Dec 9, 2020 TLP Mains 2020

SYNOPSIS [8th DECEMBER,2020] Day 50: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 2): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE   SYNOPSIS [8th DECEMBER,2020] Day 50: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 2): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)   1. Examine the factors responsible for the transforming locational pattern of cotton textile industry in India. Approach: It is strait forward question where, it expects students to write about – various factors responsible for transforming locational pattern of cotton industry from 19th century. Introduction: Cotton textile industry is largest organised modem industry of India. There has been a phenomenal growth of this industry during the last four decades. About 16 per cent of the industrial capital and over 20 per cent of the industrial labour of the country is engaged in this industry. Body: Initially they used to be dependent on sources of supply of raw material, but with the progress in science and technology, there are frequent changes in factors, on which location of the industries depends. A host of factors such as low labour costs, government subsidies, irrigation, proximity to ports led to the spread of the cotton textile industry. Pre-1920’s: Traditionally, the cotton industry in India was largely concentrated in cotton-growing areas of the peninsula, Like Gujarat (Surat), Maharashtra(Mumbai). These areas had advantages of proximity to the market, capital facility, cheap labour, proximity to port facility and favourable humid climate. But cotton is lightweight, non-perishable material, humidity can be created artificially and there is hardly any weight loss during production. As a result, proximity to raw material becomes a non-critical factor in location. Production can be carried out anywhere with cheap labour, energy and water supply is available for dyeing. Post-1920’s: Dispersal of industry from the old nuclei started after 1921 with railway lines penetrating into the peninsular region. Gradually industry shifted towards small towns and cities. Example: centres like Coimbatore, Madurai, Bangalore, Nagpur, Indore, Solapur, Vadodara, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Indore, Amritsar. These were favourably located in respect to raw material, market and labour than places of original locations. This industry also reached some places with some additional advantages, such as nearness to coal (Nagpur), financial facilities (Kanpur) and wide market with port facilities (Kolkata). Dispersal of the cotton textile industry was further boosted with the development of hydroelectricity. The growth of this industry in Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli is largely due to the availability of hydroelectricity from Pykara dam. Post-Independence: The industry also tended to shift from areas of high labour cost to those with low labour cost. The labour cost factor played a crucial role in establishing this industry at Madurai, Tirunelveli, and Coimbatore. Government Incentives: Handloom industry considered highly labour-intensive, beneficial to the village economy and women empowerment. Therefore, the government aids them with measures such as the Integrated Village Handloom Development scheme and National Silk Yarn Scheme. Handloom sector employs more than 65 lakh people and contributes to 15 % of total textile productions. They are widely distributed throughout the country, states of Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Assam and Manipur account for nearly 50 per cent of the production capacity. Conclusion: Cotton textiles sector carries huge potential for employment generation and solving India’s employment generation crisis. Therefore, the sector must be harnessed to its maxima with effective policy support. 2. What are the key factors deciding the location of fertiliser industry? Discuss. Approach: It is strait forward question where it expects students to write about various key factors responsible for locating fertiliser industry. Introduction: Indian soils are generally deficient in fertilizing elements namely NPK – Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium, hence do not give high yield. It is therefore essential to feed these soils with the chemical fertilizers so that their productivity increases. The significant contribution made by the chemical fertilizers can be seen from the impact of green revolution on Indian agriculture. Body: Locational factors of fertiliser industry: Presence of oil refinery: About 70% of the plants producing nitrogenous fertilizers use naphtha as the basic raw material. Example: Gujarat-Maharashtra region fertilizer plants at Hazira, Mumbai, Trombay, Vadodara etc. Proximity to natural gas source:  For the production of Urea and nitrogen based fertilizers, natural gas is a necessity. Presence of Iron and steel industry in the vicinity: Some fertilizer plants draw their feed stock from steel slug as well as coke and lignite.  Pipeline infrastructure: During the recent year’s transportation of Naphtha or Gas through rail or pipelines has facilitated the widespread distribution of fertilizer plants with priority to seaboard location. Example: Hazira-Bijaipur-Jagdishpur (HBJ) pipeline and subsequent fertilizer industry in Bijapur, Sawai Madhopur, Shahjahanpur etc. Port facilities: Some fertilizer plants import phosphate, potash etc. Many fertilizer plants export their produce to other countries via sea ports and pipelines. Raw materials: Availability of mineral phosphate, raw potash material etc. Example: Florida, North Carolina, Utah and Idaho; India: UP, MP, Rajasthan. Conclusion: Fertilizer industry is not only a significant market in terms of size, but also an essential industry serving global food production. With a stable and streamline policy for Fertilizers, Joint ventures with countries well-endowed with resources for fertilizer production, India can have a robust fertiliser industry and meet its agricultural and food security needs. 3. What role does innovation and investment climate play in deciding the location of tertiary sector industries? Illustrate. Approach: As the directive here is illustrate, it is necessary to describe the factors of innovation and investment climate play in deciding the location of tertiary sector, you can start by explaining the meaning of tertiary sector industries. In the main body part explain how does innovation and investment climate give impetus to set up  tertiary sector industries i.e. explain their essentiality. You can conclude by stating how India has given impetus to innovation and investment and how it will help India.  Introduction: The tertiary sector industries consists of the production of services instead of end products. Services (also known as "intangible goods") include attention, advice, access, experience, and affective labour. It involves the provision of services to other businesses as well as final consumers. Body: Role innovation and investment climate play in deciding the location of tertiary sector industries: Institutions: Having a good research and innovation culture in a country makes it easy for adaptation of technology there by it attracts the investors to look for the location where such culture is ripe. For instance,  Silicon Valley in USA. Human capital and research: Deep penetration of innovation culture is possible when a sufficient intellectual human capital is there to serve the innovation needs. Besides, an investor looks for such place where innovation culture is deeply penetrated and there the investor invests. For instance, as per global innovation index 2020, India is one of the leading innovation achievers in the central and southern Asian region, as it has shown a consistent improvement in its innovation ranking for the last 5 years. Infrastructure: Only having a sufficient innovation culture will not decide the location of Industry. But having required infrastructure to cater to the needs and reduce investment cost also impacts location of industries. For instance,  in Pune region Magarpatta region has sufficient office space infrastrucutre to set up an IT company.  Market Sophistication: Investor invests in such a project where she gets a sufficient amount of return. However, if a countries market is not that much developed to adapt the new innovation and provide security of return then investors will not choose to invest in that country. For instance, Vietnam is attracting BPO industry investors and challenging the BPO industry in India.  As per 'Ease of doing business' report, One of the main factor to specify the location of industry is Credit availability, an investor is not in full capacity to invest 100% amount in  a project then she needs to apply for credit. Hence, Investment through easy or difficuilt credit route also affects the location of industries.  Protection to minority investors: A minority investor cannot stand toe-to-toe with a big investor company. Hence, while doing investment an investor will definitely think about the protection. Depending on it the location of industry will vary.  India ranks in the top 15 in indicators such as the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) services exports, government online services, graduates in science and engineering, and Research and Development-intensive global companies. The  improvement in the index rankings is owing to the immense knowledge capital, the vibrant startup ecosystem, and the amazing work done by the public and private research organisations. Conclusion: India's tertiary sector employs 24 % of the workforce and contributes to 51% of GDP. Besides, as per the study conducted by University of Mysore, India ranks 9th in the world in tertiary sector output. It's contribution in the growth and development of India increased due to favourable innovation and investment oriented policies. Hence, for the location of tertiary sector industries role of innovation and investment climate plays a cardinal role.  4. What has been India’s recent performance on the ease of doing business index? What are the key areas that require improvement? Examine. Approach - It expects students to write about ease of doing business index, recent India’s performance and also suggest key areas that require improvement. Introduction Ease of Doing Business is an annual survey published by World Bank. The report was introduced in 2003 to provide an assessment of objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement across 190 economies on ten parameters affecting a business through its life cycle. India bagged 63rd position this time 2019 marking an improvement of 14 places from its 77th in 2018. India for the third consecutive year was present in the list of 10 economies where business climates had improved the most.  Body India’s performance in recent years –  Resolving insolvency: The latest improvement has come on the back of the implementation of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC).  India’s rank has improved from 108 to 52 in the “resolving insolvency” category with the overall recovery rate for lenders moving up from 26.5 cents to 71.6 cents to the dollar according to the World Bank. Trading across border: The country’s ranking in the “Trading across borders” category jumped 12 places from 80 to 68 signifying the abatement of paperwork in favour of electronic filing of documents and single-window customs procedures. Importing and exporting also became easier for companies with the creation of a single electronic platform for trade stakeholders, upgrades to port infrastructure and improvements to electronic submission of documents.  Dealing with construction permits: Interestingly, there has been improvement in a parameter that most industrialists would consider as a problem even now: “Dealing with construction permits”. The country’s ranking has improved by 25 places from 52 to 27. Obtaining all permits and authorizations to build a warehouse now costs 4% of the warehouse value, down from 5.7% the previous year. Enforcing contracts: The introduction of the National Judicial Data Grid has made it possible to generate case management reports on local courts. Paying taxes: The report notes that India made paying taxes easier by requiring that payments to the Employees Provident Fund are made electronically. Further, it introduced measures to ease compliance with corporate income tax. Starting a business: Starting a business involves obtaining clearances, and conforming to various regulations under laws such as Companies Act, 2013.  The report noted that India merged the application procedure for getting a Permanent Account Number (PAN) and the Tax Account Number (TAN) for new businesses.  It also improved the online application system for getting a PAN and a TAN. Expert Committee constituted by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion and the Standing Committee of Commerce, have studied the the regulatory requirements for starting a business in India and the made recommendations on the ease of doing business to improve the business environment in India: Starting a business: Need to streamline regulations to give businesses in India a boost.  The Committee had suggested that the procedures and time period for registration of companies should be reduced.  In addition, a unique business ID should be created to integrate all information related to a debtor.  This ID should be used as sole reference for the business. Acquiring land, registering property: It has been noted that land titles in India are unclear due to various reasons including legacy of the zamindari system, gaps in the legal framework and poor administration of land records.  It recommended process of updating and digital land records should be completed at the earliest.   The digitised records would assist in removing ambiguity in land titles and help in its smooth transfer.   It also suggested that land ownership may be ascertained by integrating space technology and identification documents such as Aadhaar.  Note that as of September 2017, land records had been linked with Aadhaar in 4% of the villages across the country.  Steps include integration of land records and land registration and the passage of a law to certify land titles in urban areas. Enforcing contracts:  Standing Committee noted that it took close to four years in India for enforcing contracts.  On the other hand, it took less than six months for contract enforcement in Singapore.  This may be due to various reasons including complex litigation procedures, confusion related to jurisdiction of courts and high existing pendency of cases.  It recommended that an alternative dispute resolution mechanism and fast track courts should be set up to expedite disposal of contract enforcement cases.   It suggested that efforts should be made to limit adjournments to exceptional circumstances only. It also recommended that certified practitioners should be created, to assist dispute resolution. Construction permits:  The Committee had observed that it took 33 procedures over 192 days to obtain a construction permit in India. Similar permit in Singapore involved 10 procedures and took 26 days. The Committee also recommended creating a single window for registration and issuance  of permit, to reduce delays. Taxation:  The Standing Committee had noted that the tax administration in India was complex, and arbitration proceedings were time-consuming.  The Committee observed that for ‘Make in India’ to succeed, there is a need for a fair, judicious and stable tax administration in the country. Further, it suggested that to reduce harassment of tax payers, an electronic tax administration system should be created.  Such a system would reduce human interface during dispute resolution. The GST framework allows for electronic filling of tax returns, among other measures. Other side of the coin that need to be addressed: However, the rankings do not capture the real cost of doing business in the countries with large unorganized sectors (such as India), and the cost of production are different from larger formal companies. Starting, running or shutting down a business may be easier in Delhi and Mumbai compared to Coimbatore or Hyderabad where it is probably more difficult. The index fails at measuring the difficulties businesses face in terms of raising liquidity, controls on internal trade, skilling/employability issues, etc. Admittedly, it is not easy to streamline processes across the country given India’s federal set up where States have a big say in several parameters that go into the ranking such as securing building permits, land approvals, electricity connections, registering assets etc. Conclusion Improvement have taken place due to the commitment of the Government to carry out comprehensive and complex reforms, supported by the bureaucracy which has changed its mindset from a regulator to a facilitator.  To come under 25 or below 50, the government needs to announce and start implementing next set of ambitious reforms now, as these reforms takes a few years to be realised on the ground. 5. What are global supply chains? How do they evolve? Explain. Approach: It expects students to write about global supply chain and write about how they evolve. Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has caused closures of business, the stoppage of factory outputs, and the disruption to global manufacturing industries and their supply networks.  This is a result of China becoming the production hub of the entire world in the last two decades. Global supply chains are networks that can span across multiple continents and countries for the purpose of sourcing and supplying goods and services. Body Global supply chain:  Global supply chains involve the flow of information, processes and resources across the globe. It is a chain of separate but inter-linked and coordinated activities in different geographical locations to bring out a product or a service to complete production and delivery to final consumers. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is strategy of  China for global supply chain management under which it is promoting transport infrastructure and communication facilities, supply chain logistics network. India needs to develop a robust long-term vision to establish itself as a major player in the global supply chain arena. The Sagarmala Programme is an initiative by the government of India to enhance the performance of the country's logistics sector. Evolution of global supply chains: Before 1900: The industrial revolutions started to change things. As railroads were laid, it became faster, easier and cheaper to transport goods over longer distances, although supply chains still tended to be limited to countries. International ocean trade was fairly inefficient as loose goods were stored in ship’s hulls, and required a lot of effort to load and unload. Early 20th Century: Since the invention of the internal combustion engine and cars in the late 19th century, pioneers started developing trucks to allow for the faster transport of goods by road. A major development in supply chain storage was in 1925 when pallets started to be used in warehouses. This allowed goods to be consolidated together onto pallets, which could then be stacked vertically, saving space and making goods handling more efficient. From the 1930s to the 1940s Greater Mechanisation: Logistics became very important during World War II, as military organisations needed efficient supply chains at home and in Europe. The 1940s saw a consolidation of industrial engineering and operations research into supply chain engineering.  The Global Supply Chain in the 1950s: The revolution in global supply chains was the invention of the shipping container. Whether a container is being pulled by road on a truck, carried on the railway or shipped overseas on a container ship, standardisation makes transporting and handling these containers fast and easy. The invention of containerisation was one of the main drivers in making global trade cheaper and more efficient. From the 1960s to the 1980s: IBM developed the first computerised inventory management and forecasting system in 1967. Before the 1960s, logistics records and data were captured, sent and reported through paper. Data computerisation started to streamline logistics, and created opportunities in many areas including more accurate forecasting, better warehouse storage, truck routing and better inventory management. In global supply chain due to barcodes made it much easier to scan products. Further Efficiencies and the Shift to a Global Model: The 1980s new software like flexible spreadsheets, mapping and route planning made it easier to track costs and maximise profits. This was coupled with other advancements including air freight optimisation, supply chain distribution networks and the introduction of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. MIT also developed RFID tags to make it easier to electronically track goods and shipments, a predecessor of the Internet of Things devices we use today. Now with True sense of Globalisation: All of this history brings us to the present, and continued transformation in global supply chains. One of the biggest influences has been the explosion of manufacturing in Asia, with China, Japan and Korea becoming major suppliers and exporters of goods. At the same time Block chain technology, AI, and machine learning combines with predictive and prescriptive analytics to provide better forecasting, enhanced order management and more. What’s more, the supply chain is evolving toward a more data-driven, network-driven and collaborative supply chain ecosystem that drives real value and growth for all participants. Importance of Global supply chain GSC: Tool to Economic Growth: GSC are a powerful driver of productivity growth, job creation, and increased living standards. Countries that embrace GSC grow faster, import skills and technology, and boost employment. Diversifying Country’s Export Sector: It provides opportunities for developing countries to diversify their exports and intensify their integration into the global economy. Boon to Developing Countries: By embedding more technology and know how in all their agriculture, manufacturing, and services they make it easier for those countries to diversify away from primary products to manufactures and services and develop high value added task. Conclusion For many countries like India, the ability to effectively insert themselves into Global supply chain is a vital condition for their development. This supposes an ability to access Global supply chain, to compete successfully and to capture the gains in terms of national economic development, capability building and generating more and better jobs to reduce unemployment and poverty. TLP HOT Synopsis Day 50 PDF

Dec 9, 2020 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz - 2020 : IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs Quiz 9th Dec 2020

For Previous Daily Quiz (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. This is a part of our recently launched, NEW INITIATIVE IASbaba’s INTEGRATED REVISION PLAN (IRP) 2020 – Road Map for the next 100 Days! FREE INITIATIVE! We will make sure, in the next 4 months not a single day is wasted. All your energies are channelized in the right direction. Trust us! This will make a huge difference in your results this time, provided that you follow this plan sincerely every day without fail. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” To Know More about the Initiative -> CLICK HERE SCHEDULE/DETAILED PLAN – > CLICK HERE Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken and solutions. To take the Test - Click here

Dec 9, 2020 TLP Mains 2020

IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 2 - ENGLISH & हिंदी): UPSC Mains Answer Writing - General Studies Paper 1 Questions[9th DECEMBER,2020] - Day 51

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Hello Friends, Welcome to IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 2 - ENGLISH & हिंदी): UPSC Mains Answer Writing - General Studies Paper 1 Questions[9th DECEMBER,2020] - Day 51   We will make sure, in the next 3 months not a single day is wasted. All your energies are channelized in the right direction. Trust us! This will make a huge difference in your results this time, provided that you follow this plan sincerely every day without fail. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. We are giving 5 Mains Questions on Daily basis so that every student can actively participate and keep your preparation focused. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” To Know More about the Initiative -> CLICK HERE SCHEDULE/DETAILED PLAN – > CLICK HERE   Note: Click on Each Question (Link), it will open in a new tab and then Answer respective questions! 1. What are different weather phenomena associated with low pressure systems? Discuss. निम्न दबाव प्रणाली से सम्बंधित मौसम घटनाएं क्या होती हैं? चर्चा करें। 2. Why are some parts of India are highly prone to earthquakes? Explain. भारत के कुछ हिस्से भूकंप की आशंका वाले क्यों हैं? समझाएं। 3. Discuss various geophysical phenomena associated with plate tectonics. प्लेट टेक्टोनिक्स से जुड़े विभिन्न भूभौतिकीय घटनाओं पर चर्चा करें। 4. How do activities associated with the solar surface affect the earth? Illustrate. सौर सतह से जुड़ी गतिविधियाँ पृथ्वी को कैसे प्रभावित करती हैं? उदाहरण देकर स्पष्ट करें। 5. With the help of suitable examples, discuss the landforms associated with vulcanism. उपयुक्त उदाहरणों की सहायता से, वल्केनिज़्म से जुड़े भू-आकृतियों पर चर्चा करें। P.S: The review from IASbaba will happen from the time the question is posted till 10 pm everyday. We would also encourage peer reviews. So friends get actively involved and start reviewing each others answers. This will keep the entire community motivated. All the Best :)

Dec 8, 2020 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 8th December 2020

Archives (PRELIMS + MAINS FOCUS) Himachal Pradesh government trying to obtain GIs for products native to the State Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – GI tags In news The Himachal Pradesh government is trying to obtain GIs (Geographical Indication) tags for five products from the state.  These are Karsog Kulth, Thangi of Pangi, Chamba Metal Crafts, Chamba Chukh, and Rajmah of Bharmour. Key takeaways  Karsog Kulth: Kulthi or Kulth (horse gram) is a legume grown as a kharif crop in Himachal Pradesh. Kulth grown in the Karsog area of Mandi district is believed to be particularly rich in amino acids. Pangi ki Thangi: It is a type of hazelnut which grows in Pangi valley located in the north-western edge of Himachal. It is known for its unique flavour and sweetness. Chamba metal crafts: These include items such as metal idols and brass utensils which were made by skilled artisans in the courts of kings of Chamba.  Chamba Chukh: It’s a chutney made from green and red chillies grown in Chamba, and prepared in traditional and unique ways. Bharmouri Rajmah: It’s more specifically called the Kugtalu Rajmah, since it grows in the area around Kugti Pass in the Bharmour region of Chamba district. It is rich in proteins and has a unique flavour. Do you know?  Himachal pradesh currently has GI tags in four handicrafts (Kullu Shawl, Chamba Rumal, Kinnauri Shawl and Kangra Paintings), three agricultural products (Kangra Tea, Basmati and Himachali Kala Zeera) and one manufactured product (Himachali Chulli Oil). Petroleum Board’s notifies New Unified Tariff Structure Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Economy In news The Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) has notified a new tariff structure for 14 natural gas pipelines.  The aim is to reduce the cost of natural gas for users further away from sources of natural gas and LNG terminals on the west coast of the country. Key takeaways  Under the new unified tariff structure, buyers will be charged a fixed tariff for the transport of gas within 300 kms of a source and a fixed tariff for the transport of gas beyond 300 kms on a single pipeline network. This would be significantly cheaper for buyers further away from the source of gas who were earlier charged on the basis of the number of pipelines used and the distance from the source of gas. Therefore, a buyer using multiple pipelines would likely benefit significantly from this change. The changes in the tariffs will likely incentivise greater investment into gas transmission infrastructure as natural gas becomes more affordable for users further away from the west coast of the country. Do you know?  The Indian government is aiming to boost the consumption of natural gas which currently accounts for 6.2% of India’s energy basket to 15% by 2030. Ayush Export Promotion Council to be set up  Part of: GS Prelims and GS-II – Policies and interventions; Health & GS-III - Trade In news Ministry of Commerce and Industry and Ministry of AYUSH have decided to set up an AYUSH Export Promotion Council to boost AYUSH exports. Key takeaways Both Ministries will work together for establishing an AYUSH Export Promotion Council (AEPC).  The proposed AEPC can be housed at Ministry of AYUSH. Standardisation of HS code for AYUSH will be expedited. Ministry of AYUSH will work in collaboration with Bureau of Indian standards to develop international standards for AYUSH products as well as services. AYUSH industry will work on ensuring quality and standards of AYUSH products as well as to become price-competitive. AYUSH will also figure in the Brand India activities. Hampi Stone Chariot Part of: GS Prelims and GS-I – Temple and Architecture In news The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has taken steps to protect the stone chariot inside Vittala Temple complex at the UNESCO World Heritage site of Hampi, Karnataka. Tourists can no longer get too close to the iconic stone chariot. Important value addition Hampi chariot The chariot inside the temple complex is a shrine dedicated to Garuda, but the sculpture of Garuda is now missing. The Hampi chariot is one among the three famous stone chariots in India. The other two are in Konark (Odisha) and Mahabalipuram (Tamil Nadu). It was built in the 16th century by the orders of King Krishnadevaraya, a Vijayanagara ruler. The delicately carved chariot at Hampi reflects skill of temple architecture under the patronage of Vijayanagara rulers who reigned from 14th to 17th century CE. Vittala Temple It was built in the 15th century during the rule of Devaraya II, one of the rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire. It is dedicated to Vittala. Vittala is said to be an incarnation of Lord Vishnu. Dravidian style adorns the built of the complex, which is further enhanced with elaborate carvings. Moolamylliang recovers from rat-hole mining  Part of: GS Prelims and GS-I – Key natural resources & GS-III – Environment In news Moolamylliang, a village in Meghalaya’s East Jaintia Hills district, is making progress in becoming a greener place amid abandoned pits from the rat-hole mining. Key takeaways National Green Tribunal (NGT) banned hazardous rat-hole coal mining in Meghalaya in April 2014 and set a time limit for transporting the coal already mined till that time. The Jaintia Coal Miners and Dealers’ Association claims there are some 60,000 coal mines across 360 villages in East Jaintia Hills district.  Moolamylliang used to be one such village until the National Green Tribunal’s ban. Do you know? Rat-hole Mining is a term used for a hazardous and arduous mining technique where miners crawl into winding underground tunnels that are just 4-5 feet in diameter to extract coal from the deep seams with a pickaxe. IRDAI standardises health policies for Robotic and bariatric surgeries Part of: GS Prelims and GS-II – Policies and interventions; Health & GS-III - Trade In news The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) has standardised all health policies to include robotic and bariatric surgeries as well. Key takeaways Robotic surgery holds significant promise in the field of healthcare.  The introduction of such surgeries has made the performance of complicated procedures much easier. They allow doctors to perform different types of complex procedures with more precision, flexibility, and control. The benefits of such procedures in India come at a lower cost than in developed nations, making it easily accessible to a larger section of the population. Robotic surgeries reduce the trauma caused to the patient by allowing surgery to be performed through small ports or ‘keyholes’ rather than via large incisions. The instruments can access hard-to-reach areas of a patient’s body more easily through smaller incisions compared with traditional open and laparoscopic surgeries. This helps in shorter recovery times, with fewer complications and a shorter hospital stay.  They are minimally invasive, painless and have a bigger cosmetic advantage. Lower cost of the surgery would mean lower premium to be paid for such cover, too. Do you know?  Bariatric surgery is an operation that helps lose weight by making changes to the digestive system. Insurance Regulatory Development Authority of India (IRDAI) is a regulatory body created with the aim of protecting the interests of the insurance customers. It regulates and sees to the development of the insurance industry while monitoring insurance-related activities. Jupiter and Saturn to be seen in Great Conjunction Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Sci & Tech In news In a rare celestial event, Jupiter and Saturn will be seen very close to each other (conjunction) on 21st December 2020, appearing like one bright star. Key takeaways Conjunction occurs when two celestial bodies visually appear close to each other from Earth. Astronomers use the term great conjunction to describe meetings of the two biggest worlds in the solar system, Jupiter and Saturn. It happens about every 20 years. The conjunction is the result of the orbital paths of Jupiter and Saturn coming into line, as viewed from Earth. Jupiter orbits the sun about every 12 years, and Saturn about every 29 years. It will be the closest alignment of Saturn and Jupiter since 1623, in terms of distance. The next time the planets will be this close is 2080. They will appear to be close together, however, they will be more than 400 million miles apart. (Mains Focus) GOVERNANCE/ ECONOMY Topic: General Studies 2,3: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources DUET (Decentralised Urban Employment and Training) for urban areas Context There is a crisis of employment in the urban informal sector, as millions of workers have lost their job due to periodic lockdowns, and may or may not retrieve it soon. Our public institutions and public spaces (schools, colleges, health centres, bus stands, jails, shelters, hostels, parks, museums, offices, etc.) have a chronic problem of poor maintenance. There is growing interest in an employment guarantee act, but little experience of relief works in urban areas. Decentralised Urban Employment and Training’ (DUET) could act as a step towards urban employment guarantee. The basic idea of DUET The state government issues 'job stamps' and distributes them to approved institutions – schools, colleges, government departments, health centres, municipalities, neighbourhood associations, urban local bodies, etc Each job stamp can be converted into one person-day of work within a specified period, with the approved institution arranging the work  Wages, paid by the government, would go directly to the workers’ accounts against job stamps certified by the employer.  Employees are to be selected from a pool of registered workers by the approved employer, or, by an independent 'placement agency' (to avoid collusion) What is the role of the placement agency? The primary role of the placement agency is to assign registered workers to approved employers as and when required. But it could also serve other purposes, for example, certifying workers’skills, protecting workers from exploitation and arranging social benefits for them. Various options could be considered for the placement agency, such as: (1) a single agency for the municipality, run by the local government; (2) a worker cooperative; (3) multiple placement agencies, run as non-profit organisations or cooperatives. Precedents Some countries have employment-subsidy schemes of similar inspiration, e.g. “service voucher schemes” (SVS) in several European countries. Belgium has a very popular SVS for domestic services such as cleaning and ironing. It was used by 1 out of 5 households in 2016. The service vouchers are much like job stamps, except that they are used by households instead of public institutions, for the purpose of securing domestic services such as cooking and cleaning.  The service vouchers are not free, but they are highly subsidised, and households have an incentive to use them since that is a way of buying domestic services very cheap.  In the DUET scheme, the use of job stamps relies on a sense of responsibility among the heads of public institutions, not their self-interest. How is DUET different from MGNREGA? It is meant to create a lasting institution as an antidote to urban unemployment and urban decay.  The motivation for DUET is quite different from that for MNREGA. MNREGA offers insurance to rural workers in a slack season or in a drought year when agricultural jobs disappear. That is not the case of urban production. What is the rationale/merits of DUET? Job Creation: Activating a multiplicity of approved employers will help to generate a lot of employment. Activating a multiplicity of potential employers: The approved employers will have a stake in ensuring that the work is productive. Efficient: The scheme requires little staff of its own since existing institutions are the employers. The Scheme thus avoids the need for special staff, facilitating productive work. Avoids Leakages: Workers are assured of timely payment at the minimum wage as it involves direct payment of wages using JAM trinity. Towards employment guarantee: It would be relatively easy to move from DUET towards demand-driven 'employment guarantee'. That would require the municipality to act as a last-resort employer, committed to providing work to all those who are demanding work Urban Infrastructure Creation: Urban areas could use some infrastructure and there is under utilised labour but there are no resources to use this labour to build the infrastructure. DUET may be one way to solve this problem What are the precautions that one needs to take to make DUET a success? Permissible List of Works: To avoid abuse, the use of job stamps could be restricted to a list of permissible works. But the list should be fairly comprehensive, and not restricted to maintenance. Avoid Displacement of Existing Jobs: The list of works should not be so broad as to displace existing jobs in public institutions. Ensure Worker Safety: All DUET employment should be subject to worker safety and welfare norms specified in the scheme and existing labour laws. Equity in worker registration: All urban residents above the age of 18 should be eligible to register under DUET, but special registration drives or placement agencies could be located in low-income neighbourhoods. Integrate Skilling: The scheme would cover both skilled and unskilled workers. Whenever a skilled worker is employed, an assistant (unskilled) worker could be mandatorily employed as well, to impart an element of training and skill formation to the scheme. Giving priority to women would have two further merits. First, it would reinforce the self-targeting feature of DUET, because women in relatively well-off households are unlikely to go (or be allowed to go) for casual labour at the minimum wage. Second, it would promote women’s general participation in the labour force.  Needs Independent Monitoring: An independent authority could be appointed or designated at the municipal level to monitor, inspect, audit and evaluate the works. Conclusion The scheme should be given a chance by way of a pilot scheme in select districts or even municipalities. INTERNATIONAL /SECURITY Topic: General Studies 2,3: Important International Events. Security and its challenges France’s New Security Law Context: For the second weekend in a row, Paris has been rocked by street protests after the government introduced a controversial security bill in parliament that seeks to provide greater powers and protections for police officers. What does the proposed law seek to do? Ground and air mass surveillance: The proposed “global security” law allow the police and the paramilitary forces to use body cameras and drones to film citizens, and allow the recorded footage to be livestreamed to the command post Restricting the filming of police officers: Another provision penalises publishing “the image of the face or any other element of identification” of a police or paramilitary official who is acting in “a police operation”, if the dissemination is done with “the intent of harming their physical or mental integrity”. What are the opponents of the new law saying? Accountability of Police action weakened: Journalists and human rights groups have expressed concern that new law would make it harder to cover public events and record instances of police violence, thus making it more difficult to hold officers accountable. Police Excesses will go undetected: Critics have highlighted two instances of police excesses within one week at the end of November that grabbed national attention, which they argue would have been left unreported had the proposed law been in place Authoritarian Law: Civil liberties groups and left-wing parties have called the bill authoritarian and unnecessary, insisting that existing laws are sufficient to protect police officers. Draconian in character: Its wording has also been criticised as being open-ended, and reporters have worried how the courts would interpret the term “intent of harming”. Freedom of Press: The provisions in bill intend to target press freedoms by restricting the coverage of police officers during protests/ clashes. What have the bill’s supporters said? Protecting Police Officers: The new law is aimed at protecting police officers and their families from online trolling and harassment when off duty. Support by Citizens: As per a Bloomberg report, a government-commissioned survey found that 58 per cent of respondents backed the new security law. Rise of Conservatives as reaction to rising terrorism: Notably, analysts have pointed to a rightward shift of the French electorate supporting such laws that empower police. This shift from liberalism is more pronounced in the aftermath of a spate of recent terror attacks including the October beheading of schoolteacher Samuel Paty, and the Nice stabbing attack. Domestic Politics:  President Macron has been increasingly trying to appeal to right-wing voters, especially before the Presidential election of early 2022. Laws like these which have tinge of majoritarianism is useful in attracting such voters  Value Addition Another controversial legal measure, the so-called “anti-separatism” bill is being proposed by the French Government. The bill, which aims to crack down on Islamic radicalism, is to be introduced in Parliament in December, and envisages a range of measures, including school education reforms to ensure Muslim children do not drop out, stricter controls on mosques and preachers, and has caused concern among Muslims in France. Connecting the dots: George Floyd Incident of US Thoothukudi violence and Judicial Deaths in India (TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) Model questions: (You can now post your answers in comment section) Note:  Correct answers of today’s questions will be provided in next day’s DNA section. Kindly refer to it and update your answers.  Comments Up-voted by IASbaba are also the “correct answers”. Q.1 The largest planet in solar system is the: Mars Jupiter Saturn Venus Q.2 Where are the stone chariots in India located? Karnataka Odisha Tamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh Select the correct code: 1 and 4 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 2 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.3 Consider the following statements: Karsog Kulth is a legume grown as a kharif crop in Himachal Pradesh Pangi ki Thangi is a type of hazelnut which grows in Pangi valley, Uttarakhand. Which of the above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 ANSWERS FOR 7th December 2020 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK) 1 B 2 B 3 A Must Read About Predicting Protein Structures using Artificial Intelligence: The Hindu About need for transparency in authorisation of Vaccines: The Hindu About farmer protest against new farm bills: The Indian Express

Dec 8, 2020 MindMaps

Mind Maps: Emotional Intelligence - General Studies 4

Mind Maps: Emotional Intelligence - General Studies 4 For Previous Important Topics (Mind Maps) - ARCHIVES Hello Friends, Recently we have come up with a NEW INITIATIVE - BRAINSTORMING THROUGH MIND-MAPS! Mind-map is an incredible powerful thinking tool, an innate human language that will have immense benefit in your preparation. The main idea is to brainstorm different aspects of an issue - think in multi-dimensions; what we call 360 degrees of an issue. The whole of this exercise will unleash your creativity to push your brain cells to recall the data learnt and to make it more relevant for your preparation. It will help you to make your Revision and Retention a far better apart from giving you more Clarity in the topics/issue at hand and improve your Concentration. You can see the drastic impact mind-maps will have in a few weeks, provided you are regular with this exercise. So here we are with Today’s TOPIC! Emotional Intelligence - General Studies 4 NOTE – Instructions to download Mind Maps/Images Right Click on the image and ‘Open image in new tab’ Remove/Delete the resolution part from the URL. Eg. “-1536x757” and Press Enter/Load Again Right Click and Save Image As/Download (You’ll get the maximum resolution) Emotional Intelligence   YOUR PARTICIPATION? – VERY IMPORTANT Unlike what we were doing before, in this initiative we want students to learn and brainstorm through mind-maps (It is not necessary that you use a software/tool to design mind maps. You can prepare mindmaps using a pen and a sheet of paper). We will share the final printable mind map twice a week. We will also provide specific inputs on your mind maps to improve your skill of mind mapping.  To Know More about the initiative, Benefits and How to use a mind-map ->CLICK HERE Together we can, we will. The strength of the community is more powerful than individual effort. We have started it. You have to strengthen it” You can Start sharing Your Mind-maps (get feedback from IASbaba) & Topics of your interest in the comment section below!!   Thank You IASbaba

Dec 8, 2020 TLP Mains 2020

SYNOPSIS [7th DECEMBER,2020] Day 49: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 2): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE   SYNOPSIS [7th DECEMBER,2020] Day 49: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 2): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)   Q 1. A sustainable resource management policy should be framed in terms of availability, exhaustibility, and remaining reserves. Comment. Approach: It expects students to write about - in first part write about need of Sustainable resource management policy - in second part write about how policy should be framed for sustainable resource management. Introduction: Sustainable Resource Management is the use of the available in a way that creates the ability of a system to thrive by maintaining economic viability and also nourishing the needs of the present and future generations by limiting resource depletion.  Body: Need of Sustainable resource management policy: According to Global resources outlook 2019 Resource extraction has more than tripled since 1970 Resource extraction is responsible ~ 50% of greenhouse gas emissions and over 90 per cent of biodiversity loss and water stress. Exploding human consumption is the driving force for Anthropocene extinction as per ‘The living planet report’ of WWF. Economic activity (GDP) Employment need increasing the industrial base. Doubling the farmer’s income require high energy consumption.  To increase India’s manufacturing base and to decrease dependence on mineral import, resource extraction is important.  Environmental impact IPCC report has said that this is the last chance for fight against climate change.  Resource extraction is responsible ~ 50% of greenhouse gas emissions and over 90 per cent of biodiversity loss and water stress as per global resources outlook 2019 (UNEP). Sustainable future is one three biggest challenges as per World Economic Forum.  Mean temperature in Indian has risen by 0.66-degree C.  Disaster – Kerala floods etc. To resolve these issues sustainable resource management policy should be: It should be framed by keeping in mind various factors like availability, exhaustibility, and remaining reserves. Organisation like NITI Ayog should make medium and long term roadmap by keeping in mind various factors. Resource mapping need to be done in terms of availability and abundance of remaining resources. Policy should adopt best practices from across the world where sustainable resource management practices are adopted like Scandivian countries. Alternative resources should be streamlined to reduce dependence on traditional resources. 70% of India's power requirement is still fulfilled by coal. By promoting research and development in renewable energy as well as incentivising it can lead to check exhaustibility of traditional resources. Conclusion: The economy cannot be based on the use of non-renewable resources such as coal, petroleum, because these resources cannot be replenished. A truly sustainable resource does not degrade environmental quality. Over-exploitation of natural resources leads to the exhaustion of the resources. Therefore, the current resources cannot be used at the same pace as nothing will be left for future generations. Q 2. Should the Chinese model of constructing massive dams like the Three Gorges Dam to tap hydroelectricity be followed in India? Critically comment. Approach: It expects students to write about - in first part write about benefits of dam construction - while in second part write about issues pertaining to dam construction. Introduction: Amid simmering border tension with India along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Eastern Ladakh, China is planning to build a major hydropower project on Brahmaputra River in Tibet and a proposal for this has been clearly put forward in the 14th Five-Year Plan to be implemented from next year.  Body: India also planning a dam on Brahmaputra river against Chinese projects. There are both benefits and issues related to adopting Chinese model of constructing massive dams like Three Gorges Dam to tap hydroelectricity which are as follows. Benefits of dam construction: Water for drinking and industrial use Due to large variations in hydrological cycle, dams and reservoirs are required to be constructed to store water during periods of surplus water availability and conserve the same for utilization during lean periods when the water availability is scarce. Properly designed and well-constructed dams play a great role in optimally meeting the drinking water requirements of the people. Water stored in reservoirs is also used vastly for meeting industrial needs. Regulated flow of water from reservoirs help in diluting harmful dissolved substances in river waters during lean periods by supplementing low inflows and thus in maintaining and preserving quality of water within safe limits. Irrigation Dams and reservoirs are constructed to store surplus waters during wet periods, which can be used for irrigating arid lands. One of the major benefits of dams and reservoirs is that water flows can be regulated as per agricultural requirements of the various regions over the year. Dams and reservoirs render unforgettable services to the mankind for meeting irrigation requirements on a gigantic scale. It is estimated that 80% of additional food production by the year 2025 would be available from the irrigation made possible by dams and reservoirs. Dams and reservoirs are most needed for meeting irrigation requirements of developing countries, large parts of which are arid zones. There is a need for construction of more reservoir based projects despite widespread measures developed to conserve water through other improvements in irrigation technology. Flood Control Floods in the rivers have been many a time playing havoc with the life and property of the people. Dams and reservoirs can be effectively used to control floods by regulating river water flows downstream the dam. The dams are designed, constructed and operated as per a specific plan for routing floods through the basin without any damage to life and property of the people. The water conserved by means of dams and reservoirs at the time of floods can be utilized for meeting irrigation and drinking water requirements and hydro power generation. Hydro Power Generation Energy plays a key role for socio-economic development of a country. Hydro Power provides a cheap, clean and renewable source of energy. Hydro Power is the most advanced and economically viable resource of renewable energy. Reservoir based hydroelectric projects provide much needed peaking power to the grid. Unlike thermal power stations, Hydro Power stations have fewer technical constraints and the hydro machines are capable of quick start and taking instantaneous load variations. While large hydro potentials can be exploited through mega hydroelectric projects for meeting power needs on regional or national basis, small hydro potentials can be exploited through mini/micro hydel projects for meeting local power needs of small areas. Besides hydro power generation, multipurpose hydroelectric projects have the benefit of meeting irrigation and drinking water requirements and controlling floods etc. Inland navigation Enhanced inland navigation is a result of comprehensive basin planning and development, utilizing dams, locks and reservoirs that are regulated to play a vital role in realizing large economic benefits of national importance. Recreation: The reservoir made possible by constructing a dam presents a beautiful view of a lake. In the areas where natural surface water is scarce or non-existent, the reservoirs are a great source of recreation. Along with other objectives, recreational benefits such as boating, swimming, fishing etc. linked with lakes are also given due consideration at the planning stage to achieve all the benefits of an ideal multipurpose project. While dams provide a yeoman service to the mankind, the following impacts of the construction of dams are required to be handled carefully: - Resettlement and Rehabilitation: displacement of local people due to dam project is major issues in India. Environment and Forests: dam construction required clearance of forest cover due to this Environment and Forests will be impacted. Geostrategic implications: it will impact India's big brother reputation and neighbourhood policy as building dams lead to low water flow to downstream countries. Sedimentary issues Socio economic issues Safety aspects Conclusion: The above problems related to the construction of dams may be resolved successfully in case the approach of government is objective, dynamic, progressive and responsive to the needs of the hour. Q 3. The Arctic region must be approached carefully for exploration and drilling? Do you agree? Substantiate your views. Approach: As the directive here is substantiating it is necessary to give examples while giving arguments. In the introduction candidate can start by giving importance of Arctic region. In the first half of main body part it is necessary to explain the reasons behind adopting a careful approach to explore and drill. A brief of way forward will enrich your answer. Conclusion in the context of sustainability will be good way to conclude.  Introduction:  Americans Robert Peary and Matthew Henson, along with several inuits, were the first people to finally reach the North Pole. They arrived on April 6, 1909, by traversing across the sea ice. It opened up a new land of opportunities for human kind. Subsequently, the global warming has intensified melting of glaciers thus  started a new competition for the acquisition of resources.  Body: Arctic a new land of opportunities:  It is estimated that Arctic contains 90 billion barrels of oil, 1,670 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and 44 billion barrels of natural gas, which is approximately 13% of the world’s undiscovered oil resources, 30% of its undiscovered natural gas resources, and 20% of its undiscovered natural gas. The Arctic region also holds mineral resources, as mentioned earlier, including gold, nickel, copper, graphite and uranium. The potential of Arctic in terms of resources and to change geo-politics and in the Arctic are as represented in Figure 1. Figure 1 Hence, the opening of the Arctic Sea has given way for resource mapping in the Arctic region. Thereby initiating the processes of exploration and drilling. For instance, Russia has already started to venture as explorer. However, to save the mother earth and sustain humankind on the earth it is necessary to adopt a careful approach for exploration and drilling.   The objective of an Arctic policy, should be  centred on placing more weight on environmental and scientific aspects rather than the economic potential of the region.  For instance, the kind of overexploitation of natural resources going on in Gulf region and South American continent actually shows the kind of environmental damage humankind is doing to Mother earth.    Arctic as a land is not well known to humankind. If any aggressive action culminates into disaster like phenomena, then it will hamper survival of humankind.  The race for resource utilisation at Arctic is swift. However, big countries like USA and Russia could dominate the landscape and may overexploit the resources. Which might also hamper other countries interests. Hence, there arises a need of well articulated policy for exploration and drill.  Enhancement of economic activity in the Arctic Region will accelerate global warming and lead to large sea level rise. Melting ice may also supplement the problem of global warming with its reduced capacity to absorb carbon dioxide.  Any drastic change in the Arctic is going to affect the monsoon system, which may fall worst on the agrarian economic countries like India.  This may also results in thermal expansion, which increases the sea level, thereby allowing melted glacial water to flow into tributaries of Himalayan Rivers. The Arctic has enough hydrocarbons to cater to the needs of people. However, the technologically advanced solutions to explore and drill at the Arctic are not made or not tested. Hence, we need to adopt a very careful approach to utilise the resources of Arctic. Adding more water in the sea may result in submergence of coastal areas. Hence, while exploring at the Arctic it is necessary to consider this aspect also. The melting of arctic ice and the commercial exploitation of the resources would have detrimental effect on the local inhabitants like Inuits, Chukchis, Lapps etc. It is in the everyone's best interest that , the Arctic Sea should be governed by an Antarctica type international treaty which makes the region a global common. India should remain engaged with the leading organisations like the Arctic Council where many important decisions on the future of the Arctic region will be taken. These can have direct or indirect impact on everyone. Universities and think tanks should pay greater attention to the study and analysis of the developments and needs to explore sustainable exploration and drilling opportunities  in the Arctic Region. Conclusion: The opening of the sea routes and the exploration of hydrocarbons present economic opportunities which everyone can utilise. On the negative side, the enhancement of economic activity in the Arctic Region will accelerate global warming and lead to large sea level rise impacting the global climate to which India cannot remain indifferent. Q.4 Marine resources form the next frontier of man’s quest for development. Comment. Approach - It expects students to write about marine resources and highlight on marine resources as man’s new quest for development  Introduction The oceans of the world cover around 70% of the surface of the Earth. Thus, they contain a major amount and variety of geological processes within them. These processes over a period of time, result in the formation of different minerals which when proved usable by human beings become Marine Resources. Examples of some minerals that are extracted today for human use are salt, magnesium, fresh water, etc. As most of these resources are used in our day-to-day activities, it’s quite obvious why these resources are important. Body Some of the important marine resources are listed below – Salt Potassium Sand Limestone and Gypsum Manganese Nodules Gold and Diamonds Water Oil and Gas Coal Marine resources as next frontier of man’s quest for development - Energy resources security: The main energy resources present in Indian Ocean are petroleum and gas hydrates. Petroleum products mainly includes the oil produced from offshore regions. Gas hydrates are unusually compact chemical structures made of water and natural gas. It will help in diversification of energy resources and will provide new resources for energy e.g. gas hydrates. Employment generation: It will provide jobs, improve livelihoods of many. This will help in inclusive growth. E.g improving fishery resources exploitation can provide livelihood to many. Food security: It will lead to food security through fishery sector and other sea food resources. It would also help in reducing malnutrition issue in India as fishes are good source of nutrition. Efficient transportation and logistics: Indian Ocean is a major gateway of trade with 80% of global oil trade happening through it. Better connectivity in the region will significantly cut the transport cost and will reduce logistics inefficiencies. Women empowerment: It will help in women empowerment especially fishery sector by providing them jobs. As these jobs do not require high skills, women will find it easy to earn a livelihood. Climate Change: Oceans provide an alternate and cleaner source of energy. It also act as an important carbon sink. This will help in mitigating climate change. Manganese Nodules and Crusts: Manganese nodules contain significant concentrations of manganese, iron and copper, nickel, and cobalt all of which have a numerous economic uses and development of humanity. Sustainable development: Marine resources from Indian Ocean can serve as the backbone of India’s economic growth and can help India to become a 5 trillion dollar economy by 2022. Blue economy, through sustainable use of oceans, has great potential for boosting the economic growth. Why marine resources extraction is limited –  Much of these resources, however, are not easily accessible, so their recovery involves technological challenges and high cost. Drilling in these oceanic deposits could destabilize the seabed, causing vast swaths of sediment to slide for miles down the continental slope. There are issues involved in issuance of licenses by International seabed authority etc. Action areas in this regard for marine sustainable development: Reducing marine pollution and debris including from land-based activities. Promoting sustainable exploitation of marine resources. Halting the destruction of marine resources especially through acidification. Eliminating harmful subsidies that promote fishing overcapacity. Ensuring full implementation of regional and international regimes governing oceans and seas. Protecting marine recourses in areas beyond national jurisdiction, including by establishing Marine Protected Areas. Encouraging sustainable small-scale fisheries. Conclusion Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 14), calls to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. India should expedite its efforts to exploit oceanic resources in Indian Ocean. What is required is use of technology to exploit oceanic resources in Indian Ocean. India has rightly launched O-SMART scheme aiming at regulated use of oceans, marine resources for sustainable development in this direction. Q.5 What are the key factors that leading to the ongoing global water crisis? Discuss.  Approach: It expects students to write about global water crisis and about factors leading to global water crisis. Introduction Water is at the core of sustainable development and is critical for socio-economic development, healthy ecosystems and for human survival itself. It is vital for reducing the global burden of disease and improving the health, welfare and productivity of populations. It is central to the production and preservation of a host of benefits and services for people. Water is also at the heart of adaptation to climate change, serving as the crucial link between the climate system, human society and the environment. Body Water is essential to life, yet 785 million people in the world - 1 in 9 - lack access to it as per water.org is a global water crisis. Key factors that leading to global water crisis: Groundwater Is Being Depleted: About 30 percent of Earth's fresh water lies deep underground in aquifers. And it's extracted daily for farming, drinking and industrial processes often at dangerously unsustainable rates. Nowhere is this more evident than India, which guzzles more groundwater than any other country. 54 percent of India's groundwater wells are decreasing, meaning that water is used faster than it's replenished. Unless patterns shift, in 20 years, 60 percent of India's aquifers will be in critical condition. Water Is Wasted: Although it's true that water is a renewable resource, it's often wasted. Inefficient practices like flood irrigation and water-intensive wet cooling at thermal power plants use more water than necessary. What's more, as we pollute our available water at an alarming rate, we also fail to treat it. About 80 percent of the world's wastewater is discharged back into nature without further treatment or reuse. Natural Infrastructure Is Being Ignored: Forested watersheds around the world are under threat: watersheds have lost up to 22 percent of their forests in the past 14 years. Loss of vegetation from deforestation, overgrazing and urbanisation is limiting our natural infrastructure and the benefits that it provides. Wrong pricing of water: Water is seriously undervalued. Its price does not reflect the true, total cost of service, from its transport via infrastructure to its treatment and disposal. This has led to misallocation of water, and a lack of investments in infrastructure and new water technologies that use water more efficiently. Water Infrastructure Is in a Dismal State of Disrepair: Having enough water to go around is only the beginning. That water also needs to be transported, treated, and discharged. Around the world, water infrastructure treatment plants, pipes, and sewer systems is in a state of disrepair. More Water Demand: As populations increase and incomes grow, so does water demand. The world's population, now at 7.5 billion, is projected to add 2.3 billion more people by 2050. Growing incomes also exacerbate the water problem, because of the water-intensive products like meat and energy from fossil fuels that richer populations demand. Changing the Climate and Making Dry Areas Drier: Climate change is warming the planet, making the world's hottest geographies even more scorching. At the same time, clouds are moving away from the equator toward the poles, due to a climate-change driven phenomenon called Hadley Cell expansion. This deprives equatorial regions like sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and Central America of life-giving rainwater. Effects of global water crisis: Death and disease: All life needs water; every 90 seconds, a child dies from water-related illness and disease. Warfare: Regional conflicts have arisen due to the loss of safe water sources. Lack of hygiene and sanitation and malnutrition: 1/3 of the world’s population lives without access to a toilet. This leads to disease and kills nearly 1 million people each year. 160 million children suffer from chronic malnutrition linked to water and sanitation. Poor education: Most schools in the worst affected areas do not have a toilet or safe drinking water for students, which leaves students dehydrated and mentally incapable of achieving well in schools. Sustainable solutions for global water crisis. Bilateral multilateral Integrated Water Resource Management through reuse and aquifer recharging. To follow holistic water resource approach, referred to as the Dublin - Rio principle (UNCED Rio de Janeiro 1992). Water pricing. Educate to change consumption and lifestyles. Improve water catchment and harvesting. Conclusion Governments, businesses, universities and citizens around the world are waking up to water challenges, and beginning to take action. Each year brings more solutions – like using wastewater for energy, using restoration to bring water back to dry topographies, and monitoring groundwater levels more closely. However, even the best solutions will not implement themselves. Along with fresh water, political will and public pressure are critical resources in ensuring a sustainable future for all. TLP HOT Synopsis Day 49 PDF

Dec 8, 2020 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz - 2020 : IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs Quiz 8th Dec 2020

For Previous Daily Quiz (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. This is a part of our recently launched, NEW INITIATIVE IASbaba’s INTEGRATED REVISION PLAN (IRP) 2020 – Road Map for the next 100 Days! FREE INITIATIVE! We will make sure, in the next 4 months not a single day is wasted. All your energies are channelized in the right direction. Trust us! This will make a huge difference in your results this time, provided that you follow this plan sincerely every day without fail. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” To Know More about the Initiative -> CLICK HERE SCHEDULE/DETAILED PLAN – > CLICK HERE Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken and solutions. To take the Test - Click Here

Dec 8, 2020 TLP Mains 2020

IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 2 - ENGLISH & हिंदी): UPSC Mains Answer Writing - General Studies Paper 1 Questions[8th DECEMBER,2020] - Day 50

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Hello Friends, Welcome to IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 2 - ENGLISH & हिंदी): UPSC Mains Answer Writing - General Studies Paper 1 Questions[8th DECEMBER,2020] - Day 50   We will make sure, in the next 3 months not a single day is wasted. All your energies are channelized in the right direction. Trust us! This will make a huge difference in your results this time, provided that you follow this plan sincerely every day without fail. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. We are giving 5 Mains Questions on Daily basis so that every student can actively participate and keep your preparation focused. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” To Know More about the Initiative -> CLICK HERE SCHEDULE/DETAILED PLAN – > CLICK HERE   Note: Click on Each Question (Link), it will open in a new tab and then Answer respective questions! 1. Examine the factors responsible for the transforming locational pattern of cotton textile industry in India. भारत में सूती वस्त्र उद्योग के स्थानीय पैटर्न को बदलने के लिए जिम्मेदार कारकों की जाँच करें। 2. What are the key factors deciding the location of fertiliser industry? Discuss. उर्वरक उद्योग का स्थान तय करने वाले प्रमुख कारक क्या हैं? चर्चा करें। 3. What role does innovation and investment climate play in deciding the location of tertiary sector industries? Illustrate. तृतीयक क्षेत्र के उद्योगों का स्थान तय करने में नवाचार और निवेश की क्या भूमिका है? उदाहरण देकर स्पष्ट करें। 4. What has been India’s recent performance on the ease of doing business index? What are the key areas that require improvement? Examine. व्यापार सूचकांक की आसानी पर भारत का हालिया प्रदर्शन क्या रहा है? सुधार की आवश्यकता वाले प्रमुख क्षेत्र क्या हैं? जांच करें। 5. What are global supply chains? How do they evolve? Explain. वैश्विक आपूर्ति श्रृंखलाएं क्या हैं? वे कैसे विकसित होते हैं? समझाएं। P.S: The review from IASbaba will happen from the time the question is posted till 10 pm everyday. We would also encourage peer reviews. So friends get actively involved and start reviewing each others answers. This will keep the entire community motivated. All the Best :)

Dec 7, 2020 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 7th December 2020

Archives (PRELIMS + MAINS FOCUS) IIT-Bombay comes up with Urban Quality Of Life Index Part of: GS Prelims and GS-I – Society In news IIT-Bombay researchers have come up with an urban quality of life index which is related to real urban life in India presently. Key takeaways Top city: Mumbai  The other top cities: Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai. Most women-friendly: Chennai  Least women-friendly: Patna Highest crime rate against women: Jaipur  Lowest crime rate against women: Chennai Widest gap in literacy rate between men and women: Jaipur (13.2%)  Lowest gap in literacy rate between men and women: Kolkata (5.4%). Highest overall Literacy rate: Pune (91%)  Lowest overall Literacy rate: Hyderabad (83%). Highest unemployment rate for women: Patna  Gender parity was taken into consideration for the first time.  According to the research, women experience cities differently.  Meeting women’s needs becomes essential in promoting sustainable urban development. Also, only 36% urban households in Patna have access to treated tap water. Related articles:  Development of Smart Cities and Ease of Living Index: Click here Species in news: Houbara Bustards Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Biodiversity In news Recently, houbara bustards was in the news. Pakistan has issued special permits to Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman and two other members of the royal family to hunt the internationally protected houbara bustards during the hunting season 2020-21. Important value addition The houbara bustard It lives in arid climates. It comes in two distinct species as recognised by the IUCN. One species resides in North Africa (Chlamydotis undulata) and the other in Asia (Chlamydotis macqueenii) which is commonly known as MacQueen's bustard. The population of the Asian houbara bustards extends from northeast Asia, across central Asia, the Middle East, and the Arabian Peninsula to reach the Sinai desert. According to the International Fund for Houbara Conservation (IFHC), roughly 33,000 Asian houbara bustards remain today. After breeding in the spring, the Asian bustards migrate south to spend the winter in Pakistan, the Arabian Peninsula and nearby Southwest Asia.  Some Asian houbara bustards live and breed in the southern part of their ranges including parts of Iran, Pakistan and Turkmenistan. IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable  Japan’s Hayabusa2 Mission set to return back to Earth Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Space In news Six years after Japan’s Hayabusa2 mission was launched, it is set to return back to Earth. It will be carrying samples from the Ryugu asteroid that orbits the Sun. Key takeaways The Hayabasu2 mission was launched in December 2014. The spacecraft was sent on a six-year-long voyage to study the asteroid Ryugu and collect samples. NASA’s OSIRIS-REX mission also brought back samples from asteroid Bennu late in October, 2020. According to the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), this is the first time that a probe has visited a celestial body that is less than 100 metres in diameter. Important value addition Ryugu is classified as a Potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs).  It was discovered in 1999. It was given the name by the Minor Planet Center in 2015.  It is 300 million kilometres away from Earth.  It took Hayabusa2 over 42 months to reach it. Hayabasu2’s predecessor, the Hayabusa mission brought back samples from the asteroid Itokawa in 2010. Related article: Hayabusa2 probe: Click here Singapore Agency approves sale of Lab-Grown Meat Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Sci & Tech In news The Singapore Food Agency (SFA) has approved the sale of a lab-grown meat product.  This is the first time cultured meat has been cleared for sale anywhere in the world. The product approved by the SFA is cultured chicken, produced by US-based East Just. Difference between lab-grown meat and plant-based meat The latter is made from plant sources such as soy or pea protein, while cultured meat is grown directly from cells in a laboratory. Both have the same objectives: To offer alternatives to traditional meat products that could feed a lot more people, reduce the threat of zoonotic diseases, and mitigate the environmental impact of meat consumption. In terms of cellular structure, cultured meat is the same as conventional meat except that cultured meat does not come directly from animals. Benefits: (1) Cultivated meat could reduce land use by more than 95%; (2) It could reduce climate change emissions by 74-87% and nutrient pollution by 94%; (3) The risk of contamination by pathogens such as salmonella and E coli is significantly reduced; (4) It does not require antibiotics thereby reducing the threat posed to public health by growing antibiotic resistance. RBI introduces risk-based internal audit norms for NBFCs, UCBs Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Economy In news The RBI recently announced the introduction of risk-based internal audit norms for large urban cooperative banks (UCBs) and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs). Key takeaways Aim of the introduction: Improving governance and assurance functions at supervised entities. The guidelines related to the appointment of statutory auditors for commercial banks, UCBs and NBFCs in order to improve the quality of financial reporting were also laid out. The growing significance of NBFCs and their interlinkages with different parts of the financial system had made it imperative to enhance the sector’s resilience.  Thus it had been decided to put in place transparent criteria for the declaration of dividends by different categories of NBFCs. Regional rural banks would be allowed to access the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF), marginal standing facility (MSF) of the RBI and call/notice money market. The RBI has proposed to issue Digital Payment Security Controls directions for the regulated entities in order to improve the ecosystem of digital payment channels with better security and convenience for users. Related articles: Know more about NBFCs: Click here RBI’s measures to boost economy: Click here Marginal Standing Facility: Click here Miscellaneous Operation Trident Every year, India celebrates December 4 as Navy Day to commemorate Operation Trident. It was a key offensive during the 1971 India-Pakistan War, when the Indian Navy inflicted heavy damage on Pakistani vessels in Karachi harbour. On December 4, under Operation Trident, the Indian Navy sank three vessels near the Pakistani port city of Karachi.  The stars of the mission were the then-recently acquired Soviet Osa missile boats, fitted with 4 SS-N-2 (P-15) Styx missiles. (Mains Focus) S&T/ INTERNATIONAL/ ECONOMY Topic: General Studies 2,3: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.  Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources Space Exploration in the era of Privatisation Context: The most stunning instance of a collaboration between public enterprises and the private sector in recent times is that between NASA and SpaceX. Recent achievements by Space X The launch of the Crew Dragon spacecraft  which carried to the International Space Station four astronauts. The launch of 60 more Starlink Internet relay satellites into the orbit. The total number of such satellites sent up by the company equals 955. These, and thousands more like these, are designed for the purpose of providing broadband services to people anywhere on Earth. Structural changes that are reshaping the global space activity. Through the second half of the 20th century, outer space was the sole preserve of national space programmes driven by government-funding, direction and management As military uses of space and prestige projects like Moon-landing emerged, major private sector entities already in the aviation industry won space contracts in the US but under overall guidance & control of NASA & Pentagon The last decades of the 20th century saw significant expansion of satellite-based telecommunication, navigation, broadcasting and mapping, and lent a significant commercial dimension to the space sector.  As a result, private sector companies (Ex: Space X) started playing major role in the sector like independent Space launches. Hired for a resupply mission for the space station, Space X now launches more rockets every year than NASA The entry of private sector has begun to drive down the cost-per-launch through innovations such as reusable rockets. As the digital revolution in the 21st century transformed the world economy, the commercial space sector has begun to grow in leaps and bounds.  The global space business is now estimated to be around $ 400 billion and is expected easily rise to at least trillion dollars by 2040. This has made private sector participation attractive and inevitable. What does the commercialisation of the space sector mean in practical terms? Space Sector Revolutionized: With its reusable rockets, large capsules to carry payloads and crew and competitive pricing, SpaceX has revolutionised the space sector.  Technology has brought down the Cost: The price tag for reaching low Earth orbit has declined by a factor of 20 in a decade. NASA’s space shuttle cost about $54,500 per kg; now, SpaceX’s Falcon 9 advertises a cost of $2,720 per kg.  Increased Market: According to a Bank of America Report, the $350 billion space market today will touch $2.7 trillion by 2050.  In a decade, 80,000 such satellites could be in space compared to less than 3,000 at present Telecom Revolution: The aim of Starlink exercise is to provide Internet services that link any point on Earth to any other point. Targeting coverage in northern U.S. and Canada by end of 2020, the aim is to have the globe covered by 2021. This will be the new telecom revolution then, in the context of India, reaching out to rural areas as never before. What is the picture in India? Shift in Focus of ISRO: There has also been a shift from a mandated focus on utilitarian projects to those focused on exploring space and our planetary neighbours, the Moon, the Sun and so on.  Increasing role of Private Players: As a result of shift in ISRO’s focus, we have seen the yielding of governmental control over the space industry bit by bit, starting from hiring of vendors and active outsourcing of rocket components to the present idea of allowing external agencies to use ISRO facilities.  Would curiosity-driven science survive in the era of privatisation? The cargo version of Dragon-2 spacecraft is the upgraded version of Dragon. It is a reusable spacecraft capable of returning significant cargo to the Earth from the International Space Station. At least in the case of its launch, planned for December 5, it seems that curiosity-driven science would not only survive, but would rather be enhanced.  This spacecraft is not just carrying payloads for scientific experiments, but is also sporting a new commercially owned and operated ‘airlock’.  An airlock is like a doorway, and the new Nanoracks Bishop Airlock Module, built by a Texas-based company, Nanoracks LLC, is an improvement over what was used earlier.  New Airlock will allow larger payloads to move in and out of the spacecraft, considerably expanding the scope of experiment design and structure. This mission also carries interesting experiments, one of which is a mixture of meteorite samples and microbes, aimed at seeing how the microbes can be used for biomining on asteroids. Another experiment aims at studying how changes in gravity can affect cardiovascular tissue So, while there is room for curiosity-driven science, there is also the aspect of utility in the event of more humans travelling to space. Connecting the dots: IN-SPACe: Growing Private Role Challenges with Outer Space: Click here POLITY/GOVERNANCE Topic: General Studies 2: Mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of vulnerable sections. Social Empowerment Tamil Nadu Commission for Case-wise Data Context: Tamil Nadu CM Edappadi K. Palaniswami has announced that a Commission would be set up to conduct a survey for collecting caste-wise data in Tamil Nadu. It is not clear if this will involve a full headcount of all members of every caste, or whether it is better described as a ‘survey’ than a ‘census’.  Do You Know? The Centre conducted a ‘Socio-Economic Caste Census’ (SECC) in 2011 throughout the country, but it did not make public the caste component of the findings.  In Karnataka, the outcome of a similar exercise has not been disclosed to the public. Is collection of caste details part of the census?  Caste was among the details collected by enumerators during the decennial Census of India until 1931.  It was given up in 1941, a year in which the census operation was partially affected by World War II, as it involved additional costs Has there been criticism of including caste in the census? The principal argument against taking caste particulars of individuals is that it tends to perpetuate the caste system. It has been alleged that the mere act of labelling persons as belonging to a caste tends to perpetuate the system. Currently, Tamil Nadu has 69 per cent reservation, including 20 per cent for MBCs, the list of which has 108 communities. What was the view after Independence?  R.A. Gopalaswami, the first Indian Registrar-General of independent India, said in the 1951 report: “The 1951 census was not to concern itself with questions regarding castes, races and tribes, except insofar as the necessary statistical material related to ‘special groups’ and certain other material relating to backward classes collected and made over to the Backward Classes Commission.” ‘ Special Groups’ has been explained as referring to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Anglo-Indians and certain castes treated provisionally as ‘backward’ for the purposes of the census.  This implies that BC data were collected, but not compiled or published. How have caste details been collected so far?  While SC/ST details are collected as part of the census, details of other castes are not collected by the enumerators.  The main method is by self-declaration to the enumerator.  So far, backward classes commissions in various States have been conducting their own counts to ascertain the population of backward castes. The methodology may vary from State to State.  Details available about some commissions in the public domain suggest that these panels use methods like distribution of questionnaires, meeting with representatives of stakeholders, touring relevant areas and localities In some cases, such as the J.A. Ambasankar Commission in Tamil Nadu and the Venkataswamy Commission in Karnataka, there has been door-to-door enumeration. What about SECC 2011?  The Socio-Economic Caste Census of 2011 was a major exercise to obtain data about the socio-economic status of various communities.  Even though there could be an overlap in the dataset of SECC 2011 with that of the census 2011 taken that year, the findings could be markedly different.  The general census is conducted in a small window of a month, while the caste census is conducted over a longer period of time, and there is a good deal of revision and correction.  The SECC 2011 had two components: a survey of the rural and urban households and ranking of these households based on pre-set parameters, and a caste census.  However, only the details of the economic conditions of the people in rural and urban households were released. The caste data have not been released till now.  Why Caste data of SECC 2011 is not yet released? While a precise reason is yet to be disclosed, it is surmised that the data were considered too politically sensitive.  Fear of antagonising dominant and powerful castes that may find that their projected strength in the population is not as high as claimed may be an important reason. What is the legal imperative for a caste count?  Basis for Reservation Over the last two decades, the Supreme Court has been raising questions about the basis for reservation levels being high in various States. Need Quantifiable Data: In particular, it has laid down that there should be quantifiable data to justify the presence of a caste in the backward class list, as well as evidence of its under-representation in services.  Regular Revision: Supreme Court has also called for periodical review of community-wise lists so that the benefits do not perpetually go in favour of a few castes. Equitable Reservation: Many community leaders argue that knowing the precise number of the population of each caste would help tailor the reservation policy to ensure equitable representation of all of them. What are the Challenges associated with Case Census? Social Unrest: While obtaining relevant and accurate data may be the major gain from a caste census, the possibility that it will lead to heartburn among some sections and can lead to social unrest. Quota within Quota: The details of Caste can also spawn demands for larger or separate quotas from groups found to be significant in number is a possible pitfall.  Caste Name Complexities: Tabulating and categorising similar-sounding caste names and deciding on whether to treat some sections as separate castes or sub-castes of a community will also be a challenging task. Conclusion The constitutional goal of social transformation cannot be achieved without taking into account changing social realities Connecting the dots: Quota within a Quota debate: Click here Domicile-based job quota (TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) Model questions: (You can now post your answers in comment section) Note:  Correct answers of today’s questions will be provided in next day’s DNA section. Kindly refer to it and update your answers.  Comments Up-voted by IASbaba are also the “correct answers”. Q.1 Recently, IIT- Bombay released Urban Quality of life index. Consider the following statements regarding the report: Literacy rate between men and women is highest in Jaipur but lowest in Patna. Economic development is highest in Mumbai and lowest in Patna. Which of the above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2 Consider the following statements regarding houbara bustard: Its IUCN status is endangered. The Asian bustards migrate south to spend the winter in Pakistan, the Arabian Peninsula and nearby Southwest Asia. Which of the above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.3 Hayabusa 2 probe which recently brought back samples from asteroid Ryugu was launched by which of the following country? Japan Russia India USA ANSWERS FOR 5th December 2020 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK) 1 A 2 D 3 D Must Read About India’s stand against ‘UN’s selectivity on religions: The Hindu About RBI holding interest rates: The Hindu About need for India to forge coalition on Climate Change: The Indian Express

Dec 7, 2020 PIB

PRESS INFORMATION BUREAU (PIB) IAS UPSC – 28th November to 5th December – 2020

PRESS INFORMATION BUREAU (PIB) IAS UPSC – 28th November to 5th December – 2020 ARCHIVES GS-2 India becoming pharmacy of the world (Topic: India and COVID-19 related policies) As the world races to develop the vaccine for Covid-19, India is looking to be self-reliant in both its development and production.  While at least five pharmaceutical companies of India are engaged in vaccine development, Serum Institute in Pune has been chosen for mass production of Covishield vaccine developed by Oxford –Astra Zeneca. The government has initiated a robust Covid-19 vaccine manufacturing and delivery ecosystem to meet the demand. Launch of Mission COVID Suraksha The Government of India (GOI) has announced the third stimulus package of Rs. 900 Crore for the Mission COVID Suraksha- The Indian COVID-19 Vaccine Development Mission. This grant will be provided to the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) for Research & Development of Indian COVID-19 vaccines. The COVID-19 Vaccine development Mission with end-to-end focus from preclinical development through clinical development and manufacturing and regulatory facilitation for deployment, would consolidate all available and funded resources towards an accelerated product development. This will help accelerate development of approx. 5-6 vaccine candidates and ensure that these are brought closer to licensure and introduction in market for consideration of regulatory authorities for introduction in public health systems, to combat further spread of COVID infection. The important objectives of the fund will be  Accelerating pre-clinical& clinical development; licensure of COVID-19 vaccine candidates that are currently in clinical stages or ready to enter clinical stage of development, establishing clinical trial sites, and strengthening the existing immunoassay laboratories, central laboratories and suitable facilities for animal studies, production facilities and other testing facilities to support COVID-19 vaccine development.  Supporting development of common harmonized protocols, trainings, data management systems, regulatory submissions, internal and external quality management systems and accreditations.    Capabilities for process development, cell line development and manufacturing of GMP batches for animal toxicology studies and clinical trials will also be supported under the Mission.  A key element will be development of suitable Target Product Profile so that vaccines being introduced through the mission have preferred characteristics applicable for India. Led by Department of Biotechnology and implemented by a dedicated Mission Implementation Unit at Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC),the existing activities under National Bio Pharma Mission (NBM) and Ind-CEPI Mission will provide complementary strengths to this Mission. Growing world interest in India’s pharma capability  Ambassadors of 100 countries are scheduled to arrive in Pune on December 4, to visit Serum Institute of India and Gennova Biopharma.  Sweden has already acknowledged India’s role as the ‘pharmacy of the world’ and is focusing on expanding bilateral cooperation in the areas of health and life sciences in view of the Coronavirus pandemic. Meanwhile, Luxembourg based company B Systems is partnering with India to produce portable vaccine refrigeration equipment, which will address the issue of vaccine distribution in India.  Health Ministry’s telemedicine service e Sanjeevani completes 9 lakh consultations (Topic: Government policies and interventions) Completed 9 lakh consultations; over 7,16,000 consultations recorded on eSanjeevani OPD Telemedicine is a new modality for remote diagnosis and treatment of patients over internet. eSanjeevani enables virtual meetings between the patients and doctors & specialists from geographically dispersed locations, through video conferencing that occurs in real time.  At the end of these remote consultations, eSanjeevani generates an electronic prescriptions which can be used for sourcing medicines. In order to enable delivery of outpatient services remotely during COVID-19 pandemic as many as 28 States have on-boarded the Ministry of Health’s eSanjeevani initiative. These States are aggressively working towards long term enablement of telemedicine services. This eSanjeevani platform has enabled two types of telemedicine services viz. Doctor-to-Doctor (eSanjeevani) and Patient-to-Doctor (eSanjeevani OPD) Tele-consultations  The former is being implemented under the Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centre (AB-HWCs) programme.  The telemedicine platform is hosting over 40 online OPDs, more than half of these are speciality OPDs which include Gynaecology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, ENT, Ophthalmology, antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the AIDS/HIV patients, Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) etc. Government constitutes High-level Ministerial Committee for implementation of Paris Agreement (Topic: Government policies and intervention) The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has constituted a high-level inter-ministerial Apex Committee for Implementation of Paris Agreement (AIPA) under the chairmanship of Secretary, MoEFCC. The purpose of AIPA is to generate a coordinated response on climate change matters that ensures India is on track towards meeting its obligations under the Paris Agreement including its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC).  Senior officials from fourteen ministries will serve as Members to AIPA who will oversee the progress in implementation of India’s NDC and receive periodic information updates to monitor, review and revisit climate goals to fulfil the requirements of the Paris Agreement.  Key functions of AIPA would be  To operate as a National Authority to regulate carbon markets in India under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Formulate guidelines for consideration of projects or activities under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Issue guidelines on carbon pricing, market mechanism, and other similar instruments that have a bearing on climate change and NDCs.  It will take note of the contributions of the private sector as well as multi-/bi-lateral agencies in the field of climate change and provide guidance for aligning their climate actions with national priorities. The year 2021 would mark the beginning of implementation of the Paris Agreement and constitution of AIPA is central to strengthening the national systems and institutional arrangements for implementation and monitoring of climate actions. It will also ensure that India maintains its climate leadership as one the few countries in the world whose climate actions are consistent with the goals of the Paris Agreement. WHO World Malaria Report 2020:  India continues to make Impressive Gains in reduction of Malaria Burden (Topic: International Reports and India’s ranking) The World Malaria Report (WMR) 2020 released by WHO, which gives the estimated cases for malaria across the world, based on mathematical projections, indicates that India has made considerable progress in reducing its malaria burden.  India is the only high endemic country which has reported a decline of 17.6% in 2019 as compared to 2018.  The Annual Parasitic Incidence (API) reduced by 27.6% in 2018 compared to 2017 and by 18.4% in 2019 as compared to 2018. India has sustained API less than one since year 2012. India has also contributed to the largest drop in cases region-wide, from approximately 20 million to about 6 million. The percentage drop in the malaria cases was 71.8% and deaths was 73.9% between 2000 to 2019. India achieved a reduction of 83.34% in malaria morbidity and 92% in malaria mortality between the year 2000 (20,31,790 cases, 932 deaths) and 2019 (3,38,494 cases, 77 deaths), thereby achieving Goal 6 of the Millennium Development Goals (50-75% decrease in case incidence between 2000 and 2019). High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) initiative WHO has initiated the High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) initiative in 11 high malaria burden countries, including India. Implementation of “High Burden to High Impact (HBHI)” initiative has been started in four states i.e. West Bengal and Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh in July, 2019.  A key strategy to reignite progress is the “High burden to high impact” (HBHI) response, catalyzed in 2018 by WHO and the RBM Partnership to End Malaria continued to make impressive gains in India, with 18% reductions in cases and 20% reductions in death respectively, over the last 2 years. ADB, India sign $132.8 million loan to strengthen Meghalaya’s power distribution Sector (Topic: International organisations) The Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Government of India today signed a $132.8 million loan to strengthen and modernize the distribution network and improve the quality of power supplied to households, industries, and businesses in India’s northeastern state of Meghalaya. The Benefits: The project supports the state government’s "24x7 Power for All" initiative and will help the state reduce its high technical and commercial losses through network strengthening, metering and billing efficiency improvements. Technological Improvements to the distribution network adapted to extreme weather, introduction of smart meters and online meter reading, billing, and collection systems will help improve operational efficiencies and financial sustainability of the state’s distribution system. The Issue: Though Meghalaya has achieved 100% electrification, remote rural areas in the state suffer from frequent power interruptions due to overloaded distribution networks and substations that use outdated technology, resulting in high aggregate technical and commercial (AT&C) losses. The Government of India and the state government of Meghalaya embarked on a joint 24x7 Power for All Meghalaya initiative to provide uninterrupted, quality, reliable, and affordable power supply to all electricity consumers. The project will  Construct 23 substations Renovate and modernize 45 substations, including the provision of control room equipment and protection systems Install and upgrade 2,214 kilometers of distribution lines and associated facilities covering three out of the six circles in the state.  Installation of smart meters will benefit about 180,000 households. The loan is proposed to be supplemented by a $2 million grant from ADB’s Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction that will finance renewable energy mini-grids for improving power quality and supporting income generation activities, especially for women and other socially disadvantaged groups in three villages and three schools. The project will help develop a distribution sector road map and a financial road map for the Meghalaya Power Distribution Corporation Limited (MePDCL). These road maps will strengthen the capacity of MePDCL to operate and manage the distribution networks. ADB, India sign $50 million loan to boost West Bengal’s digital platforms for public finance reforms (Topic: International organisations) The Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Government of India signed a $50 million policy-based loan to improve financial management procedures and operational efficiencies aimed at achieving more fiscal savings, promote informed decision making, and improve service delivery in the state of West Bengal. Integration of the state’s financial and information systems through the programme’s whole-of-government approach will help improve delivery of public services and generate fiscal savings that could help the state augment growth-enhancing development financing. Through support to interoperable e-Government platforms, the programme will ensure streamlining of social protection benefits such as pension and provident fund, facilitate gender-disaggregated data, tax payments, and revenue collection. Development projects could be better tracked and monitored with the help of a new module within the integrated financial management system (IFMS) leading to improved project management.  A centre for fiscal policy and public finance will be established to deepen capacity of the state government officials on public finance management while developing a web-based grievance redress system for transport corporations and urban local bodies will provide a credible citizen-government interface. The loan builds up on past ADB policy-based programmes in 2012 and 2017, supporting the Government of West Bengal on sustainable public financial management reforms. These programmes helped develop and implement an IFMS, established successful e-Governance systems for improved revenue administration, undertook measures for expenditure rationalisation, and promoted the private sector’s involvement in service delivery. The loan is proposed to be supplemented by a $350,000 technical assistance grant for capacity building, monitoring of IFMS reforms, and strengthening the integration of social and gender aspects in reform areas. India, USA sign MoU on Intellectual Property cooperation (Topic: India and USA relations) The MoU aims at increasing IP co-operation between the two countries by way of: Facilitating exchange and dissemination of best practices, experiences and knowledge on IP among the public, and between and among the industry, universities, research and development (R & D) organizations, and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises through participation in programs and events organized singly or jointly by the Participants; Collaboration in training programs, exchange of experts, technical exchanges and outreach activities; Exchange of information and best practices on processes for registration and examination of applications for patents, trademarks, copyrights, geographical indications, and industrial designs, as well as the protection, enforcement and use of IP rights; Exchange of information on the development and implementation of automation and modernization projects, new documentation and information systems in IP and procedures for management of IP Office services; Cooperation to understand various issues related to traditional knowledge, and the exchange of best practices, including those related to traditional knowledge databases and awareness raising on the use of existing IP systems for the protection of traditional knowledge; and Other cooperation activities as may be mutually decided by the Participants. The two sides will draw up Biennial Work Plan to implement the MoU which will include the detailed planning for carrying out of the co-operation activities including the scope of action. The MoU will go a long way in fostering the cooperation between India and USA, and provide opportunities to both countries to learn from the experience of each other, especially in terms of best practices followed in the other country. It will be a landmark step forward in India’s journey towards becoming a major player in global innovation and will further the objectives of National IPR Policy, 2016. GS-3 APEDA and NABARD sign MoU to work together to synergize the activities in the interest of agriculture and allied sectors for bringing better value to the stakeholders (Topic: Agriculture) APEDA has been focusing on collaborative approach to bring synergy with number of organisations and institutions having inherent professional and specialised expertise in different areas for capacity building of various stakeholders and providing solutions for addressing some of the identified interventions for the development of Agriculture and its export enhancement, in consonance with the objectives set under Agri Export Policy announced by Government of India.  The Agriculture Export Policy was framed with a focus on agriculture export-oriented production, export promotion, better price realization to farmer and synchronization within policies and programmes of Government of India.  It focuses on “Farmers’ Centric Approach” for improved income through value addition at source itself to help minimize losses across the value chain.  Policy therefore suggests to adopt the approach of developing product specific clusters in different agro climatic zones of the country to help in dealing with various supply side issues viz., soil nutrients management, higher productivity, adoption of market oriented variety of crop, use of Good Agriculture Practices etc. APEDA has been relentlessly engaged with State Govts. for the implementation of AEP.  APEDA and NABARD have signed MoU to utilise their expertise by mutually working together to synergize the activities in the interest of agriculture and allied sectors for bringing better value to the stakeholders. Areas of Cooperation: APEDA and NABARD would jointly work towards capacity development of various stakeholders.   APEDA and NABARD would jointly come towards organizing outreach programs, awareness programs and workshops for stakeholders. To enhance farmers income for doubling the farmers’ income as set out by the Government of India. Extending benefit of relevant schemes/other initiatives of NABARD & APEDA for development of FPOs. APEDA would formulate program in association with NABARD to provide technical knowhow to cooperatives/FPOs to upscale infrastructure created for post-harvest management for APEDA scheduled products to promote exports. To jointly identify clusters in various States for scaling up. APEDA will facilitate exports by the FPOs assisted/promoted by NABARD. NABARD: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development is established as a development bank for providing credit for promotion of agriculture, small scale, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and other allied activities in rural areas, with a view to promote integrated rural development and securing prosperity of the rural areas and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. The NABARD Act, 1981, empowers NABARD to associate with various institutions for various developmental functions in the field of agriculture and rural development. NABARD has various schemes and programmes to assist farmers and has a field force spread across the country to regularly guide and support farmers. Prelims oriented News Navy Day: 4th December Passage Exercise (PASSEX): Between Russian Federation Navy and Indian Navy in Eastern Indian Ocean Region How stars explode due to neutrinos? Scientists may soon find a clue to how stars explode due to neutrinos, one of the most abundant particles in the universe. These sub atomic particles are extremely difficult to detect because of their limited interactions with matter. However, they are very important to the study of supernovas or powerful luminous stellar explosions, because they power the explosion and provide an early warning signal that allows scientists to look in the right direction before the supernova explosion takes place. AI & Robotics Technologies Park (ARTPARK)  Will promote technology innovations in AI (Artificial Intelligence) & Robotics leading to societal impact by executing ambitious mission mode R&D projects in healthcare, education, mobility, infrastructure, agriculture, retail and cyber-security focusing on problems unique to India. ARTPARK, is a unique not-for-profit foundation established by Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru with support from AI Foundry in a public-private model ARTPARK will develop AI & Robotics facilities to support technology innovations as well as capacity building through advanced skills training of students and professionals in these areas. Some of these facilities will be key enablers for whole new sets of technologies, products and services. It will develop DataSetu - that will enable confidentiality and privacy-preserving framework to share data and run analytics spurring the data-sharing ecosystem and create a data marketplace, boosting AI applications and solutions. One such service will be BhashaSetu - that will enable real-time Indic language translation, both of speech to speech and speech to text. This will further unlock the economic potential of the country, and enable all Indian citizens to equitably participate in the economic progress, regardless of their language. Developing improved disease-resistant banana plants An improved understanding of Fusarium, a root pathogen infection in banana plant may soon help develop strategies to prevent the disease that causes wilting of the fruit crop that is grown in at least 5 major states of India. India is the leading producer of banana in the world and the present cultivation is vulnerable to this fungal disease which dwells in soil as a saprophyte and shifts to the parasitic mode in presence of host roots. Scientists are trying to understand the disease paradigm for developing innovative management strategies. Scientists are working towards studying the role of a protein complex that drives the expression of the effector genes required for pathogenicity. Understanding this complex regulatory network can help in improved knowledge on the basic biology of fungal infection in plants, evolution of virulent strains, lifestyle switching in Fusarium from saprophytic to parasitic mode and also investigation of banana defense responses in terms of resistance genes. 3rd Global Renewable Energy Investment Meeting and Expo (RE-Invest 2020): Theme: Innovations for Sustainable Energy Transition A 3-day conference on renewables and future energy choices, and an exhibition of manufacturers, developers, investors and innovators Aims to accelerate the worldwide effort to scale up development and deployment of renewable energy and connect the global investment community with Indian energy stakeholders.  It aims to build upon the success of the first two editions held in 2015 and 2018 and provide an international forum for investment promotion in renewable energy. India: India has continued to innovate in Renewable Energy deployment by increasing capacities and adopting practical solutions, newer technologies and market mechanisms.  Our adoption of floating solar, wind-solar hybrid contracts, peaking power, and venture into Round-the-Clock (RTC) procurement contracts are indications of such innovation. India’s target - 450 GW by 2030 and through reduction of prices and use of clean fuels; India has installed about 136000 mw of RE capacity with capacity addition of another 57000 mw under implementation. Increasing efficiencies in Solar PV and wind modules is bringing down prices, enhancing affordability and accessibility of energy and supporting better standards of living As a policy, India will shift to ‘Green Ammonia’ from imported Ammonia, as well as add volumes in the usage of hydrogen. Apart from 450 GW RE capacity we will also focus on building an integrated clean gas-based economy. Driving the use of biofuels and emerging hydrogen and providing digital innovations in the RE space. Biofuels is not just a science, it is a mantra. ‘One Nation, One Gas Grid’ for city gas distribution, using LPG as a social change, and using biofuels in the aviation sector One Sun One World One Grid is also a strategy that India continues to push for at an international level.  India has targeted to have its Islands- A&N and Lakshadweep as Green Energy. The signing of the 5 MW PPA under the World Bank Accelerating Sustainable Private Investments in Renewable Energy (ASPIRE) project is a historic moment in the renewable energy history of the Maldives. The project is the first of its kind in scale for the Maldives and achieved a tariff of US$ 10.9 cents. This is one of the lowest tariffs for a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) like the Maldives and helps them gain the pole position in trying to achieve their RE goals. Moving ahead, the World Bank is working closely alongside the Government of Maldives through the upcoming Accelerating Renewable Energy Integration and Sustainable Energy (ARISE) project in achieving their dream for a fossil fuel free future . Global Innovation and Technology Alliance (GITA) served as a catalyst for nurturing innovation and industrial R&D by fostering bilateral academic industry and government collaborations. PPP between Technology Development Board (TDB) of the Department of Science & Technology (DST) and Confederation of Indian Industry Mandate: To stimulate industry investment in R&D and its demonstration to deliver commercialised products and services DST through GITA has been able to successfully engage in implementation of bilateral industrial R&D projects in collaboration with some of the most innovative nations of the world such as Israel, Korea, Canada, Finland, Italy, Spain, and UK First ever SCO Online International Exhibition on Shared Buddhist Heritage Launched during the 19th Meeting of the SCO Council of Heads of Government (SCO CHG) This SCO online International exhibition, first ever of its kind, is developed and curated by National Museum, New Delhi, in active collaboration with SCO member countries. The exhibition deploys state of the art technologies like 3D scanning, webGL platform, virtual space utilization, innovative curation and narration methodology etc. Buddhist philosophy and art of Central Asia connects Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) countries to each other. This online international exhibition presents an excellent opportunity for visitors to access, appreciate and compare Buddhist art antiquities from SCO countries on a single platform and from the comfort of their home.  Such transnational online exhibition also has potential to connect, heal and rejuvenate communities in current pandemic times. Successful Test Firing of BrahMos BrahMos Supersonic Cruise Missile in Anti-Ship mode was successfully test fired today at 0900 hrs against a decommissioned Ship. The test firing was carried out by Indian Navy. The missile performed highly complex manoeuvres and hit Bull’s eye of the target.  BrahMos is the supersonic cruise missile jointly developed by DRDO and NPOM of Russia as a Brahmos Aerospace joint venture, which became Brahmos Aerospace Private Limited.  The missile has established itself as a major force multiplier in modern-day complex battlefields with its impeccable anti-ship and land-attack capabilities with multi-role and multi-platform abilities and has been deployed in all the three wings of the Indian Armed Forces.  The first launch of Brahmos took place in 2001 and till date numerous launches have taken place from various ships, Mobile Autonomous Launchers and Su-30 MKI aircraft, making it a versatile weapon. Personality in News Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar 64th Death Anniversary – 6th December - Mahaparinirvan Diwas Screening of the film “Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar”: The biopic on Bharat Ratna Dr. Ambedkar is an elaborate and analytical film on the great jurist-economist and social reformer, especially on his relentless campaign against oppression of the downtrodden and the pivotal role Dr Ambedkar played in drafting and framing the Constitution of India. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956), popularly known as Babasaheb Ambedkar, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement and campaigned against social discrimination towards the untouchables (Dalits), while also supporting the rights of women and labour. He was independent India’s first law and justice minister, the principal architect of the Constitution of India, and a founding father of the Republic of India. Birth Anniversary: 14th April Known famously as: The Architect of Modern India His autobiography: Waiting for a Visa His books: Annihilation of Caste – It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox religious leaders and the caste system in general, and included “a rebuke of Gandhi” on the subject. Who Were the Shudras? – Ambedkar tried to explain the formation of untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste in the ritual hierarchy of the caste system, as separate from Untouchables. Constitution of Reserve Bank of India Based on the ideas that Ambedkar presented to the Hilton Young Commission Ambedkar was trained as an economist, and was a professional economist until 1921, when he became a political leader. He wrote three scholarly books on economics: Administration and Finance of the East India Company The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution Ambedkar and Untouchability While practising law in the Bombay High Court, he tried to promote education to untouchables and uplift them. His first organised attempt was his establishment of the central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended to promote education and socio-economic improvement, as well as the welfare of “outcastes”, at the time referred to as depressed classes.  For the defence of Dalit rights, he started five periodicals – Mooknayak (the leader of the dumb, 1920) Bahishkrit Bharat (Ostracized India, 1924) Samta (Equality, 1928) Janata (The People, 1930) Prabuddha Bharat (Enlightened India, 1956) Manusmriti Dahan Din: In a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying caste discrimination and “untouchability”, and he ceremonially burned copies of the ancient text. On 25 December 1927, he led thousands of followers to burn copies of Manusmrti. Thus, annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits. Kalaram Temple movement: About 15,000 volunteers assembled at Kalaram Temple Satyagraha, making one of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by a military band, a batch of scouts, women and men walked in discipline, order and determination to see the god for the first time. When they reached to gate, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities. Poona Pact: In 1932, British announced the formation of a separate electorate for “Depressed Classes” in the Communal Award. Gandhi fiercely opposed a separate electorate for untouchables, saying he feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu community. Gandhi protested by fasting while imprisoned in the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Following the fast, Congress politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada. On 25 September 1932, the agreement known as Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement gave reserved seats for the depressed classes in the Provisional legislatures, within the general electorate. Due to the pact, the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature, instead of the 71 as allocated in the Communal Award earlier proposed by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.  The text uses the term “Depressed Classes” to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under India Act 1935, and the later Indian Constitution of 1950. In the Poona Pact, a unified electorate was in principle formed, but primary and secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice to choose their own candidates. Views of Dr. Ambedkar regarding the Indian Constitution Ambedkar warned – No democratic constitution can be modelled on the Hindu tradition of state and village panchayats. What is the village, Ambedkar asked, but a sink of localism, a den of ignorance, narrow-mindedness and communalism? Sets Universal values – The Constitution is a normative document, but the values it espouses are universal and ‘thin’. They do not reflect the belief system of one section of the population even if it is in a majority. Nor do these values dismiss the value systems of minority groups. On Constitutional Morality – Dr. Ambedkar talked of constitutional morality. He said citizen will have deep respect or admiration for Constitution when they realize true intent of Constitution which helps them to possess freedom and rights. When they realize Constitution composes of thin conception of ‘good’ that can hold a plural and diverse people together. Democracy is only a top-dressing for the Constitution of India For Ambedkar, democracy is only a top-dressing on an Indian soil which is essentially undemocratic. It is the institutionalisation of constitutional democracy that has changed the way Indians think of themselves in relation to each other, and in relation to the state. The Constitution has managed to inculcate democratic sensibilities and spark yearnings for more democracy, not less. Concept of Federalism: His concept of federalism meant that the State was a federation in normalcy, but unitary in emergency. Centre Was Made Strong:  In the Draft Constitution Dr. Ambedkar offered more powers to the Centre and made it strong. Some members of the constituent assembly criticized him on the ground that since Dr. Ambedkar postulated – the rights and values of each individual and the development of each province and each– village, it was contradictory of his part to make the Centre strong. Justifying the provisions for a strong Central authority Dr. Ambedkar said that he made the Centre strong not only to ‘save minorities from the misrule of majority’ but also “for it is only the Centre which can work for a common end and for the general interests of the country as a whole.” Equality of Opportunity:  Of all the rights, Dr. Amebedkar observed “Equality of Opportunity” as the most important one.  Regarding the constitutional remedies, he characterize Article 32 as the very soul of the Constitution and the very heart of it.  To him, fundamental rights would mean establishment of equality and liberty in order to reform our social system, which is so full of inequalities discriminations, and other which conflict with our fundamental rights. Directive Principles of State Policy:  The Directive Principles of State Policy contained the positive obligations of the state towards its citizens.  The Directives were meant to ensure social and economic democracy which was secured by the provisions of fundamental rights in a written Constitution.  Dr. Ambedkar said: “What are called Directive Principles is simply another name for Instruments of instructions to the legislature and the executive…as to how they should exercise their power.” Constitution, A Dynamic Document: The Constitution is a dynamic document it should grow with the growth of the nation and should suit the changing needs and circumstance. So Dr. Ambedkar urged the necessity of amendment. Concept of Sovereignty and Suzerainty: Dr. Ambedkar’s concept of sovereignty and suzerainty and of the Indian States, i.e., integration of the native Indian Princely States which gave the shape to the rap of India as if is today, has indeed been prophetic.  National Integration: In the Draft Constitution Dr. Ambedkar prescribed single citizenship, a single judiciary and uniformity in fundamental Laws to integrate Indian society which was not only divided into caste and class, but also into regions, religions, languages, traditions and cultures. Therefore, a strong Centre was indispensable to maintain territorial integrity and administrative discipline. Dr Ambedkar said – power is one thing, wisdom is quite another thing. When deciding the destiny of nations, dignities of people, dignities of leaders and dignities of parties ought to count for nothing. The dignity of the country should count for everything. Note: Dr. Ambedkar Scheme for Social Integration through Inter-Caste Marriages (dalit) Encouraging the practice of inter-caste marriages – Indian society can only develop and progress if the curse of caste inequality is removed forever. The implementation of this program is a step towards achieving this goal.  Assisting young couples with money – Couples who opt for inter-caste are generally shunned by their families due to the rigidity of the caste system in India. They often face hardships, but with this grant, these couples will no longer have to worry about facing financial adversity during the initial days. Funded by the central government – All operational activities and financial requirements of this welfare scheme will be met for the coffers of central government. Money will be sent to each start or UT for its implementation. Bringing equality among all castes – The main aim of this scheme is to give a level ground to all castes. With this, the central government will be able to bring about equality among all castes, thereby eliminating caste related prejudices. Must Read: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar insights on Labour Rights Guru Nanak Born in 1469 in Nankana Sahib, Pakistan He advocated nirguna bhakti He firmly repudiated practices of religions around him like sacrifices, ritual baths, idol worship, austerities, and scriptures of both Hindus and Muslims. He took the god as formless which has no gender and proposed a simple way to connect to him by just remembering and repeating his name. He set up rules for congregational worship (sangat) involving collective recitation. He appointed Angad to succeed him as the Guru. He never wished to establish new religion, but after his death his followers consolidated his practices and distinguished from both Hindus and Muslims by calling themselves ‘Sikhs’. Fifth Guru Arjandev Ji compiled Guru Nanak, his successor, and other religious poets teaching in Adi Granth Sahib. Values & teaching of Guru Nanak and present social challenges — The time in which Guru Nanak lived and present time are not very different. Back then, caste system, idol worship, exploitation of poor and women, intolerance towards other religions, fraud godman, addiction of drugs and other problems were prevalent. Unfortunately, all of them are present today also. Some basic teachings of Guru Nanak were — Submission to the will of God (Waheguru) One God Goodwill for all Speaking truth Social Service Overcoming 5 evils — Ego, Anger, Greed, Attachment and Lust Adopting 5 virtues — Truth, Compassion, Contentment, Discipline and Contemplation No discrimination Stop following rituals/idol worship/superstitions Guru Nanak opined that moral principles have great value not just in thinking but also in practical orientation in society. Therefore, social philosophy of Guru Nanak was primarily based on moral philosophy with support of religious outlook. His teaching hold great value today in overcoming caste and religious discrimination, intolerance of other views, corruption, addiction of alcohol and drugs, clash of civilisations, terrorism and other social evils. Problem with today’s generation is we have limited Guru Nanak and his teaching just to Guru Granth Sahib and have not adopted it, i.e., moral philosophy is lacking. Therefore, there is a strong need to revive the values and teachings of Guru Nanak. Ik Onkar: Ek Onkar means “God is One”. The symbol is an emblem of the Sikh religion and is found on Gurdwaras (Sikh temples) around the world. Kartarpur corridor The four-lane “human corridor” i.e. Kartarpur corridor is hoped to pave the way for peace and greater progress of all people. The corridor will drastically cut down the journey pilgrims have to make from more than 200 km to just 6 km. The gurdwara in Kartarpur stands on the bank of the Ravi, about 120 km northeast of Lahore. It was here that Guru Nanak assembled a Sikh community and lived for 18 years until his death in 1539. The shrine is visible from the Indian side, Sikhs gather in large numbers for darshan from the Indian side, and binoculars are installed at Gurdwara Dera Baba Nanak. Access to gurdwaras in Pakistan: Sikh jathas from India travel to Pakistan on four occasions every year — for Baisakhi, the martyrdom day of Guru Arjan Dev, the death anniversary of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, and the birthday of Guru Nanak Dev. These Indian pilgrims are given access to all gurdwaras in Pakistan. Dr Rajendra Prasad The first President of India, in office from 1952 to 1962 A supporter of Mahatma Gandhi, Prasad was imprisoned by British authorities during the Salt Satyagraha of 1931 and the Quit India movement of 1942. In office from 1952 to 1962 A supporter of Mahatma Gandhi, Prasad was imprisoned by British authorities during the Salt Satyagraha of 1931 and the Quit India movement of 1942 In his speech before the Constitution was adopted, Dr Rajendra Prasad rightly noted that the successful working of democratic institutions requires willingness to respect the views of others, and capacity for compromise and accommodation. He said, [quote] “Many things which cannot be written in a Constitution are done by conventions. Let me hope that we shall show those capacities and develop those conventions.” [Unquote] Seventy years later, we have reasons to believe that the nation has lived up to his hopes to a fair degree.