May 23, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam –23rd May 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   PARA DIPLOMACY Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: In its manifesto, the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) promised to get back Kartarpur Sahib, the final resting place of Guru Nanak, less than five kilometres across the Pakistan border. The SAD is promising to work with the Centre to negotiate an “exchange of territory” with Pakistan, in return for Kartarpur Sahib. Background:- Reopening the territorial settlement in the Punjab will be a nightmare few would want to think of. According to some experts, more practical than reworking the territorial disposition of boundaries would be changing the nature of these frontiers that have long been zones of military confrontation and not commercial cooperation.The SAD also demands reopening the Attari and Hussainiwala borders with Pakistan for trade and tourism to usher in economic prosperity. Key takeaways The SAD’s proposals on engaging Pakistan bring to the fore the idea of “para diplomacy” or “sub-state diplomacy”. Para diplomacy involves formal interactions between entities below the federal level — provincial and local governments — in pursuit of shared national goals. The conduct of para diplomacy is not in opposition to the national governments, which have a monopoly over the engagement with other sovereigns. Federal governments are quite nervous about sharing, let alone ceding, authority to engage across borders, especially when there is a danger of cross-border criminal and terror networks casting a shadow over the process. Para diplomacy, conducted in tandem with the central government, can often produce openings that can’t be generated between the congealed positions of the national governments. Not all Indian border states have been as keen on cross-border cooperation as Punjab. The context on each border is different with unique burdens of history and different degrees of political difficulty. West Bengal, under Mamata Banerjee, for example, had, in fact, complicated Delhi’s engagement with Dhaka. The Tamil parties in Chennai have often exercised their veto over Delhi’s ties with Colombo.UPA government (2004-14) had to often walk back from productive initiatives with the neighbours because of resistance from its coalition partners in the states. The next government must return to reconsidering para diplomacy as a valuable tool of India’s statecraft. To succeed, India’s neighbourhood policy must work with the interests of the people in the border provinces. This, in turn, demands the construction of a consensus between the centre and the regional parties in the border provinces on developing a productive relationship with the neighbours. Additional Information: Even though SAD has asked for economic cooperation, there are multiple barriers Political and Military Resistance: The Pakistani military and political leadership oppose economic engagement with India due to the unresolved Kashmir conflict. Despite occasional positive gestures from political establishment, internal opposition often swiftly quashes any initiatives. Historical Animosity and Distrust: The deep-rooted distrust stemming from the 1947 partition and subsequent wars continues to hinder economic cooperation. These historical grievances shape national narratives and influence policy decisions, making it difficult to commit to economic collaboration without resolving underlying political tensions. Economic Benefits vs. Political Obstacles: Despite recognizing the economic benefits, Pakistan’s leadership remains hesitant to engage with India due to historical conflicts and the Kashmir issue. Although the Pakistani business community has advocated for reopening trade, these appeals are often stifled by the political and military elite prioritizing geopolitical concerns over economic pragmatism. Security Concerns: Pakistan’s support to cross-border terrorism and frequent border skirmishes contribute to a climate of hostility.Perpetual state of military alert hampers trade and complicates efforts to establish a stable economic partnership. Source: Indian Express PROJECT UDBHAV Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context:  Army chief Gen Manoj Pande talked about Project Udbhav at a conference titled ‘Historical Patterns in Indian Strategic Culture’ held recently. Background: Launched last year, this project aims to enrich the nation’s outlook in the defence domain by integrating India’s ancient strategic acumen into contemporary military practices, making the force “future-ready”. About Project UDBHAV ‘Udbhav’, which translates to ‘origin’ or ‘genesis’, acknowledges the vintage scriptures and writings of our Nation, that span centuries in the past and contain profound knowledge that can benefit modern military strategies. The objective of the Project is to synthesize ancient wisdom with contemporary military practices, forging a unique and holistic approach to address modern security challenges. It is a visionary initiative by the Indian Army that seeks to integrate age-old wisdom with contemporary military pedagogy. Project UDBHAV will facilitate in-depth understanding of our ancient knowledge systems and philosophies and also aim to comprehend their enduring connect, relevance and applicability in the modern day. Literature like Chanakya’s Arthashastra underscores the importance of strategic partnerships, alliances and diplomacy, aligning with modern military practices such as international cooperation and soft power projection. Chanakya’s teachings on statecraft and warfare are studied by various institutions the world over. Similarly, the wisdom of Thirukkural, the classical Tamil text authored by Thiruvalluvar, the Tamil philosopher, advocates ethical conduct in all endeavours, including warfare. This aligns with modern military codes of ethics of just war and principles of Geneva Convention. Apart from ancient texts, a study of prominent military campaigns and leaders is also important. The empires of Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka and Cholas flourished and expanded in influence, during their times. There are examples of the Ahom Kingdom too, which successfully ruled for 600 years, repeatedly defeating the Mughals. The Naval Battle of Saraighat in 1671, led by Lachit Borphukan, stands as a stellar example of the use of clever diplomatic negotiations to buy time, employ psychological warfare, focus on military intelligence and exploiting the strategic weakness of the Mughals. Project UDBHAV aims to effectively integrate this ancient wisdom with modern military pedagogy through interdisciplinary research, workshops and leadership seminars. It will facilitate emergence of previously under-explored thoughts and theories related to strategic thinking, statecraft and warfare, foster deeper understanding and contribute to enriching military training curricula. Source: PIB COMPETITION COMMISSION OF INDIA Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: 15th Foundation Day of the Competition Commission of India was celebrated in New Delhi. The commission was formed on 14 October 2003. However, It became fully functional in 2009 with Dhanendra Kumar as its first chairman Background: CCI got its enforcement and regulatory powers after the substantive provisions of the Competition Act relating to anti-trust enforcement and regulation of combinations came into force on May 20, 2009 and June 1, 2011, respectively. About Competition Commission of India (CCI) : The Competition Commission of India (CCI) is the chief national competition regulator in India. As a statutory body within the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, its primary responsibility is to enforce the Competition Act, 2002. It should be noted that on the recommendations of Raghavan committee, the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (MRTP Act) was repealed and replaced by the Competition Act, 2002. The Commission consists of a Chairperson and not more than 6 Members appointed by the Central Government. It is a quasi-judicial body. Objective and Vision: The CCI aims to promote and sustain an enabling competition culture through engagement and enforcement. Its vision includes inspiring businesses to be fair, competitive, and innovative, enhancing consumer welfare, and supporting economic growth1. Functions and Activities: Antitrust Regulation: The CCI ensures fair competition by preventing anti-competitive practices such as cartels, abuse of dominant position, and anti-competitive agreements. Regulation of Combinations: It reviews mergers, acquisitions, and other combinations to assess their impact on competition. Competition Economics: The CCI analyzes market dynamics and economic factors related to competition. Advocacy: It promotes competition awareness and educates stakeholders. International Cooperation: The CCI collaborates with global competition authorities. Anti-Profiteering: It investigates cases of undue profiteering by businesses. Source: Indian Express CRIMINAL NEGLECT AND STATE’S LACK OF ACCOUNTABILITY Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: During the storm on May 13, a billboard in Mumbai’s Ghatkopar area collapsed and claimed 16 lives. Background: The Ghatkopar tragedy is a grim reminder of the longstanding ills of urban governance in the country — flailing municipalities, agencies with overlapping jurisdictions, negligent officials, faulty street design, and questionable space allocation processes. Key Takeaways When citizen’s interact with the city and its infrastructure, they trust the state with their lives.A city’s infrastructure is a kind of physical interface between the citizen and the state. The quality of our infrastructure forms the core of the quality of our lives, and our safety is the function of its maintenance. Audits and regulations safeguard us from the dangers of infrastructural collapse. The actions of the state since the tragic collapse of the hoarding follow a pattern that is typical of infrastructural “accidents” across the country. Reports have shown that the Ghatkopar hoarding had a weak and shallow foundation, that the Government Railway Police (GRP) had granted permission for a hoarding in 2021, and that the BMC had issued three notices to the agency over the past year but no action was taken.The state acted in complete neglect of the people of Mumbai, ignored a giant hoarding three times larger than the permitted size, and only ordered structural audits after 16 people died. With the private firm becoming the sole criminal in the tragedy, the state slowly disappears in the background with no accountability for the allocation of contracts, or the enforcement of regulations. In the 2016 flyover collapse in Kolkata, the construction company IVRCL was held solely responsible; in the Morbi Bridge collapse of 2022, the Oreva group; and in the case of the Ghatkopar hoarding collapse, its Ego Media Pvt. Ltd. The pattern tells us three things. First, that the state does not value human lives enough to ensure that public infrastructure is safe. Second, the state does not assume accountability in private partnerships and blames the private players alone.Since the tragic collapse of the Ghatkopar flyover, the government has conveniently used the director of Ego Media Pvt Ltd. as a symbol of their swift punitive action but we are yet to see any state officials being held accountable for criminal neglect. Third, the pattern tells us that the enforcement of urban development norms is selective and does not ensure citizen safety, let alone promote citizen welfare. A giant hoarding abutting a prominent road in one of India’s biggest metropolises governed by the richest municipality couldn’t have gone unnoticed. The tragic collapse of the hoarding and the events thereafter show us the precarity of human life in Indian cities. The incident is a typical case of criminal neglect and the state’s refusal of accountability. In Ghatkopar, the state failed the citizens and broke the trust that city dwellers put in the material elements of public life. Source: Indian Express ARAB LEAGUE Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Arab League welcomed a decision made by Norway, Ireland and Spain to recognize the Palestinian state Background: Arab League, regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East and parts of Africa, formed in Cairo on March 22, 1945, as an outgrowth of Pan-Arabism. About ARAB LEAGUE : The Arab League, formally the League of Arab States, is a regional organization in the Arab world. The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945, initially with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (now Jordan), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945. Currently, the League has 22 members. Each member has one vote on the League Council, decisions being binding only on those states that have voted for them. The League’s main goal is to “draw closer the relations between member states and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries”. Additional Information In 1964, despite objections by Jordan, the league granted the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) observer status as the representative of all Palestinians. This was upgraded to full membership in 1976. After Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel on March 26, 1979, the other members of the Arab League voted to suspend Egypt’s membership and to transfer the league’s headquarters from Cairo to Tunis. Egypt was reinstated as a member of the Arab League in 1989, and the league’s headquarters returned to Cairo in 1990. Source: The Hindu PATIENT SAFETY CHARTER Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: Recently, World Health Organization (WHO) launched the first-ever Patient Safety Rights Charter at the Global Ministerial Summit on Patient Safety. Background: Assuring patient safety in health care is a critical component in delivering the right to health. Patient safety can be compromised due to avoidable errors such as unsafe surgical procedures, medication errors, mis- or late diagnosis, poor injection practices, unsafe blood transfusion and the onset of life-threatening infections such as sepsis and other health care-associated infections. Key Features of the Patient Safety Rights Charter: It outlines the core rights of all patients in the context of the safety of health care and seeks to assist governments and other stakeholders to ensure that the voices of patients are heard and their right to safe health care is protected. The Charter covers 10 patient safety rights crucial to mitigate risks and prevent unintentional harm, which includes Timely, effective, and appropriate care Safe health care processes and practices Qualified and competent health workers Safe medical products and their safe and rational use Safe and secure healthcare facilities Dignity, respect, non-discrimination, privacy and confidentiality Information, education, and supported decision-making access to medical records To be heard and fair resolution Patient and family engagement. Need for Patient Safety Charter: Approximately 1 in 10 patients encounter harm during healthcare procedures, resulting in over 3 million annual deaths attributed to unsafe care, as reported by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). According to the OECD, investing in patient safety positively impacts health outcomes, reduces costs related to patient harm, improves system efficiency, and helps reassure communities and restore their trust in healthcare systems. The majority of patient harm is avoidable, underscoring the vital role of engaging patients, families, and caregivers in minimising harm. Patient harm often results from poorly designed healthcare systems, not isolated incidents. A 2023 survey of WHO Member States revealed gaps in implementing the Global Patient Safety Action Plan 2021-2030, emphasising the need for patient representation and addressing income-based disparities in implementation. Interim results of the survey showed only 13% of responding countries have a patient representative on the governing board or an equivalent mechanism in the majority of their hospitals. Patient safety is a critical global priority and essential for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)-3: “Good Health and well-being”. Source: WHO Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements about Arab League It was established after the First Arab – Israeli war in 1948. Palestine is a founding member of the league. Its Headquarter is located in Cairo, Egypt How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q2.) Consider the following statements about Competition Commission of India: It derives it powers from Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP). It is a statutory body under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. It consists of a Chairperson and not more than 6 Members appointed by the Central Government. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q3.) Project Udbhav, recently heard in news is a visionary initiative by the Indian Army that seeks to integrate age-old wisdom with contemporary military pedagogy. an initiative by Competition Commission of India to regulate global digital giants. an initiative by ministry of finance to control tax evasion an initiative by education ministry to establish world class universities Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  23rd  May 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs.st ANSWERS FOR  22nd May – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – b Q.3) – a

May 23, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 23rd May 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions.To take the Test Click Here

May 22, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam –22nd May 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   VENEZUELA LOST ITS LAST GLACIER Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Environment Context: Venezuela has likely become the first country — it certainly won’t be the last — in modern history to lose all its glaciers. This comes after scientists reclassified the Humboldt glacier, Venezuela’s last remaining glacier, as an ice field earlier this month. Background:- Scientists expected the Humboldt glacier to last another decade. However, it melted at a faster rate than expected. Key takeaways Venezuela used to be home to six glaciers, located at about 5,000 metres above sea level in the Andes mountains. By 2011, five of them had vanished. Scientists expected the Humboldt glacier to last another decade. But it melted at a faster rate than expected, and has shrunk to an area of less than 2 hectares, leading to its downgrade from a glacier to an ice field. What are glaciers? Glaciers are essentially large and thick masses of ice that are formed on land due to the accumulation of snow over centuries. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), they usually exist and form in areas where mean annual temperatures reach near the freezing point; winter precipitation leads to significant snow accumulations; and temperatures throughout the remaining year do not cause the complete loss of the previous winter’s snow accumulation. Due to their sheer mass and gravity, glaciers tend to flow like very slow rivers. Although there is no universal consensus on how large a mass of ice has to be to qualify as a glacier, the USGS says a commonly accepted guideline is around 10 hectares. Why are glaciers disappearing? The reason is quite obvious — it is global warming. Glaciers are melting due to warmer temperatures. Since the Industrial Revolution kicked off in the 18th Century, human activities such as burning fossil fuels have been releasing GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. These invisible gases trap heat — they allow sunlight to pass through the atmosphere but prevent the heat that sunlight brings from returning into space — leading to a rise in global temperatures. In recent decades, the emission of GHGs has skyrocketed, which has resulted in the global average temperature to increase by at least 1.1 degree Celsius since 1880. The temperature rise may seem small but it has had devastating consequences. The Andes — a mountain range running through parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela — has witnessed a temperature increase of a high rate of 0.10 degree Celsius in the past seven decades. That is one of the major reasons why Venezuela has lost all of its glaciers. In the case of the Humboldt glacier, the melting was accelerated by El Niño, which developed in July 2023. El Niño refers to an abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and leads to warmer temperatures. India is also at the risk of losing its glaciers. They are melting at unprecedented rates across the Hindu Kush Himalayan mountain ranges. What are the impacts of glacier loss? Glaciers are a crucial source of freshwater, especially during hot, dry periods, for local communities, plants, and animals. Their disappearance would mean that one would have to be entirely dependent on spot rainfall for freshwater. The cold water that runs off glaciers keeps downstream water temperatures cooler. This is crucial for many aquatic species in the region as they need cold water temperatures to survive. Glacier loss directly impacts such species. Melting glaciers can also contribute to the rise in sea level. The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets — they are also considered as glaciers — are the largest contributors to global sea level rise. For the South American country, however, the biggest impact of losing all of its glaciers will be cultural.Glaciers were a part of the region’s cultural identity, and for mountaineering and touristic activities. Source: Indian Express ANTARCTICA PARLIAMENT Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: India is hosting the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM 46), also known as the Antarctic Parliament, from May 20-30 in Kochi. Background: The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Goa, through the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), has organised the meeting, which will be attended by the 56 member countries of the Antarctic Treaty.India had last hosted the ATCM in New Delhi in 2007. The Antarctic Treaty Twelve countries — Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the USSR, the United Kingdom, and the United States — were the original signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, which was signed on December 1, 1959. The treaty came into force in 1961, and a total of 56 countries — including India, in 1983 — have joined it since then. The Antarctic Treaty, which was signed during the Cold War, effectively designated Antarctica as a “no man’s land”, outside the bounds of international geopolitical competition. Few key features of the treaty are: Antarctica shall be used only for peaceful purposes, and no militarisation or fortification shall be allowed. All signatories will have the freedom to carry out scientific investigations, and should share plans for scientific programmes, extend required cooperation, and freely make available the data gathered. Nuclear testing or disposal of radioactive waste materials shall be prohibited anywhere in Antarctica. Today, the treaty forms the basis of all governance and activities in Antarctica, the fifth-largest continent on the planet. India in Antarctica Since 1983, India has been a consultative party to the Antarctic Treaty. In this capacity, India votes and participates in all key decision-making processes regarding Antarctica. Of the 56 nations that are part of the Antarctic Treaty, 29 have consultative party status. India has undertaken scientific research in Antarctica since 1981. The first Indian Antarctica research station, Dakshin Gangotri, was set up in 1983, some 2,500 km from the South Pole in Queen Maud Land. The station operated till 1990. In 1989, India set up its second Antarctica research station, named Maitri, in the Schirmacher Oasis, a 3-km wide ice-free plateau with over 100 freshwater lakes. It is still operational. In 2012, India inaugurated Bharati, its third Antarctica research station, located around 3,000 km east of Maitri, on the Prydz Bay coast. Although the station focuses on oceanographic and geologic study, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) utilises it for receiving Indian Remote sensing Satellite (IRS) data. India plans to open a new station, Maitri II, a few kilometres from the ageing Maitri station. Operations are set to begin by 2029. In 2022, India enacted the Antarctic Act, reaffirming its commitment to the Antarctic Treaty. Agenda before Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) The ATCM is meant to facilitate a global dialogue on law, logistics, governance, science, tourism, and other aspects of the southern continent. During the conference, India will seek to promote the idea of peaceful governance in Antarctica, and underline that geopolitical tensions elsewhere in the world should not interfere with the protection of the continent and its resources. During the Kochi meet, India will also officially table its plan to construct Maitri II before the members. Any new construction or initiative in Antarctica requires the ATCM’s approval. Source: Indian Express MALARIA VACCINE Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: Serum Institute of India (SII), the world’s largest manufacturer of vaccines by number of doses, marked a significant milestone on Monday with the shipment of the first set of R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine to seven-eight countries in Africa. Background: Close to half-a-million children die of malaria each year in the African region, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). About MALARIA: Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Five species of Plasmodium commonly infect humans. The three species associated with more severe cases are P. falciparum (which is responsible for the vast majority of malaria deaths), P. vivax, and P. Knowlesi. The disease is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions that exist in a broad band around the equator.This includes much of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Transmission: It is spread exclusively through bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. When an infected mosquito bites a person, it injects the malaria parasites into their bloodstream. Symptoms: Common symptoms include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. Severe cases can lead to organ failure, coma, and death. Prevention: Bed Nets: Insecticide-treated bed nets are effective in preventing mosquito bites during sleep. Antimalarial Medications: Prophylactic antimalarial drugs can be taken by travelers to endemic areas. Vaccines: Recently, the WHO recommended the R21/Matrix-M vaccine for children, in addition to the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine. These vaccines aim to reduce malaria cases and deaths. Treatment: Antimalarial medications, such as artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), are used to treat malaria. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial. R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine The R21/Matrix-M vaccine is a promising addition to malaria prevention efforts. It’s designed to protect against the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, which causes the most severe form of malaria. Composition: The R21 vaccine contains a protein from the malaria parasite (R21) combined with an adjuvant called Matrix-M. The adjuvant enhances the immune response. Clinical Trials: Clinical trials have shown that the R21/Matrix-M vaccine provides significant protection against malaria. It reduced the risk of symptomatic malaria by 75% in children during the 12 months following vaccination. Age Group: The vaccine is recommended for children aged 5 months and older. Dosing Schedule: The vaccine is administered in a three-dose series, with the first two doses given one month apart and the third dose six months after the second. Implementation: The WHO’s recommendation aims to accelerate the vaccine’s deployment in malaria-endemic regions, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. The low-cost, high-efficacy R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine was developed by the University of Oxford and SII leveraging Novavax’s adjuvant technology. R21//Matrix-M vaccine is the second malaria vaccine to be authorised for use in children in malaria-endemic regions. Source: Indian Express ANIMAL DIPLOMACY Syllabus Mains – G S 2 Context: In a recent development, Malaysia, the world’s second-largest palm oil producer is aiming to improve its environmental image by putting forward the “orangutan diplomacy”. Background: Malaysia plans to give orangutans to the countries that purchase their palm oil. This gesture aims to show Malaysia’s concern for the endangered apes, whose habitats are often destroyed by palm oil plantations. Inspired by China’s “panda diplomacy,” Malaysia hopes this move will ease global concerns about the environmental impact of palm oil production. About ANIMAL DIPLOMACY: Animal diplomacy involves giving or lending animals as a sign of friendship or goodwill between countries. These creatures possess cultural significance or are indigenous to the country that gifts them, hence making them influential instruments for diplomacy. For example, China’s panda diplomacy can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty when emperors gave away pandas to foreign rulers as symbols of peace and cooperation. Consequently, the receiving state usually agrees to protect such species beside this thereby furthering harmonisation between nations. Why is China famous for its animal diplomacy? Animal diplomacy originated from China back then and it was majorly associated with the giant panda. This was when they started giving these cute animals to other countries during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD). China has retained giving them away as gifts which are deemed to symbolise peace and friendship. In November 2023, after a key meeting held between President Xi Jinping and his U.S. counterpart Joe Biden, signs emerged of a significant diplomatic move: the revival of China’s famed panda diplomacy. Mr. Xi hinted at the possibility of resuming panda exchanges with the United States, marking a potential thaw in bilateral relations. China is gearing up to renew its panda diplomacy efforts.Discussions are ongoing with zoos in Washington D.C. and Vienna, Austria, signalling broader outreach in China’s diplomatic animal exchange programme. What is the orangutan diplomacy in Malaysia? Following the Chinese model of “panda diplomacy,” Malaysia has come up with its own approach to the soft power which it describes as “orangutan diplomacy.” The goal of this strategy is to link other countries together by using orangutan conservation efforts for environmental issues. Malaysia, the second largest producer of palm oil in the world, receives criticism due to deforestation caused by palm oil plantations that are a major threat to endangered orangutans. Orangutan diplomacy seeks to reverse this trend. In an attempt to project itself as a pacesetter on wildlife protection, Malaysia aims to meet at least three objectives: It wants to enhance its image by becoming a champion of various things connected with wild animal protection; it wants to encourage sustainable production of palm oil and it wants to work jointly with other countries on saving orangutans. This plan suggests allocating orangutans to main importers of palm oil like China, India and the EU. This approach therefore rests upon two basic factors: its endearing character and symbolic significance as to how orangutans represent the rich biodiversity of Malaysia’s rainforests, highlighting the environmental damage caused by unsustainable practices. Which other countries are involved? In the year 2014, during G20 Summit, a different kind of diplomacy took place.As the summit’s host nation, Australia ensured that it left a lasting impression on the visiting dignitaries and delegates by deploying its irresistible attraction; koalas. Throughout the conference period, there was a flood of images showing leaders from across the world holding koalas. However, koala diplomacy can be considered more than just an opportunity for photo shoots. It functioned as an instrumentality for power projection through soft means. By flaunting its unique wildlife coupled with environmental policies, which are globally oriented, this country revealed its solidarity in any worldwide partnership on environmental matters. The koala’s presence at the G20 summit has sparked debates about conservation of biodiversity and the need to safeguard vulnerable ecosystems. Ultimately, the 2014 G20 Summit was a practical example that proved how animal ambassadors can change international relations towards sustainable development and cooperation. What the future might hold? There are prospects for future collaboration and cooperation between countries in animal diplomacy that can rise above the traditional geopolitical borders with a purpose to protect nature and enhance international understanding. Nations could work together on conservation projects related to their ambassador animals. This brings about a shared responsibility for the welfare of the creatures and strengthens the diplomatic bonds formed around them. It is not only traditional players who can use animal diplomacy. Smaller countries having unique endangered species can use this method as well. For example, a poor country having critically endangered primates may collaborate with richer ones’ zoos so as to create breeding programs and research, which will help educate people internationally. Animal diplomacy has the potential to move beyond feel-good tactics by focusing on collaborative efforts in conservation while at the same time allowing room for new players thus becoming an instrument of fostering international cooperation on pressing environmental concerns. Source: The Hindu INDIAN POULTRY INDUSTRY Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context:  The current outbreak of H5N1 was a disaster waiting to happen, as experts have been sounding alarm bells on the unsafe conditions at industrial livestock production for more than 10 years now. Background: According to the20th Livestock Census, there are 851.8 million poultry birds in India. About 30% of this is ‘backyard poultry’ or small and marginal farmers. Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Assam and Kerala have the highest poultry populations. Issues faced by the Indian Poultry Industry: Regular outbreaks of Avian Influenza (bird flu) disrupt production, lead to the culling of birds, and create market panic, impacting consumption. Newcastle Disease (ND) is another highly contagious viral disease that affects poultry health and productivity. Inadequate biosecurity measures in farms and live bird markets facilitate the spread of diseases. Chickens in industrial settings are often confined in wired cages, known as ‘battery cages,’ in high densities, leading to overcrowding and stress. This practice leads to poor air quality, waste accumulation, and greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to environmental pollution and degradation. Volatile prices of crucial poultry feed ingredients, such as corn and soybean meal, not only affect production costs but also exacerbate import dependence due to their significant reliance on imports. Rumours and misinformation surrounding poultry products during disease outbreaks can drastically reduce consumption, affecting overall market stability. Limited cold chain infrastructure leads to spoilage and wastage, especially during peak production periods. A fragmented supply chain with multiple intermediaries raises transaction costs and lowers farmer profits, while poor transportation infrastructure hampers product movement, affecting delivery times and freshness. Multiple overlapping regulations across different levels of government create confusion and compliance challenges for poultry farmers. Small and medium-scale poultry farmers often struggle to access formal credit, hindering growth and modernization. Finding and retaining skilled labour can be difficult for poultry farms, impacting operational efficiency. Poultry farming can contribute to water pollution and air quality issues if waste management practices are inadequate. The rising demand for protein has led to increased antibiotic use in poultry farming, raising concerns about antibiotic resistance and public health risks. Ensuring proper animal welfare standards across the industry remains a challenge. Poultry farmers often face challenges in exiting the industry due to contract farming arrangements, accumulated debts, and specialised skills required for the sector. Initiatives for the Poultry Industry: The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying is implementing the Poultry Venture Capital Fund (PVCF) under “Entrepreneurship Development and Employment Generation” (EDEG) of the National Livestock Mission. Different programmes under the National Livestock Mission (NLM) in which financial assistance is provided to States/Union Territories to implement Rural Backyard Poultry Development (RBPD) and Innovative Poultry Productivity Project (IPPP). Assistance to States for Control of Animal Diseases (ASCAD) Scheme under “Livestock Health and Disease Control” (LH&DC) which covers the vaccination of economically important poultry diseases viz., Ranikhet Disease, Infectious Bursal Disease, Fowl Pox, etc., including control and containment of emergent and exotic diseases like Avian Influenza. Source: Hindu UNREST IN PAK OCCUPIED KASHMIR Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Pakistan-occupied Kashmir has been rocked by deadly violence in the past few days, leaving at least four dead and over 100 injured in clashes over the soaring prices of essential goods like wheat flour, fuel, and electricity.Pakistan’s economic crisis and high inflation have resulted in hardships for its people, and a section of traders have been additionally hit by the stopping of trade with India. Background: The recent wave of unrest began on May 10 after the overnight arrest of several leaders of the Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee (JAAC), which had planned a “long march” to Muzaffarabad on May 11. The crackdown sparked widespread outrage, prompting thousands to take to the streets. About the issue Activists and politicians from PoK have long accused Islamabad of “serious discrimination,” protesting against heavy cuts in budgetary grants, imposition of “unjust” taxes on electricity bills, rise in inflation, shortage of wheat, load shedding and not considering locals for jobs. Dawn reported on complaints by the region’s premier Chaudhry Anwarul Haq about not receiving their fair share of the 2,600MW of hydropower produced by the Neelum-Jhelum project. Haq has also said that his request for resources to increase salaries of government employees in the recent budget was not accepted, and that he had been forced to divert development funds to pay them. Collapse of India trade Traders in PoK were hit hard after India raised customs duty to 200% on Pakistani products such as dry dates, rock salt, cement, and gypsum following the Pulwama terror attack of February 2019. As a result, Pakistan’s exports to India fell from an average of $45 million per month in 2018 to only $2.5 million per month between March and July 2019, Dawn reported. The situation was made more difficult after Pakistan stopped all trade following the constitutional changes carried out by India in Jammu and Kashmir in August 2019. India-Pakistan trade has shrunk to a low of about $2 billion annually over the last five years, a small fraction of the $37 billion trade potential estimated by the World Bank. Source: Hindu & Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements about Antarctic Treaty India was one among the original signatories to the Antarctic Treaty in 1959. According to the treaty, nuclear testing or disposal of radioactive waste materials is prohibited anywhere in Antarctica. Which among the statements given above is/are correct? 1 Only 2 Only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) Consider the following statements about Malaria: Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium It is spread exclusively through bites of infected male Anopheles mosquitoes. Which among the statements given above is/are incorrect? 1 Only 2 Only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Humboldt glacier, recently heard in news, was located in Venezuela Australia Malaysia China Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  22nd  May 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs.st ANSWERS FOR  21st May – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – c Q.2) – c Q.3) – d

May 22, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 22nd May 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions.To take the Test Click Here

May 21, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam –21st May 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   IRAN Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi’s death in a chopper crash has come at a time when Tehran’s role in the peace and stability in the region has been under a sharp focus. Background:- The focus on Iran in recent months has been due to the events that took place since October 7, when Hamas brutally attacked Israelis on their soil, and the Israeli response on Gaza has been perceived to be hugely disproportionate. India, which considers Iran to be part of its extended neighbourhood, has been watching Iran’s dynamics in the region quite closely and cautiously. About IRAN Geography: Iran is bordered by Iraq to the west and Turkey to the northwest, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. Population: With a mostly Persian-ethnic population of almost 90 million, Iran ranks 17th globally in both geographic size and population. Government: Iran is a unitary presidential theocratic Islamic republic. The Supreme Leader is Ali Khamenei. Economy: Iran’s GDP (PPP) in 2024 is estimated to be $1.855 trillion, ranking 19th globally. Languages: The official language is Persian, but there are several recognized regional languages. Iran is a major regional power, due to its large reserves of fossil fuels, including the world’s second largest natural gas supply, third largest proven oil reserves, its geopolitically significant location, its military capabilities, its regional influence, and its role as the world’s focal point of Shia Islam. Iran is an active and founding member of the United Nations, the NAM, the ECO, the OIC and the OPEC. It is a full member of both the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and BRICS. Source: Indian Express INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH (ICMR) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has distanced itself from the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) researchers for “incorrectly” associating it with an observational study on the side effects of the Covid-19 vaccine Covaxin. Background: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research, is one of the oldest and largest medical research bodies in the world. About INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH (ICMR) In 1911, the Government of India set up the Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA) with the specific objective of sponsoring and coordinating medical research in the country. After independence, several important changes were made in the organisation and the activities of IRFA. It was redesignated as the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in 1949, with a considerably expanded scope of functions. Mandate Apex body in India for formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research Conduct, coordinate and implement medical research for the benefit  of the Society Translating medical innovations in to products/processes and introducing them in to the public health system Additional Information The ICMR is funded by the Government of India through the Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. In 2007, the organization established the Clinical Trials Registry – India, which is India’s national registry for clinical trials. ICMR’s 26 national institutes address themselves to research on specific health topics like tuberculosis, leprosy, cholera and diarrhoeal diseases, viral diseases including AIDS, malaria, kala-azar, vector control, nutrition, food & drug toxicology, reproduction, immuno-haematology, oncology, medical statistics, etc. Its 6 regional medical research centres address themselves to regional health problems, and also aim to strengthen or generate research capabilities in different geographic areas of the country Governance The governing body of the council is presided over by the Union Health Minister. It is assisted in scientific and technical matters by a scientific advisory board comprising eminent experts in different biomedical disciplines. The board, in its turn, is assisted by a series of scientific advisory groups, scientific advisory committees, expert groups, task forces, steering committees etc. which evaluate and monitor different research activities of the council. Source: Hindu Medium, Small, and Micro Enterprises (MSMEs) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Economy Context: The government is considering options to relax the 45-day payment rule to MSMEs that has come into effect from April 1, 2023, as the rule may disrupt business practices due to its severity and lack of clarity. Background: According to Section 43B(h) of the Income Tax Act, introduced through the Finance Act 2023, if a larger company does not pay an MSME on time — within 45 days in case of written agreements — it cannot deduct that expense from its taxable income, leading to potentially higher taxes.MSMEs fear that due to this provision, large buyers could cold-shoulder MSME suppliers and start buying either from those MSMEs that are not registered with Udyam or from non-MSMEs. About MSMEs: Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises are better known by the acronym MSME. They silently operate across various areas in India, contributing significantly to the country’s GDP. More than 6 crore MSMEs serve as the backbone of our economy, accounting for approximately 30% of the GDP, 45% of manufacturing output, and around 48% of exports. Remarkably, over 11 crore people find employment within the MSME sector, making it an essential driver of economic growth. Recent Changes: As of July 1, 2020, the definition of MSMEs was revised to align with market conditions and ease of doing business. The new criteria are based on investment amount and turnover: Micro: Investment up to ₹1 crore and turnover up to ₹5 crore. Small: Investment up to ₹10 crore and turnover up to ₹50 crore. Medium: Investment up to ₹50 crore and turnover up to ₹250 crore. Importantly, exports turnover is excluded from the turnover calculation, encouraging MSMEs to explore international markets without losing benefits. Issues associated with the MSMEs: Lack of skilled labour: MSMEs often struggle to find skilled workers, which can make it difficult for them to grow and expand their businesses. Bureaucratic red tape: MSMEs have to navigate a complex web of regulations and bureaucratic procedures, which can be time-consuming and costly. Competition from larger companies: MSMEs in India often have to compete with larger, more established companies, which can make it difficult for them to succeed in the market. Access to finance: MSMEs often struggles to access capital due to a lack of collateral or credit history or access to formal financial institutions. Lack of infrastructure: MSMEs often lack access to basic infrastructure, such as electricity and transportation, which can make it difficult for them to operate their businesses. Lack of technological know-how: MSMEs often lack the technical knowledge and expertise to modernize their operations and stay competitive in the market. Issues with supply chain and logistics: MSMEs face issues with supply chain and logistics, which can make it difficult for them to get their products to market in a timely and cost-effective manner. Lack of formalization: Many MSMEs in India are unregistered or operate informally, which can make it difficult for them to access government support and benefits. Lack of marketing and networking opportunities: MSMEs in India often lack the resources and networks to effectively market their products and services, which can make it difficult for them to reach new customers and grow their businesses. Source: Business Today Green Credit Program (GCP) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Environment Context: The Centre has approved 12 greening projects under the Green Credit Program (GCP), which was notified last year as a market-based mechanism designed to incentivize voluntary environmental actions across diverse sectors, officials aware of the development said. Background: The GCP, notified on October 13, 2023, seeks voluntary participation in “environmental positive actions” such as afforestation, water conservation, waste management among others from PSUs, private industries, non-profits and individuals. ABOUT GCP: The Green Credit Programme is an innovative market-based mechanism designed to incentivize voluntary environmental actions across diverse sectors. Objective: This programme was officially unveiled in October 2023 and has its provenance in Mission Life, a principle frequently articulated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Its goal is to lay an emphasis on sustainability, reduce waste and improve the natural environment. The GCP programme presents itself as an “innovative, market-based mechanism” to incentivise “voluntary actions” for environmental conservation. Under this, individuals, organisations and companies — public and private — would be encouraged to invest in sectors ranging from afforestation, water conservation, stemming air-pollution, waste management, mangrove conservation and in return be eligible to receive ‘green credits.’ It complements the domestic carbon market by incentivizing sustainable actions by companies, individuals, and local bodies. An autonomous body of the Ministry, the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), is in charge of administering the programme. It is responsible for programme implementation, management, monitoring, and operation. How It Works: Various stakeholders, including individuals, industries, farmers’ producer organizations (FPOs), urban local bodies (ULBs), and private sectors, can earn green credits. Environment-friendly actions, such as planting trees, conserving water, waste management, and reducing air pollution, qualify for green credits. These credits are tradable, and participants can sell them on a proposed domestic market platform. Example In February, the Ministry prescribed the rules governing the first of these initiatives — afforestation. Broadly, companies, organisation and individuals could offer to pay for afforestation projects in specific tracts of degraded forest and wasteland. It said, the actual tree planting would be carried out by the State forest departments. Two years after planting and following an evaluation by the ICFRE, each such planted tree could be worth one ‘green credit.’ Source: The Hindu India Middle East Europe Economic Corridor Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Current Event, GS 2 Context:  The first inter-ministerial delegation from India held meetings from May 15-17 under the Intergovernmental Framework Agreement between the two countries concerning cooperation for the empowerment and operation of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor . Background: The visit, which took place within three months of signing the Agreement, reflects the importance both governments attach to the IMEC project. About India Middle East Europe Economic Corridor The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) was announced in September 2023 following a meeting in New Delhi between the leaders of India, the US, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia, Italy, France, Germany, and the European Commission on the sidelines of the G20 Summit. The IMEEC will comprise two separate corridors, the east corridor connecting India to the Gulf and the northern corridor connecting the Gulf to Europe. The corridor will provide a reliable and cost-effective cross-border ship-to-rail transit network to supplement existing maritime routes. It intends to increase efficiency, reduce costs, secure regional supply chains, increase trade accessibility, enhance economic cooperation, generate jobs and lower greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in a transformative integration of Asia, Europe and the Middle East (West Asia). Additional Information The Israel-Hamas war brings concern on the future of IMEC, along with attacks on vessels in the Red Sea by Houthi rebels. In September 2023, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan criticised the project for bypassing Turkey, and has vowed for an alternative route, the “Iraq Development Road Project”, which is envisaged to connect the Persian Gulf with Europe through a railway and highway via ports in the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Iraq, including the under-construction Grand Faw Port. It is also seen as a counter to China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Source: Hindu Production-Linked Incentives (PLI) Scheme Syllabus Mains – GS 2, GS 3 Context: Investment in important sectors identified to spur domestic manufacturing under the flagship Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme of the Centre is slowing just a year after their launch. Background: Investment growth is “significantly slow” in textiles, information technology hardware, and speciality steel according to a review report by an inter-ministerial panel which does periodical stocktaking of the scheme. The government was hoping to see investment worth Rs 49,682 crore in FY24. Of this, 61.8 per cent or over Rs 30,695 crore has been made in all the 14 sectors during the first nine months this financial year. Apart from the above-mentioned three sectors, progress has been slow in the case of medical devices, automobile and auto components, ACC batteries, and white goods. Production-Linked Incentives (PLI) Scheme: It was first introduced in March 2020, PLI is a special incentive scheme for producers to promote manufacturing in multiple sectors. The incentives are linked to the performance of the organisation i.e., the government provides incentives for incremental sales. The PLI scheme is built on the foundation of multiple sectors with an incentive outlay of Rs. 1.97 lakh crore (about US$ 26 billion) to strengthen their production capabilities and help create global champions. Benefits of the PLI Scheme: Since the incentives are directly proportional to production capacity/ incremental turnover, it is expected to have a direct impact on capacity expansion. PLI can significantly restructure India’s domestic manufacturing, and push its share in the GDP to 25 percent. It is also expected to bring improvements in industrial infrastructure, benefiting the overall supply chain ecosystem. The implementation of the PLI Scheme will lead to a potential capital expenditure (capex) of Rs 2.5-3 lakh crore over the scheme period. It will account for 13-15% of average annual investment spending in key industrial sectors. Nearly 55% of the scheme is expected to be in green sectors such as electric vehicles, solar photovoltaics etc. PLI Schemes intend to plug the gap between the highly skewed Indian import-export basket, which is mainly characterized by heavy imports of raw materials and finished goods. It will help in offsetting the effects of geopolitical conflicts and their consequent impact on food, fertilizer, and crude oil prices. It fosters faster adoption of technology, e.g., in telecom and networking products, where timely intervention by the scheme will enable faster adoption of 4G and 5G products across India. The PLI scheme enables the smooth implementation of region-specific incentives to promote industrial development in underdeveloped or backward regions. Issues/Challenges to the PLI Scheme: The manner in which incentives are to be awarded remains ambiguous. There are no set criteria or common parameters for consideration for giving these incentives. The efficacy of manufacturing depends on multiple factors like raw materials, the size of the domestic market, and the relationship between upstream and downstream manufacturers, etc. Thus, production subsidies to scale sector-specific manufacturing will not work until other critical factors shaping the ecosystem are understood and factored in. Withdrawing from these benefits at a later stage may ultimately lead to industrial inefficiencies and engender a decline in productivity both at the sectoral and firm levels. Beneficiaries under the scheme such as automobiles, electronics, and technical textiles are largely constituted by big firms. This is not representative of the actual configuration of the Indian industrial structure, which is largely composed of MSMEs. The lack of a centralized database that captures information like increases in production or exports makes the evaluation process difficult. This information ambiguity impacts transparency and can lead to malfeasance, further widening the fault lines and weakening the policy structure. Source: Business Standard Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements about Green Credits Program Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), is in charge of administering the programme. Green credits earned through the program are tradable. Which among the statements given above is/are correct? 1 Only 2 Only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) Consider the following statements about INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH (ICMR) : The Governing Body of ICMR is presided over by the Union Health Minister. ICMR established the Clinical Trials Registry – India, which is India’s national registry for clinical trials. Which among the statements given above is/are correct? 1 Only 2 Only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Consider the following countries Iran India Ethiopia Brazil Russia Which among the above countries are part of BRICS: Only two Only three Only four All Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  21st May 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs.st ANSWERS FOR  20th May – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – c Q.2) – b Q.3) – c

May 21, 2024 Important Articles

[MOCK TEST] Sameeksha 2024 – IASbaba’s All India Mock Test for UPSC Prelims 2024 on 2nd June (SUNDAY). Available in Offline & Online Mode (English & हिन्दी)

Hello Aspirants, We understand how this season might affect you… Some of you must be pouring cup after cup of ☕☕ chai/coffee and sitting under the study lamp to cram in every passing minute to make sure you do not miss out on anything… The restlessness and the desire to perform the best are real! But here’s one thing that you can do (some of you are already aware of this Magic Pill)💊💊💊 This Magic Pill in layman’s language is called :- PRACTICE So, what ‘Magic’ does this Magic 💊 bring in your life? Magic 1: Relieves you off the pressure of performing on that 1 day. Because your body and mind get used to the number of questions you are supposed to be attempting, the way your brain starts working while thinking of solutions, the way your heart beats when you come across something out of the unknown and then slowly starts normalizing… Basically, you are training your mind and body both to calm down… Magic 2: You learn things which you might have missed out on. Rather than learning from the same source, you get to fill in the gaps. So, who wouldn’t in their right mind want something like that….? We all want to stay one notch ahead, isn’t it? This is the right moment to turn on your engines and put all your energy in that FINAL revision and practice. To ensure that you get to experience the UPSC’s interface closely and become attuned to it, we have decided to conduct… We Thank You For The Overwhelming Response For Previous Mock Tests Sameeksha 2024 - All India Mock Test on 2nd June (Sunday) Note: We have introduced Rs.10/- as registration fee for OFFLINE & ONLINE mode.The registration fee of Rs.10/- is just a token amount for providing access/hall tickets only. This amount will not be considered an exam fee. We are collecting the fees to avoid unwanted/spam registrations. Register For Mocks - ONLINE Register For Mocks - OFFLINE Registrations will close on 1st June at 4 PMThe details email of the test will be shared by 1st June 8 PM This is the right time to gain momentum that by the time you are in the examination hall, you are at peak of your performance. If you can achieve that, no one will be able to stop you from qualifying the exam. The questions of these mocks will be made by experts from the IASbaba team which have been analysing the language and trend of UPSC. Hence you can be sure that these mocks will be closest to the language and difficulty level of UPSC. Dates of the Sameeksha 2024 - All India Mock Test 2nd June 2024Paper 1 (General Studies)9:30 AM to 11:30 AMPaper 2 (CSAT)12:30 PM to 2:30 PM Modes & Language of Sameeksha 2024 - All India Mock Test Online - (English & हिन्दी)Offline - (English & हिन्दी) Centres for Sameeksha 2024 - All India Mock Test Delhi: IASbaba, 2nd Floor, 22B, Above Domino’s, Old Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060Bengaluru: IASbaba HQ, 2nd floor, Ganapathi Circle, 80 Feet Rd, Chandra Layout, Bengaluru * Centres are tentative, we will notify you via email if there are any changes. P.S. Since the seats are limited at any given centre, you must register soon through the following linkThe students who are enrolled in Gurukul Advanced, PT20 Prelims Test Series, TLP Connect or Prelims Exclusive Program (PEP) need not appear for the test. Register For Mocks - ONLINE Register For Mocks - OFFLINE Are you ready? All the very best!

May 21, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 21st May 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions.To take the Test Click Here

May 20, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam –20th May 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   FUTURES & OPTIONS TRADING Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context: A frenzied growth in India’s equity options market, which clocked a record 85 billion trades last year and accounted for 84 percent of all equity option contracts traded in 2023, is unnerving policymakers and regulators. Background:- Retail investors now make up over 35 percent of options trades, undeterred by the fact that 9 out of 10 individual traders in the equity futures and options (F&O) segment are recorded to have incurred losses. About FUTURES & OPTIONS TRADING Futures and options are two types of financial derivatives that derive their value from an underlying asset such as shares, stock market indices, commodities, ETFs, and more. Futures Futures are contracts that obligate the buyer to purchase a specific asset, and the seller to sell and deliver that asset, at a specific future date. They are typically used to hedge against risk or for speculation. Key Features: Standardization: Futures contracts are standardized in terms of contract size, expiration date, and other details, facilitating easy trading on exchanges. Obligation: Both parties in a futures contract are obligated to fulfill the contract at expiration. This means the buyer must purchase, and the seller must sell the asset at the agreed-upon price. Margin Requirements: Traders must maintain a margin account, which requires an initial margin (a percentage of the contract’s value) and maintenance margin (minimum balance to keep the position open). Options Options, on the other hand, give the buyer (of an options) the right, but not the obligation, to buy (or sell) an asset at a specific price at any time during the life of the contract. They are often used for hedging, speculation, or arbitrage. Key Features: Types: There are two types of options: call and put. A call option confers the right to buy a stock at the strike price before the agreement expires. A put option gives the holder the right to sell a stock at a specific price. Right, Not Obligation: The buyer has the right but is not obligated to exercise the option.The seller, however, has the obligation to fulfill the contract if the buyer exercises the option. Premium: The buyer of an option pays a premium to the seller for this right. The premium is the price of the option. Strike Price: This is the price at which the option holder can buy (call) or sell (put) the underlying asset. Expiration Date: Options have a finite life and must be exercised on or before their expiration date. Here are some key differences between futures and options: Obligation: A futures contract requires a buyer to purchase the underlying security or commodity—and a seller to sell it—on a specific future date, unless the holder’s position is closed earlier. An options contract, however, gives an investor the right, but not the obligation, to buy (or sell) shares at a specified price at any time before the contract’s expiration. Risk: Futures contracts carry a high level of risk because they require the holder to buy or sell the asset in the future, regardless of its current market price. Options contracts, on the other hand, limit potential loss to the cost of the option premium. Cost:Futures require margin and can involve significant capital commitment.Options require the payment of a premium, which is generally lower than the margin for futures. Source: Indian Express CHIR PINE Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: As forest fires rage through Uttarakhand, the chir pine with its inflammable leaves or needles has been in the news for less benign reasons. Background: After a government ban in 1981 on felling of trees over 1,000 mt above sea level, the chir got an opportunity to spread lower in the foothills where the sal grows and above too, among the broad-leaved trees because it’s the nature of the chir to colonise. About CHIR PINE A conifer that can grow up to a height of about 30 metres, the chir pine covers almost 16.5 per cent of Uttarakhand’s total forested area. It owes its scientific name, Pinus roxburghii, to William Roxburgh, a Scottish doctor and naturalist, who went on to become superintendent of the East India Company’s botanic garden at Calcutta and who is widely regarded as the father of Indian botany. Native to the Himalayas, chir pine or the longleaf Indian pine, was not introduced to the Himalayas by the British, as is often believed, though they certainly gave it preference for its commercial use, mainly lumber and resin. Found all over the Western Himalayas at an elevation between 1,000 and 2,000 metres, it covers large parts of Garhwal and Kumaon where it can be seen growing on steep slopes and can be identified by its three needles and its round cone (unlike the elongated cones of other pines). Chir Pine does not allow any vegetation to grow around it as it makes the soil more acidic through its fallen needles. The accumulating carpet of needles on the forest floor under these trees makes conditions unfavourable for many common plants and trees to grow A few years ago, the Uttarakhand government had considered cutting pine trees to combat forest fires, an idea it later abandoned. For the short-term and long-term management of the forests in Uttarakhand, the dense chir pine forest, more like monocultures, must be converted into mixed forests. More broad-leaf species should be promoted and the dense chir pine forests should be effectively managed and their wood used. The state could effectively manage the chir forests and earn some revenue as well. The needles of chir falling onto the forest floor both suppressed the grass and rendered the hillside dangerous for cattle. Thus, in late April or early May, villagers resorted to the time-honoured remedy of fire to obtain a fresh crop of grass. Steps taken by the British to stop this practice often sparked popular protests. While its needles tend to catch fire easily because of their high resin content, the bark of the tree doesn’t catch fire easily since it has a very high ignition temperature — which is why blacksmiths use the bark of the chir pine in their furnaces to melt metal. The tree is perennial but its needles shed maximum between fall and spring. The dry spell is also during this time. The needles should be removed in November-December as was done traditionally to stop spread of forest fires. Source: Indian Express KYRGYZSTAN Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: The government on Saturday urged Indian citizens in Kyrgyzstan to stay indoors amid reports of attacks on foreign students and protests by local residents in Bishkek on Friday night over concerns about “growing numbers of migrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Egypt and other countries”. Background: Around 15,000 Indian students are estimated to be in Kyrgyzstan, mostly enrolled in medical colleges and universities. About KYRGYZSTAN : Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges. Bishkek is the capital and largest city of the country. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east and southeast. Ethnic Kyrgyz make up the majority of the country’s 7 million people, followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from the USSR and a democratic government was established. Kyrgyzstan attained sovereignty as a nation state after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. After independence, Kyrgyzstan was officially a unitary presidential republic; after the Tulip Revolution it became a unitary parliamentary republic, although it gradually developed an executive president and was governed as a semi-presidential republic before reverting to a presidential system in 2021. Kyrgyzstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Union, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Organisation of Turkic States, and the United Nations. It is a developing country and is the second poorest country in Central Asia after neighbouring Tajikistan. The country’s transitional economy is heavily dependent on deposits of gold, coal and uranium Source: Indian Express Members of Parliament Local Area Development (MPLAD) scheme. Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: In the last 10 years, Lok Sabha members elected from Delhi’s seven constituencies have not utilised Rs 100 crore from their entitled Rs 311.5 crore funds under the Members of Parliament Local Area Development (MPLAD) scheme. Background: In the 17th Lok Sabha, elected in 2019, the entitlement was Rs 124 crore out of which the MPs managed to get only Rs 45.5 crore while Rs 78.5 crore remained unreleased. ABOUT MPLAD scheme. : The Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) is a scheme formulated by the Government of India on December 23, 1993. This scheme enables the members of parliaments (MP) to recommend developmental work in their constituencies with an emphasis on creating durable community assets based on locally felt needs. The MPLADS is a Plan Scheme fully funded by Government of India. The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has been responsible for the policy formulation, release of funds and prescribing monitoring mechanism for implementation of the Scheme. Under the MPLADS, each MP has the choice to suggest to the District Collector for works to the tune of Rs.5 Crores per annum to be taken up in his/her constituency. The Rajya Sabha Members of Parliament can recommend works in one or more districts in the State from where he/she has been elected. The Nominated Members of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha may select any one or more Districts from any one State in the Country for implementation of their choice of work under the scheme. The scheme primarily focuses on the creation of durable community assets in the areas of drinking water, primary education, public health, sanitation, and roads. The process under MPLADS starts with the Members of Parliament recommending works to the Nodal District Authority. The Nodal District concerned is responsible for implementing the eligible works recommended by the Members of Parliament and maintaining the details of individual works executed and amount spent under the Scheme. Source: Indian Express Members of Parliament Local Area Development (MPLAD) scheme. Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: In the last 10 years, Lok Sabha members elected from Delhi’s seven constituencies have not utilised Rs 100 crore from their entitled Rs 311.5 crore funds under the Members of Parliament Local Area Development (MPLAD) scheme. Background: In the 17th Lok Sabha, elected in 2019, the entitlement was Rs 124 crore out of which the MPs managed to get only Rs 45.5 crore while Rs 78.5 crore remained unreleased. ABOUT MPLAD scheme. : The Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) is a scheme formulated by the Government of India on December 23, 1993. This scheme enables the members of parliaments (MP) to recommend developmental work in their constituencies with an emphasis on creating durable community assets based on locally felt needs. The MPLADS is a Plan Scheme fully funded by Government of India. The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has been responsible for the policy formulation, release of funds and prescribing monitoring mechanism for implementation of the Scheme. Under the MPLADS, each MP has the choice to suggest to the District Collector for works to the tune of Rs.5 Crores per annum to be taken up in his/her constituency. The Rajya Sabha Members of Parliament can recommend works in one or more districts in the State from where he/she has been elected. The Nominated Members of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha may select any one or more Districts from any one State in the Country for implementation of their choice of work under the scheme. The scheme primarily focuses on the creation of durable community assets in the areas of drinking water, primary education, public health, sanitation, and roads. The process under MPLADS starts with the Members of Parliament recommending works to the Nodal District Authority. The Nodal District concerned is responsible for implementing the eligible works recommended by the Members of Parliament and maintaining the details of individual works executed and amount spent under the Scheme. Source: Indian Express Rules on contesting seats Syllabus Prelims – Polity Context:  Congress leader Rahul Gandhi is contesting in 2 seats. One in Up and other in Kerala. According to the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951, a candidate is permitted to contest an election from up to two constituencies, but he or she can hold only one seat at a time if elected from both. Background: Opposition to a candidate contesting from many seats was basically due to the fact that many byelections had to be conducted after polls were over. Rules on contesting elections: A sub-section, 33 (7), of the RPA, allowing a candidate to contest from two seats, was introduced through an amendment in 1996, prior to which there was no bar on the number of constituencies from which a candidate could contest. However, Section 70 of the same Act stipulates that a candidate can hold only one seat at a time, regardless of whether he or she has been elected from more than one seat. Thus, if a candidate wins from two seats, a byelection is necessary from the seat he or she vacates. Additional Information The minimum age for a person to contest Lok Sabha and Assembly polls is 25 years, while one can become a member of the Rajya Sabha or the State Legislative Council only at 30 years. There is no minimum educational qualification needed to contest general elections in India. Candidates must be citizens of India, registered in some constituency of the country as a valid voter. How can a candidate be disqualified? A person shall be disqualified from being chosen as or being a member of either House if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State; if he or she is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court; if he or she is an undischarged insolvent; if he or she is not a citizen of India or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign state. Under the RPA Act, if a person is convicted of any offence and sentenced to an imprisonment of two years or more, this will lead to his disqualification to contest elections. Even if this person is out on bail, after the conviction and his appeal is pending for disposal, he or she is disqualified from contesting an election. For some categories of serious offences, one may incur disqualification for any conviction, regardless of the quantum of punishment. Source: Hindu UN Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2024 Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: The UN Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2024 released by the United Nations (UN) stated that more investment is needed if the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), agreed upon by all United Nations members back in 2015, are to be achieved by 2030. Background: With only six years remaining to achieve the SDGs, hard-won development gains are being reversed, particularly in the poorest countries. If current trends continue, the UN estimates that almost 600 million people will continue to live in extreme poverty in 2030 and beyond, more than half of them women. Key Highlights of the UN Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2024: Rising geopolitical tensions, climate disasters, and a global cost-of-living crisis have hit billions of people globally, which has halted the progress on healthcare, education, and other development targets. Debt services in the Least developed countries (LDC) will increase from USD 26 billion annually in 2022 to USD 40 billion annually between 2023 and 2025. Stronger and more frequent disasters, caused by the ongoing climate crisis, account for more than half of the debt upsurge in vulnerable countries. The poorest countries now spend 12% of their revenues on interest payments, 4 times more than they spent a decade ago. Roughly 40% of the global population lives in countries where governments spend more on interest payments than on education or health. In least-developed countries, development funding is slowing down. Due to several reasons such as low domestic revenue growth due to tax evasion and avoidance, a falling rate of corporate tax (which was 28.2% in 2000 to 21.1% in 2023), due to globalisation and tax competition, etc. According to the Financing for Sustainable Development Report: Financing for Development at a Crossroads Report 2024, around USD 4.2 trillion in investments is needed to close the development financing gap. This number was USD 2.5 trillion before the Covid-19 pandemic began. Suggestions made by the UN Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2024: The international financial system, which was set up at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference, is no longer fit for purpose. A massive surge of financing and a reform of the international financial architecture can help to achieve SDG goals by 2030. To achieve the SDGs global cooperation, targeted financing, and, crucially, the political will is the need of the hour. Progress made by India in Achieving SDGs: India ranks 112th out of 166 countries (from 121st in 2022) in terms of progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the United Nations SDG Index and Dashboards Report 2023. India has successfully lifted millions of people out of poverty, reducing the poverty rate from 45% in 1993 to around 21% in 2011. Around 415 million people exited poverty within just 15 years between 2005 and 2021 in India, according to the latest Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023 The prevalence of undernourishment in India has decreased from 18.2% in 2004-2006 to 14.5% in 2016-2018. However, India is still home to a quarter of all undernourished people worldwide, making the country a key focus for tackling hunger on a global scale. India has made significant improvements in maternal and child health, with a reduction in maternal mortality ratio from  384 in 2000 to 103 in 2020 (UN MMEIG 2020 report). The under-five mortality rate has also declined from 89 per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 34 in 2019. According to the Education Ministry, the literacy rate in rural India stands at 67.77%, while in urban India, it is 84.11% The ASER 2023 data shows that in the surveyed rural districts, more than 85% of youth (age 14-18) are currently enrolled in some kind of educational institution. The female labour force participation rate in India increased from 23.3% in 2017-18 to 37.0% in 2022-23 (PLFS-5). Source: UN Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements about Futures and Options Futures and options derive their value from an underlying asset. Futures contracts carry a high level of risk compared to options. Both parties in a futures contract are obligated to fulfill the contract at expiration. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q2.) Consider the following statements about Chir Pine: It was  introduced to the Himalayas by the British for commercial purpose. Chir Pine does not allow vegetation to grow around it as it makes the soil more acidic through its fallen needles. It is valuable due to its timber wood as they are largely used for various purposes such as constructing houses, making furniture and even musical instruments. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q3.) Consider the following countries Liechtenstein Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Ethiopia Which among the above countries are “doubly landlocked”: 1 only 2 and 3 1 and 2 3 and 4 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  20th May 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs.st ANSWERS FOR 18th May – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – c Q.2) – d Q.3) – d

May 20, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 20th May 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions.To take the Test Click Here

May 18, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam –18th May 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   RUSSIA Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Presidents Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping met at the historic Great Hall of the People, seat of power of the Chinese Communist Party, on Thursday (May 16), where a welcome ceremony for Russia’s leader included a guard of honour by China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA). Background:- Putin’s two-day visit to China comes when Russia has taken a firm grip on the course of the war in Ukraine. Xi has just returned from a tour of Europe where he met with the President of France, as well as the leaders of Hungary and Serbia, both of whom are friends with Putin. About Russia Russia or the Russian Federation is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the largest country in the world by area, extending across eleven time zones and sharing land borders with fourteen countries. Russia is bounded to the north and east by the Arctic and Pacific oceans, and it has small frontages in the northwest on the Baltic Sea at St. Petersburg and at the detached Russian oblast (region) of Kaliningrad (a part of what was once East Prussia annexed in 1945), which also abuts Poland and Lithuania. To the south Russia borders North Korea, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. To the southwest and west it borders Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, and Estonia, as well as Finland and Norway. Russia has a maximum east-west extent of some 5,600 miles (9,000 km) and a north-south width of 1,500 to 2,500 miles (2,500 to 4,000 km). It is the world’s ninth-most populous country and Europe’s most populous country. Russia is a highly urbanized country consisting of 16 population centers with over million inhabitants. Its capital as well as its largest city is Moscow. Saint Petersburg is Russia’s second-largest city and cultural capital. Once the preeminent republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.; commonly known as the Soviet Union), Russia became an independent country after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries, including its war with Georgia in 2008 and annexation of Crimea in 2014 from neighbouring Ukraine, followed by the further annexation of four other regions in 2022 during an ongoing invasion. Russia possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure. The country is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, SCO, BRICS, APEC, OSCE, and WTO; and the leading member state of post-Soviet organisations such as CIS, CSTO, and EAEU/EEU. Russia contains Europe’s longest river, the Volga, and its largest lake, Ladoga. Russia also is home to the world’s deepest lake, Baikal, and the country recorded the world’s lowest temperature outside the North and South poles. There is an enormous variety of landforms and landscapes, which occur mainly in a series of broad latitudinal belts. Arctic deserts lie in the extreme north, giving way southward to the tundra and then to the forest zones, which cover about half of the country and give it much of its character. On the basis of geologic structure and relief, Russia can be divided into two main parts—western and eastern—roughly along the line of the Yenisey River. In the western section, which occupies some two-fifths of Russia’s total area, lowland plains predominate over vast areas broken only by low hills and plateaus. In the eastern section the bulk of the terrain is mountainous, although there are some extensive lowlands. Given these topological factors, Russia may be subdivided into six main relief regions: the Kola-Karelian region, the Russian Plain, the Ural Mountains, the West Siberian Plain, the Central Siberian Plateau, and the mountains of the south and east. Source: Britannica CHAR DHAM YATRA Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: With nearly twice the number of pilgrims embarking on the Char Dham yatra in Uttarakhand since it commenced on May 10, the state government has reported the death of 11 pilgrims in the first five days. Background: The pilgrimage to Yamunotri, Gangotri, and Kedarnath Dham commenced on May 10, while the doors to Badrinath Dham opened on May 12. Over 1.55 lakh pilgrims have already journeyed to Kedarnath, over 70,000 to Yamunotri, and over 63,000 to Gangotri. Within just three days, Badrinath Dham has welcomed over 45,000 pilgrims. About CHAR DHAM YATRA The Chota Char Dham Yatra is a significant pilgrimage in India, particularly in the state of Uttarakhand, also known as Devbhoomi or the Land of Gods. The term ‘Char Dham’ in Hindi translates to ‘four religious destinations’. This Yatra or pilgrimage is a tour of four holy sites nestled high up in the Himalayas.The pilgrimage sites are Yamunotri and Gangotri in Uttarkashi district, Kedarnath in Rudraprayag and Badrinath in Chamoli. While Kedarnath is the highest at around 11,700 ft, Gangotri is the lowest at around 10,200 ft. Yamunotri: The Yamunotri temple is lodged in a narrow gorge close to the source of River Yamuna, the second-most sacred Indian river after River Ganga, in Uttarkashi district. It is dedicated to Goddess Yamuna. Gangotri: Located in the Uttarkashi district, Gangotri is dedicated to Goddess Ganga, the most sacred of all Indian rivers. Kedarnath: Located in the Rudraprayag district, Kedarnath is dedicated to Lord Shiva. Badrinath: Home to the sacred Badrinarayan Temple, Badrinath is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. The Yatra is believed to be completed in a clockwise direction, starting from Yamunotri, proceeding towards Gangotri, onto Kedarnath, and finally ending at Badrinath. The high-altitude shrines remain shut for around six months every year, opening in summers (April or May) and closing with the onset of winter (October or November). Some devotees even do a Do Dham Yatra or a pilgrimage to two shrines – Kedarnath and Badrinath. Additional Information: The Char Dham Yatra in India comprises Chota Char Dham and the Bada Char Dham. While the Chota Char Dham involves four sacred sites—Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath, and Badrinath—nestled in the picturesque Himalayan peaks, the Bada Char Dham consists of four dhams of utmost significance—Badrinath, Rameswaram, Puri, and Dwarka. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL PRICING AUTHORITY (NPPA) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: The National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) has announced a lowering of retail prices for 41 essential drugs and revised ceiling rates of seven scheduled formulations. Background: The revision of ceiling prices is a routine exercise undertaken by the NPPA. About NATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL PRICING AUTHORITY (NPPA) : NPPA was constituted by the Government of India in 1997 as an attached office of the Department of Pharmaceuticals (DoP), Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers as an independent regulator for pricing of drugs and to ensure availability and accessibility of medicines at affordable prices. It was made to fix/revise prices of controlled bulk drugs and formulations and to enforce price and availability of the medicines in the country, under the Drugs (Prices Control) Order, 1995-2013 (DPCO). Mandate To implement and enforce the provisions of the Drugs (Prices Control) Order in accordance with the powers delegated to it. To deal with all legal matters arising out of the decisions of the NPPA. To monitor the availability of drugs, identify shortages and to take remedial steps. To collect/maintain data on production, exports and imports, market share of individual companies, profitability of companies etc., for bulk drugs and formulations and undertake and/ or sponsor relevant studies in respect of pricing of drugs/ pharmaceuticals. Source: Business Standard EXERCISE SHAKTI Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: The 7th edition of India- France Joint Military Exercise SHAKTI commenced recently at Umroi, in a fully developed and modern Foreign Training Node in Meghalaya. Background: The Exercise is scheduled to be conducted from 13th to 26th May 2024. ABOUT EXERCISE SHAKTI : Exercise Shakti is a bilateral joint military exercise between the armies of India and France.It is a biennial training event conducted alternatively in India and France. Last edition was conducted in France in November 2021. The exercise started in 2011, and since then, it has been undertaken to promote defence cooperation and interoperability. 7th edition of Exercise Shakti The latest, 7th edition of Exercise Shakti commenced on Monday, May 13, 2024, at Umroi, Meghalaya. The aim of this exercise is to enhance the joint military capability of both sides to undertake multi-domain operations in a sub-conventional scenario. The Indian contingent is primarily represented by a Battalion of the Rajput Regiment, with observers from the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force. The French contingent is mainly represented by personnel from the 13th Foreign Legion Half- Brigade (13th DBLE). The joint exercise focuses on operations in semi-urban and mountainous terrain. Objectives include achieving a high degree of physical fitness, rehearsing and refining drills for operations at a tactical level, and sharing best practices. Tactical drills practiced during the exercise include response to a terrorist action of capturing a defined territory, establishment of a Joint Command Post, establishment of an Intelligence & Surveillance Centre, securing of a helipad/ landing site, Small Team Insertion & Extraction, Special Heliborne Operations, Cordon & Search Operations, and employment of drones and counter-drone systems. Exercise Shakti enables the two sides to share their best practices in Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures of conducting joint operations. This joint exercise fosters inter-operability, bonhomie, and camaraderie between armed forces personnel of the two countries. It also enhances the level of defence cooperation, further fostering bilateral relations between the two friendly nations. Source: Times of India INDIAN CYBER CRIME COORDINATION CENTER (I4C) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), in collaboration with Microsoft, has blocked more than 1,000 Skype IDs involved in blackmail, extortion, and “digital arrests” by cybercriminals posing as police and law enforcement authorities, the Union Home Ministry said Background: The Ministry said this was an organised online economic crime and was learnt to be operated by cross-border crime syndicates.The Ministry said that a a large number of complaints were being reported on the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (NCRP) regarding such frauds by cybercriminals posing as officials of the Police Department, Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Narcotics Department, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Enforcement Directorate, and other law enforcement agencies. About INDIAN CYBER CRIME COORDINATION CENTER (I4C) : Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) is an initiative of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India to deal with cyber crime in the country in a coordinated and comprehensive manner. I4C focuses on tackling all the issues related to Cybercrime for the citizens, which includes improving coordination between various Law Enforcement Agencies and the stakeholders, driving change in India’s overall capability to tackle Cybercrime and to improve citizen satisfaction levels. Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre scheme was approved on 05th October 2018. Since its roll out, it has worked towards enhancing the nation’s collective capability to tackle cybercrimes and develop effective coordination among the Law Enforcement Agencies. A citizen-centric National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) is one among the achievements of I4C. Another initiative of I4C, National Cybercrime Helpline number 1930, is helping the common citizen in registering online financial frauds. Objectives of I4C To act as a nodal point to curb Cybercrime in the country. To strengthen the fight against Cybercrime committed against women and children. Facilitate easy filing Cybercrime related complaints and identifying Cybercrime trends and patterns. To act as an early warning system for Law Enforcement Agencies for proactive Cybercrime prevention and detection. Awareness creation among public about preventing Cybercrime. Assist States/UTs in capacity building of Police Officers, Public Prosecutors and Judicial Officers in the area of cyber forensic, investigation, cyber hygiene, cyber-criminology, etc. Source: Hindu Balanced Fertilization Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: Balanced fertilization — discouraging farmers from applying too much urea, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), or muriate of potash (MOP), which only have primary nutrients in high concentrations — is likely to be a key policy goal for the government taking over after the Lok Sabha elections. Background: The fiscal ended March 2024 saw urea consumption hit a record 35.8 million tonnes (mt), 16.9% higher than the 30.6 mt in 2013-14, the year before the Narendra Modi government came to power. Balanced Fertilization: It is a practice in agriculture that focuses on providing plants with the optimal amounts of nutrients that are needed for their healthy growth and development. Balanced fertilization emphasizes supplying these essential nutrients in the correct ratios based on several factors: Different soil types have varying levels of inherent nutrients. Testing the soil reveals its nutrient profile, guiding fertilizer selection and application rates. Different crops have specific nutrient needs at different stages of growth. For example, legumes might require more nitrogen for nitrogen fixation, while fruits might benefit from additional potassium for better quality. Benefits/Significance of Balanced Fertilization: By providing the optimal mix of nutrients, plants can grow to their full potential, leading to higher yields. Balanced nutrients contribute to stronger plants with better resistance to pests and diseases, ultimately improving the quality of the harvest. Overuse of single-nutrient fertilizers can disrupt soil health. Balanced fertilization helps maintain a healthy soil ecosystem, promoting long-term sustainability. Excessive fertilizer application can contribute to nutrient runoff, polluting water bodies. Balanced use minimizes this risk. By preventing over-fertilization and nutrient deficiencies, balanced fertilization can optimize resource utilization and reduce overall fertilizer costs. Issues/Challenges related to Balanced Fertilization: Urea, a single-nutrient nitrogen fertilizer, is heavily subsidized by the government, making it cheaper than other fertilizers like DAP (diammonium phosphate) containing phosphorus and MOP (muriate of potash) containing potassium. This incentivizes the overuse of urea and neglects other crucial nutrients. The current system for setting fertilizer prices fails to consider market forces, leading to imbalances. For example, the price of Muriate of Potash (MOP), a key source of potassium, is too high for both farmers using it directly and fertilizer companies including it in blends. This discourages MOP use, contributing to widespread potassium deficiencies in Indian farms. The lack of adequate soil testing facilities in the rural and remote areas of India makes it difficult for farmers to access them for balanced fertilization. Even if tests are done, interpreting the results and translating them into fertilizer recommendations requires proper training and mechanisms for both farmers and extension workers. Traditional practices and limited knowledge mostly hinder the adoption of balanced fertilization techniques. It is due to the lack of precise fertilizer application techniques resulting in issues of over-fertilization and under-fertilization along with a limited focus on micronutrients. The Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme, meant to encourage balanced use, failed because it didn’t address urea pricing. Urea consumption continued to rise despite NBS. Way Forward: Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) recognizes the limitations of relying solely on chemical fertilisers or organic matter. It advocates for a holistic approach that combines: Chemical fertilizers provide essential nutrients like NPK. Organic matter improves soil health, water retention, and nutrient availability. This includes manure (cow dung), compost, and crop residues (dhaincha crop). Crop rotation introducing diverse crops helps break pest and disease cycles and improves nutrient utilization. Customized fertilizers are multi-nutrient carriers containing macro and micronutrients for satisfying crop needs that are site-specific and validated by scientific crop models. It is the emerging concept based on the balanced nutrient fertilization approach to address the crops’ multiple nutrient needs. Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) tailors fertilizer recommendations based on specific soil types, crop variety, and climatic conditions. It considers nutrient uptake by the crop and soil nutrient availability. The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integration System (DRIS) analyses plant tissue for nutrient ratios (e.g., N/P, N/K) and compares them to established optimal ratios for high yields. Deficient nutrients are then supplemented through top dressing. (More suitable for long-duration crops). Equipping farmers with the knowledge and skills to implement these approaches effectively. Ensuring the availability of customized fertilizers and micronutrients at reasonable prices. Encouraging the use of balanced fertilizers through targeted subsidies and promoting sustainable practices. Developing new technologies and crop-specific nutrient management solutions. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements about National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority of India (NPPA); The NPPA monitors the prices of scheduled as well as non-scheduled medicines under the Drugs (Prices Control) Order. NPPA was constituted by the Government of India in 1997 as an attached office of the Department of Pharmaceuticals. NPPA, under its Central Sector Scheme named Consumer Awareness, Publicity and Price Monitoring (CAPPM) has set up Price Monitoring and Resource Unit (PMRU) in various states. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q2.) Arrange the following pilgrimage sites from west to east Yamunotri Badrinath Kedarnath Gangotri Select the correct answer using the code below: 1-3-4-2 3-4-2-1 2-4-3-1 1-4-3-2 Q3.) Consider the following countries: Poland Lithuania Norway Finland Azerbaijan Mongolia Slovakia How many of the above mentioned countries share land border with Russia? Three only Four only Five only Six only Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  18th May 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs.st ANSWERS FOR  17th May – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – d Q.2) – c Q.3) – d