Jan 21, 2021 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz - 2021 : IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs Quiz 21st January 2021

For Previous Daily Quiz (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. We will make sure, in the next 4 months not a single day is wasted. All your energies are channelized in the right direction. Trust us! This will make a huge difference in your results this time, provided that you follow this plan sincerely every day without fail. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” To Know More about Ace the Prelims (ATP) 2021 - CLICK HERE Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken and solutions. To take the Test - Click Here

Jan 20, 2021 TLP Mains Answer Writing

SYNOPSIS [20th JANUARY,2021] Day 9: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE   SYNOPSIS [20th JANUARY,2021] Day 9: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)   1. How did federalism evolve as a guiding principle in the Indian constitution? Discuss. Approach With the help of multiple examples, you need to discuss the evolution of federalism as a guiding principle in the Indian constitution, especially with regards to judiciary’s interpretation of it. Introduction Federalism is derived from the Latin word “foedus”, which means “covenant, pact and treaty”. Federalism is a principle which defines a system wherein the government divides its power among the National Government and State Government. It is dual machinery system upon which a government works. There is a distribution of powers between the central authority and various state authorities. Body Constitution is a legal document having a special legal sanctity, which sets out the framework and the principal functions of the organs of the government of a state, and declares the principles governing the operation of those organs. The Indian Constitution laid down a political system which is federal in nature—i.e., there are two tiers of government: at the national level, and the state level. However, the Indian Constitution has structurally made the Union government more powerful than the states—therefore the seeming paradox of “centralised federalism.” Article 3 empowers Parliament to abolish or create States and therefore, it is argued that the very existence of States depends upon the mercy of Parliament. Parliament also can change the boundaries of the States. There are high emergency provisions in favour of the Centre, which negate the federalism. After the commencement of the Constitution in 1950, constitutional scholars struggled to find the true nature of the Constitution from unitary to federal to quasi-federal, cooperative federal, etc. When for the first time the issue was raised in the Supreme Court in 1962, by a majority of 6 to 1, it held that it was not true to any federal scheme while the dissenting single judge strongly argued that it was federal. In State of Rajasthan v. Union of India (AIR 1977 SC 1361) it was held that states could not assert any right based on the supposed federal character of the Constitution. Supreme Court said: “The Constitution is amphibian in sense that it can move either on the federal or the unitary plane. When action is taken under Article 356 the movement is on the unitary plane.” In West Bengal v. Union of India, the Supreme Court observed: ‘The Indian Union is not a true federation” Later, a majority of judges in the Kesavananda Bharati case in 1973 included federalism as part of the basic structure of the Constitution. In the SR Bommai case in 1994 and in a number of cases since then, the court has held that federalism is part of the basic structure of our Constitution. The SR Bommai case related to the power of the Centre to dismiss the duly elected government of a state. Following the Bommai case, the Supreme Court, as well as some of the high courts, have invalidated dismissal of state governments after asking a test of the strength of the political parties in the state on the floor of the state assembly and restored the dismissed government to its position. This is a development based on the principle of democracy, which besides being one of the basic features of our Constitution is also one of the three strands of a seamless web that, according to Granville Austin, the Constitution creates along with social revolution and unity of the nation. Article 249 is a well-drafted provision intending to secure greater flexibility in working the federation. The States have exclusive power to legislate on matters contained in the States List.  In India, responsibilities relating to expenditure and tax is distributed among Union government and State Government. Fiscal federalism in India is important for the successful operation of federalism. In this regard, Schedule VII (Article 246) of Indian Constitution lays down three lists on various subjects of national importance. Lists also include entries relating to the power of taxation. Taxation power of Union and State differ from each other.  The Seventy-third and Seventy-fourth amendments to the Constitution in 1992 have fortified the third tier of the governance, i.e., and local bodies like Panchayats and Municipalities. This amendment did not alter the relationship between the centre and states, but tried to create a strong representative polity at third level. It is an encouraging federal tendency.  Conclusion India’s federalism is fundamentally rooted in two simultaneous pursuits of nationhood: an embrace of state-based cultural diversities and a commitment to the larger Indian political community. This idea was politically implemented through organizations during the long freedom movement, which changed the framework within which India’s centre and states bargained after independence and thus ensuring a robust framework for the relations between centre and states in India. 2. The Government of India Act of 1935 was a watershed in India’s constitutional history. Why? Discuss. Approach Students are expected to write about the Government of India act 1935. And highlight on why it was watershed movement in India’s constitutional history. Introduction  With the building pressure of Indian political organizations and parties like congress, the British Government was constantly pressurized to make new reforms in the governance. For this many Indian Councils Act of 1892, 1909 and 1919 were enacted. But the most important act which shaped the contemporary as well as the later polity of India was the Government of India Act 1935. It can be seen as a watershed in India’s constitutional History. Body The Act derived material from four key sources viz. Report of the Simon Commission, discussions at the Third Round Table Conference, the White Paper of 1933 and the reports of the Joint select committees. GoI act 1935 as a watershed in India’s constitutional history: All India Federation: It changed the Federation of India in the aspects of the structure of government, legislation and so on. It provided for the establishment of an All-India Federation consisting of the British India Provinces and other Indian states. The States were absolutely free to join or not to join the proposed Federation. The rulers of Indian states never gave their consent and thus, the Federation envisaged by the Act never came into being. Setting up Provincial Autonomy: One feature of the new Act was that it marked the beginning of the provincial autonomy. The Act divided legislative powers between the provincial and central legislatures and within their defined sphere the provinces they were autonomous units of administration. The Ministers were not absolutely free in matter of running their departments. The Governors continued to possess a set of overriding powers. Setting up of a bicameralism: It introduced bicameralism in six out of eleven provinces. Thus, the legislatures of Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Bihar, Assam and the United Provinces were made bicameral consisting of a legislative council (upper house) and a legislative assembly (lower house). However, many restrictions were placed on them. Setting up of a federal court: A Federal court was also envisaged to be set up under this act so the provisions of the act could be interpreted in case of any disputes. The Federal Court established by this Act has three kinds of jurisdictions i.e. Original, Appellate and Advisory. The court had exclusive original jurisdiction in any dispute between the Federation and its units. Distribution of Legislative Power: The act made a three-fold division of powers between the Centre and the Provinces- federal list, provincial list and concurrent list. The subjects which were of all-India interest and demanded uniform treatment were put in the federal list. Residuary powers: The allocation of residuary powers was unique. It was not vested in either of the legislatures, central or provincial. But the Governor-General was empowered to authorise, either the Federal or the Provincial Legislature to enact a law with respect to any residuary matter. Protection of Minorities: A very significant provision was the safeguards and protective armours for the minorities. It was argued that the minorities needed protection from the dominance of the majority community. Abolition of the Indian Council of the Secretary of State: The Government of India Act 1935 abolished the Council of Secretary of State for India, which was created in 1858. Secretary of State was to have advisers on its place. With the introduction of the provincial autonomy the control of the Secretary of State over Transferred Subjects was greatly diminished. Communal and Separate Electorate and Reservations: The Act not only retained the separate electorate (of previous act of 1919) but also enlarged its scope. The Anglo-Indians and the Indo-Christians were also given separate electorate. Women were granted reservation in 41 seats in provincial legislatures as well as limited reservations in central legislature. But women reservation was subdivided in religious lines. The reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes was incorporated into the act. Conclusion The Government of India Act 1935 established a foothold toward the modern India. The Government of India Act 1935 is important because it is one of the foundation stones of the current Republic of India. All these provisions were so important that there was no return from them but the constitution adopted them, though not in total. Thus it can be said that the act marked a point of no return in the history of constitutional development of India.  3. Discuss the key features of the Indian independence act 1947. How did it create the grounds for partition? Approach-  Question is straight forward in nature. Candidate can start by writing brief background for 1947 act followed by features of the act. Later half of the answer, grounds laid by the act for partition can be given. Introduction After the end of second world war pressure on british government started rising to give political autonomy to its colonies. Independence movement in India was also on high fervour and country was divided on religious lines. Cabinet mission had failed to fulfil demands of major parties, in this backdrop on February 20, 1947 british prime minister Clement Atlee declared british rule would end in India by June 30, 1948 and power would be transferred in responsible Indian hands. Events followed after announcement Announcement of british prime minister was followed by agitation by muslim league demanding partition of country.  On June 3, british made it clear that any constitution made by constituent assembly of India cannot apply to those parts of India which are unwilling to accept it. On the same day viceroy of India lord Mountbatten laid partition plan, known as ‘’Mountbatten plan’’. The plan was accepted by congress and muslim league. Immediate effect was given to plan by enacting Indian independence act 1947. Key Features of the act It ended british rule in India and declared India as an independent and sovereign state from august 15, 1947. It provided for partition of India into two independent dominions of India and Pakistan with the right to secede from british commonwealth  It abolished office of viceroy and provided for each dominion office of governor general to be appointed by his majesty’s government in the advice of dominion’s cabinet Act empowered constituent assemblies of both dominions to frame and adopt any constitution for their respective nations to repeal any act of british parliament including independence act itself. Act empowered constituent assemblies of both dominions to legislate for the respective territories till the new constitutions were drafted and enforced. It abolished office of secretary of state for India and transferred functions to secretary of state for commonwealth affairs. It proclaimed lapse of British paramountcy over Indian princely states and treaty relations with tribal areas. It granted freedom Indian princely states either to join dominion of India or Pakistan or to remain independent. It provided for the governance of each province of dominion by act of 1935, till new constitution is framed. It deprived British monarch of his right to veto bills or ask for reservation of certain bills for his approval. Act designated governor general of India and provincial governors as constitutional heads of state they were made to work on advice of council of ministers in the all matters. It dropped title of emperor of India from the royal titles of king of England. It also discontinued appointment to civil services and reservation of posts by secretary of state for India Partition At the stroke of midnight of 14-15 august 1947, British rule came to an end and power was transferred to the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan. Indian independence act made partition of India possible. Lord Mountbatten became the first governor general of new dominion of India. He swore in Jawaharlal Nehru as the first prime minister of independent India  Mohammad ali Jinnah became governor general of Pakistan  The constituent assembly of India formed in 1946 became the parliament of the Indian dominion. Conclusion After multiple failed attempts of crrips mission, Wavell plan and cabinet mission, Indian independence act was able to make compromise and suggest a plan which was acceptable to both congress and muslim league. Hence it paved way for partition. But the haste with which the plan was implemented caused huge loss of lives and created a permanent blot on modern Indian history. 4. What role has community engagement by ASHA workers played behind India’s successful COVID response? Discuss. Approach  As the derivative is discuss so it necessitates a debate where reasoning is backed up with evidence to make a case for and against an argument and finally arriving at a conclusion. Introduction  Asha workers (an acronym that translates as “hope” in Hindi), along with the volunteer Anganwadi workers, and the more qualified ANMs, form the backbone of community healthcare in India. They are hired by the states and their salaries paid by funds from the central and state governments. Nearly all of them are women.  Recently the second report of a WHO-established independent panel to study global responses to the pandemic said that Community engagement by ASHA workers has been a successful strategy in enhancing India’s national response to Covid-19. It has highlighted how the deployment of “a cadre of million women social health activists” has helped India’s Covid-19 surveillance. Body ROLE OF COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT BY ASHA WORKERS BEHIND INDIA’S SUCCESSFUL COVID RESPONSE While many Indians have shifted to work-from-home during the lockdown, not much has changed for ASHAS. If anything, they have additional COVID duties over and above their regular tasks. Their core responsibilities such as distributing iron tablets, checking on immunisation schedules of babies and pregnant women, undertaking periodic checks on tuberculosis (tb) patients, among others, have been supplemented with additional duties of contract tracing, spreading awareness on prevention of COVID, keeping a close watch on incoming migrant workers to ensure they follow quarantine protocol and reporting suspected COVID cases. Despite the lockdown and other curbs on movement, ASHAS are performing their duties to the fullest. They are working tirelessly to prevent COVID transmission while also ensuring that the delivery of other health services remains uninterrupted. Asha workers are volunteers who receive honorariums and incentives in lieu of their work. However, 64 per cent respondents claim to have received no incentives for the COVID-related responsibilities undertaken by them. Only 43 per cent ASHAS are receiving their monthly honorariums on a regular basis. In a major exercise, 1.6 lakh accredited social health activists (ASHAS) have tracked in two phases over 30.43 lakh migrants who returned to Uttar Pradesh during the covid-19 lockdown and assisted the state government in contact tracing and community surveillance With the surge in the cases of covid-19 in the country and the influx of migrant population from hotspot areas, one of the major challenges in Uttar Pradesh was to cater to the healthcare needs of returnees and arrest the spread in its rural population. ASHAS have played a critical role in supporting the state’s covid-19 management during this crisis. ASHAS have played a critical role in sensitising the communities about the preventive measures to be adopted such as regular hand washing with soap and water, importance of wearing masks when out in public spaces, and maintaining adequate physical distancing. ASHAS have assisted the Panchayati raj department in development of the community quarantine centres, in buildings like Anganwadi centres and primary schools. They have ensured adoption of Arogya Setu app at the community level through awareness generation and supporting in its installation As a result of their efforts, there has been enhanced awareness about essential and non-essential healthcare services and how to access these. The ASHAS are provided basic protective gear like masks, soaps and sanitizers as they go about their duties. The report cited ASHA workers in India for successfully using community engagement to respond to the pandemic. Community engagement has been a successful strategy to enhance national responses. This has included the deployment of community health workers; for example, India has drawn on a cadre of a million women social health activists. Asha workers were recruited under the national rural health mission (NHRM) that was launched in 2005. These workers act as a bridge between public healthcare and various communities. They are usually tasked with antenatal and care for new-born babies, encouraging immunisation, family planning and treating basic illnesses. Nearly 1 million other accredited social health activists (ASHAS) assigned to rural villages and small towns across India are on the front lines of the country’s fight against corona virus.  Every day, these activist goes door to door in search of potential covid-19 cases, working to get patients tested or to help them find treatment. They are the unsung heroes who are fighting to contain the unfettered spread of the virus in rural areas Conclusion India’s ASHA program is likely the world’s largest army of all female community health workers. They are the foot soldiers of the country’s health system. They have also played an essential role in India’s efforts to eradicate polio and increase immunization, according to numerous studies. 5. What are the key privacy issues emerging with respect to social media platforms? Discuss. Approach: The focus has to be on the privacy issues regarding the social media platforms like WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter and other channels. The answer has to largely include the personnel data protection concerns and ways social networking platforms should use to ensure personal data protection. Introduction: Back in 2016, it is claimed that the Trump-Era started at the back of using the data provided by Facebook to Cambridge Analytica forcing people to develop views in sync with their demand. The privacy issues of social media platforms have been raised many times since, till the recent culmination of change in privacy policy of a popular messaging application-WhatsApp (Facebook Subsidiary). In the backdrop of these issues there has been a continuous effort towards data protection in India as well, Government of India also came up with white paper on data protection and a bill on data protection is initial stages of becoming a permanent law. Body: Social networks have become a part of human life. Starting from sharing information like text, photos, messages, many have started share latest news, and news related pictures in the Media domain, question papers, assignments, and workshops in Education domain, online survey, marketing, and targeting customers in Business domain, and jokes, music, and videos in Entertainment domain. Because of its usage by Internet surfers in all possible ways, even we would mention the social networking media as the current Internet culture. While enjoying the information sharing on Social Medias, yet it requires a great deal for security and privacy. Issues with privacy: Data mining- Every one leaves trail behind while using any of the social media networking platform. Every time someone creates a new social media account, they provide personal information that can include their name, birthdate, geographic location, and personal interests. In addition, companies collect data on user behaviours: when, where, and how users interact with their platform. All of this data is stored and leveraged by companies to better target advertising to their users. Sometimes, companies share users’ data with third-party entities, often without users’ knowledge or consent. Phishing Attempts- Phishing is one of the most common ways criminals attempt to gain access to sensitive personal information. Often in the form of an email, a text message, or a phone call, a phishing attack presents itself as a message from a legitimate organization. These messages trick people into sharing sensitive data, including passwords, banking information, or credit card details. Phishing attacks often pose as social media platforms. Identity Theft- Identity theft is a type of attack on social networking platforms which the adversary attempts to collect personal information of social media users so that he can impersonate the victim of the attack in order to gain some benefits or harm the victim.  Cyber terrorism- The biggest challenge for internal security of nation through social networking site is cyber terrorism. Social networking sites also invite fraudsters to take excellent opportunity to become wealthy by applying deceiver schemes. Internet media is a major resource for developing serious crime. As Internet is growing explosively, online criminals try to present fraudulent plans in many ways. Organised crime- Social networking sites also pose major challenge in financial and organized crime which destabilizes the system. The organized criminal groups have found in social networks a forum to position themselves in the popular culture as an alternative lifestyle. Nowadays, the Internet reveals all the things that used to be hidden, and has become the platform of organized criminal groups to prove their power and profits with impunity. Twitter accounts of presumed Mexican drug traffickers have attracted the attention of international media as they give the opportunity to take a look at the lifestyles of the so-called "narcojuniors", that is second generation of drug traffickers that have inherited the leadership of large criminal organizations. Criminal Activity and Money laundering- Internet Media is a major resource for developing serious crime. As Internet is growing explosively, online criminals try to present fraudulent plans in many ways. Social networking sites also pose major challenge in financial and organized crime which destabilizes the system. It creates threat to a company's security because of what employees might disclose and they are on prime target for cyber criminals. Hacking- Hackers use computer programs to attack the target computer. By using Social Media, hackers breach the national security and steal important data of defence or other strategic sectors. This can kneel the whole country without using Arms and Ammunition. Conclusion: In a globalised society media becomes a lethal weapon against the enemy, and the populace as well. Information, as an element of soft power, is a strategic instrument within the context of grand strategy. There should be judicious use of social media. But we will have to mull steps to check its misuse for creating Internal security threat to Nation. Social Media, with all its benefits and the potential for more, is definitely a boon to our world, however misuse or irresponsible usage can have negative effects on an Internal security. We need to guard against the negative impact of the social media, which ought to be used in the correct manner for creative or productive purposes so that it is progressive to mankind and society at large, rather than regressive. TLP HOT Synopsis Day 9 PDF

Jan 20, 2021 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 20th January 2021

Archives (PRELIMS + MAINS FOCUS) Janshatabdi Express from Ahmedabad-Kevadia to have a Vistadome coach Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Infrastructure In news  Indian Prime Minister recently flagged off eight trains from different parts of the country to Kevadia in Narmada district, Gujarat.  Out of these eight trains, the Janshatabdi Express from Ahmedabad-Kevadia has a Vistadome coach. Key takeaways The Vistadome coach is a state-of-the-art coach made by Indian Railways, designed to provide passengers with travel comfort as well as an enhanced viewing experience of their surroundings. The Vistadome coach in the Janshatabdi Express has been manufactured at the Integral Coach Factory in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It is for the first time that the Vistadome coach has been made on the Linke Hofmann Busch (LHB) platform, made for passenger coaches for trains in India. Some of the features of the Vistadome coach are an observation lounge with a large window for passengers to experience the scenic route to Kevadia. The 44 recliner-180 degree rotatable seats ensure people can enjoy the view from both windows to their right and left, there are automatic sliding doors at both gates of the coach, glass rooftops offer a panoramic view, while there are five large windows on each side. Related articles: Indian Railway completes successful speed trials of the new design Vistadome Tourist Coaches: Click here Market Infrastructure Institutions (MIIs) Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Economy In news  The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has floated a discussion paper on review of ownership and governance norms to facilitate new entrants to set up stock exchanges and depositories, otherwise called as market infrastructure institutions (MIIs). Key takeaways As per the key proposals, a resident promoter setting up an MII may hold up to 100% shareholding, which will be brought down to not more than either 51% or 26% in 10 years. A foreign promoter from Financial Action Task Force (FATF) member jurisdictions setting up an MII may hold up to 49% shareholding, which shall be brought down to not more than either 26% or 15% in 10 years. Foreign individuals or entities from other than FATF member jurisdictions may acquire or hold up to 10% in an MII. Any person other than the promoter may acquire or hold less than 25% shareholding. At least 50% of ownership of the MII may be represented by individuals or entities with experience of five years or more in the areas of capital markets or technology related to financial services. Important value additions The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) It is the regulator of the securities and commodity market in India owned by the Government of India.  It was established in 1988 and given statutory status through the SEBI Act, 1992.  SEBI is responsible to the needs of three groups: Issuers of securities Investors Market intermediaries Functions:  Quasi-legislative – drafts regulations  Quasi-judicial – passes rulings and orders  Quasi-executive – conducts investigation and enforcement action  Powers: To approve by−laws of Securities exchanges. To require the Securities exchange to amend their by−laws. Inspect the books of accounts and call for periodical returns from recognised Securities exchanges. Inspect the books of accounts of financial intermediaries. Compel certain companies to list their shares in one or more Securities exchanges. Registration of Brokers and sub-brokers Related articles: Mutual Funds (MF) Risk-o-meter becomes effective: Click here SEBI eases Fund-raising norms for firms: Click here 1st National Conference Of States On Logistics Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Economy In news  Union Minister of Commerce & Industry recently addressed the 1st National Conference of States on Logistics. Key takeaways National Logistics Policy, which is under consultation, along with the National Logistics Council and State Logistics Coordination Committee, will work as a template for better coordination and integrated development for logistics centre. Logistics consists of 5R's: Getting the Right product - In the Right condition - At the Right place - At the Right time - To the Right customer. Do you know? India has a $200 billion logistics ecosystem.  A good part of it is supported by the Indian Railways. About 13-14% cost of a product is logistics, and Ministry shall work towards bringing it down to about 8%. Volcanic eruption at Mount Semeru Part of: GS Prelims and GS-I – Geography In news  Indonesia's Mount Semeru has erupted, pouring ash an estimated 5.6km (3.4 miles) into the sky above Java, the country's most densely populated island. Important value additions Semeru - also known as "The Great Mountain" - is the highest volcano in Java and one of the most active.  It is located in the subduction zone, where the Indo-Australia plate subducts under the Eurasia plate. It is also one of Indonesia's most popular tourist hiking destinations. The volcano previously erupted in December, when about 550 people were evacuated. Do you know? Indonesia sits on the Pacific "Ring of Fire" where tectonic plates collide, causing frequent volcanic activity as well as earthquakes. Within the last week, Indonesia has endured multiple landslides, a deadly earthquake on Sulawesi island, and the loss of a Sriwijaya Air Boeing 737 with 62 people on board. Related article:  About Sulawesi: Click here SBI raises $600 million of ‘Regulation S’ bonds  Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Banking; Economy In news  State Bank of India (SBI) recently raised $600 million of ‘Regulation S’ bonds — via its London branch — at a coupon rate of 1.8%. Key takeaways The bond is priced at a spread of 140 basis points over the 5-year U.S. Treasury rate and will be listed on Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited (SGX-ST) and India International Exchange Limited (India INX). The issuance represented SBI’s return to the international public bond markets after a gap of close to two years. Regulation S offerings are typically referred to as “Offshore Offering” because they mainly have to either do with a foreign company creating an offering, or an US company that is offerings its debt or equity overseas, i.e. outside the United States. A Regulation S offering is typical of many European offerings and the larger clearing firms in Europe, often grant access to their systems via a Regulation S offering. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) may introduce new monsoon models  Part of: GS Prelims and GS-I – Geography In news  The India Meteorological Department (IMD) may introduce new monsoon models in 2021 to better forecast changes in rainfall. Key takeaways There were three different models that could be tested this year.  Two of them were dynamical models and one a statistical model. In the former, the climate on any particular day is simulated on supercomputers and meteorologists observe the changing daily output. The other is the traditional statistical model that equates relationships of physical parameters, such as for instance sea surface temperatures, snowfall, the temperature of landmass etc, with the actual observed rainfall in the past. The three models under consideration are: 12 global circulation models (dynamical) whose outputs would be combined into a single one; a model that gauges rainfall based on the sea surface temperature in the tropics (developed by Professor Sumant Nigam, University of Maryland, U.S.) and the statistical model based on climate variables observed during the pre-monsoon. All of them are smaller models which are combined to arrive at an average value. The traditional statistical model would continue to be used this year. Do you know? The monsoon that concluded in 2020 was unique, in that with monsoon 2019, it was only the third time in a century that India saw back-to-back years of above normal rainfall. In both years, the IMD failed to forecast the magnitude of the excess and only indicated that the monsoon would be “above normal”. Related articles: Subdued Northeast Monsoon: Click here Why predicting monsoons in India is a tricky job? Click here Birthday of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose to be celebrated as Parakram Diwas Part of: GS Prelims and GS-I – Modern History In news  Government of India has decided to celebrate birthday of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose on the 23rd day of January every year as ‘PARAKRAM DIWAS’. Key takeaways Government of India has decided to celebrate the 125th Birth Anniversary year of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose in a befitting manner at national and international level, beginning from 23rd January 2021. A High Level Committee, headed by the Prime Minister has been constituted for deciding the programs, and to supervise and guide the commemoration. Objective: To remember Netaji’s indomitable spirit and selfless service to the nation and to inspire people of the country, especially the youth, to act with fortitude in the face of adversity as Netaji did. Important value additions Subhash Chandra Bose was twice elected President of the Indian National Congress, (1938-Haripur and 1939-Tripuri). Owing to political differences, he resigned from the Congress Presidentship in 1939 and organised the All India Forward Bloc a faction within the Congress in Bengal. In Calcutta, Bose organised mass protests and was arrested.  He was later put under house arrest from where he escaped.  He went to Germany via Afghanistan. However, in 1943 Bose lost hope that Germany could be of any help in gaining India's independence.  He then turned to Asia where he finally came at the helm of the Indian National Army (INA). INA found support among expatriate Indians and Bose formed the Azad Hind government which came to produce its own currency, postage stamps, court and civil code.  It was recognised by Axis states. During the final two years of the war, Bose with considerable Japanese backing- led the forces of the Indian National Army into battle against the British. The I.N.A. was essentially non-communal, with Muslims quite prominent among its officers and ranks, and it also introduced the innovation of a women’s detachment named after the Rani of Jhansi. Miscellaneous Exercise Desert Knight-21 Indian Air Force and French Air and Space Force will conduct a bilateral Air exercise, Ex Desert Knight-21 at Air Force Station Jodhpur from 20 to 24 Jan 2021.  The exercise is unique as it includes fielding of Rafale aircraft by both sides. (Mains Focus) INTERNATIONAL / SECURITY Topic: General Studies 2: India and its neighbourhood India-Nepal Developments Relations Close cooperation between the two sides in combating the COVID-19 pandemic Early provision of vaccines to Nepal. Expansion of the Motihari-Amlekhganj petroleum products pipeline to Chitwan Establishment of a new pipeline on the eastern side connecting Siliguri to Jhapa in Nepal Upgraded first passenger railway line between India and Nepal from Jaynagar to Kurtha via Janakpur Cross-border rail connectivity projects, including a possible Raxaul-Kathmandu broad gauge railway line Joint hydropower projects, including the proposed Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project Nepal expressed support for India’s permanent membership of an expanded UN Security Council (UNSC) to reflect the changed balance of power. Way Ahead Need for facilitating cross-border movement of people and goods Recently inaugurated Integrated Check Posts (ICPs) at Birgunj and Biratnagar have helped in the seamless movement of people and trade between the two countries. Nepal relies on India’s seaports in a big way for trading, and goods are transported by road, the integrated check posts are expected to ease trade and transit. India’s support to two more cultural heritage projects in Nepal, namely, the Pashupatinath Riverfront Development and the Bhandarkhal Garden Restoration in Patan Durbar. India’s Nepal policy is heading very clearly towards deeper engagement with all sections. GOVERNANCE/ ECONOMY Topic: General Studies 2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act (RERA) Provisions The Act stipulates that no project can be sold without project plans being approved by the competent authority and the project being registered with the regulatory authority, putting to an end the practice of selling on the basis of deceitful advertisements. Promoters are required to maintain “project based separate bank accounts” to prevent fund diversion.  The mandatory disclosure of unit sizes based on “carpet area” strikes at the root of unfair trade practices.  The provision for payment of “equal rate of interest” by the promoter or the buyer in case of default reinforces equity. Benefits These and many other provisions have empowered consumers, rectifying the power asymmetry prevalent in the sector. RERA has infused governance in a hitherto unregulated real estate sector.  Along with demonetisation and GST, it has, to a large extent, cleansed the real estate sector of black money.  It has transformational provisions, conscientiously addressing issues which have been a constant bane for the sector. Cooperative Federalism RERA is a seminal effort in cooperative federalism.  Though the Act has been piloted by the Central government, the rules are to be notified by state governments, and the regulatory authorities and the appellate tribunals are also to be appointed by them. Conclusion RERA is to the real estate sector what SEBI is to the securities market. (TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) Model questions: (You can now post your answers in comment section) Note:  Correct answers of today’s questions will be provided in next day’s DNA section. Kindly refer to it and update your answers.  Comments Up-voted by IASbaba are also the “correct answers”. Q.1 Consider the following statements regarding Vistadome coaches: These coaches shall have 360-degree rotatable seats. It was recently installed in Janshatabdi Express from Ahmedabad-Kevadia. Which of the above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2  Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2 Mount Semeru was recently in news. Where is it situated? Singapore Japan Vietnam Indonesia Q.3 Which of the following is related with the Southern Oscillation? El Nino Jet Stream South-west monsoon Western Disturbance Q.4 Exercise Desert Knight-21 is being held between which of the following countries? France and China India and France Russia and Pakistan USA and India ANSWERS FOR 19th January 2021 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK) 1 A 2 C 3 B 4 D Must Read About ongoing farmer agitation: The Hindu About stress test for American Democracy: The Hindu

Jan 20, 2021 TLP Mains Answer Writing

IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1 – ENGLISH & हिंदी): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – General Studies Paper 2 Questions [20th JANUARY,2021] – Day 9

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Hello Friends, Welcome to IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1- ENGLISH & हिंदी): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – General Studies 2 Questions [20th January 2020] – Day 9 We will make sure, in the next 100 days not a single day is wasted and your mains preparation is solidified. All your energies are channelized in the right direction. Trust us! This will make a huge difference in your results this time, provided that you follow this plan sincerely every day without fail. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. We are giving 5 Mains Questions on a daily basis so that every student can actively participate and keep your preparation focused. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” To Know More about the Initiative -> CLICK HERE SCHEDULE/DETAILED PLAN – > CLICK HERE Note: Click on Each Question (Link), it will open in a new tab and then Answer respective questions! 1. How did federalism evolve as a guiding principle in the Indian constitution? Discuss.  भारतीय संविधान में मार्गदर्शक सिद्धांत के रूप में संघवाद कैसे विकसित हुआ? चर्चा करें। 2. The Government of India Act of 1935 was a watershed in India’s constitutional history. Why? Discuss.  1935 का भारत सरकार अधिनियम भारत के संवैधानिक इतिहास में एक वाटरशेड था। क्यों? चर्चा करें। 3. Discuss the key features of the Indian Independence Act of 1947. How did it create the grounds for partition? 1947 के भारतीय स्वतंत्रता अधिनियम की प्रमुख विशेषताओं पर चर्चा करें। इसने विभाजन के लिए आधार कैसे बनाया? 4. What role has community engagement by ASHA workers played behind India’s successful Covid response? Discuss. भारत की सफल कोविद की प्रतिक्रिया के पीछे आशा कार्यकर्ताओं द्वारा सामुदायिक सहभागिता की क्या भूमिका है? चर्चा करें। 5. What are the key privacy issues emerging with respect to social media platforms? Discuss. सोशल मीडिया प्लेटफॉर्म के संबंध में प्रमुख गोपनीयता मुद्दे क्या हैं? चर्चा करें। P.S: The review from IASbaba will happen from the time the question is posted till 10 pm everyday. We would also encourage peer reviews. So friends get actively involved and start reviewing each others answers. This will keep the entire community motivated. All the Best :)

Jan 20, 2021 Ace The Prelims (ATP)

Ace The Prelims (ATP) – 2021– PRELIMS – [20th Jan, 2021] – Day 15

ARCHIVES Hello Friends, Welcome to IASbaba’s Ace The Prelims (ATP) – 2021 – PRELIMS & MAINS – [20th Jan, 2021] – Day 15   UPSC Quiz - 2021 : IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs Quiz 20th January 2021 UPSC CSAT Quiz – 2021: IASbaba’s Daily CSAT Practice Test – 20th January 2021 UPSC Static Quiz – 2021: IASbaba’s Daily Static Quiz (PYQs) – HISTORY [Day 20]   The way ATP molecules provide energy to every single cell of our body and help us in achieving our day to day tasks, similarly, the ‘Ace the Prelims (ATP) 2021’ Programme will help in providing energy and direction to your prelims preparation and push you beyond the cutoff of Prelims 2021. Ace the Prelims (ATP) – 2021 will include Daily Static Quiz (PYQs) Daily CSAT Practice Test Daily Current Affair Quiz 60 Days Plan (starts from 2nd week of March) To Know More about Ace the Prelims (ATP) 2021 - CLICK HERE   Thank You IASbaba

Jan 20, 2021 Daily Static Quiz

UPSC Static Quiz – 2021: IASbaba’s Daily Static Quiz (PYQs) – HISTORY [Day 15]

ARCHIVES DAILY STATIC QUIZ (PYQs) It will cover PYQs all the topics of static subjects – Polity, History, Geography, Economics, Environment and Science and technology. Daily 5 questions (Monday to Saturday) will be posted from static topics (PYQs) The questions will be in the quiz format so you will be able to answer them directly on the portal. Schedule Week 1 – Polity Week 2 – Economics Week 3 – History and Art & Culture Week 4 – Geography Week 5 – Environment and Science & Technology Same cycle will be repeated from Week 6. Make the best use of the initiative. All the best! To Know More about Ace the Prelims (ATP) 2021 - CLICK HERE Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken and solutions. To take the Test - Click Here

Jan 20, 2021 IASbaba’s Daily CSAT Quiz

UPSC CSAT Quiz – 2021: IASbaba’s Daily CSAT Practice Test – 20th January 2021

ARCHIVES Daily CSAT Practice Test Everyday 5 Questions from Aptitude, Logical Reasoning, and Reading Comprehension will be covered from Monday to Saturday. Make the best use of the initiative. All the best! To Know More about Ace the Prelims (ATP) 2021 - CLICK HERE Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken and solutions. To take the Test - Click Here

Jan 20, 2021 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz - 2021 : IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs Quiz 20th January 2021

For Previous Daily Quiz (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. We will make sure, in the next 4 months not a single day is wasted. All your energies are channelized in the right direction. Trust us! This will make a huge difference in your results this time, provided that you follow this plan sincerely every day without fail. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” To Know More about Ace the Prelims (ATP) 2021 - CLICK HERE Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken and solutions.   To take the Test - Click here

Jan 19, 2021 TLP Mains Answer Writing

SYNOPSIS [19th JANUARY,2021] Day 8: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE   SYNOPSIS [19th JANUARY,2021] Day 8: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)   1. What are the socialist principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution? Discuss. Approach A simple and straightforward question where in you need to discuss the socialist principles enshrined in the Indian constitution with some relevant examples from the constitution. Introduction India is a country with second largest population in the world but also it is a developing economy. The only reason of India being developing is unequal distribution of wealth as well as its dual economy character. Socialism becomes important in this background where social and economic equities are to be tackled in fulfilling India’s growth story. Body A socialist is someone who supports the political philosophy of socialism, which is governmental system that advocates community ownership and control of all lands and businesses rather than individual ownership.  A Constitution is a set of fundamental principles according to which a state is governed. Indian constitution has different set of political philosophies in it. Many leaders of different political orientations took part in drafting this “Magna Carta of Socio-economic transformation”. The word ‘Socialist’, added in the Preamble by 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 indicates the incorporation of the philosophy of “socialism” which aims to eliminate inequality in income, status and standard of living. By inserting ‘socialist’ to the preamble of the Constitution of India as a basic structure to the Indian Constitution. The Constitution had a socialist content in the form of certain Directive Principles of State Policy (esp. Arts. 39(b) and 39(c)), even before the term was added in 1976. However, the ‘socialism’ envisaged by the Indian Constitution is not the usual scheme of State socialism, which involves ‘nationalisation’ of all means of production, and the abolition of private property.  Instead, Indian Socialism is ‘democratic Socialism’, influenced by Fabianism. It is a peaceful gradual transformation of the society in participation with the state and not against the state. Though the word ‘Socialism’ may seem to be vague, our Supreme Court has observed that its principal aim is to eliminate inequality of income and status and standards of life, and to provide a decent standard of life to the working people.  In this regard, the socialist principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution can be seen from the following points – Article 38 - To promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order permeated by social, economic and political justice and to minimise inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities. Article 39 - To secure (a) the right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens; (b) the equitable distribution of material resources of the community for common good; (c) prevention of concentration of wealth and means of production; (d) equal pay for equal work for men and women; (e) preservation of the health and strength of workers and children against forcible abuse. Article 39A - To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor. Article 41 - To secure the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement. Article 42 - To make provision for just and humane conditions for work and maternity relief. Article 43 - To secure a living wage, a decent standard of life and social and cultural opportunities for all workers. Also 43A states -To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries. Article 47 - To raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of people and to improve public health. The Indian Constitution, therefore, does not seek to abolish private property altogether but seeks to put it under restraints. Instead of a total nationalization of all property and industry, it envisages a ‘mixed economy’, but aims at offering ‘equal opportunity’ to all, and the abolition of ‘vested interests’.  However, some have argued that the Indian state is deviating from its path of Socialism. The following have been cited as reasons behind this line of argument:  The Indian state has failed to end mass poverty where 17% of the population still has incidence of multi-dimensional poverty in 2020. Adoption of neo-liberal economic policy: The new economic policy (1991) of liberalization, privatization and globalization has diluted the socialist credentials of the Indian state.  Growth, which happened after the reforms of 1990s exacerbated inter-state and intrastate disparities. Further, this growth has been without any meaningful job creation.  Conclusion Though the present conditions demand focus on market economy, socialism cannot be completely abandoned due to India’s socio-economic realities and further being a part of basic structure doctrine, it should be upheld as the concept of basic structure as such give’s coherence and durability to a Constitution for it has a certain intrinsic force in it. 2. Discuss the key features adopted in the Indian Constitution from the Government of India Act, 1935. Approach Students are expected to write about the Government of India act 1935. And discuss the important key features of government of India act 1935 adopted in Indian constitution.  Introduction  The Government of Indian Act was passed by the British parliament in 1935 and came into effect in 1937. It was based on a report by a Joint Select Committee, led by Lord Linlithgow, set up the two houses of the British parliament. The report, in turn, was the result of the Joint Committee’s scrutiny of the ‘White Paper’ – a scheme of constitutional proposals - prepared by the British government close on the heels of the Round Table conferences. Body The Act played a key role in the drafting of the Constitution of India, 1950. A significant chunk of the Constitution, particularly the administrative provisions, are borrowed from the Act. Key features adopted in Indian constitution from the Government of India act, 1935: It provided for the establishment of an All-India Federation consisting of provinces and princely states as units. The Act divided the powers between the Centre and units in terms of three lists Federal List (for Centre, with 59 items), Provincial List (for provinces, with 54 items) and the Concurrent List (for both, with 36 items). Residuary powers were given to the Viceroy. Indian constitution took this provision in 7th schedule and placed residuary power in centre. The provinces were allowed to act as autonomous units of administration in their defined spheres. Moreover, the Act introduced responsible governments in provinces, that is, the governor was required to act with the advice of ministers responsible to the provincial legislature. This provision later transferred into state governments power. Thus, the legislatures of Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Bihar, Assam and the United Provinces were made bicameral consisting of a legislative council (upper house) and a legislative assembly (lower house). Six States having a Legislative Council in addition to the Legislative Assembly through Article 169 of the Constitution. It extended franchise. About 10 per cent of the total population got the voting right. Article 326 in The Constitution of India 1949. Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage the elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assembly of every State shall be on the basis of adult suffrage. It provided for the establishment of not only a Federal Public Service Commission but also a Provincial Public Service Commission and Joint Public Service Commission for two or more provinces. Articles 315 to 323 of Part XIV of the constitution, titled as Services Under the Union and the States, provide for a Public Service Commission for the Union and for each state. This was adopted from the government of India Act 1935. It provided for the establishment of a Federal Court, which was set up in 1937. India’s Supreme Court succeeded the Federal Court of India on 28 January, 1950 which was established by the Government of India Act 1935 and the Privy Council, which was the highest judicial body in the country during British era. Conclusion The 1935 Act was aimed to perpetuate British rule and design to appease Nationalists. The act also had regressive provisions such as separate electorate and had divide and rule as it’s guiding philosophy. GOI Act, 1935 reduced the time frames of constitution creation, we should not forget that it was created to manage (or control) the affairs of a colony upon vested commercial interests of The Great Britain. At the same time, we need to accept that there were many Indian intellectuals laid a strong foundation well before GOI Act, 1935 for this cause. 3. Was the constitution assembly a truly representative body? Critically comment.  Approach  As the directive is to critically comment, overall constitution of constituent assembly can be given in first half and then arguments can be put forward about the representation and its significance. Introduction It was in 1934 that idea of constitution assembly for India was put forward by M. N. Roy, a pioneer of radical democratism. In 1935, congress party officially demanded a constituent assembly to frame a constitution. This demand was finally accepted in principle by “august offer” of 1940. Finally, cabinet mission was sent to India. Mission rejected idea of two constituent assemblies, it put forth a scheme which satisfied demands of Muslim league. Body Composition of constituent assembly Assembly was constituted in November 1946, under a cabinet mission plan, according to which a scheme was formulated. The total strength of assembly was to be 389. Of these 296 were allotted to British India and 93 allotted to princely states. Out of 296 allotted to British India, 292 members were to be drawn from eleven provinces and four from, four chief commissioners provinces i.e., British Baluchistan, coorg, Delhi, Ajmer- merwara. Each province and princely state were to be allotted seats in proportion to their respective population. Roughly, one seat was to be allotted for every million population. Seats allocated to British India provinces were to be decided among three principal communities- muslims, sikhs and general i.e. all except muslims and sikhs, in proportion to their population. The representatives of each community were to be selected by members of that community in the provincial legislative assembly and voting was done to be by the method of proportional representation by means of single transferrable vote. The representatives of princely states were to be nominated by the heads of princely states. It is therefore clear that assembly was partly elected and partly nominated body. More importantly, members were indirectly elected by the members of provincial assemblies, who themselves were elected on a limited franchise. Was it a truly representative body: The elections to constituent assembly (for 296 allotted to British Indian provinces) were held in July- august 1946. The Indian national congress won 208 seats, the Muslim league 73 seats and small groups and independents got remaining 15 seats.  The 93 seats allotted to princely states remained empty as they decided to stay away from constituent assembly. Although constituent assembly was not directly elected by the people of India on the basis of universal adult franchise. The assembly comprised of representatives from all sections of society. Hindus, muslims, sikhs, jains, parsis, anglo- Indians, Indian christains, SC’s, ST’s including women of all these sections were given representation in the assembly. Though not a universal adult franchise, congress made it a point to make this body more representative of diversity of India. Most of the barristers were framers of the constitution. But two most important of all stayed away from constituent assembly, Mahatma Gandhi and M. A. Jinnah. Conclusion Fact of matter is universal franchise was first given in independent India by constitution itself, but elections to assembly of constitution were not based on it. One might find paradox here, but we see voices of dalit, tribal women making their opinions in assembly. Leaders from all walks of life joined this humongous task of framing a constitution. Last but not the least, united, undivided and more integrated India is evident of strong constitution and its widespread legitimacy across all sections of India. 4. What is gene-editing? What are its medical applications? Discuss. Approach  As the derivative is discuss so it necessitates a debate where reasoning is backed up with evidence to make a case for and against an argument and finally arriving at a conclusion. Introduction  Genome editing is a technique used to precisely and efficiently modify DNA within a cell. It involves making cuts at specific DNA sequence with enzymes called ‘engineered nucleases. Genome editing can be used to add, remove, or alter DNA in the genome. By editing the genome, the characteristics of a cell or an organism can be changed.  Genome editing uses a type of enzyme called an ‘engineered nuclease’ which cuts the genome in a specific place. After cutting the DNA in a specific place, the cell will naturally repair the cut. We can manipulate this repair process to make changes to the DNA in that location in the genome. Body MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF GENE EDITING GENOME EDITING FOR DISEASE MODELLING AND GENE THERAPY: Targeted gene modification via chimeric genome editing tools (e.g., ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9) is a powerful method to assess gene function and precisely manipulate cellular behaviour and function.  FOR RESEARCH:  Genome editing can be used to change the DNA in cells or organisms to understand their biology and how they work. CANCER RESEARCH: Oncogenes and mutant tumour suppressor genes provide outstanding opportunities for the use of genome modulating approaches. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: Currently, the establishment of in vivo CVD models with gene editing technology and the in-depth analysis of CVD pathogenic genes as well as their molecular mechanisms have made it possible to test the ability of gene therapy to control specific gene expression and improve gene functions. With the help of genome editing technologies, various research models of cardiovascular conditions have been created. TO TREAT DISEASE:  Genome editing has been used to modify human blood cells that are then put back into the body to treat conditions including leukaemia and AIDS. It could also potentially be used to treat other infections (such as MRSA) and simple genetic conditions such as haemophilia.  SOMATIC THERAPY When a clear genetic contribution has been identified for any particular condition, genome editing of a patient’s own cells can be considered as a possible therapy. FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY:  Genome editing has been used in agriculture to genetically modify crops to improve their yields and resistance to disease and drought, as well as to genetically modify cattle that don’t have horns. Conclusion The advent of programmable nucleases can induce very high levels of modification in arbitrarily selected genomic targets.  The genome editing technology is simple enough that it will certainly be used for reproductive editing in the foreseeable future. International discussions and assessments of genome editing and its implications are under way, but are still at early stages. The prospects for beneficial medical uses of genome editing are bright, and research is being pursued very broadly. How these benefits are ultimately employed will depend on efforts both inside and outside the laboratory and the clinic. 5. What are stealth frigates? How do they work? Discuss. Approach: The question demands a thorough explanation of stealth frigates, in terms of their origin, mechanism of functioning and use in warfare, also how has India worked in the development of stealth frigates, needs to be mentioned as well in a proper structural format. Introduction: Warships are a key part of a navy’s surface fleet and come in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on their capabilities and functions. Two common types of warship used in most navies are frigates and destroyers. Frigates are one of the most common warships in a navy’s fleet. They are designed for quick manoeuvrability and can be used to escort and protect larger vessels from air, surface and underwater threats. Body:  Origin- A stealth frigate  is an escort ship which employs stealth technology construction techniques in an effort to ensure that it is harder to detect by one or more of radar, visual, sonar, and infrared methods. Stealth technology has been introduced in modern frigate design by the French La Fayette class design. Frigate shapes are designed to offer a minimal radar cross section, which also lends them good air penetration; the manoeuvrability of these frigates has been compared to that of sailing ships. Examples are the Italian and French Horizon class with the Aster 15 and Aster 30 missile for anti-missile capabilities, the German F125 and Sachsen-class frigates, the Turkish TF2000 type frigates with the MK-41 VLS, the Indian Shivalik, Talwar class and Nilgiris classes with the Brahmos missile system and the Malaysian Maharaja Lela-class frigate with the Naval Strike Missile. How do they work- One of the most important functioning of the stealth frigate is to avoid detection by the enemy force while performing it duties and for which stealth technology plays an important part. In designing a ship with reduced radar signature, the main concerns are radar beams originating near or slightly above the horizon (as seen from the ship) coming from distant patrol aircraft, other ships or sea-skimming anti-ship missiles with active radar seekers. Therefore, the shape of the ship avoids vertical surfaces, which would perfectly reflect any such beams directly back to the emitter. Retro-reflective right angles are eliminated to avoid causing the cat's eye effect. A stealthy ship shape can be achieved by constructing the hull and superstructure with a series of slightly protruding and returning surface. This design was developed by several German shipyards, and is thus extensively applied on ships of the German Navy. Also, cavities that present a horizontal face are to be eliminated since they act like a trap and are very visible to radar. To get around these limitations many ships use features such as panels that cover reflective surfaces or use alternate designs of hardware. Also, every effort must be made to have the smallest gaps on the ship as possible. Hull shapes include tumblehome hull designs which slope inward from the waterline, and small-waterplane-area twin hulls (SWATH) which allow for better stability when using a tumblehome hull. These RCS design principles were developed by several navies independently in the 1980s using work done on aircraft RCS reduction as the starting point. Noise reduction plays a huge role in naval stealth because sound travels much better in water than air. Some of the techniques used include muffled exhaust systems, modified propeller shapes, and pump-jets. The shape of the hull can also have a great effect on the reduction of the noise from a ship. Another major element is signal emission control. Modern warships emit much electromagnetic radiation in the form of radar, radio, and even bleed-off from the ship's electrical systems. All of this can be used to track a ship and thus modern stealth ships often have a mode that switches off many of the electronic emissions, the downside of course is that the ship then has to rely on passive sensors and can't easily send messages further than line of sight. Also of great importance is thermal emissions. A heat signature can make a ship stand out like a candle in a dark ocean making it easier to spot and because it is possible to see infra-red emissions through features that would normally hide a ship such as fog, or a smoke screen, many detection platforms like patrol aircraft, UAV's, and satellites often have the ability to see multiple bands in the infrared spectrum including heat. This necessitates the control of these emissions. The most common way is to mix any hot gasses emitted by the main source of heat which is the engines exhaust with cold air to dilute the signature and make it harder to pick out the ship from the background warmth. Another method vents the exhaust into the water though this increases the ship's acoustic signature. In India- The Talwar-class frigates or Project 11356 are a class of stealth guided missile frigates designed and built by Russia for the Indian Navy. The Talwar-class guided missile frigates are the improved versions of the Krivak III-class (Project 1135) frigates used by the Russian Coast Guard. Indigenous development of stealth frigates is in development in recently launched project 17A, Under this project  A total of seven ships will be built at Mazagon Dock and GRSE. The ships have been named after the first major warships to be built in India, which in turn were named after hill ranges in India. Conclusion: Stealth technology is becoming an important part of modern warfare and navies all around the world are in process of development of modern stealth ships because of the changing nature of warfare where sea lanes and trade routes are under constant threat, India is no way behind the indigenization of this technology because of the evolving threat dynamics in its neighbourhood. TLP HOT Synopsis Day 8 PDF

Jan 19, 2021 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 19th January 2021

Archives (PRELIMS + MAINS FOCUS) Mukundpura CM2 Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Sci & Tech In news  A new study by Geological Survey of India, Kolkata has shed light on the mineralogy of the meteorite which fell in 2017 in Mukundpura village near Jaipur. Key takeaways  The meteorite named Mukundpura CM2 was classified to be a carbonaceous chondrite.  The composition of carbonaceous chondrites is also similar to the Sun. This is a type of stony meteorite, considered the most primitive meteorite and a remnant of the first solid bodies to accumulate in the solar system. Meteorites are broadly classified into three groups – stony (silicate-rich), iron (Fe–Ni alloy), and stony-iron (mixed silicate–iron alloy).  Chondrites are silicate-droplet-bearing meteorites, and this Mukundpura chondrite is the fifth carbonaceous meteorite known to fall in India. The results of the Mukundpura CM2 study are relevant to the surface composition of near-Earth asteroids Ryugu and Bennu. Kalaripayattu to be taught at Kerala Tourism’s Vellar Crafts Village  Part of: GS Prelims and GS-I – Culture In news  Kalaripayattu is set to see a surge in popularity with the establishment of an academy in the Kerala capital. Key takeaways  Lessons in Kalaripayattu will now be taught at Kerala Tourism’s Vellar Crafts Village en route to Kovalam. The 3,500 Sq. Ft. academy in the village is scheduled to be completed in two months. Kerala Chief Minister released the syllabus of the Kalaripayattu Academy recently during the inauguration of the renovated Crafts Village. Important value additions  Kalaripayattu  It is also known as Kalari.  It is an Indian martial art and fighting style that originated in Kerala. It is considered to be among the oldest martial arts still in existence, with its origin dating back to at least the 3rd century BC. It includes strikes, kicks, grappling, preset forms, weaponry and healing methods.  Practitioners of Kalaripayattu also possess intricate knowledge of pressure points on the human body and healing techniques that incorporate the knowledge of Ayurveda and Yoga. Unlike other parts of India, warriors in Kerala belonged to all castes.  Women in Keralite society also underwent training in Kalaripayattu, and still do so to this day. Related articles: Indigenous Games to be a part of Khelo India Youth Games 2021: Click here  India-Japan MoU in ICT Part of: GS Prelims and GS -II – International Relations In news  India and Japan signed MoU to enhance cooperation in the field of Information and Communications Technologies. The Department of Telecom and Japan's Ministry of Communications will enhance mutual cooperation in the field of 5G technologies, telecom security, submarine optical fiber cable system to islands of India, spectrum management, smart cities, high altitude platform for broadband in unconnected areas, disaster management and public safety etc. Department of Telecommunications (DoT) seeks inputs from telcos on use of radio frequency spectrum Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Infrastructure In news  The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has sought inputs from telcos and other industry experts on the sale and use of radio frequency spectrum over the next 10 years, including the 5G bands. Important value additions  5G or fifth generation is the latest upgrade in the long-term evolution (LTE) mobile broadband networks. 5G mainly works in 3 bands, namely low, mid and high frequency spectrum — all of which have their own uses as well as limitations. While the low band spectrum has shown great promise in terms of coverage and speed of internet and data exchange, the maximum speed is limited to 100 Mbps (Megabits per second).  The mid-band spectrum offers higher speeds compared to the low band, but has limitations in terms of coverage area and penetration of signals. The high-band spectrum offers the highest speed of all the three bands, but has extremely limited coverage and signal penetration strength. Internet speeds in the high-band spectrum of 5G has been tested to be as high as 20 Gbps (giga bits per second), while, in most cases, the maximum internet data speed in 4G has been recorded at 1 Gbps. Related articles: Spectrum Auctions: Click here BRICS 5G Innovation Base: Click here  Follow-On Public Offers Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Economy In news  SEBI recently relaxed the framework for follow-on public offers (FPOs).  The move will help promoters of companies to raise funds more easily through this route. Key takeaways  The applicability of minimum promoters’ contribution norm and the subsequent lock-in requirements for the issuers making the FPO have been removed.  Earlier, promoters were mandated to contribute 20% towards a FPO. Besides, in case of any issue of capital to the public, the minimum promoters’ contribution was required to be locked-in for three years. Relaxation would be available for those companies which are frequently traded on a stock exchange for at least three years.  Also, such firms should have redressed 95% of investor complaints.  Important value additions The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) It is the regulator of the securities and commodity market in India owned by the Government of India.  It was established in 1988 and given statutory status through the SEBI Act, 1992.  SEBI is responsible to the needs of three groups: Issuers of securities Investors Market intermediaries Functions:  Quasi-legislative – drafts regulations  Quasi-judicial – passes rulings and orders  Quasi-executive – conducts investigation and enforcement action  Powers: To approve by−laws of Securities exchanges. To require the Securities exchange to amend their by−laws. Inspect the books of accounts and call for periodical returns from recognised Securities exchanges. Inspect the books of accounts of financial intermediaries. Compel certain companies to list their shares in one or more Securities exchanges. Registration of Brokers and sub-brokers Related articles: Mutual Funds (MF) Risk-o-meter becomes effective: Click here SEBI eases Fund-raising norms for firms: Click here Unchecked flow of untreated industrial effluent increases pollution in Gujarat rivers  Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Environment; Pollution In news  The unchecked flow of untreated industrial effluent into rivers in Gujarat has led to increasing pollution in the Sabarmati, Mahisagar, Narmada, Vishwamitri and Bhadar. Key takeaways  According to data from the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), the Sabarmati is among the most polluted rivers in the country. Gujarat ranks fourth among the top five States with highly polluted rivers, with as many as 20 rivers in the critically polluted category. As per the official parameters, if the chemical oxygen demand (COD), which indicates organic pollutant load, is higher than 250 mg per litre, then it should not be released into the rivers. Most of the Gujarat rivers where the effluents are dumped into, the COD level is in the range of 700 to 1000 mg per litre. While Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level (indicating the health of a river) in perennial rivers like Mahisgar should be in the range of 6 to 8 mg per litre, it is actually below 2.9 mg per litre. DRDO hands over Motor Bike Ambulance ‘Rakshita’ to CRPF Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Defence & Security & Sci & Tech In news  DRDO hands over Motor Bike Ambulance ‘Rakshita’ to CRPF. Key takeaways  Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Delhi based DRDO laboratory, handed over Rakshita to Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF). It is a bike-based casualty transport emergency vehicle.  Rakshita is fitted with a customized reclining Casualty Evacuation Seat (CES), which can be fitted in and taken out as per requirement. The bike ambulance will help in overcoming the problems faced by Indian security forces and emergency healthcare providers.  It will provide life-saving aid for evacuation of injured patients from low intensity conflict areas. This bike ambulance is useful not only for the paramilitary and military forces but has potential civil applications too. FAO Food Price Index Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Economy In news  According to the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO), World food prices rose for a seventh consecutive month in December, with all the major categories, barring sugar, posting gains last month.  Key takeaways  The Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) food price index is a measure of the monthly change in international prices of a basket of food commodities. It consists of the average of five commodity group price indices [cereal, vegetable, dairy, meat and sugar], weighted with the average export shares. It averaged 107.5 points in December versus 105.2 in November.  For the whole of 2020, the benchmark index averaged 97.9 points, a three-year high and a 3.1% increase from 2019. Important value additions FAO The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security.  Its Latin motto, fiat panis, translates to "let there be bread".  Headquarters: Rome, Italy Founded: 16 October 1945, Quebec City, Canada Parent organization: United Nations Economic and Social Council New Anubhava Mantapa Part of: GS Prelims and GS-I – Culture In news  Karnataka Chief Minister laid the foundation stone for the ‘New Anubhava Mantapa’ in Basavakalyan. It is the place where 12th century poet-philosopher Basaveshwara lived for most of his life. Key takeaways  The ₹500 crore project would be completed within two years.  The project would highlight the teachings of Basaveshwara. Basavakalyan is an important pilgrim centre for Lingayats. The New Anubhava Mantapa, will be a six-floor structure in the midst of the 7.5 acre plot and represent various principles of Basaveshwara’s philosophy. It will showcase the 12th Century Anubhava Mantapa (often referred to as the “first Parliament of the world”) established by him in Basavakalyan, where philosophers and social reformers held debates. The building will adopt the Kalyana Chalukya style of architecture. Important value additions Basaveshwara He was born in Bagevadi (of undivided Bijapur district in Karnataka) during 1131 AD.  He was the 12th century philosopher and social reformer who gave a unique spiritual path to mankind. He is the founding saint of the Lingayat sect. His spiritual discipline was based on the principles of: Arivu (true knowledge),  Achara (right conduct),  Anubhava (divine experience)  His practical approach and act of establishment of ‘Kalyana Rajya’ (Welfare state) brought a new status and position for all the citizens of the society, irrespective of class, caste, creed and sex. He established the Anubhava Mantapa, which was a common forum for all to discuss the prevailing problems of socio, economic and political areas.  It was the first and foremost socio-religious Parliament of India.  On 14th November 2015, the Prime Minister of India also inaugurated the statue of Basavanna along the bank of the river Thames at Lambeth in London. Miscellaneous Sulawesi In Indonesia, heavy rain is hampering the search operation for survivors following a powerful earthquake on Sulawesi island. Sulawesi is an island in Indonesia.  It is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago.  The Strait of Makassar runs along the western side of the island and separates the island from Borneo. Within Indonesia, it is smaller than Sumatra and larger than Java Island. Indonesia sits on the Pacific "Ring of Fire" where tectonic plates collide, and the country has a history of devastating earthquakes and tsunamis.  Furfura Pilgrimage Furfura pilgrimage site was in news owing to it becoming the epicentre of Muslim politics in West Bengal. Furfura Sharif (also known as Furfura, Phurphura, Furfura Darbar Sharif) is a village in Hooghly District, West Bengal. It is a holy place for Bengali Muslims. According to locals, this is the second most prominent mazar in the country after Ajmer Sharif in Rajasthan. Harike Wetland Winter migratory water birds using the central Asian flyway have started making a beeline to Punjab’s Harike wetland, offering a delight for bird lovers. Harike Wetland is the largest wetland in northern India in the border of Tarn Taran Sahib district and Ferozepur district of Punjab. The wetland and the Harike lake were formed by constructing the headworks across the Sutlej river in 1953. It has been designated as one of the Ramasar sites in India. (Mains Focus) ECONOMY/ GOVERNANCE Topic: GS-3: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.  GS-2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. Bad Bank Context: With commercial banks set to witness a spike in NPAs, or bad loans, in the wake of the contraction in the economy as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor Shaktikanta Das recently agreed to look at the proposal for the creation of a bad bank. What’s a bad bank and how does it work? Idea of Bad Bank: Technically, a bad bank is an asset reconstruction company (ARC) or an asset management company that takes over the bad loans of commercial banks, manages them and finally recovers the money over a period of time.  Utility of Bad Bank: The bad bank is not involved in lending and taking deposits, but helps commercial banks clean up their balance sheets and resolve bad loans in  Working of Bad Bank: The takeover of bad loans is normally below the book value of the loan (provides certain margin to ARC). The bad bank subsequently tries to recover as much as possible using its expertise in stressed asset resolution. Support of Government: The bad bank concept is in some ways similar to an ARC but is funded by the government initially, with banks and other investors co-investing in due course. The presence of the government is seen as a means to speed up the clean-up process.  US-based Mellon Bank created the first bad bank in 1988. Merits of Having Bad Bank- Banks’ Burden is Reduced: The burden of recovering those loans is reduced for other banks. Specialisation leads to faster recovery: Speed of recovery will be better as Bad Bank’s main work is recovery and they are specialised in that. Positive Impact on Financial Sector: Bad Bank will help improve the banking sector’s health and fasten the recovery aspects of ailing by putting back frozen assets back into economic circulation. Increased Profitability of Banks: Bad Bank increases profitability of other banks as they can focus more on lending, acquiring more customers and upgrading technology without spending too much time on recovery or resolution of bad loans Feasibility: Bad banks can make profits as they usually keep high margin before acquiring the bad loans. The concept of Bad Bank has been implemented in other countries including Sweden, Finland, France and Germany.  Demerits of Bad Bank- Shifting of Problem: Former RBI Governor Raghuram Rajan had opposed the idea of setting up a bad bank in which banks hold a majority stake. He was of the opinion that bad bank idea as merely shifting loans from one government pocket (the public sector banks) to another (the bad bank). Reckless Lending: Other banks may not concentrate on the quality of loans as they always an option of shifting bad loans to ARC/ Bad Bank. This leads to doling out loans without proper diligence leading to reckless lending Efficacy Debate: Bad banks may not acquire critical loans which are difficult to recover and only concentrate on easily recoverable loans. As a result, troubled Commercial banks continue to face the issue of bad loans. There is also the fear that it end up as another case of throwing good money after bad. Profitability of Banks: High margin of Bad banks may curtail the profits of other banks which can in turn impact their lending capabilities.  Moral Issues: Due to pressure bad banks may employ some unethical ways to recover loans. Another issue is that other banks may not show the actual position of loan accounts by doing window dressing. What has been the stand of the RBI with regard to resolving stressed loans? Viral Acharya, when he was the RBI Deputy Governor, had said it would be better to limit the objective of these asset management companies to the orderly resolution of stressed assets, followed by a graceful exit.  Acharya suggested two models to solve the problem of stressed assets.  The first is a private asset management company (PAMC), which is said to be suitable for stressed sectors where the assets are likely to have an economic value in the short run, with moderate levels of debt forgiveness.  The second model is the National Asset Management Company (NAMC), which would be necessary for sectors where the problem is not just one of excess capacity but possibly also of economically unviable assets in the short to medium terms. While the RBI did not show much enthusiasm about a bad bank all these years, there are signs that it can look at the idea now. Recently, Governor Das indicated that the RBI can consider the idea of a bad bank. Do we need a Bad Bank now? The idea gained currency during Raghuram Rajan’s tenure as RBI Governor.  The RBI had then initiated an asset quality review (AQR) of banks and found that several banks had suppressed or hidden bad loans to show a healthy balance sheet.  However, the idea remained on paper amid lack of consensus on the efficacy of such an institution. Now, with the pandemic hitting the banking sector, the RBI fears a spike in bad loans in the wake of a six-month moratorium it has announced to tackle the economic slowdown. How serious is the NPA issue in the wake of the pandemic? The RBI noted in its recent Financial Stability Report that the gross NPAs of the banking sector are expected to shoot up to 14.8% of advances by September 2021, from 7.5% in September 2020 Among bank groups, the NPA ratio of PSU banks, which was 9.7% in September 2020, may increase to 16.2% by September 2021 under the baseline scenario. The K V Kamath Committee, which helped the RBI with designing a one-time restructuring scheme, also noted that corporate sector debt worth Rs 15.52 lakh crore has come under stress after Covid-19 hit India, while another Rs 22.20 lakh crore was already under stress before the pandemic.  This effectively means Rs 37.72 crore (72% of the banking sector debt to industry) remains under stress. This is almost 37% of the total non-food bank credit. The panel led by Kamath, a veteran banker, has said companies in sectors such as retail trade, wholesale trade, roads and textiles are facing stress. Sectors that have been under stress pre-Covid include NBFCs, power, steel, real estate and construction. Setting up a bad bank is seen as crucial against this backdrop Why is it crucial to tackle toxic loans? Banks and other financial institutions are the key drivers of economic growth, as they are the formal channels of credit.  As things stand, lenders, particularly the state-owned ones, are saddled with massive bad loans.  Growing NPAs has made Banks risk-averse and eroded their capacity to lend to help spur economic recovery from the shock of the covid-19 pandemic that has roiled the world.  Banks will find it tough and exorbitantly expensive to raise capital from the market if the asset-quality trajectory remains uncertain, delaying and even jeopardizing, economic growth. Has the banking system made any proposal with regard to Bad Bank? The banking sector, led by the Indian Banks’ Association, had submitted a proposal in May 2020 for setting up a bad bank to resolve the NPA problem, proposing equity contribution from the government and banks.  The proposal was also discussed at the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) meeting, but it did not find favour with the government which preferred a market-led resolution process.  The banking industry’s proposal was based on an idea proposed by a panel on faster resolution of stressed assets in public sector banks headed by former Punjab National Bank Chairman Sunil Mehta.  Sunil Mehta panel had proposed a company, Sashakt India Asset Management, for resolving large bad loans two years ago.  The idea of a bad bank was discussed in 2018 too, but it never took shape.  During the pandemic, banks and India Inc were also pitching for one-time restructuring of loans and NPA reclassification norms from 90 days to 180 days as relief measures to tackle the impact of the lockdown and the slowdown in the economy. Currently, loans in which the borrower fails to pay principal and/or interest charges within 90 days are classified as NPAs and provisioning is made accordingly. Will a bad bank solve the problem of NPAs? Complements Previous Measures: Despite a series of measures by the RBI for better recognition and provisioning against NPAs, as well as massive doses of capitalisation of public sector banks by the government, the problem of NPAs continues in the banking sector, especially among the weaker banks.  Having a Bad Bank will complement other measures taken by RBI & government to clean up banking sector. Helps solve economic aftershocks of Pandemic: As the Covid-related stress pans out in the coming months, proponents of the concept feel that a professionally-run bad bank, funded by the private lenders and supported the government, can be an effective mechanism to deal with NPAs.  Experience from Other Countries: Many other countries had set up institutional mechanisms such as the Troubled Asset Relief Programme (TARP) in the US to deal with a problem of stress in the financial system in the wake of 2008 financial crisis. Conclusion Banks and other financial institutions are the key drivers of economic growth. However, many borrowers may find it difficult to service their loans, requiring lenders to set aside capital to cover those losses. A bad bank can free them up to start lending. However, adequate measures need to be put in place so as to overcome the pitfalls of bad bank (TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) Model questions: (You can now post your answers in comment section) Note:  Correct answers of today’s questions will be provided in next day’s DNA section. Kindly refer to it and update your answers.  Comments Up-voted by IASbaba are also the “correct answers”. Q.1 Mukundpura CM2 meteorite was found in which of the following city? Jaipur  Nagpur  Ranchi Raipur Q.2 Which of the following is incorrect about Kalaripayattu? It originated in Kerala. It is one of the oldest forms of martial arts. Only men are allowed to practice the art. Practitioners possess intricate knowledge of healing techniques that incorporate the knowledge of Ayurveda and Yoga. Q.3 Where is Harike Wetland situated? Himachal Pradesh Punjab Jammu & Kashmir Rajasthan Q.4 Anubhava Mantapa is associated with which of the following philosopher of India? Bhartrhari Ghosha Yajnavalkya Basaveshwara ANSWERS FOR 18th January 2021 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK) 1 D 2 A Must Read On govt. powers to combat vaccine hesitancy: The Hindu On economic sustainability of mining in India: The Hindu On reading new US President Biden in Delhi: The Indian Express