” To Know More about the Initiative -> CLICK HERE SCHEDULE/DETAILED PLAN – > CLICK HERE Note: Click on Each Question (Link), it will open in a new tab and then Answer respective questions! 1. The future depends on what we do in the present. Examine the relevance of this quote by Mahatma Gandhi in public life. भविष्य इस बात पर निर्भर करता है कि हम वर्तमान में क्या करते हैं। सार्वजनिक जीवन में महात्मा गांधी द्वारा इस उद्धरण की प्रासंगिकता की जांच करें। 2. How does work culture impact organisational efficiency in governments? Illustrate. सरकारों में कार्य संस्कृति संगठनात्मक दक्षता को कैसे प्रभावित करती है? उदाहरण देकर स्पष्ट करें। 3. How do digital technologies aid in the efficient utilisation of public funds? Examine. सार्वजनिक धन के कुशल उपयोग में डिजिटल प्रौद्योगिकियां कैसे सहायता प्रदान करती हैं? जांच करें। 4. What are the different components of quality service delivery? Discuss. How do citizen charters help in this? गुणवत्ता सेवा वितरण के विभिन्न घटक क्या हैं? चर्चा करें। नागरिक चार्टर्स इसमें कैसे मदद करते हैं? 5. How can institutional reforms address the challenges of corruption? संस्थागत सुधार भ्रष्टाचार की चुनौतियों का समाधान कैसे कर सकते हैं? P.S: The review from IASbaba will happen from the time the question is posted till 10 pm everyday. We would also encourage peer reviews. So friends get actively involved and start reviewing each others answers. This will keep the entire community motivated. All the Best :)

Dec 4, 2020 Motivational Articles

Creative Guidance: Book Review – There is no such place as far away – Richard Bach

There is no such place as far away: Richard Bach To keep a promise to loved ones, to tell them that distances don't matter, and more importantly to know that there is no such place as far away is Richard Bach's spiritual adventure to find that place we call home - our spiritual home. Richard Bach narrates this story of a young girl's wait, and a promise to be kept, with the same poise and fineness as "Jonathan Livingston Seagull". He brings home one of the most important spiritual truths that there is truely no such place as far away. If one is willing to search, then there distance too long, and there is no destination beyond one's reach. The deep desire to keep the search going is all that matters. This book is a treat for a free spirited soul, searching for its meaning and purpose in life.

Dec 3, 2020 TLP Mains 2020

IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 2 - ENGLISH & हिंदी): UPSC Mains Answer Writing - General Studies Paper 1 Questions[3rd DECEMBER,2020] - Day 46

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Hello Friends, Welcome to IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 2 - ENGLISH & हिंदी): UPSC Mains Answer Writing - General Studies Paper 1 Questions[3rd DECEMBER,2020] - Day 46 We will make sure, in the next 3 months not a single day is wasted. All your energies are channelized in the right direction. Trust us! This will make a huge difference in your results this time, provided that you follow this plan sincerely every day without fail. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. We are giving 5 Mains Questions on Daily basis so that every student can actively participate and keep your preparation focused. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” To Know More about the Initiative -> CLICK HERE SCHEDULE/DETAILED PLAN – > CLICK HERE Note: Click on Each Question (Link), it will open in a new tab and then Answer respective questions! 1. How does plate tectonics lead to orogeny? Illustrate. प्लेट टेक्टोनिक्स कैसे ओरेगनी को जन्म देता है? उदाहरण देकर स्पष्ट करें। 2. How do local weather conditions affect pollution? Discuss with the help of suitable examples. स्थानीय मौसम की स्थिति प्रदूषण को कैसे प्रभावित करती है? उपयुक्त उदाहरणों की सहायता से चर्चा करें। 3. What are the pieces of evidence of seafloor spreading? Discuss. सीफ्लोर के फैलाव के सबूत क्या हैं? चर्चा करें। 4. While discussing their origin, explain the differences between tsunami and tides. उनकी उत्पत्ति की चर्चा करते हुए, सुनामी और ज्वार के बीच के अंतर को स्पष्ट करें। 5. What are permafrosts? What is their ecological significance? Discuss. पेमाफ्रोस्ट्स क्या हैं? उनका पारिस्थितिक महत्व क्या है? चर्चा करें। P.S: The review from IASbaba will happen from the time the question is posted till 10 pm everyday. We would also encourage peer reviews. So friends get actively involved and start reviewing each others answers. This will keep the entire community motivated. All the Best :)

Dec 3, 2020 PIB

PRESS INFORMATION BUREAU (PIB) IAS UPSC – 23rd November to 27th November – 2020

PRESS INFORMATION BUREAU (PIB) IAS UPSC – 23rd November to 27th November – 2020 ARCHIVES GS-2 71st Constitution Day (Topic: Indian Constitution) Constitution Day also known as ‘Samvidhan Divas’ is celebrated in our country on 26th November every year, to commemorate the adoption of the Constitution of India. By: The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment Objective: The aim is to publicize the glorious and rich composite culture and diversity of our nation. Further, it aims to create awareness of Fundamental Duties as enshrined in the Indian Constitution. As citizens of our great nation, we believe firmly in Gandhian thought that ‘The true source of rights is duty. If we all discharge our duties, rights will not be far to seek’ and as said by Sardar Patel, ‘Every Indian should forget that he is a Rajput, a Sikh, or a Jaat. He must remember that he is an Indian and he has every right in his country but with certain duties’. Timeline: On December 6, 1949 the Constitution Assembly was formed and its first meeting was held on December 9. Rajendra Prasad was appointed its President and H C Mukherjee its vice-chairman. On August 29, 1947, the drafting committee appointed Ambedkar as its chairman and six other members — Munshi N Gopalaswami Ayyangar, Khaitan, Mitter, Muhammed Sadulla, Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer. The members of the Constituent Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on January 24, 1950. On November 26, 1949, the Constitution of India was adopted by the Assembly. On January 26, 1950, the Constitution was enforced. The words ‘secular’ and ‘socialist’ were added to the preamble post the emergency in 1976. When the Constitution was adopted in the year 1949, there were no provisions regarding Fundamental Duties to the Citizens though there was a Part III for Fundamental Rights. The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee that was constituted by the Government. The Committee suggested that steps needed to be taken to ensure that the individual did not overlook his duties while in exercise of his Fundamental Rights. India’s constitution is the longest written constitution in the world containing 395 Articles, 22 Parts and 12 Schedules. It took around 2 years, 11 months and 17 days to complete the Constitution. At the beginning of each part of the Constitution, Nandalal Bose has depicted a phase or scene from India’s national experience and history. After the Constitution was passed, the historic session of the Constituent Assembly ended with the singing of the National Anthem “Jana-gana-mana adhinayaka Jai Hey, Bharat Bhagya Vidhata,” by Purnima Banerjee, a veteran freedom fighter and sister of the late freedom fighter, Aruna Asaf Ali. People of India are the ultimate custodians of the Constitution. It is in them that sovereignty vests and it is in their name that the Constitution was adopted. The Constitution empowers the citizen, but the citizen too empowers the Constitution – by following it, by adhering to it, by protecting it, and by persevering to make it more meaningful with words and deeds. The Constitution is nobody’s preserve – and it is everybody’s preserve. The Preamble to the Constitution of India “WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.” The Constitution of India declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizen’s justice, equality and liberty and endeavours to promote fraternity. Some of the shaping factors of the Constitution: British colonial rule and the Freedom struggle: The oppression leading to the enhanced importance of the rights of citizens like civil liberties (freedom of speech), etc., and through the freedom struggle has shaped the vision of the constitution. INC session of Karachi’s resolution on Fundamental rights and National economic programme and other similar events. British governance Acts for India: Starting from the Regulating Act of 1773 till the Indian Independence Act of 1947, especially Government of India Act of 1935 International events: French revolution (Republic, ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity), Russian revolution (ideals of justice), etc., has led to the increased importance and expansion of rights. Indian philosophy and thinkers: Like Gandhi’s philosophy leading to the self-government institutions i.e, PRI (article 40 under DPSP), etc. Nehru report of 1928, the first attempt in drafting the Constitutional scheme indigenously had most of the present document’s ideals like fundamental rights, responsible government at the centre and in states, etc. Thus, the Constitution is a gradually evolved document over a period of time and was carefully articulated by the constituent assembly. Quotes by President of India, Shri Ram Nath Kovind In a democratic system, the medium of dialogue is the best medium for not allowing the debate to become a dispute. In a parliamentary democracy, the opposition also has an important role along with the ruling party, and, therefore harmony, cooperation and meaningful deliberation between the two is necessary. It is responsibility of Presiding Officers to provide congenial atmosphere for a healthy debate to the peoples’ representatives in the House and to encourage courteous dialogue and discussion. Fairness and justice is the bedrock of our parliamentary democratic system. The Chair of the Speaker of the House symbolizes both - dignity and duty. It demands sincerity and sense of justice. It also symbolizes impartiality, righteousness and fairness and it is expected from Presiding Officers that their conduct is inspired by these lofty ideals. Parliament and Legislative Assemblies are the cornerstone of our parliamentary system. They have an important responsibility to work for a better future of our countrymen. In the last few decades, expectations, aspirations and awareness of the general public have been on the rise. Therefore, the role and responsibilities of Parliament and Legislatures have come into focus even more. Peoples’ representatives are expected to remain true to the principles of democracy. The biggest challenge before democratic institutions and peoples’ representatives is to live up to the expectations of the people. The democratic system is eventually governed by the supreme goal of peoples’ welfare, especially the upliftment of the poor, backward and the deprived sections of our society and the progress of the country. Quotes by Vice President of India and Chairman of Rajya Sabha Shri M.Venkaiah Naidu Decency, Decorum and Dignity of the temples of democracy will be upheld only through adherence to the other three ‘Ds’ namely, Debate, Discuss and Decide None of the three organs of the ‘State’ can claim to be supreme as only the Constitution is supreme and the legislature, the executive and the judiciary are bound to work within the respective domains as defined in the Constitution. Referring to the Presiding Officers as the ‘high priests of temples of democracy’, urged them to ensure the sanctity of these temples. Stating that legislatures are the cornerstone of democracy that provide the basis for the actions of both the executive and the judiciary, Shri Naidu referred to the public opinion turning against the law making bodies and the legislators over the years. He noted that frequent disruptions, conduct of legislators both within and outside the chambers of the Houses, rising number of law makers with criminal background, rising money power in elections, flaunting of power by legislators are some of the reasons for this negative perception. Caste, Cash and Criminality replacing Conduct, Character and Calibre as the criteria for selection of candidates has been eroding the stature of legislators and their members. Shri Naidu urged the political parties to introspect about the present state of affairs to enhance the standing of legislatures and legislators and also to ensure disruption free functioning of legislatures. Must Read: Our Constitution Fundamental Duties and Rights of Citizen 27 E-Lok Adalats organized in 15 States (Topic: Judiciary) The global pandemic has fundamentally changed the way in which the Legal Services Institutions function. To facilitate access to justice amidst the constraints placed by Covid-19 and various public health guidelines, the Legal Services Authorities have ingeniously integrated technology into its conventional methods of justice delivery. Online Lok Adalat popularly known as E -Lok Adalat is one such innovation of Legal Services Institutions where technology has been used to its maximum advantage and has become a platform to deliver justice at the doorstep of people. E- Lok Adalats are also cost effective as it eliminates the need for organisational expenses. In the period of turbulence caused by the pandemic, Legal Services Authorities creatively adapted to the new normal and moved Lok Adalat to the virtual platform. From June, 2020 to October 2020 – 27 E-Lok Adalats have been organized in 15 States wherein 4.83 lakh cases were taken up and 2.51 lakh cases disposed of resulting in settlement of Rs 1409 cr. Further, during November 2020, E-Lok Adalats have been organized in the States of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Telangana so far wherein 16,651 cases were taken up and 12,686 disposed of resulting in settlement of Rs 107.4 cr. About Lok Adalats Organised by Legal Services Authorities, Lok Adalats (State as well as National) are an Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mode wherein pre-litigation and pending cases in the courts are disposed on the basis of amicable settlement without any expense on the part of litigants. It is free of cost and expeditious method of bringing litigating parties on the same side and saving them from the rigours of trial under adversarial system of adjudication which is generally perceived to be time consuming, complex and costly. Lok Adalats are also instrumental in reducing the burden on arrears of the court disposal of long pending litigation between the parties. Significance of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR’s) Reduce workload on the courts given that today about 3.3 crore cases are pending in Indian courts (National Judicial Data Grid data). Speedy disposal of cases thus timely justice by avoiding procedural delays associated with formal court system and thus fulfil fundamental right of speedy trial part of Article 21. Access to justice is improved as cost and time of litigation comes down thus duty of providing free legal aid to poor is met (39A). Saves common man from complex and adverse judicial process. ADR process offers confidentiality. Help preserve important social relationships for disputants especially in civil matters like divorce. To promote governance. Ex: Administrative Tribunals, National Company Law Tribunal, National Green Tribunal and others. Issues related to ADR’s- Lack of manpower Lack of experts Arbitrary procedure Appeals to regular courts Launch of National Portal for Transgender Persons (Topic: Government policies and schemes) Has been developed within 2 months of Notification of Transgender Persons (Protectionof Rights) Rules, 2020 Would help a transgender person in applying for a Certificate and Identity card digitally from anywhere in the country. The most important benefit is that it helps the transgender person to get the I-Card without any physical interface and without having to visit any office. Through the Portal, they can monitor the status of their application that ensures transparency in the process. The issuing authorities are also under strict timelines to process the applications and issue certificates and identity cards without any necessary delays. Once the Certificate and I-card are issued, the applicant can download them from the Portal itself. In case of delay or rejection, the applicant has the options to submit grievances through the Portal which are forwarded to the concerned person and will be resolved at the earliest. Inauguration of Garima Greh: A Shelter Home for Transgender Persons Will be run in association with Lakshya Trust, a Community based organisation entirely run by the Transgenders. The purpose of the Shelter Home is to provide shelter to Transgender persons, with basic amenities like shelter, food, medical care and recreational facilities. Besides, it will provide support for the capacity-building/skill development of persons in the Community, which will enable them to lead a life of dignity and respect. The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 It came into effect on 10th January 2020 which is the first concrete step towards ensuring welfare of Transgender persons. To implement the provisions of the Act the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment issued the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020 which have been notified in the Gazzette of India. The Rules ensure that comprehensive welfare measures reach the Transgender Community and help them come into the mainstream of the Society. The right to self-perceived gender identity and the procedure to issue the Transgender certificate and Identity card has been defined in the Rules. The process has been made smooth and hassle free to ensure that Transgender persons are able to attain their self-perceived identity card without any inconvenience. National Council for Transgender Persons constituted National Council for Transgender Persons has been recently constituted. Ministry: The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. Key takeaways Council’s chairperson: The Social Justice Minister. Members: Officials from some other Ministries. Five nominated members from the transgender community. Associated Act: Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. Functions: Advising the central government on the formulation of policies, with respect to transgender persons Monitoring and evaluating the impact of policies Reviewing and coordinating the activities of all the departments Redressing grievances of transgender persons Performing other functions as prescribed by the Centre. UNDP and Invest India launch the SDG Investor Map for India (Topic: Policies and interventions) UNDP and Invest India have launched the SDG Investor Map for India, laying out 18 Investment Opportunities Areas (IOAs) in six critical SDG enabling sectors, that can help India push the needle forward on Sustainable Development. With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the financing gap for the SDGs in India has only widened further and decades of development progress is nearly on the verge of reversal. Investing in the SDGs at this point is crucial to ‘Building Back Better’ and making the economy and our societies more resilient and sustainable. Enhanced productivity, technology adoption and increased inclusion are all critical factors that this map uses to identify the most attractive sectors for investors. Of the 18 IOAs identified, 10 are already mature investable areas that have seen robust Private Equity and Venture Capital activity, and feature companies that have been able to unlock scale and demonstrate profitability. The remaining eight IOAs are emerging opportunities, which have seen traction from early-stage investors. The map has also identified eight White Spaces, which have seen investor interest and have the potential to grow into IOAs within a 5-6-year horizon. However, these require further policy support and private sector participation to mature into commercially attractive IOAs. Nearly 50% of the shortlisted IOAs have historical investments that have yielded IRRs in excess of 20%. 84% of the IOAs have investment timeframes ranging from the short term (less than 5 years) to the medium-term (between 5- 15 years). The observations from the map present a strong case for investing in SDG enabling sectors and IOAs, bridging the gap between high-level development targets and the need for commercially viable returns. Moreover, investing in the SDGs is crucial to ‘Building Back Better’ from COVID-19 and enhancing India’s resilience to future threats. Investing in opportunities that enhance employment and employability, push forward the inclusion of underserved communities and leverage technology will be of essence to India as it grapples with the challenges of a post-COVID economy. 83% of the identified IOAs address job creation and industrialization needs, 70% focus on inclusive business models and 50% leverage digital technologies to deliver commercial returns and impact at scale. Notable IOAs include ‘Online Supplementary Education for K12’ (Education), ‘Tech-Enabled Remote Care Services’ (Healthcare), ‘Digital Platforms to service input/output needs of farmers to enable easy access to markets’ (Agriculture) and ‘Access to credit by Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises and Low-Income Groups especially through digital platforms for Income Generating Purposes’ (Financial Services). By mapping the overlaps and gaps between public sector priorities and private sector interest, the SDG Investor Map lays out pathways that can bring together private-sector investment and public sector support for 6 SDG-enabling sectors including Education, Healthcare, Agriculture & Allied Activities, Financial Services, Renewable Energy & Alternatives and Sustainable Environment. These sectors and the IOAs within them were selected through a rigorous analytical process that included extensive consultations with a number of major domestic and international investors, government stakeholders and think-tanks. This ensured that the Map’s findings were truly reflective of market sentiment. India and Finland sign MOU for developing cooperation in the field of environmental protection and biodiversity conservation (Topic: Agreements of India with other countries) The MoU is a platform to Further advance Indian and Finnish partnership and support Exchange best practices in areas like prevention of Air and water pollution Waste management Promotion of circular economy, low-carbon solutions and sustainable management of natural resources including forests Climate change Conservation of Marine and Coastal Resources The MoU also provides the possibility to have joint projects in areas of mutual interest. The MoU will strengthen technological, scientific and management capabilities and develop bilateral cooperation in the field of environmental protection and biodiversity conservation on the basis of equality, reciprocity and mutual benefit with due respect to promotion of sustainable development. About India India has achieved its voluntary target of reducing emissions intensity of its GDP by 21% over 2005 levels, by 2020 and is poised to achieve 35% reduction well before the target year of 2030. As part of its Nationally Determined Contributions submitted under the Paris Agreement , India has taken three quantitative climate change goals viz. Reduction in the emissions intensity of Gross Domestic Product by 33 to 35 percent by 2030 from 2005 level Achieving about 40 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030 Creating an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030 Prelims oriented News Lok Virasat: A festival of films on folk art and painting by Films Division National Organ Donation Day: 27 November With 12,666 organs transplanted in 2019, ranked third in the world as per data available on the WHO Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation (GODT) website. Tamil Nadu has been adjudged the best in organ donation in the country for the sixth consecutive year. However, organ donations have always been abysmally low in India. According to estimates, only 0.65 donations per million population take place in the country, compared to 35 in Spain and 26 in the US. A major reason for this shortage is the lack of awareness among people about the process of donation. Several myths associated with organ donations also hamper the process in India, along with fears of disfigurement, non-acceptance of brain death, religious beliefs and migrant workers not having relatives on site to give consent. Several people are also under immense pressure from family members who are against organ donations. The National Organ Transplant Programme (NOTP) provides financial grants for establishing ROTTOs and SOTTOs, to develop new and upgrade existing retrieval and transplant centres, to set up regional and State biomaterial centres and to provide immunosuppressive therapy to Below Poverty Line (BPL) patients who have undergone organ transplantation in a Government hospital. Further, financial support is also provided for hiring of transplant coordinators by hospitals and for maintenance of brainstem dead donors, when at least one organ is shared with a Government hospital. India Climate Change Knowledge Portal launched Single point information source on Climate Action - provides information on the different climate initiatives taken by various Line Ministries enabling users to access updated status on these initiatives. The portal captures sector-wise adaptation and mitigation actions that are being taken by the various line Ministries in one place including updated information on their implementation. The knowledge portal will help in disseminating knowledge among citizens about all the major steps Government is taking at both national and international levels to address climate change issues. The eight major components included in the knowledge portal are: India’s Climate Profile National Policy Framework India’s NDC goals Adaptation Actions Mitigation Actions Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation International Climate Negotiations Reports & Publications India has practically achieved its Pre-2020 Climate Action targets and said though historically India is not responsible for emissions NIVAR: Deep Depression intensifies into a Cyclonic Storm “NIVAR” over southwest Bay of Bengal Cyclones are low-pressure systems that form over warm tropical waters, with gale force winds near the centre. The winds can extend hundreds of kilometres (miles) from the eye of the storm. Cyclones can unleash catastrophic storm surges — tsunami-like flooding — when they make landfall. The term “storm surge” refers to rising seas whipped up by a storm, creating a wall of water several metres higher than the normal tide level The tropical cyclone season in the Bay of Bengal and neighbouring Arabian Sea has two peaks around May and November, according to the World Meteorological Organisation. The scheme for Creation of Infrastructure for Agro-Processing Cluster (APC) has been approved under the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana To incentivize the setting up of agro processing clusters in the country This scheme aims at development of modern infrastructure to encourage entrepreneurs to set up food processing units based on cluster approach. These clusters will help in reducing the wastage of the surplus produce and add value to the horticultural / agricultural produce which will result in increase of income of the farmers and create employment at the local level. Inauguration of a Mega Food Park in Punjab: It is expected to benefit about 25000 farmers and likely to generate employment of about 5000 persons. A 10,000 crore fund has been created under Aatmanirbhar Bharat, for development of food processing sector which will benefit farmers and create employment opportunities. Till date, 37 MFPs have been sanctioned and 20 have already started functioning. 3rd Global Renewable Energy Investment Meeting and Expo (RE-Invest 2020): Theme: Innovations for Sustainable Energy Transition A 3-day conference on renewables and future energy choices, and an exhibition of manufacturers, developers, investors and innovators Aims to accelerate the worldwide effort to scale up development and deployment of renewable energy and connect the global investment community with Indian energy stakeholders. It aims to build upon the success of the first two editions held in 2015 and 2018 and provide an international forum for investment promotion in renewable energy. Cabinet approves Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in the field of Physical Culture and Sport among BRICS Countries Cooperation in the field of sports among the five countries will help in expanding knowledge and expertise in the area of sports science, sports medicine, coaching techniques etc, which would result in improvement in performance of our sportspersons in international tournaments and strengthening of bilateral relations with BRICS member countries. Benefits arising from cooperation in the field of sports among the five countries would be equally applicable to all sportspersons irrespective of their caste, creed, region, religion and gender. Union Minister of Education inaugurates 46 online ATAL Faculty Development Programmes (FDPs) organised by AICTE To train teachers of higher education institutions associated with All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) in thrust and emerging areas in technology. The FDPs will be conducted in 22 Indian states. Book of World Records, London acknowledges the training of over one lakh people in 1,000 programs under ‘FDP’ as a world record The main objective of ATAL Academy is to provide quality technical education in the country and to promote research and entrepreneurship through training in various emerging fields. IITs, IIITs, NITs CU and research labs are organizing these ATAL FDPs Cabinet approves the Memorandum of Understanding between the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) and the Vereniging van Register controllers (VRC), the Netherlands The MoU would help instrengthening and development of the Accounting, Financial and Audit Knowledge Base between the Netherlands and India. Implementation strategy and Targets: ICAI and VRC will work together to hold and conduct Technical Events, Seminars, Conferences in the Netherlands; To establish possible co-operation in respect of Member Management, Professional Ethics, Technical Research, Continuing Professional Education; Professional Accountancy Training, Education and Examinations, as well as the Institutional Capacity Building of the Accountancy profession; To offer short term professional courses in the domain of Accounting, Finance, Information Technology and Audit in the Netherlands; To discuss potential emerging developments in form of Students and Faculty Exchange programmes; Share available unrestricted information concerning the accountancy profession in India and the Netherlands and internationally when required. Benefits: The engagement between the premier Institutes of both the countries would help to generate greater employment opportunities for Indian Chartered Accountants and also greater remittances back to India. Impact: ICAI has a strong membership base of over 1500 members in the European region and around 80 members in the Netherlands. The contemplated MoU, for providing assistance to VRC, the Netherlands, shall benefit the ICAl members in the region and would provide an additional impetus to prospects of the ICAI members to get professional opportunitiesin the Netherlands. Extension of Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme through ECLGS 2.0 for the 26 sectors identified by the Kamath Committee and the healthcare sector Under ECLGS 2.0 entities with outstanding credit above Rs. 50 crore and not exceeding Rs. 500 crore as on 29.2.2020, which were less than or equal to 30 days past due as on 29.2.2020 are eligible. These entities/borrower accounts shall be eligible for additional funding up to 20 per cent (which could be fund based or non-fund based or both) of their total outstanding credit (fund based only) as a collateral free Guaranteed Emergency Credit Line (GECL), which would be fully guaranteed by National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company Limited (NCGTC). The loans provided under ECLGS 2.0 will have a 5-year tenor, with a 12-month moratorium on repayment of principal. The modified Scheme while providing an incentive to Member Lending Institutions (MLIs) to enable availability of additional funding facility to the eligible borrowers, both MSMEs/business enterprises and identified sectors that supports MSMEs, will go a long way in contributing to economic revival, protecting jobs, and create conducive environment for employment generation. BIS standards revised for two wheeler helmets The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has issued the ‘Helmet for riders of Two Wheelers Motor Vehicles (Quality Control ) Order, 2020.’Protective Helmets for Two Wheeler Riders have been included under compulsory BIS certification and the publication of the Quality Control Order. As per the recommendations of the Committee, the BIS has revised specifications through which it is expected to make lighter helmets. With good competition in the Indian markets and with numerous helmet manufacturers, now it is expected that the competition would enable for good quality and lighter helmets demand. The total number of two-wheelers being manufactured in India annually is nearly 1.7 crore. QCO would mean that only BIS certified two wheeler helmets would be manufactured and sold in the Country for two wheelers. This would help in avoiding sale of low quality two wheeler helmets in the Country which would in turn help in protecting citizens involved in two wheeler accidents from fatal injuries. ‘Martyrdom Day’ of Guru Teg Bahadur The ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Teg Bahadur dedicated his life to the betterment of humankind and to promote a sense of unity, service and fraternity in the society. He worked to alleviate the sufferings of the people and fought against oppression. For this reason, Guru Teg Bahadur is aptly called ‘Hind Di Chadar’. Lachit Diwas Celebrated after: Lachit Borphukan He was an outstanding leader and strategist, who played a pivotal role in protecting the unique culture of Assam. He also worked extensively towards empowering the poor and downtrodden.

Dec 3, 2020 TLP Mains 2020

SYNOPSIS [1st DECEMBER,2020] Day 44: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 2): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE SYNOPSIS [1st DECEMBER,2020] Day 44: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 2): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies) Q 1. What are the key features of the New Education Policy (NEP)? What are your thoughts on NEP? Discuss. Approach: It expects students to write about - in first part write about features of the New Education Policy - in second part write about significance of NEP - in third part write issues which needs to address related to NEP - in end you can write way forward. Introduction: The National Educational Policy has come a long way from its first formulation in 1968 followed by its modified versions of 1986 and 1992, and now the National Educational Policy 2020(the NEP 2020). On 29th July,2020, Union Cabinet had given approval to new education policy for the 21st century. The cabinet had also approved a proposal to rename the Ministry of Human Resource Development as the Ministry of Education. Body: Features of NEP: School Education: Universalization of education from preschool to secondary level with 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in school education by 2030. To bring 2 crores out of school children back into the mainstream through an open schooling system. The current 10+2 system to be replaced by a new 5+3+3+4 curricular structure corresponding to ages 3-8, 8-11, 11-14, and 14-18 years respectively. It will bring the uncovered age group of 3-6 years under school curriculum, which has been recognized globally as the crucial stage for development of mental faculties of a child. It will also have 12 years of schooling with three years of Anganwadi/ pre schooling. Class 10 and 12 board examinations to be made easier, to test core competencies rather than memorised facts, with all students allowed to take the exam twice. School governance is set to change, with a new accreditation framework and an independent authority to regulate both public and private schools. Emphasis on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy, no rigid separation between academic streams, extracurricular, vocational streams in schools. Vocational Education to start from Class 6 with Internships. Teaching up to at least Grade 5 to be in mother tongue/regional language. No language will be imposed on any student. Assessment reforms with 360-degree Holistic Progress Card, tracking Student Progress for achieving Learning Outcomes A new and comprehensive National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education (NCFTE) 2021, will be formulated by the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) in consultation with National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT). By 2030, the minimum degree qualification for teaching will be a 4-year integrated B.Ed. degree. Higher Education: Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education to be raised to 50% by 2035. Also, 3.5 crore seats to be added in higher education. The current Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education is 26.3%. Holistic Undergraduate education with a flexible curriculum can be of 3 or 4 years with multiple exit options and appropriate certification within this period. M.Phil. courses will be discontinued and all the courses at undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD level will now be interdisciplinary. Academic Bank of Credits to be established to facilitate Transfer of Credits. Multidisciplinary Education and Research Universities (MERUs), at par with IITs, IIMs, to be set up as models of best multidisciplinary education of global standards in the country. The National Research Foundation will be created as an apex body for fostering a strong research culture and building research capacity across higher education. Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) will be set up as a single umbrella body for the entire higher education, excluding medical and legal education. Public and private higher education institutions will be governed by the same set of norms for regulation, accreditation and academic standards. Also, HECI will be having four independent verticals namely, National Higher Education Regulatory Council (NHERC) for regulation, General Education Council (GEC) for standard setting, Higher Education Grants Council (HEGC) for funding, National Accreditation Council (NAC) for accreditation. Affiliation of colleges is to be phased out in 15 years and a stage-wise mechanism to be established for granting graded autonomy to colleges. Over a period of time, every college is expected to develop into either an autonomous degree-granting College, or a constituent college of a university. Significance of National Education Policy 2020: Recognising Importance of Formative years: In adopting a 5+3+3+4 model for school education starting at age 3, the policy recognises the primacy of the formative years from ages 3 to 8 in shaping the child’s future. Departure from Silos Mentality: Another key aspect of school education in the new policy is the breaking of the strict division of arts, commerce and science streams in high school. This can lay the foundation for a multi-disciplinary approach in high education. The Confluence of Education and Skills: Another laudable aspect of the scheme is the introduction of vocational courses with an internship. This may nudge the vulnerable sections of society to send their children to school. Also, it would help in realisation of the goal of Skill India Mission. Making Education More Inclusive: The NEP proposes the extension of the Right to Education (RTE) to all children up to the age of 18. Further, the policy seeks to leverage the huge potential of online pedagogy and learning methodologies for increasing gross enrolment in higher education. Light but Tight Oversight: According to the policy, in spite of periodic inspection, transparency, maintaining quality standards and a favourable public perception will become a 24X7 pursuit for the institutions, leading to all-round improvement in their standard. The policy also seeks to establish a super-regulator for education which will be responsible for standards-setting, funding, accreditation and regulation of higher education India. Allowing Foreign Universities: The document states universities from among the top 100 in the world will be able to set up campuses in India. This will lead to an infusion of international perspective and innovation, which will make the Indian education system more efficient and competitive. Ending Hindi vs English Debate: Most crucially, NEP, once and for all, buries the strident Hindi versus English language debate; instead, it emphasises on making mother tongue, local language or the regional language the medium of instruction at least till Grade 5, which is considered the best medium of teaching. However, there are few issues which needs to address related to NEP 2020: Knowledge-Jobs Mismatch: There is a persistent mismatch between the knowledge & skills imparted and the jobs available. This has been one of the main challenges that have affected the Indian education system since Independence. NEP 2020 failed to check this, as it is silent on education related to emerging technological fields like artificial intelligence, cyberspace, nanotech, etc. The Requirement of Enormous Resources. An ambitious target of public spending at 6% of GDP has been set. Mobilising financial resources will be a big challenge, given the low tax-to-GDP ratio and competing claims on the national exchequer of healthcare, national security and other key sectors. Way forward: Need for Cooperative Federalism: Since education is a concurrent subject (both the Centre and the state governments can make laws on it), the reforms proposed can only be implemented collaboratively by the Centre and the states. Thus, the Centre has the giant task of building a consensus on the many ambitious plans. Strive Towards Universalisation of Education: There is a need for the creation of ‘inclusion funds’ to help socially and educationally disadvantaged children pursue education. Also, there is a need to set up a regulatory process that can check profiteering from education in the form of unaccounted donations. Bridging Digital Divide: If technology is a force-multiplier, with unequal access it can also expand the gap between the haves and have nots. Thus, the state needs to address the striking disparities in access to digital tools for universalization of education. Inter-ministerial Coordination: There is an emphasis on vocational training, but to make it effective, there has to be close coordination between the education, skills and labour ministry. Conclusion: A New Education Policy aims to facilitate an inclusive, participatory and holistic approach, which takes into consideration field experiences, empirical research, stakeholder feedback, as well as lessons learned from best practices. It is a progressive shift towards a more scientific approach to education. The prescribed structure will help to cater the ability of the child – stages of cognitive development as well as social and physical awareness. If implemented in its true vision, the new structure can bring India at par with the leading countries of the world. Q 2. What are the factors contributing to India’s below par performance on addressing hunger and malnutrition despite having adequate food stocks? Examine. Approach: As the directive here is examine, it is necessary to cover various angles of the issue and there by provide a solution in brief. In the introduction you can start by showing India's performance in Global Hunger Index, thereby showing its below par performance. In the main body part it is necessary to show how much adequate food stock India has and then explain factors contributing to India’s below par performance on addressing hunger and malnutrition. In the next part give government initiatives and way forward in brief. Introduction: India has been ranked 94 on the 2020 Global Hunger Index (GHI), lower than neighbours like Bangladesh and Pakistan. India falls in the 'serious' category on the Index, with a total score of 27.2. India's poor score comes almost entirely from the child stunting and wasting parameters. Body: Adequate food stock in India: Although India has overall food security with record levels of foodgrain production. In recent years, access to healthy food is still difficult for poor households. Food Corporation of India(FCI), has grain stocks of about 91-92 mmt, against a buffer stock norm of 41.12 mmt, that are required for public districution systems and some strategic reserves. Hence, FCI has "excess stock" of nearly 50 mmt. Factors contributing to India's below par performance on addressing hunger and malnutrition: Although foodgrain production has increased fivefold since Independence, it has not sufficiently addressed the issue of hunger and malnutrition due to long time focus on increasing one specific crop i.e. monoculture. For instance, in the regions around Punjab mostly wheat production took place. Which led to surplus production of one specific variety of crops. Lax implementation: Providing nutritious food to the country's children is more a matter of political will and effective policy implementation at the grassroots level. For instance, sever levels of Hunger and malnutrition in the Melghat region of Maharashtra shows lax policy implementation. Food consumption patterns have changed substantially in India over the past few decades, which has resulted in the disappearance of many nutritious local foods like millets. Besides, flaws in the implementation of Integrated child development scheme (ICDS), Mid day meal scheme, also resulted aggravating the problem of malnutrition in India. For instance, In a recent incidence in Uttar Pradesh, through mid day meal scheme students were provided salt with chapatis. Lack of storage: Due to inadequate number of godowns for storage, a part of procured grains is maintained as outdoor stacks ('Cover-and-Plinth' system), which face high risk of rain damage and pilferage. Poor quality of food grains & high wastage: Due to insect infestation, microbiological contamination, physiological changes due to sprouting and ripening etc., the shelf life of food grains remain poor. Lack of irradiation facilities also impedes long term storage. FCI delivers food grains to State Govt./ State Agencies from its base depots for distribution by the latter through Fair Price Shops. However, damage and loss during transmission or corruption in the transport process creates impediments delivery of essential food grains. For instance, despite receiving the required number of stock for a month if a PDS shopkeeper sells the food grains through black market. It creates the inaccessibility to required food grains for the poor. Poor sanitation, leading to diarrhoea, is another major cause of child wasting and stunting thereby aggravating hunger and malnutrition. At the time of the last NFHS, almost 40% of households were still practising open defecation. Only 36% of households disposed of children's stools in a safe manner. Along with it, prevalent structural inequities such as caste inequities have also aggravated the issue of hunger and malnutrition in India. Steps to address the issue and Government Initiative: Expansion of government schemes by increasing access to maternal and child health care, as well as education on healthy diets and child feeding practices. An all inclusive policy making approach needs to be adopted. For instance, inclusion of all stakeholders while making the policy. The stakeholders include, government, NGO's, child rights organisations, women rights organisations. Finding out the flaws in governments schemes and addressing them is necessary. For instance, POSHAN ABHIYAAN, Mission Indradhanush, Mid day meal scheme, ICDS etc. The National Food Security Act, (NFSA) 2013 legally entitled up to 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population to receive subsidized food grains under the Targeted Public Distribution System. Strict implementation of PDS while strategising to achieve the targets is necessary. Universalisation of PDS to avoid undercoverage, Inclusion and Exclusion Errors and in preventing the leakage in the delivery system, for all the problems are related to including only a section of society under the scheme. Implementing the recommendation of the Shanta kumar committee for reforms in the public distribution system can be a good step in the efficient functioning of PDS. Conclusion: National Nutrition Mission (POSHAN Abhiyaan) seeks to ensure a "malnutrition free India" by 2022. However, there is no single solution, as the issue of India's below par performance on addressing hunger and nutrition is multifaceted. Indian needs an all inclusive, multi-pronged approach to address the issue of malnutrition and hunger in India. Which will help India to contribute to achieve SDG 2's target to end all forms of hunger and malnutrition by 2030. Q 3. Examine the factors that ail the primary healthcare system in India. Why is there a wide variance in the performance of states? Analyse. Approach: It expects students to write about factors ailing the primary health sector and highlight about wide variations in the performance of states. Introduction Primary health care is a whole-of-society approach to health and well-being centred on the needs and preferences of individuals, families and communities. It addresses the broader determinants of health and focuses on the comprehensive and interrelated aspects of physical, mental and social health and wellbeing. Primary health care is rooted in a commitment to social justice and equity and in the recognition of the fundamental right to the highest attainable standard of health. Body Factors behind ailing primary health care system in India: Limited services: Although Primary Health Care system exists in India but its scope is limited to pregnancy care, limited childcare and certain services related to national health programmes. Massive shortages in the supply of services (human resources, hospitals and diagnostic centres in the private/public sector) which are made worse by grossly inequitable availability between and within States. E.g. Even a well-placed State such as Tamil Nadu has an over 30% shortage of medical and non-medical professionals in government facilities. Funding: Funding for overall health care is very low, leaving insufficient amount that requires to be spend on Primary Health Care. The health budget has neither increased nor is there any policy to strengthen the public/private sector in deficit areas. While the Ayushman Bharat provides portability, one must not forget that it will take time for hospitals to be established in deficit areas. Staff shortage: PHCs are also suffering from inadequate skilled and trained manpower. There is a shortfall of about 9,000 doctors in about 25,000 PHCs in the country. There is a massive shortage of medical staff, infrastructure and last mile connectivity in rural areas. Eg: Doctor: Population 1:1800 and 78% doctors cater to urban India (population of 30%). Healthcare without holistic approach: There are a lot of determinants for better health like improved drinking water supply and sanitation; better nutritional outcomes, health and education for women and girls; improved air quality and safer roads in rural areas which are outside the purview of the Health Ministry. Crumbling primary health care infrastructure: Given the country’s crumbling public healthcare infrastructure, most patients are forced to go to private clinics and hospitals. There is a shortage of PHCs (22%) and sub-health centres (20%), while only 7% sub-health centres and 12% primary health centres meet Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) norms. Social Inequality: The growth of health facilities has been highly imbalanced in India. Rural, hilly and remote areas of the country are under served while in urban areas and cities, health facility is well developed. The SC/ST and the poor people are far away from modern health service. Training and manpower problems: PHCs are suffering from poor management skills, lack of appropriate training and supportive supervision for health workers. Poor facilities: Primary level facilities need complete building reconstruction, as they operate out of rented apartments and thatched accommodations, and lack basic facilities such as toilets, drinking water and electricity. Overburdened PHCs: India has a large network of primary health centres (PHCs), each supposed to serve a population of 25,000. But in states such as Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand, however, a PHC covers as many as 45,000, 49,000 and 76,000 people. Wide variations in performance of different states: Decentralised health care and community level engagement: The synergy generated by integrating state government plans and programmes with the local governments, the co-operatives, women neighbourhood groups and civil society organisations for example Kudambashree and Vigilance wing by Kerala. Expenditure by states: Prevalence of considerable inequity favouring high income group of States in terms of healthcare resources, for instance, it indicates that the high income States hold a superior position in terms of per capita government expenditure on medical and public health, total number of hospitals and dispensaries, per capita availability of beds in hospitals and dispensaries and health manpower in rural and urban areas. Poor governance: The most important factor that influences health care is the quality of governance. States that have moved forward have had the spell of good governance for most of the periods are good performing states. Difference in female literacy: Woman’s low health literacy affects not only her own health knowledge, preventive behaviour, and ability to navigate the health care system but also her ability to care for her children. Geographical factor: Difficult terrain surrounded by hills, rivers, and dense forests leads to increase in the cost of health care, cost of health projects. Conclusion Pandemics such as Covid-19 starkly remind us that public health systems are core social institutions in any society. The government has made several efforts to address the shortfall in the public health system through the schemes. However, the need of the hour is an adequate investment, for creating a health system that can withstand any kind of public health emergencies, incentivise good performing states, deliver universal health coverage and meet the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals. Q 4. India suffers from the twin challenges of unemployment and skill gap. Do you agree? Examine the recent initiatives taken by the government to address those. Approach: It expects students to write about Unemployment and skill gap and recent government initiatives to address it. Introduction A skills gap is the difference between skills that employers want or need, and skills their workforce offer. Skill and employability go hand on hand. Skill gap is the real cause of high unemployable population. The skill gap is not only leading to unemployment but several other social economic challenges in the country. India still has age old tradition of learning on job through informal networks and training. Body India suffering from twin challenges of unemployment and skill gap due to: Employability: As of now, only 5 per cent of the workforce have undergone any kind of vocational training, but even many of those are not employable, since the skills acquired have limited market application as per NASSCOM. According to NASSCOM, almost 40 per cent of the skilled workforce is not employable because the acquired education and training are of substandard quality. Education system: Furthermore, India’s education system is primarily of a generalist nature and is not connected to the labour market. Academic and industrial requirements are not well synchronised. Skills Mismatch: India has a lopsided skills stock, it has caused problems due to the unregulated growth of technical institutions in the private sector and a lack of guidance for youth in choosing areas of training. As a result, an imbalance in the Indian labour market has created a surplus in some skills and shortages in others. Women Security and Social Restrictions: Women full engagement, however, remains restricted due to problems of personal security, biased attitudes of co-workers and social customs. Faced with ineffective protection, young female workers either select jobs for security considerations or prolong their education. Various studies have indicated marriage as a major cause of women workers withdrawing from the labour market and staying away from acquisition and upgrading skill. Job market changing with technology: Automation, machine learning and artificial intelligence, is drastically reducing the number of available jobs in the near future. New technology are rapidly evolving technology spaces where the comfort levels in using them needs to keep pace to stay professionally relevant which is lacking in Indian labour market. Shortage of Jobs: India’s economic growth was more due to productivity than employment. In the wake of the limited creation of additional jobs, workers especially youth found themselves without jobs. The prevailing situation forced them either to opt for unskilled or casual work in the informal sector or to enrol for further studies. Recently, there has been increased activity in the acquiring of skills. Young people are attending various technical institutes in large numbers due to various government initiatives such as: Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): PMKVY is the flagship outcome-based skill training scheme of MSDE. Till 26 October 2018, 1.94 lakh candidates got a certificate and out of them, only 55% got employed across different sectors. This shows the low employability level under PMKVY. Participation from more and more industries should be sought for placement of the candidates trained under the scheme. National Apprentice Promotion Scheme: Scheme promote apprenticeship training and increase the engagement of apprentices from present 2.3 lakh to 50 lakh cumulatively by 2020. Training is considered to be most efficient ways to develop skilled manpower. It is providing the industry led practiced oriented model of formal training. In future it’s expected to become a effective skill delivery mechanism of India. USSTAD scheme: The Scheme aims at upgrading Skills and Training of minority communities by preservation of traditional ancestral Arts and Crafts. Many training center under scheme not started yet and knowledge partner does not belong to minority community. Skill Development Initiative Scheme: Scheme aims to providing skill training to early school leavers & existing workers. The certifications provided under this scheme are nationally and internationally recognised. The enrolment in skill institutes remains low as compared to their enrolment capacity. This is due to low awareness level among youths about the skill development programmes. National career services: It was launched for establishing quick and efficient career related services across the country by revamping the existing nation-wide set-up of Employment Exchanges into IT-enabled Career Centres. Posting of vacancies on the portal continues to stay sluggish, even though the number of job seekers is rising. Seekho aur Kamao: The scheme aims at upgrading the skills of minority youth in various modern/traditional skills depending upon their qualification, present economic trends and market potential, which can earn them suitable employment or make them suitably skilled to go for self-employment. Hunar se Rozgar: The Govt. of India, Ministry of Tourism has launched a Training Programme, christened Hunar Se Rozgar Tak, to create employable skills in the interested youth who are in the age group of 18-25 years and who are minimum 8th pass. Himayat Scheme: It is a training-cum-placement programme for unemployed youth in Jammu and Kashmir. Youth will be provided short-term training for at least 3 months, in a range of skills for which there is good demand. Other different measures need to take by government to tackle twin challenges of skill gaps and unemployment: Raising national standards of education. Offering accreditation to more educational institutions for national and global recognition. Skill survey. Partnering with developed nation to raise countries skill standards. Allowing various skill upgrading apps and online sites for certification. Offering industry specific online courses for existing workforce. Promoting the adoption for different technologies such as blockchain technology, AI etc. Conclusion The ever-increasing size of the youth workforce, both skilled and unskilled, in an environment of job scarcity means more young people are faced with limited employment opportunities, causing them to be either underemployed or unemployed. Taking cognisance of the importance of skill development for our national development and global competitiveness government has taken appropriate national skilling agenda. However realisation of this agenda requires active involvement and vigorous partnership among all the stake holders viz., government, suppliers of educational services, industry and civil society. Q 5. India’s social security infrastructure has created some wonderful frameworks. Do you agree? Substantiate your views. Approach: It expects students to write - in first part write about how social security infrastructure - while in second part mention about lacuna in India’s social security infrastructure. Introduction: According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), Social Security is a comprehensive approach designed to prevent deprivation, give assurance to the individual of a basic minimum income for himself and his dependents and to protect the individual from any uncertainties. Body: Performance of India’s social security infrastructure: Food security: under NFSA, MDM, ICDS and Antodya Aan Yojana, food security is provided to every vulnerable category and age group according to statistics of world’s food reports. But weak beneficiary selection criteria, age old storage infrastructure, ineffective implementation and wide scale corruption mars the very notion of this scheme. Health security: like AABY, govt. recently attached various insurance schemes for unorganized sector and entrepreneurs to Aadhar linked bank account. Further, govt. decision to increase FDI in insurance sector raised expectation to improve health insurance in country. Similarly, NHM is directed to provide health care facilities in locality. Lack of staff, weak supporting infrastructure and lack of private sector’s interest towards these schemes are affecting its final output. Livelihood security: MGREGA is provided as legal right to unskilled workers to guaranteed work of 100 days per year. This scheme was hailed as most innovative scheme of developing world. But problems like inability of states to provide required day of work, manipulation in payrolls and delayed payments, scheme’s failure to improve skilled capacity of workers and highly discriminatory and politicized panchayats, as main executive authority, towards worker selections are some roadblocks in this scheme’s effective implementation and workings. Economic security: PMJDY and allied schemes under financial inclusion programme aimed to provide savings instrument and infrastructural support for DBT transfers have gained attraction of world financial reporting during last whole year. But, unfunded accounts and illiterate consumers unable to operate accounts are problems from consumer side, and weak banking infrastructure in rural hinterlands, unresponsive banking staff and failure to link other financial schemes under PMJDY are govt. side problems. Conclusion: India’s social protection needs to be reshaped to address increased poverty vulnerability and increased uneven playing field. The declining share of labour in total income and accumulation of capital wealth in the hands of a few have raised concern. We need new ways of scaling up social protection for 80% of working people in India who have no or little access to social protection. TLP HOT Synopsis Day 44 PDF

Dec 3, 2020 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz - 2020 : IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs Quiz 3rd Dec 2020

Dec 2, 2020 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 2nd December 2020

Archives (PRELIMS + MAINS FOCUS) C32-LH2 Tank: Biggest cryogenic propellant tank delivered to ISRO Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Sci & Tech In news The public sector aerospace manufacturing company, the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) delivered the biggest cryogenic propellant tank C32-LH2 to the Indian Space Research Organisation. Key takeaways The C32-LH2 tank is a developmental cryogenic propellant tank of aluminium alloy. It is designed for improving the payload capability of GSLV MK-III launching vehicle of ISRO. The tank can load 5755 kg propellant fuel. Important value addition Cryogenic fuels Cryogenic fuels are fuels that require storage at extremely low temperatures in order to maintain them in a liquid state. These fuels are used in machinery that operates in space because ordinary fuel cannot be used there due to the very low temperatures often encountered in space, and due to absence of an environment that supports combustion. Cryogenic fuels most often constitute liquefied gases such as liquid hydrogen. Annapurna Idol to be brought back from Canada Part of: GS Prelims and GS-I – Culture & GS-II – International Relations In news An ancient idol of the goddess Annapurna, stolen from India about a century ago, is being brought back from Canada. Annapurna is the goddess of food. The 18th-century idol, carved in the Benares style, is part of the University of Regina, Canada’s collection at the MacKenzie Art Gallery. Do you know? A few weeks ago, 13th-century old bronze idols of Lord Rama, Lakshmana and goddess Sita were handed to the Tamil Nadu government from the UK recently,. Between 2014 and 2020, the government has been able to retrieve 40 antiquities from various countries. Between 1976 and 2014, as per ASI records, 13 antique pieces had been repatriated to India. Zebrafish being used as a research model to promote heart regeneration Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Environment; Biodiversity In news Recently, Scientists at Pune-based Agharkar Research Institute have used the Zebrafish as a research model and identified genes that can promote heart regeneration. Important value addition Zebrafish is a tiny freshwater fish barely 2-3 cm long. It can efficiently regenerate its damaged heart within a short time period. Zebrafish is found in the tropical and subtropical regions. The fish is native to South Asia’s Indo-Gangetic plains, where they are mostly found in the paddy fields and even in stagnant water and streams. It is a popular aquarium fish, frequently sold under the trade name Danio. The zebrafish is an important and widely used vertebrate model organism in scientific research, for example in drug development, in particular pre-clinical development. It is also notable for its regenerative abilities and has been modified by researchers to produce many transgenic strains. World AIDS Day 2020 Part of: GS Prelims and GS-II – Health In news The World AIDS Day is observed on 1st December every year all over the world. Key takeaways It was founded in 1988 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Theme for 2020: “Global solidarity, resilient HIV services.” In 2019, 6,90,000 people died from HIV-related causes and 1.7 million people were newly infected, with nearly 62% of these new infections occurring among key populations and their partners. Important value addition AIDS is a pandemic disease caused by the infection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which damages the human immune system. It is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition. By damaging immune system, HIV interferes with the body's ability to fight infection and disease. The virus can be transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen or vaginal fluids. AIDS symptoms include weight loss, fever or night sweats, fatigue and recurrent infections. No cure exists for AIDS. Strict adherence to antiretroviral regimens (ARVs) can slow the disease's progress and prevent secondary infections and complications. Kiwis Of Ziro Valley Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Agriculture In news The kiwis that grow wild in Arunachal Pradesh’s Ziro Valley are the only certified organic fruit of their kind in India. Arunachal Pradesh is the first State in India to obtain Organic Certification for Kiwi under Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North East Region (MOVCD-NER). Ziro Valley is located in Lower Subansiri district. Important value addition Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North East Region (MOVCD-NER) It is a Central Sector Scheme. It is a sub-mission under National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA). Launched by: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Implementation in: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura, Do you know? An agricultural practice/product is considered organic when there are no chemical fertilisers or pesticides involved in its cultivation process. Such certifications in India can be obtained after strict scientific assessment done by the regulatory body, Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA). China gives ‘go ahead’ for New Dam on Brahmaputra Part of: GS Prelims and GS-II – International Relations In news Recently, China has given the go ahead for a Chinese hydropower company to construct the first downstream hydropower project on the lower reaches of the river Brahmaputra. Key takeaways The state-owned hydropower company signed a strategic cooperation agreement with the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) government to implement hydropower exploitation in the downstream of the Yarlung Zangbo river as part of the new Five Year Plan (2021-2025). This will be the first time the downstream sections of the river will be tapped. The location of the planned project has not been mentioned anywhere. This 50 km section alone offers a potential of developing 70 million kilowatt hours (Kwh). Important value addition Brahmaputra It originates under the name of Siang or Dihang, from the Chemayungdung glacier of the Kailash range near the Mansarovar lake. It enters India west of Sadiya town in Arunachal Pradesh. Tributaries: Dibang, Lohit, Siang, Burhi Dihing, Tista, and Dhansari. It is a perennial river. It has several peculiar characteristics due to its geography and prevailing climatic conditions. It is flooded twice annually. One flood is caused by the melting of the Himalayan snow in summer and the other due to the monsoon flows. The frequency of these floods has increased. These floods are devastating due to climate change and its impact on high and low flows. These pose a concern for the population and food security in the lower riparian states of India and Bangladesh. The river is in itself dynamic as frequent landslides and geological activity force it to change course very often. Miscellaneous Cyclonic storm ‘Burevi’ The Deep Depression over southwest Bay of Bengal recently intensified into Cyclonic Storm ‘Burevi’. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) announced that a cyclone brewing in the Bay of Bengal is likely to affect Tamil Nadu and Kerala, less than a week after cyclone Nivar wreaked havoc in the southern states. The cyclone will cross the Sri Lanka coast on December 2 and bring heavy rain over Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Aadi Mahotsav Union Minister for Tribal Affairs launched the Aadi Mahotsav is a national tribal festival. It is a joint initiative of Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India & Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED). The Aadi Mahotsav initiative was commenced in 2017. The festival showcases traditional art and handicrafts and cultural heritage of the country. It is an attempt to familiarise the people with the rich and diverse craft, culture of the tribal communities across the country, in one place. Virtual edition of Aadi Mahotsav- Madhya Pradesh was recently launched. Ramayan Cruise Tour ‘Ramayan Cruise Tour’ on the Saryu river in Ayodhya will be launched soon. Ministry: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways The Sarayu is a river that originates in Uttarakhand. It flows through Uttar Pradesh in India. It is a tributary of the Sharda River. (Mains Focus) INTERNATIONAL / SECURITY Topic: General Studies 2: India and its neighborhood- relations Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests Assassination of Iranian Nuclear Scientist Context: The brazen murder of a top Iranian nuclear scientist, Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, outside Tehran during November last week. Fakhrizadeh was widely regarded as a key figure in Iran’s nuclear weapons programme and his assassination — for which no one has yet claimed responsibility — will have serious geopolitical implications in West Asia and beyond Critical Analysis of the killing It highlights Iran’s growing strategic vulnerabilities This is second such high profile killing during 2020. General Qasem Soleimani, the Iranian general in charge of the Quds Force of the Revolutionary Guard was killed by a US drone strike in January. The frequent attacks on high-profile Iranian targets raise questions about the hostile penetration of its society. There has been speculation that the assassins may have had help from locals on the ground. Killing was done to sabotage the renewal of Iran Nuclear Deal In 2015, Iran agreed a long-term deal on its nuclear programme with a group of world powers known as the P5+1 - the US, UK, France, China, Russia and Germany Under the accord, Iran agreed to limit its sensitive nuclear activities and allow in international inspectors in return for the lifting of crippling economic sanctions that was imposed on Iran by US, UN and EU. However, in May 2018, US President Donald Trump abandoned the deal and reinstated sanctions targeting both Iran and states that trade with it. Subsequently in 2019, Iran also suspended commitments under the agreement. This made that the landmark deal dead. However, President elect Joe Biden has talked about restarting the negotiation with Iran after he assumes Presidency after Jan 20. For Trump Administration, Israel and Saudi Arabia — Iran’s rival in the Great Game in West Asia and North Africa — such a rapprochement would be detrimental to their interests. The assassination of Fakhrizadeh is about achieving that political objective. If Iran retaliates vigorously, it will invite an all-out confrontation with Israel and the US and kill the prospects for a productive engagement with the Biden administration. Holding back will expose Iran’s weakness and sharpen internal divisions between pragmatists who want to engage the US and the hardliners who are itching for a confrontation. Rapid transformation of Arab relations with Israel. The fear of Iran has been driving Gulf Arabs to embrace Israel. In the last few months, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates have normalised ties with Israel (Abraham Accords) There is also speculation of an impending normalisation of ties between Israel and Saudi Arabia — the ideological core of the Islamic and Arab world. Iran has much goodwill in South Asia, but India and its neighbours have no desire to get sucked into Tehran’s conflicts with the Arabs or the US. All this will further widen the gap between Iran and rival Arab Camp (led by Saudi Arabia, supported by US & now Israel) Deepening rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Turkey for the leadership of the Muslim world Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the UAE want to return the Middle East towards political and religious moderation. However, the once secular Turkey under Recep Tayyip Erdogan has become the new champion of political Islam. Turkey’s new religious zeal provides a good ideological cover for Erdogan’s ambitions to expand its geopolitical influence in the Middle East. The recent developments might change the geopolitical alignments in the region with Turkey playing a more aggressive role in the conflicts of the region Conclusion Although India has made some important adjustments to its engagement with the Middle East in recent years, Delhi can’t take its eyes off the rapid changes in the region. New Delhi has thus far managed to maintain strong ties across the Middle East. This is a time to wait and watch, while continuing the policy of bipartisan friendship. Connecting the dots: India’s Chabahar Project and consequent changes: Click here & here INTERNATIONAL/ SECURITY Topic: General Studies 2: Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate. Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests Regional priorities: On the SCO summit Context: Three years after joining the eight-nation Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), India hosted the SCO heads of governments (HoG) meeting for the first time. For a brief background on SCO, Click here Although the HoG Council consists of the Prime Ministers of all SCO countries, neither Prime Minister Narendra Modi nor Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan attended the meet, ostensibly due to a protocol mismatch between the position of PMs in parliamentary democracies versus those in the former Soviet bloc and China Key Takeaways from the 2020 Meeting (Virtual) Response to COVID-19: Need for developing a “Plan of Priority Practical Measures for 2021-2022 to overcome the socio-economic, financial and food consequences of COVID-19 in the region”. Multilateralism: Members committed to strengthening multilateralism and the UN charter while welcoming the fact that the grouping is now being seen as an “influential and responsible participant in the modern system of international relations”. India-Pakistan Differences: PM Modi was represented by Vice-President Venkaiah Naidu, who made strong observations on cross-border terrorism; he called it the SCO region’s “biggest challenge”, in comments aimed at Pakistan. Pakistan’s representative too spoke of the need to combat what she called “state terrorism” in disputed areas, in a reference to Jammu and Kashmir. Neither statement on terrorism was reflected in the final joint statement, which focused on trade and economic issues. India- China Differences: India also marked its differences with China over the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by not joining other SCO members in a paragraph endorsing the BRI What is the importance of SCO going forward? Regardless of the differences, Indian government has consistently maintained the importance of the SCO grouping, referred to as the “Asian NATO” although it does not mandate security alliances Regional Engagement: The SCO is one of the few regional structures India is a part of now, given a decline in its engagement with SAARC, BBIN and the RCEP. Connect with Central Asia: The SCO provides India a convenient channel for its outreach — trade and strategic ties — to Central Asian countries. Platform to solve tense bilateral issues: SCO has afforded a platform, when needed, for bilateral discussions with the two countries India has the most tense ties with: China and Pakistan. While the government has eschewed meetings with Pakistan for the last five years, it has used the SCO for talks with China, including this year amidst the LAC stand-off. Geopolitical Balance: SCO has been seen as a grouping worth pursuing as it retains India’s geopolitical balance, a useful counterpoint to India’s otherwise much more robust relations with the western world. Conclusion The SCO serves India’s quest for geopolitical balance and regional engagement Connecting the dots: Future of SAARC and BIMSTEC India’s Non-Alignment Policy in the times of increasing Polarisation in world (TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) Model questions: (You can now post your answers in comment section) Note: Correct answers of today’s questions will be provided in next day’s DNA section. Kindly refer to it and update your answers. Comments Up-voted by IASbaba are also the “correct answers”. Q.1 Ordinary fuel cannot be used in machinery that operates in space due to which of the following reasons: Low temperatures encountered in space. Absence of an environment that supports combustion. Which of the above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2 Consider the following statements regarding zebrafish: It is a large freshwater fish. It is found in the tropical and subtropical regions. It is widely used in scientific research. Which of the above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 2 only 1 and 3 only Q.3 Sarayu river originates in which of the following state of India? Uttrakhand Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh ANSWERS FOR 1st December 2020 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK) 1 A 2 D 3 D 4 B Must Read AboutCorporates as Bank: The Hindu About rights of prisoners with disabilities: The Hindu About Dilli Chalo Farmer’s protest and need for government to resolve it: The Indian Express

Dec 2, 2020 TLP Mains 2020

SYNOPSIS [30th NOVEMBER,2020] Day 43: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 2): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE SYNOPSIS [30th NOVEMBER,2020] Day 43: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 2): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies) 1. The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire created many fault lines for Europes’s future. Do you agree? Substantiate. Approach: As the directive here is substantiating it is necessary to give examples while giving an argument. In the introduction you can explain about how and when the disintegration of ottoman empire took place. In the main body part, it is necessary to explain what kind of effects it created citing Europe's future. While concluding it is necessary to connect it with the recent developments. Introduction: At the start of World War, I, the Ottoman Empire was already in decline. The Ottoman army entered the war in 1914 on the side of the Central Powers (including Germany and Austria-Hungary) and were defeated in October 1918. Following the Armistice of Mudros, most Ottoman territories were divided between Britain, France, Greece and Russia. Body: Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and fault lines for Europe's future: The Ottoman empire officially ended in 1922 when the title of Ottoman Sultan was eliminated. Turkey was declared a republic on October 29, 1923, when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938), an army officer, founded the independent Republic of Turkey. He then served as Turkey’s first president from 1923 until his death in 1938, implementing reforms that rapidly secularized and westernized the country. Following the Armistice of Mudros, most Ottoman territories were divided between Britain, France, Greece and Russia. The Aftermath of dissolution of ottoman empire drastic political, cultural, economic, and social changes across Europe observed. The former empire of Austria-Hungary was dissolved, and new nations were created from its land such as Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. In Europe, they retained only the country of Turkey. Poland, which had long been divided among Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary, was reconstituted. Within the British Empire too, disaffected nations fought for independence. Hence, in geographical sense it completely changed the political map of Europe by creating or dividing the nations. However, it was not just the effect of the fall of ottoman empire but also the impact of end of first world war which changed the political discourse across Europe. The harsh conditions forced upon Germany after the end of world war I actually supplemented the anger of Germans, thereby it supplemented rise of Hitler, who became the prominent figure for World War II. Besides it also increased the ideological debate between Western thinkers and Eastern thinkers. As a result, two polar opposite ideologies as communism and liberalism gained prominence in Europe. Which in fact led to creation of Berlin wall in 1961. It not only affected the political sphere but it also affected the economic sphere too. For instance, after disintegration of ottoman empire, we can easily observe economic hardships of many European countries. For instance, around in 1923, 42 billion German marks were worth the equivalent of one American cent. The effects of disintegration of ottoman empire are not just limited to supplement the impact of World war I and World War II but they are impacting even today's world too. For instance, UK left European Union i.e. Brexit. Conclusion: The aftermath effects of disintegration of ottoman empire are still visible today. However, Europe due to its strategic location suffered the most after disintegration of ottoman empire. The effects are still relevant today as many nations are asking to come out of European Union. However, Europe needs to understand the rise of China and should have foresight to tackle this challenges, else it might culminate in to world war III or new imperialism. 2. Industrial revolution became the engine of European colonialism in the 19th century. Comment. Approach: As the directive here is comment, it is necessary to give different viewpoints and then own opinion. You can start in introduction by telling what is industrial revolution and when it started. In the first half of main body part you are expected to show how Industrial revolution gave impetus to European colonialism in the 19th century. In the conclusion, you can show how it affected the history of colony and changed the course of world history. Introduction: The Industrial Revolution, now also known as the First Industrial Revolution, was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines which led to the rise of the mechanized factory system. Body: Industrial revolution became the engine of European colonialism in the 19th century: European power acquired colonies which ensured a regular supply of raw materials. In return the countries which were industrially advanced took this raw material, processed it and sold the manufactured products in to the colonies itself. European powers overseas colonies were the captive market for the goods it produced now. Textile industry and the iron industry adopted some innovations of its own as well. Hence, it led to colonies being the backyard as well as market for the European countries. Innovated machines like the flying shuttle, spinning jenny and power loom, made the production much easier and faster, while at the same time requiring less human capital. It resulted in large scale production of manufactured goods. However, the market in Europe was not that much developed to assimilate such huge quantity of product. Hence, Europeans tried to expand their market in the colonies. It led to flourishment of trade, market, and communication across the world. Due to industrial revolution shipping industry also got developed. Which led to transport revolution. To expand facilities for transport by water much cheaper than overland, European countries began connecting rivers and lakes with canals. Canal building spread to Europe and America and was a big help in providing cheaper transportation, especially after steam boats came into use. It not only led to market expansion in colonial countries but it also led to local market destruction in colonies too. For instance, the large quantities of European produce in the market side-lined locally produced handicrafts in India. It resulted in following effects: It strengthened the roots of colonialism by capturing the markets of colonised countries. It also strengthened the expansionist policies of European colonial countries. It increased the settler colonialism, i.e. foreign citizens move into a region and create permanent or temporary settlements called colonies. It is exemplified in the colonies established in what became the United States, New Zealand, Namibia, South Africa. However, it also led to exploitative colonialism, where foreign armies conquer a country in order to control and capitalize on its natural resources and indigenous population. Europeans established authoritarian regimes in these colonies, which had no limits on state power. For instance, in Congo Basin. Hence, it can be said that, Industrial revolution led to dominance of European countries over colonies they captured and after that they settled down there. It resulted in expansion of European colonialism. Conclusion: Industrial Revolution observed the emergence of modern capitalist economies around the world at this time as the GDP per capita saw an exponential rate of growth around this time. Economic historians regard the Industrial Revolutions as the most important moment in human history since the domestication of animals and plants and hence it can be said that Industrial revolution became the engine of European colonialism in the 19th century. 3. How did ideas of enlightenment affect the European history? Briefly describe. Approach: It expects students to write about enlightenment and how enlightenment ideas affected the European history. Introduction The Enlightenment was a period from the late 17th century into the 18th century were new ideas about government, personal freedom and religious beliefs began to develop in Europe. Each of them had their specific ideas and views about what made themselves and their age different from the previous people and their ages. However, all of them strongly believed in certain major concepts & ideas. These are faith in reason, belief in change & progress and finally faith in the concept of nature. Body Characteristics of enlightenment: Reason Empiricism Science Universalism Individualism Toleration Uniform human nature Secularism Ideas of enlightenment affected European history in the following ways: Degeneration of the Absolute Monarchy: Absolute monarchy reached its peak under Louis XIV, and began to degenerate during his lifetime. Refusal of Louis XV to remedy the abuses of the old order, inefficiency of Louis XVI, all added to the initiation of the process of French revolution. Hegemony of the ideology of profiteering: There were some historical events also which intensified the process of modernity. In Western Europe industrialisation had come with the ideology of capitalism. The desire for mass production urged the mercantile community to find out new markets for the sale of their product. For example, East India company in India. Process of different revolutions: The economic (the global capitalist economy), the social (formation of classes and an advanced sexual and social division of labour), the cultural (the transition from a religious to a secular culture) and political (the rise of the secular state and polity). Spread of modern ideas: During the 18th-century people began to look at the whole world and the role of people in a different way. The French Philosopher and writer Francois Marie Voltaire attacked the authority of the religious institutions and the governments of the day. Jean-Jacques Rousseau criticised civilisation itself saying that people should not obtain more possession or power than needed. The triumph of liberalism: The objective of enlightenment was to attain social justice for the mankind as a whole. This justice could be materialised by development. Thus, liberalism triumphed over feudalism and created a model of social justice and progress. As a matter of fact, liberation is the dominant ideology of the western democracies, with its roots in enlightenment thought. Modern capitalism: There was capitalism in some form or the other before the advent of enlightenment. But, in the aftermath of urbanisation, industrialisation, colonialism and democracy, capitalism took a modern form. Enlightenment made capitalism an international affair. There emerged capitalist market relations at a global scale. Birth of modernity: Modernity thus created the institution of nation-state and an international system of states, a dynamic and expansionist capitalist economic order based on private property, industrialism, the growth of large-scale administrative and bureaucratic systems of social organisation and regulation, the dominance of secular, materialist, rationalist and individualist cultural values, and the formal separation of the ‘private’ from the ‘public’. Affected legal codes and governmental structures: The Age of Enlightenment influenced many legal codes and governmental structures that are still in place today. Montesquieu a huge proponent of the Enlightenment, Montesquieu suggested the theory of the separation of powers in order to obtain a political system of checks and balances, promoting order and equality. Principles of the Enlightenment also featured heavily in the Bill of Rights and the Declaration of Independence. Conclusion The old way of life was represented by superstition, an angry God, and absolute submission to authority. The thinkers of the Age of Reason ushered in a new way of thinking. This new way championed the accomplishments of humankind. Individuals did not have to accept despair. Science and reason could bring happiness and progress. Kings did not rule by divine right. They had an obligation to their subjects. Europeans pondered the implications for nearly a century. 4. The history of African decolonisation is sharply contrasted from its Asian counterparts. Elucidate. Approach: It expects students to write about African decolonization and how its sharply contrasted from its Asian counterparts. Introduction: The decolonisation of Africa took place in the mid-to-late 1950s to 1975. The changes that came during the process was sudden and radical as the colonies made their transition towards independence at times marred by political violence. The decolonisation of Asia was the gradual growth of independence movements in Asia, leading ultimately to the retreat of foreign powers and the creation of a number of nation-states in the region. Body: Decolonisation of Africa sharp contrast from its Asian counterparts: Neo-Colonialism: The old European powers sought to exert influence in newly independent trades through biased trade policies. Colonial powers were technologically advanced. So they used it as a leverage in directing foreign investment and hence controlling the new states. This came to be known as Neo-Colonialism. This was dominant in African decolonising countries whereas Asian countries were free to decide their own economic and trade policies. Nature of Discrimination: Religious and Caste based discrimination was highlight of Asia. In Africa it is racial Discrimination which was dominant. Pan-Africanism: A feeling of brotherhood was growing within the indigenous people of Africa. This meant a pooling of resources and external support in the struggle for independence. As more and more countries attained freedom, the entire process was hastened. This type of pan regional phenomenon was missing in Asian decolonisation process. Democratic System: In Asia after independence, democracy prevailed but most of former colonies of Africa fell into Dictatorship. Tribal differences: Many countries were brought together by the sheer military forces of the colonisers. Lack of a common cultural past and tribal belligerence meant that they slaughtered each other inside these artificial boundaries imposed upon them. This led to worst genocides in Nigeria, Congo (Zaire), Burundi and Rwanda. Asian countries lacked such tribal dominance and were divided on natural cultural boundaries. Border Demarcation: National boundaries were demarcated based on Religious and Geographical lines but it was absent in Africa where still Civil war is going on for nation based on Ethnicity. Ethnic conflict: In some countries with an influential white settler population, Decolonisation was a more complex affair. They offered firm resistance because they were privileged under the old system. E.g. Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and the erstwhile Apartheid regime of South Africa. Sometimes, as in Zimbabwe, forced taking away of estates from the white minority led to an overall fall in productivity and caused economic crises. Such influential white settlers were minute in Asian countries and had very much limited influence. Spill over effect: In Asia starting from India, majority of nation got independent within few years but in Africa it continued for decades. Aftermath of Decolonisation: Army coups were common in countries with weak leadership and limited mass base in democratic processes. For example, Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, Congo etc. Sovereignty: Most of Asia gained sovereignty in its external and internal matters but still Colonial influence exists in Africa. Ex: French intervention in Chad, Mali etc. There are certain similarities in both of their struggles: Inspirations: Both continents derived inspiration from Western Educated elites like Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru, Sardar Patel, Dr. Kwame Nkrumah etc. Administration: Both country still follows European institutional systems in Administration like Bureaucracy and Judiciary. War: War followed in both continents after independence like Indo-Pak wars, Vietnam Wars, Arab-Israel wars, Algerian wars etc. Role of India: After Indian independence, India supported Decolonisation strongly in International fora through the leadership of Non-Alignment movement. India actively mobilised international opinion in favour of Decolonisation. In Indonesia and Africa, it was vocal in support. It also sent troops to solve the Congo Crisis of the 1960s. Besides, India contributes actively to the UN peacekeeping forces that operate in different parts of Africa. Conclusion: Decolonisation was a force of good that helped liberate billions of people across the globe from exploitation under an oppressive foreign rule. As a cultural process, it is continuing to date. It ended up with the majority of the world achieving self-determination and self-rule. Majority of the so-called “Third world” is still mired in extreme poverty. The way forward is through human development, the spread of education and building of institutions through regional Pan-African, Pan-South Asian cooperation. The democratisation of international order will help the third world more in getting its grievances addressed and in building a more equitable world. 5. Do you agree with the assertion that capitalism had triumphed with the disintegration of the USSR? Critically comment. Approach: As the directive here is critically comment, it is necessary to give both sides views and then put forth your own opinion. In the introduction you can start by giving how and when does the disintegration took place. In the first half of main body part it is necessary to give views in support of triumph of capitalism. In the next half give arguments in against triumph of capitalism. You can conclude by showing how it is still relevant this debate is still relevant today. Introduction: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a loose confederation of 15 republics with Russia as the leader. USSR was a strong bloc with great control over global politics from 1922 to 1991, when it was disintegrated into smaller units. However, it is asserted by the western countries that capitalism had triumphed with the disintegration of the USSR. Body: Capitalism had triumphed with the disintegration of the USSR: The disintegration of USSR brought at the forefront the lacunae of socialistic model of economic governance to the developing world. It was seen as a victory of capitalism over socialism, often termed as 'end of ideology' thesis. Western institutions like IMF and World Bank in the global economic governance pushed developing countries to adopt neo-liberal economic policies. Hence, rise of free economic market took place. Changes in politics of Europe led to disappearance of division between Western and Eastern Europe. Demolition of the Berlin wall, the unification of Germany, the end of the Warsaw Pact and rise of democratic regimes changed the politics of Europe. Disintegration of USSR also affected the relations with the other countries. For instance, financial aid from the Soviet Union to India was significantly reduced. Rise of free market economy, fall of Berlin wall, increased globalisation, and wide spread of liberal ideology supplemented the triumph of capitalism. As a result, the disintegration of the USSR resulted in USA’s dominance along the world politics table. However, it can't be exactly said that capitalism triumphed across the globe. As many of the countries across the globe were following their own policies. Survival of parallel ideologies/flows after disintegration of USSR: The Non-Aligned Movement was formed during the Cold War as an organization of States that did not seek to formally align themselves with either the United States or the Soviet Union, but sought to remain independent or neutral. One of the biggest challenge to capitalism came from Vietnam. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in the north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist countries, while the United States and its anti-Communist allies backed the Republic of Vietnam (ROV) in the south. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam was formally established on July 2, 1976 and the loss of USA in Vietnam war still persists as a 'Vietnam Syndrome' in every western thinker’s mind who thought that Capitalism has triumphed. Besides Rise of China posed greatest challenge to capitalism. It literally overshadowed the assertion that capitalism has triumphed. For instance, current trade war between USA and China. It's not just about the Asian countries, but communism also spread in the backyard of USA, i.e. in Cuba. Also USA's invasion in Afghanistan, Iraq shows that, capitalism triumph after disintegration of USSR is just an illusion, and USA is still trying to gain dominance over middle-east Asian countries through capitalism. It's actually an endeavour to assert capitalism in an attempt to capture the oil resources and strategic locations. Conclusion: It is of no doubt that after the disintegration of USSR, power equations across the world changed. It led to rise of USA and made the world a uni-polar world on political scale. However, different ideological flows still persisted which overshadowed the assertion of triumph of capitalism. The attempt of USA to pose capitalism as a triumphed ideology is still continuing. However, other ideological flows also have maintained their stronghold in their respective spheres. TLP HOT Synopsis Day 43 PDF

Posts