Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Context:  Starlink Internet in India

Need for Satellite Internet:

• Ground-based networks use cables and towers, efficient in urban areas but limited in sparsely populated regions due to high infrastructure costs and vulnerability to disasters.
• Satellite internet bypasses physical infrastructure, making it suitable for remote, offshore, and disaster-hit areas, with applications in military, emergency, healthcare, agriculture, and transportation.

Features:

• Modern systems use mega-constellations (e.g., Starlink) with hundreds/thousands of satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for high-speed, low-latency coverage.
• Offers “Internet in the sky” enabling communication without fixed ground infrastructure.
• Dual-use nature: civilian (connectivity, telemedicine) & military (coordination, disaster response).

Types of Orbits:

1. LEO (200–2,000 km altitude): Low latency, flexible coverage, smaller satellites.
2. MEO (2,000–35,786 km): Balanced latency and coverage.
3. GEO (35,786 km): Large satellites, fixed relative to Earth, higher latency but wider coverage.

Advantages:

• Global coverage, disaster resilience, rapid deployment.
• Flexible scaling via mega-constellations.
• Reduces dependency on cables and towers.

Challenges:

• Smaller coverage area per satellite; requires many satellites for large coverage.
• Expensive equipment for households (₹40,000) and subscription (₹5,500/month for Starlink in India).
• Space debris risk, spectrum management, and regulatory issues.

Applications:

• Direct-to-smartphone internet, IoT, autonomous vehicles, telemedicine, remote education, agriculture, defence, and disaster management.

Learning Corner:

Major Differences Between Satellite Internet and Traditional Internet

Source: THE HINDU

Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Context : The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially declared Kenya free of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness

WHO Declares Kenya Free of Sleeping Sickness

Making it the tenth country to achieve this milestone. The last indigenous case was detected in 2009, and the last imported case in 2012 in the Masai Mara region.

About the Disease:
HAT is a parasitic disease transmitted by the tsetse fly. Kenya was affected by the rhodesiense form, which progresses rapidly and can be fatal within weeks if untreated.

Factors Behind Elimination:
Kenya’s success is the result of decades of sustained public health measures including tsetse fly control, better diagnostics, community awareness, and strong collaborations between local authorities, WHO, and international partners.

Significance:
This is Kenya’s second eliminated neglected tropical disease after Guinea worm disease in 2018. The achievement protects vulnerable communities, supports economic growth, and contributes to Africa’s goal of eradicating neglected tropical diseases.

Ongoing Measures:
Kenya will maintain strong surveillance and community engagement to prevent resurgence, supported by WHO and partner organizations through post-validation monitoring and rapid response systems.

Former Hotspots:
Historic high-risk areas included counties around Lake Victoria such as Busia, Bungoma, Siaya, Migori, Homa Bay, Kisumu, and Kwale, where sustained control and monitoring proved crucial.

Learning Corner:

Sleeping Sickness

Sleeping sickness, medically known as Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tsetse fly found in sub-Saharan Africa.

Key Points:

• Types: Two forms exist—Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (chronic form, West and Central Africa) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (acute form, East and Southern Africa).
• Symptoms: Early symptoms include fever, headaches, joint pains, and itching. If untreated, it progresses to neurological symptoms like confusion, disrupted sleep cycles, and can lead to coma and death.
• Transmission: The tsetse fly bites humans and animals, transferring parasites into the bloodstream.
• Diagnosis and Treatment: Diagnosis requires blood tests and sometimes examination of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment depends on disease stage and may involve drugs like pentamidine or melarsoprol.
• Control Measures: Include vector control (reducing tsetse fly populations), active surveillance, prompt diagnosis, and treatment.
• Recent Progress: Several countries, including Kenya, have been declared free of sleeping sickness due to sustained public health efforts.

Sleeping sickness remains a neglected tropical disease but control efforts have significantly reduced its incidence.

Source:  AIR

Category: HISTORY

Context: PM Modi Pays Tribute to Kakori Heroes on 100th Anniversary

On August 9, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to the heroes of the Kakori Train Action, marking its 100th anniversary. The Kakori Train Action was a daring train robbery near Lucknow in 1925, led by revolutionaries like Ram Prasad Bismil, Chandra Shekhar Azad, and Ashfaqullah Khan to protest British colonial rule and reclaim funds for the independence movement.

The incident led to the arrest and execution of several revolutionaries and remains a pivotal moment in India’s struggle for freedom. Modi reaffirmed the government’s commitment to uphold their legacy and work towards a strong and prosperous India.

Learning Corner:

Source: AIR

Category: POLITY

Context: Union Cabinet approved four new semiconductor manufacturing projects under the India Semiconductor Mission, marking a significant boost to India’s chip production and electronics ecosystem…

Key Details:

• Total Investment: ₹4,594 crore
• Locations: Odisha (2 plants), Punjab (1 plant), Andhra Pradesh (1 plant)
• Employment: Over 2,000 direct high-skilled jobs, plus thousands indirectly

Projects:

• SiCSem Pvt Ltd (Bhubaneswar, Odisha): India’s first Silicon Carbide (SiC) semiconductor fab producing chips for EVs, defense, solar, and more.
• 3D Glass Semiconductor Packaging Unit (Bhubaneswar, Odisha): Advanced 3D glass packaging facility with Intel-backed technology for high-performance electronics.
• Continental Device India Pvt Ltd (Mohali, Punjab): Manufacturing semiconductor devices like MOSFETs and IGBTs.
• Advanced System in Package Technologies Pvt Ltd (Andhra Pradesh): Chip packaging for consumer electronics and automotive industries.

Learning Corner:

Semiconductor Mission (ISM)

The India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) is a strategic government initiative launched in 2021 aimed at transforming India into a global semiconductor manufacturing and design hub. Recognizing semiconductors as critical components for a wide array of technologies—from smartphones and automobiles to defense and renewable energy—the ISM focuses on building a robust domestic ecosystem to reduce dependency on imports and enhance self-reliance.

Objectives of ISM

• Develop End-to-End Semiconductor Ecosystem: Promote manufacturing, design, research, and packaging of semiconductors within India.
• Attract Large-Scale Investments: Encourage global and domestic companies to invest in semiconductor fabs, design centers, and allied industries.
• Create High-Skilled Employment: Generate thousands of direct and indirect jobs in advanced technology sectors.
• Enhance Technological Capabilities: Facilitate technology transfer and partnerships with global leaders in semiconductor manufacturing.
• Strengthen Supply Chain Security: Build resilient supply chains for critical sectors including electronics, telecom, automotive, and defense.

Key Features and Support

• Financial Incentives: The ISM provides subsidies, viability gap funding, and fiscal incentives to semiconductor companies to encourage investments.
• Policy Framework: A comprehensive policy covering chip manufacturing, design, packaging, and testing is established to streamline approvals and ensure ease of doing business.
• Collaboration with Global Leaders: Partnerships with international technology firms like Intel, Applied Materials, and Lockheed Martin enable access to cutting-edge technologies.
• Focus on Advanced Technologies: Emphasis on emerging technologies such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) semiconductors, 3D packaging, and heterogeneous integration to position India at the technological frontier.

Progress and Impact

• As of 2025, the ISM has approved 10 semiconductor projects across six states with cumulative investments exceeding ₹1.6 lakh crore (about US$18 billion).
• Four new projects approved recently include India’s first commercial Silicon Carbide fab and advanced 3D glass packaging facilities.
• These projects are expected to increase India’s electronics manufacturing value addition from 20% to over 30% in the coming years.
• The ISM is a cornerstone of India’s broader “Make in India” and “Atmanirbhar Bharat” initiatives aimed at enhancing domestic manufacturing capabilities.

Strategic Importance

• Semiconductors are critical for India’s ambitions in digital infrastructure, electric vehicles, 5G, defense, and renewable energy.
• By reducing dependence on global supply chains—vulnerable to geopolitical tensions and disruptions—ISM strengthens national security and economic resilience.
• ISM also helps India emerge as a competitive player in the global semiconductor market, attracting investments and boosting exports.

Source: THE HINDU

Category: ENERGY

Context Cabinet Approves 700 MW Tato-II Hydro Electric Project in Arunachal Pradesh

Project Highlights:

• Capacity: 700 MW (4 units of 175 MW each)
• Annual Energy Output: Approximately 2,738 million units
• Implementing Agency: Joint venture between North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Ltd. (NEEPCO) and the Government of Arunachal Pradesh
• Budget Support: Funds allocated for infrastructure including roads, bridges, transmission lines, and local area development
• Completion Timeline: 6 years

Benefits and Impact:

• Strengthens power supply in Arunachal Pradesh and contributes to national grid stability
• Arunachal Pradesh receives 12% free power and 1% for Local Area Development Fund (LADF)
• Infrastructure development including 33 km of roads and bridges, and support for local hospitals, schools, and markets
• Promotes socio-economic growth via job creation, compensation, CSR activities, and support for local suppliers and MSMEs

Learning Corner:

Recent Hydroelectric Projects in India 

India has been actively expanding its hydroelectric capacity as part of its clean energy and regional development goals. Several major hydroelectric projects have been approved or are under construction since 2023, contributing to energy security, regional growth, and sustainable development.

Key Recent Hydroelectric Projects:

1. Tato-II Hydro Electric Project, Arunachal Pradesh
   • Capacity: 700 MW
   • Approved in 2025 with an investment of ₹8,146 crore
   • Focus on infrastructure development and local benefits including free power and employment
   • Expected completion: Within 6 years
2. Subansiri Lower Hydro Electric Project, Arunachal Pradesh
   • Capacity: 2,000 MW
   • Under construction with phased commissioning ongoing
   • Will be India’s largest hydropower project upon completion
   • Key for grid stability and flood control in the Brahmaputra basin
3. Dibang Multipurpose Project, Arunachal Pradesh
   • Capacity: 2,880 MW
   • Construction progressing with focus on power generation, irrigation, and flood control
   • Strategic for Northeast’s energy needs and flood management
4. Teesta Stage IV Hydro Electric Project, Sikkim
   • Capacity: 520 MW
   • Recently commissioned in parts since 2023
   • Enhances power supply in the Northeastern region and promotes local development
5. Nathpa Jhakri Extension, Himachal Pradesh
   • Capacity: 800 MW
   • Under construction to augment existing Nathpa Jhakri capacity
   • Aims to improve power generation efficiency in the Sutlej basin
6. Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) Projects, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab
   • Several modernization and capacity enhancement projects ongoing since 2023
   • Focus on optimizing water resource utilization and electricity generation

Major Hydroelectric Projects:

1. Bhakra Nangal Project (Himachal Pradesh/Punjab): One of the earliest and largest multipurpose projects with a capacity of about 1,325 MW, it provides irrigation, power, and flood control.
2. Tehri Dam (Uttarakhand): With a capacity of 1,000 MW, it is among the tallest dams in India and serves hydroelectric, irrigation, and water supply needs.
3. Sardar Sarovar Project (Narmada River, Gujarat/Madhya Pradesh): Known for irrigation and power generation (around 1,450 MW capacity), it supports water supply in drought-prone areas.
4. Koyna Hydroelectric Project (Maharashtra): A major power station with over 1,960 MW capacity, critical for Maharashtra’s electricity needs.
5. Nathpa Jhakri Project (Himachal Pradesh): India’s largest underground hydroelectric project with 1,500 MW capacity, utilizing the Satluj river.
6. Tawang Hydro Project (Arunachal Pradesh): Part of India’s Northeast hydropower development, aiming to harness abundant water resources.
7. Teesta Hydro Projects (Sikkim & West Bengal): Several projects on the Teesta river contributing significant power to the grid.
8. Dhauliganga Hydroelectric Project (Uttarakhand): Medium-sized project supporting local power requirements.
9. Tato-II Hydro Electric Project (Arunachal Pradesh): Newly approved 700 MW project aiming at boosting energy supply and regional development.

Importance:

• Hydroelectric projects contribute about 12-15% of India’s total installed power capacity.
• Provide clean energy, reduce carbon emissions, and help in flood control and irrigation.
• Play a vital role in grid balancing and peaking power supply.
• Promote regional development and employment, especially in remote and hilly areas.

Challenges:

• Environmental concerns and displacement of communities.
• Delays due to terrain and weather conditions.
• Need for modernization and better reservoir management.

Overall, hydroelectric projects remain a cornerstone of India’s renewable energy strategy and sustainable development goals.

Source: PIB

Introduction (Context)

The Israel–Palestine conflict has entered a new phase as PM Netanyahu rejects the two-state solution, even as parts of the Global North shift towards recognising Palestinian statehood 

Historical and Diplomatic Context

• Legacy of the Balfour Declaration (1917) → British support for a Jewish homeland laid the groundwork for enduring territorial disputes.
• Recognition of Palestine historically driven by Global South solidarity — India, post-1980s, following the PLO’s declaration of independence.
• Western stance shift: UK, France, Canada, Australia signalling recognition, breaking from the earlier position that recognition would follow a final settlement.

Factors Driving Global North’s Shift

• Humanitarian Catastrophe in Gaza → UN reports of mass civilian deaths, famine-like conditions, and systemic violence have eroded Israel’s moral high ground.
• Erosion of Israel’s Soft Power → Mounting allegations of war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and genocide have polarised global opinion.
• Public Opinion as a Foreign Policy Variable → European protests influencing government positions; U.S. domestic dissent pressuring the Biden administration.

Netanyahu’s Ideological Regime

• Rooted in revisionist Zionism and supported by ultra-nationalist allies.
• Policy line: No sovereignty for Palestinians, no national rights, and indefinite territorial control.
• Uses security narratives (e.g., return to Gaza, prevention of future October 7-style attacks) to justify status quo entrenchment.

International Relations Linkages

• Erosion of Liberal Internationalism → Failure of the Oslo Accords framework undermines the UN-backed two-state consensus.
• Balance of Power Realignment → Growing diplomatic divergence between U.S. and its European allies over Israel policy.
• Constructivist Turn → Changing norms of sovereignty and human rights influencing state behaviour.
• Soft Balancing by Global South → Leveraging recognition as a symbolic counterweight to U.S.-Israel dominance.

Conclusion

The shift in the Global North’s recognition stance marks a potential diplomatic inflection point in the century-old Israel–Palestine conflict. For sustainable peace, both realist security concerns and constructivist identity claims must be addressed through inclusive multilateral diplomacy. As Kofi Annan said, “You can do nothing without peace. But without justice, peace will not last.”

Q) “The recent ideological shift in Israel’s policy towards a no-state solution, coupled with changing global attitudes on Palestinian statehood, reflects a transformation in the normative structure of international diplomacy.” Critically analyse this statement in the context of the Israel–Palestine conflict. (250 words)

Introduction (Context)

The National Sports Governance Bill, 2025 marks a decisive move from ad-hoc executive guidelines to a rule-of-law-based, athlete-centric governance structure. It aims to align Indian sports administration with the Olympic Charter, institutional accountability, and the country’s larger soft-power ambitions, including its bid to host the 2036 Olympics.

Why was the Bill needed? 

• No comprehensive statute: Until now, governance was based on the 2011 Sports Code, court orders, and ministry directives — all non-binding and inconsistently applied.
• Weak accountability: Long tenures, opaque selections, conflicts of interest, and poor grievance redressal systems plagued sports administration.
• International compliance risk: India needed to conform to IOC/IPC norms to protect participation and hosting rights.
• Fragmented dispute resolution: Lack of a specialised mechanism meant delays in justice, affecting athletes’ careers.

Salient features 

• Recognition framework: Creates a legal basis for the National Olympic Committee, National Paralympic Committee, and one National Sports Federation (NSF) per sport, with recognition linked to compliance with international norms.
• National Sports Board (NSB): Statutory regulator with powers to grant/suspend recognition, register affiliates, issue a code of ethics, probe misuse of funds, and appoint ad-hoc bodies when federations lose international recognition.
• Governance norms: Age cap of 70 years (extendable to 75 if required by international statutes) and a tenure cap of three consecutive terms or 12 years; mandatory athlete, ethics, and dispute-resolution committees within NSFs.
• National Sports Tribunal: Headed by a senior judge to adjudicate sports disputes, with appeals going to the Supreme Court or the Court of Arbitration for Sport (Switzerland) for international cases.
• RTI applicability: Sports bodies receiving government grants are “public authorities” under the RTI Act; however, BCCI is excluded.
• Policy alignment: Complements the National Sports Policy 2025, focusing on excellence, economic impact, inclusion, education integration, and governance reform.

How it addresses the gaps 

• From voluntarism to statute: Converts non-binding codes into enforceable law, strengthening compliance and discipline.
• Institutional design for accountability: Tenure and age limits, plus independent committees, promote transparency, good governance, and athlete welfare.
• Judicialized dispute resolution: A dedicated tribunal ensures timely, credible decisions.
• International standard-setting: Compliance with global norms boosts India’s legitimacy in international sports diplomacy and enhances its chances to host mega-events.

Critiques & risks

• Centralisation concerns: Critics warn of excessive executive control over recognition and suspension decisions.
• Transparency gap: The exclusion of BCCI from RTI provisions undermines uniform accountability.
• Implementation capacity: The NSB and Tribunal will require adequate resources, independence, and a clear balance between autonomy and regulation to avoid governance conflicts.

Conclusion

The Bill represents a paradigm shift from personality-driven fiefdoms to a rules-based, athlete-first ecosystem. However, to truly realise its transformative potential, issues like centralisation, transparency gaps, and institutional independence must be addressed. 

Q.”In light of the National Sports Governance Bill, 2025, critically analyse whether India’s sports governance is moving towards a transparent, athlete-centric, and globally competitive framework. How far does the Bill address the structural flaws in the current system, and what challenges remain for its effective implementation?” (15 marks, 250 words)