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Syllabus

• Prelims – Science and Technology

Context: According to Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation officials, Mumbai has reported 11 fresh measles cases and one suspected death amid the outbreak of the viral infection in the city. With this the infection tally in the metropolis so far this year has gone up to 303.

About Measles:

• Measles is caused by a virus in the paramyxovirus family and it is normally passed through direct contact and through the air. The virus infects the respiratory tract, then spreads throughout the body.
• Measles is a human disease and is not known to occur in animals.
• Before the introduction of measles vaccine in 1963 and widespread vaccination, major epidemics occurred approximately every 2–3 years and measles caused an estimated 2.6 million deaths each year.

Signs and symptoms:

• The first sign of measles is usually a high fever, which begins about 10 to 12 days after exposure to the virus, and lasts 4 to 7 days.
• A runny nose, a cough, red and watery eyes, and small white spots inside the cheeks can develop in the initial stage.
  • After several days, a rash erupts, usually on the face and upper neck.
• Serious complications are more common in children under the age of 5, or adults over the age of 30.
• Severe measles is more likely among poorly nourished young children, especially those with insufficient vitamin A, or whose immune systems have been weakened by HIV/AIDS or other diseases.

Transmission:

• It is spread by coughing and sneezing, close personal contact or direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions.
• It can be transmitted by an infected person from 4 days prior to the onset of the rash to 4 days after the rash erupts.
• Measles outbreaks can result in epidemics that cause many deaths, especially among young, malnourished children.
• In countries where measles has been largely eliminated, cases imported from other countries remain an important source of infection.

Treatment:

• Routine measles vaccination for children, combined with mass immunization campaigns in countries with low routine coverage, are key public health strategies to reduce global measles deaths.
• WHO recommends immunization for all susceptible children and adults for whom measles vaccination is not contraindicated.
  • Reaching all children with 2 doses of measles vaccine, either alone, or in a measles-rubella (MR), measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), or measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) combination, should be the standard for all national immunization programmes.

Source: The Hindu

Previous Year Questions

Q.1) Which one of the following statements best describes the role of B cells and T cells in the human body? (2022)

1. They protect the body from environmental allergens.
2. They alleviate the body’s pain and inflammation.
3. They act as immunosuppressants in the body.
4. They protect the body from the diseases caused by pathogens.

Q.2) Consider the following statements:

1. Adenoviruses have single-stranded DNA genomes whereas retroviruses have double-stranded DNA genomes.
2. Common cold is sometimes caused by an adenovirus whereas AIDS is caused by a retrovirus.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (2021)

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

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Syllabus

• Prelims – Environment and Ecology

Context: The police and forest officials in the Manipur’s Ukhrul town have been scanning “gambling dens” following reports of wild animals – dead or alive – being offered as prizes for raffle draws.

About Binturong/Bearcat:

• Binturong, (Arctictis binturong), also called bear cat or cat bear, catlike omnivore of the civet family (Viverridae), found in dense forests of Southeast Asia.
• Its range extends from Nepal, India, and Bhutan southward to the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Java and eastward to Borneo.
• It has long shaggy hair, tufted ears, and a long, bushy, prehensile tail. The colour generally is black with a sprinkling of whitish hairs.
• The head and body measure about 60–95 cm (24–38 inches) and the tail an additional 55–90 cm (22–35 inches); weight ranges from about 9 to 14 kg (20 to 31 pounds).
• The binturong is principally nocturnal and crepuscular (that is, active during twilight).
• It is found most often among the trees, using its prehensile tail as an aid in climbing. It feeds mainly on fruit, such as figs, but it also takes eggs and small animals.
• In some areas binturongs are tamed and have been reported as being affectionate pets.
• Binturongs are classified as a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Source:  The Hindu

Previous Year Question

Q.1) Which of the following is not a bird? (2022)

1. Golden Mahseer
2. Indian Nightjar
3. Spoonbill
4. White Ibis

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Syllabus

• Prelims – Current Affairs

In news: A bilateral training exercise between armies of India and Australia called Austra Hind 22, is scheduled to take place at Mahajan Field Firing Ranges (Rajasthan).

About the exercise:

• This is the first exercise in the series of Austra Hind with participation of all arms and services contingent from both armies.
• Indian Army is represented by troops from the Dogra Regiment
• It will be a yearly event that will be conducted alternatively in India and Australia.
• The aim of the exercise is to build positive military relations, imbibe each other’s best practices and promote the ability to operate together while undertaking multi-domain operations in semi-desert terrain under a UN peace enforcement mandate.
• Training on new generation equipment and specialist weapons including snipers, surveillance and communication equipment to achieve a high degree of situational awareness apart from casualty management, casualty evacuation and planning logistics at battalion/ company level are also planned.

Source: The Hindu

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Syllabus

• Prelims – Science and Technology

In news: Commemorating the day one of the most significant space missions to Mars was launched, November 28 is marked as Red Planet Day.

• On this day in 1964, the United States launched the space probe Mariner 4 on a course towards Mars, which it flew past in July 1965, sending back pictures of the red planet.
• This was the first time that a spacecraft undertook the first flyby of the red planet, becoming the first-ever spacecraft to take close-up photographs of another planet.

About Mars:

• Mars has two moons Phobos and Deimos
• In late 19th century, Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli claimed to have observed linear patterns on the surface of the planet that he called canali.

• This was mistranslated into English as canals, leading some to believe canals were built by intelligent beings on Mars — an early instance of Mars being thought to have life, similar to Earth.

• 1964 Mariner 4 showed lunar-type impact craters, some of them having frost.

• A television camera took pictures of about 1% of the planet.
• Mariner 4 lasts about three years in solar orbit

• Viking missions of the 1970s and the 1980s carried out the first chemical analysis of Martian soil, as well as four biology experiments to detect biological activity.

• Scientists hypothesised that certain meteorites might have a source region in Mars.
• In 1984, a study showed that the isotopic composition of rare gases (Xenon, Krypton, Neon and Argon) matched the isotopic ratios of the Martian atmosphere measured by the Viking spacecraft.

• Odyssey, 2001 and water on Mars: Gamma Ray Spectrometer on board the Mars Odyssey spacecraft detected a fascinating hydrogen signature that seemed to indicate the presence of water ice. But there was ambiguity – this was because hydrogen can be part of many other compounds as well.
• NASA’s Phoenix landed on the Martian North Pole in May 2008, and survived for about 150 days.

• The robotic arms of Phoenix scooped soil and ice from the surface, heated the material in eight ovens, and measured the composition of the gases with a mass spectrometer.
• The Phoenix mission established conclusively that the initial discovery of hydrogen by Mars Odyssey in 2002 was indeed water ice.

Mars missions:

• NASA has a lander (Mars Insight), a rover (Curiosity), and three orbiters (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Odyssey, MAVEN)

• India’s Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan-1)

• A technology demonstration venture — carried five payloads (total 15 kg) collecting data on surface geology, morphology, atmospheric processes, surface temperature and atmospheric escape process.

• UAE – Hope

• study the Martian atmosphere
• address question of how and why Mars lost its atmosphere

• EU has 2 orbiters (Mars Express and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter)
• China –  Tianwen-1

Source: Indian Express

Previous Year Question

Q.1) The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO (2016)

1. is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission
2. made India the second country to have a spacecraft orbit the Mars after USA
3. made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the Mars in its very first attempt

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

1. 1 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3

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Syllabus

• Prelims – Environment

In News: A report on the policy framework of the Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage or CCUS prepared by the Niti Aayog and MN Dastur & Company says CCUS has a critical role to play for the country to halve CO2 emissions by 2050 and reach net-zero by 2070.

• India’s per capita CO2 emissions were about 1.9 tonnes per annum, which was less than 40% of the global average and about one-fourth of that of China.

About CCUS:

• It is the technology for decarbonising carbon dioxide (CO2) from high polluting sectors such as steel, cement, oil, gas, petrochemicals, chemicals and fertilisers (contribute to 70% of emission).
• The technology would help in promoting the low carbon-hydrogen economy and in removal of the CO2 stock from the atmosphere.
• It could enable the production of clean products while utilising rich endowments of coal, reducing imports and thus leading to a self-reliant India economy.
• It could enable sunrise sectors such as coal gasification and the nascent hydrogen economy in India.
• Creation of value-added products such as green methanol, green ammonia
• The key challenge would be to reduce the cost of the mechanisms to implement the technology.
• CCUS policy should be carbon credits or incentives based, to seed and promote the
• CCUS sector in India through tax and cash credits and later should transition to carbon taxes.

Source: The Hindu

Previous Year Question

Q.1) Which of the following statements best describes “carbon fertilization”? (2018)

1. 1. Increased plant growth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
   2. Increased temperature of Earth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
   3. Increased acidity of oceans as a result of increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
   4. Adaptation of all living beings on Earth to the climate change brought about by the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

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Syllabus

• Prelims – Economy

In News: C Rangrajan weighs in on the factors that are driving the depreciation of rupee, and why its essential to bring down domestic inflation to stop the slide.

Value of rupee:

• Value of the rupee is determined using purchasing power parity theory.
• The theory states that the external value of a currency is determined by its internal value — meaning that the rate differential between one currency and another depends upon the difference in the inflation in the two countries.
• So long as inflation in our country is higher than the inflation in other countries, the value of the rupee will depreciate.
• This theory was true when the balance of payments (BOP) of a country was dominated by the current account — that is, the export and import of goods and services.
• Now, capital account in the balance of payments has become important — which means the inflow and outflow of funds.
• The value of a currency can be strong even though it has a high current account deficit because there is enough capital flowing from outside into the country.
• Therefore, the supply of foreign currency increases not because of [trade] but because of the decision of capital accounts i.e. to invest or because of the decision to keep deposits in our country.

Depreciation of rupee:

• The  main reason for the rupee depreciating in its value is due to the capital account of BOP.
• It is because the funds inflow into our country started diminishing.
• That is because the US Federal reserve, with a view to control inflation in the United States, raised the rate of interest.
• Therefore, investors find the United States is more attractive, because of the higher rate of interest.
• Instead of sending funds outside, they are keeping the funds inside and sometimes, they withdrew the funds from India and put them in the United States.

• Simply put, when the investment becomes more attractive domestically, foreign countries do not send funds into other countries.

Effect of rupee depreciation:

• An undervalued currency is better because it is more attractive for exports.
• In current Indian context, this may be beneficial because we have a tough balance of payments situation and we need to export more and reduce the current account deficit.
• But, depreciation against the dollar cannot be a continuous process because ultimately what we are essentially saying is that for getting $1 the amount of the resources that you need in India is becoming higher and higher.

MUST READ monetary policy committee

Source Indian Express

Previous Year Question

Q.1) In India, which one of the following is responsible for maintaining price stability by controlling inflation? (2022)

1. Department of Consumer Affairs
2. Expenditure Management Commission
3. Financial Stability and Development Council
4. Reserve Bank of India

Q.2) With reference to the Indian economy, consider the following statements: (2022)

1. If the inflation is too high, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is likely to buy government securities.
2. If the rupee is rapidly depreciating, RBI is likely to sell dollars in the market.
3. If interest rates in the USA or European Union were to fall, that is likely to induce RBI to buy dollars.

Which of the statements given below is/are correct?

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3

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Syllabus

• Mains – GS 2 (Governance)

Context: The government has shelled out Rs 9.53 crore of taxpayers’ money towards commission and printing costs of the Electoral Bonds (EBs) issued to fund political parties.

About Electoral Bond Scheme:

• Introduced with the Finance Bill, 2017, the Electoral Bond Scheme was notified on January 29, 2018.
• An Electoral Bond is like a promissory note that may be purchased by a person who is a citizen of India or incorporated or established in India.
• A person being an individual can buy Electoral Bonds, either singly or jointly with other individuals.
• The bonds are like banknotes that are payable to the bearer on demand and are interest-free.
• Only the Political Parties registered under Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951 and which secured not less than one percent of the votes polled in the last General Election to the House of the People or the Legislative Assembly of the State, shall be eligible to receive the Electoral Bonds.

Procedure:

• The State Bank of India (SBI) has been authorised to issue and encash Electoral Bonds through its 29 Authorized Branches.
• The bonds are sold by the SBI in denominations of Rs 1,000, Rs 10,000, Rs 1 lakh, Rs 10 lakh and Rs 1 crore.
• One can purchase these bonds only digitally or through cheques.
• The Electoral Bonds can be encashed by an eligible Political Party only through a Bank account with the Authorized Bank.
• The Electoral Bond deposited by an eligible Political Party in its account is credited on the same day.
• Electoral Bonds shall be valid for fifteen calendar days from the date of issue and no payment is being made to any payee Political Party if the Electoral Bond is deposited after expiry of the validity period.

Advantages of Electoral Bonds:

• Ensures Accountability: Donations through Electoral Bonds will only be credited in the party bank account disclosed with the ECI.
  • As encashment of all the donations are through banking channels, every political party shall be obliged to explain how the entire sum of money received has been expended.
• Discouraging Cash: The Purchase will be possible only through a limited number of notified banks and that too through cheque and digital payments. Cash will not be encouraged.
• More Transparency: It helps the political parties to operate in a more transparent manner with the election commission, regulatory authorities and the general public at large.
• Maintains Anonymity: The individuals, groups of individuals, NGOs, religious and other trusts are permitted to donate via electoral bonds without disclosing their details. Therefore, the identity of the donor is being preserved.

Criticism of Electoral Bonds:

• Hindering Right to Know: Voters will not know which individual, company, or organisation has funded which party, and to what extent. Before the introduction of electoral bonds, political parties had to disclose details of all its donors, who have donated more than Rs 20,000.
  • The change infringes the citizen’s ‘Right to Know’ and makes the political class even more unaccountable.
• Unauthorized Donations: In a situation where the contribution received through electoral bonds are not reported, it cannot be ascertained whether the political party has taken any donation in violation of provision under Section 29B of the RPA, 1951 which prohibits the political parties from taking donations from government companies and foreign sources.
• Leading to Crony-Capitalism: It could become a convenient channel for businesses to round-trip their cash parked in tax havens to political parties for a favour or advantage granted in return for something. Anonymous funding might lead to infusion of black money.
• Loopholes: Corporate Entities may not enjoy the benefit of transparency as they might have to disclose the amount donated to the Registrar of Companies; Electoral bonds eliminate the 7.5% cap on company donations which means even loss making companies can make unlimited donations etc.

Supreme Court’s Stance on Electoral Bonds:

• The Supreme Court (SC) agreed that the scheme protects the identity of purchasers of electoral bonds in a cloak of anonymity, but highlighted that such purchases happened only through regular banking channels.
• In 2019, the Supreme Court asked all the political parties to submit details of donations received through electoral bonds to the ECI. It also asked the Finance Ministry to reduce the window of purchasing electoral bonds from 10 days to five days.
• The Election Commission of India (ECI) also told the Supreme Court of India that while it was not against the Electoral Bonds Scheme, it did not approve of anonymous donations made to political parties.

Way Forward:

It can be said that the release of electoral bonds will restrict the generation of black money up to some extent. But the rule that identity of the donors will be kept confidential may make futile the exercise to eliminate black money, as it may just end up making Black money White.

The government may reconsider and modify certain provisions of the Electoral Bonds Scheme to ensure full disclosure and transparency. At the same time, the bonds should ensure that the funds being collected by the political parties are accounted for clean money from the appropriate channels without any obligation of give and take.

Source:  Indian Express

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Syllabus

• Mains – GS 3 Infrastructure

Context:

• Building and housing projects are growing exponentially, thanks to rapid urbanisation, population explosion and economic expansion.
• Throughout the life-cycle of a building, the sector consumes a significant amount of energy.
• Therefore, increased participation and coordinated action from stakeholders in the entire value chain are imperative to effectively de-risk the industry from climate hazards while continuing to innovate and provide a sustainable environment.

About building industry:

• The building and construction industry accounts for around 6.5 per cent of the India’s GDP.
• Embodied carbon is all the carbon dioxide (CO2) released during a building’s construction as opposed to operational carbon, which is carbon released during the building’s operations in terms of lighting, heating, air-conditioning, use of elevators, etc.

• The total building floor area is expected to increase from the 2015 baseline of 15.8 billion m2 to around 30 billion m2 by 2038.
• This will significantly escalate the demand for embodied carbon-intensive construction materials like cement, steel, bricks, glass, etc.

Challenges:

• The decarbonisation initiatives in the country’s building and construction sector are focused mainly on tackling operational carbon, with little attention paid to the life-cycle approach, including embodied carbon.
• India lacks a well-defined set of standards for appropriate material use in buildings, inhibiting thereby the exploration of alternative materials and their demand optimisation through economies of scale.
• India spends 0.65 per cent of its GDP on R&D, which is very low compared to that of major economies like China (2.4 per cent) and the US (3.06 per cent).
• There is a lack of commitment from customers and suppliers of building materials to embrace low-carbon approaches. Only a few cement producers and construction companies have committed to net-zero operations.
• The lack of reliable, high-quality data from life cycle assessments (LCAs) and environmental product declarations (EPDs) makes setting benchmarks and establishing targets challenging.
• This is made worse by the dearth of affordable technological options to support the development and application of embodied carbon reduction initiatives.
• Although technologies like carbon capture and hydrogen-based production of iron for steel have been explored, their commercialisation is yet to happen.

Suggestions:

• The government initiatives measure energy performance based on the operational usage of the building, but ignore the structure’s embedded carbon. This must be addressed.
• A building’s life cycle can be increased and demolition waste reduced by utilising the built space for adaptability, disassembly, and reuse. The 4Rs — reduce, replace, recycle and reuse — benefit communities, owners, tenants, the economy, and the environment.
• The decarbonisation of the industry would require a significant expansion in renewable energy capacity.
• Building design professionals are discovering new opportunities that can decrease environmental consequences, conserve resources and cut costs. This will ensure material efficiency across the value chain of the construction sector.
• It is necessary to find, examine and evaluate the viability of best practices and technologies for decreasing embodied carbon emissions in the building and construction sector.
• Eco-Niwas Samhita by Bureau of Energy Efficiency provides tools to know a building’s energy performance and focuses on various measures like space cooling, population pressure, rate of urbanisation, etc.

Way forward:

• The Energy Conservation Building Code sets minimum energy standards for new commercial buildings without compromising on the comfort of the occupants.
• Therefore, increased participation and coordinated action from stakeholders in the entire value chain are imperative to effectively de-risk the industry from climate hazards while continuing to innovate and provide a sustainable environment.
• SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities further stresses the importance of improving building infrastructure.

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Syllabus

• Mains – GS 2 International Relations

Context:

• During the 4th India-France annual defence dialogue chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and Sebastien Lecornu, India and France discussed defence industrial cooperation with a focus on ‘Make in India’
• India and France have traditionally close and friendly relations.
• There is scope to strengthen maritime cooperation and complexity of bilateral exercises.

Political:

• 1998 Strategic Partnership document signifies convergence of views on a range of international issues and growing bilateral relationship.
• France has continued to support India’s claim for permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council and the reforms of the United Nations.
• France’s engagement in the Indo-Pacific and India’s centrality in the French strategy for the region is of significance as well.

Defense and Security:

• A Ministerial level Defence dialogue has been held annually since 2018.
• Bilateral military exercises

• Exercise Shakti (Army)
• Exercise Varuna (Navy)
• Exercise Garuda (Air Force)
• IMEX 22

• Purchase of 36 Rafale fighter aircraft by India in 2016.
• P-75 Scorpene Project: The contract for six Scorpene submarines from DCNS (Naval Group) was signed in 2006 and includes technology transfer at the Mazagaon Docks Ltd.

• Adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT) in the UN
• Following the Pulwama attack (Feb 2019), France nationally listed the Pakistan-based ‘global terrorist’ Hafiz Saeed, which was followed up by the UN.
• France has also supported India’s requests to block attempts by Pakistan to enlist innocent Indian citizens under the UNSC 1267 sanctions Committee based on fabricated charges.

Environment and Technology:

• France is a founding member of the International Solar Alliance (ISA), announced by PM Modi in 2015 at UN Climate Change CoP21.

• Further, India is a member of ITER, a multi-national consortium formed to construct an experimental fusion reactor, located in Cadarache, France.
• France’s support was vital in India’s accession to the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), Wassenaar Arrangement (WA) and Australia Group (AG).
• France continues to support India’s bid for accession to the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).

Economic cooperation:

• There are over a 1000 French businesses in India in variegated sectors such as defense, ITES, consulting, engineering services, heavy industry et al.
• France is the 7th largest foreign investor in India with a cumulative FDI stock of USD 9 billion from 2000 to 2020, which represents 2 % of the total FDI inflows into India.
• In the period April 2018-March 2019, India-France bilateral trade stood at 11.59 billion Euro, India’s exports to France were valued at 6.23 billion Euro meanwhile, French exports to India stood at 5.35 billion Euro.
• The 18th Joint Economic Committee meeting 2020 led to the signing of a bilateral ‘Fast Track Mechanism’ for investors. The first meetings were held on 16 February 2022
• In 2022, a dedicated desk was set up by Invest India for investor queries.

Covid-19 cooperation:

• India supplied France with nearly 2 million hydroxychloroquine tablets and 36 MT of paracetamol (API).
• France sent 120 ventilators, 50 thousand serological tests and 50 thousand nose/throat swabs as aid.
• France also announced a 200 million euro loan to India to help the vulnerable sections most severely affected by the pandemic.
• Over 2500 Indians had been repatriated from France and a similar number of French citizens were repatriated from India to their home countries through special flights.
• In the second wave, France provided 18 oxygen plants till date to hospitals across India which will fulfill oxygen requirements for 10 years.
• France also supplied over 100 tonnes of Liquid Medical Oxygen to the state of Maharashtra through the French industrial gas producer Air Liquide.
• Besides this, P2G assistance also came in from several French companies, including Airbus.

Cultural relations:

• The Indian diaspora in France is estimated to be around 5,00,000.
• There are more than 50 Indian community organizations active in France, majorly from Puducherry and Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Punjab.
• An increasing number of students (nearly 10,000) and professionals studying and working in mainland France.
• In 2016, ICCR presented the Namaste France cultural festival in France and the French side presented the French cultural festival Bonjour India from 2017-18.
• India will be the Country of Honour for the 2022 edition of the Paris International Book Fair (Livre Paris, June 2022).
• The International Day of Yoga has been organized by the Embassy of India in Paris.
• In 2022 as part of MEA’s AKAM Week, a French mural artist created a wall art at the Mandi House Metro Station in Delhi on the theme of “A French Garden” to reflect the “enduring friendship” between the two countries.

Way forward:

• Though, India has a trade surplus with France but the bilateral trade could be improved.
• In recent interactions at the EU level, India has sought an early harvest trade agreement, while working towards a comprehensive FTA.
• As G20 members, both nations must focus on reviving global growth.

Q.1) With reference to the Indian economy, consider the following statements:

1. If the domestic inflation is too high, value of a currency depreciates.
2. An undervalued currency is beneficial in reducing account deficit.

Which of the statements given below is/are correct?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Q.2) Which of the following statements best describes “carbon sequestration”?

1. Technology for decarbonising CO2 from high polluting sectors
2. Process by which carbon dioxide becomes a carbonate and cannot escape back to the atmosphere.
3. Setting up smog towers to capture carbon dioxide across cities
4. Thermal decomposition of organic matter to increase soil organic content

Q.3) Consider the following statements regarding Electoral Bond Scheme:

1. An Electoral Bond is like a promissory note that may be purchased by a person who is a citizen of India or incorporated or established in India.
2. All political parties are eligible for the scheme.
3. Only the State Bank of India has been authorised to issue and encash Electoral Bonds.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 1 and 3 only
3. 2 and 3 only
4. 1 2 and 3

Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!!

ANSWERS FOR ’30th November 2022 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs.st

Q.1) – d

Q.2) – a

Q.3) – b