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The following Test is based on the syllabus of 60 Days Plan-2023 for UPSC IAS Prelims 2022.
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Consider the following pairs with respect to the main mineral constituents of the interior of the Earth.
Layers of Earth Constituents
How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | correct |
The Earth is made up of several concentric layers with one inside another. The uppermost layer over the Earth’s surface is called the crust. It is the thinnest of all the layers.
The main mineral constituents of the continental mass are silica and alumina. It is thus called sial (si-silica and al-alumina). |
The oceanic crust mainly consists of silica and magnesium; it is therefore called sima (si-silica and ma-magnesium) | The innermost layer is the core with a radius of about 3500 km. It is mainly made up of nickel and iron and is called NiFe |
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | correct |
The Earth is made up of several concentric layers with one inside another. The uppermost layer over the Earth’s surface is called the crust. It is the thinnest of all the layers.
The main mineral constituents of the continental mass are silica and alumina. It is thus called sial (si-silica and al-alumina). |
The oceanic crust mainly consists of silica and magnesium; it is therefore called sima (si-silica and ma-magnesium) | The innermost layer is the core with a radius of about 3500 km. It is mainly made up of nickel and iron and is called NiFe |
Consider the following statements regarding Earth’s Crust
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Incorrect | Correct | Incorrect | Incorrect |
Peridotite is a dark-colored igneous rock consisting mostly of olivine and pyroxene. It is an important rock type because the Earth’s mantle is predominantly composed of it. | The crust is the outermost solid part of the earth. It is brittle in nature. The thickness of the crust varies under the oceanic and continental areas. The oceanic crust is thinner as compared to the continental crust. The thickness of the oceanic crust is 5km whereas that of the continental crust is around 30 km.
|
The upper part of the crust consists of granite rocks and forms the continents. Its main minerals constitute are silica and alumina. The lower part of the crust consists of basaltic rocks forming the ocean floors, comprising mainly silica, iron, and magnesium. | The Asthenosphere is a weak zone of Earth’s Mantle and not of the Earth’s crust. Its upper layer of the earth’s mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection, is thought to occur. |
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Incorrect | Correct | Incorrect | Incorrect |
Peridotite is a dark-colored igneous rock consisting mostly of olivine and pyroxene. It is an important rock type because the Earth’s mantle is predominantly composed of it. | The crust is the outermost solid part of the earth. It is brittle in nature. The thickness of the crust varies under the oceanic and continental areas. The oceanic crust is thinner as compared to the continental crust. The thickness of the oceanic crust is 5km whereas that of the continental crust is around 30 km.
|
The upper part of the crust consists of granite rocks and forms the continents. Its main minerals constitute are silica and alumina. The lower part of the crust consists of basaltic rocks forming the ocean floors, comprising mainly silica, iron, and magnesium. | The Asthenosphere is a weak zone of Earth’s Mantle and not of the Earth’s crust. Its upper layer of the earth’s mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection, is thought to occur. |
Consider the following statements concerning Earthquake waves:
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | Correct | Correct |
P-waves move faster than S-waves and are the first to arrive at the surface. These waves occur at a high frequency. | P Waves can travel in all mediums. The velocity of P waves in Solids > Liquids >Gases.
Their velocity depends on the shear strength or elasticity of the material. |
A secondary wave cannot pass through liquids or gases.
These waves are high frequency waves. They travel at varying velocities (proportional to shear strength) through the solid part of the Earth’s crust, mantle. |
The Surface waves are the most destructive. They are recorded last on the seismograph. |
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | Correct | Correct |
P-waves move faster than S-waves and are the first to arrive at the surface. These waves occur at a high frequency. | P Waves can travel in all mediums. The velocity of P waves in Solids > Liquids >Gases.
Their velocity depends on the shear strength or elasticity of the material. |
A secondary wave cannot pass through liquids or gases.
These waves are high frequency waves. They travel at varying velocities (proportional to shear strength) through the solid part of the Earth’s crust, mantle. |
The Surface waves are the most destructive. They are recorded last on the seismograph. |
Consider the following statements regarding the geomorphic forces acting on the landforms:
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | Correct |
The energy emanating from
within the earth is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes. This energy is mostly generated by radioactivity, rotational and tidal friction, and primordial heat from the origin of the earth. This energy due to geothermal gradients and heat flow from within induces diastrophism and volcanism in the lithosphere. Due to variations in geothermal gradients and heat flow from within, crustal thickness, and strength, the action of endogenic forces is not uniform and hence the tectonically controlled original crustal surface is uneven. |
Diastrophism and Volcanism are endogenic geomorphic processes.
All processes that move, elevate or build up portions of the earth’s crust come under diastrophism. They include: (i) orogenic processes involving mountain building through severe folding and affecting long and narrow belts of the earth’s crust; (ii) epeirogeny processes involving the uplift or warping of large parts of the earth’s crust. (iii) earthquakes involving local relatively minor movements. (iv) plate tectonics involving horizontal movements of crustal plates. Volcanism includes the movement of molten rock (magma) onto or toward the earth’s surface and also the formation of many intrusive and extrusive volcanic forms. Exogenic forces wear down (erode) relief/ elevations and fill up (aggrade) basins/depressions. When Earth’s surface erodes, the phenomenon is called gradation. Exogenic forces are generally land-wearing forces. Weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and deposition are exogenic processes. |
Natural elements (like ice, water, and wind) along with Temperature, Precipitation, and celestial bodies (like comets and meteorites) are some examples of exogenic elements. They are capable of changing the configuration of the Earth’s surface and hence are called geomorphic agents.
Gravity is a major component of exogenic forces as it facilitates downslope movement thereby activating waves and tides to induce currents and winds. |
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | Correct |
The energy emanating from
within the earth is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes. This energy is mostly generated by radioactivity, rotational and tidal friction, and primordial heat from the origin of the earth. This energy due to geothermal gradients and heat flow from within induces diastrophism and volcanism in the lithosphere. Due to variations in geothermal gradients and heat flow from within, crustal thickness, and strength, the action of endogenic forces is not uniform and hence the tectonically controlled original crustal surface is uneven. |
Diastrophism and Volcanism are endogenic geomorphic processes.
All processes that move, elevate or build up portions of the earth’s crust come under diastrophism. They include: (i) orogenic processes involving mountain building through severe folding and affecting long and narrow belts of the earth’s crust; (ii) epeirogeny processes involving the uplift or warping of large parts of the earth’s crust. (iii) earthquakes involving local relatively minor movements. (iv) plate tectonics involving horizontal movements of crustal plates. Volcanism includes the movement of molten rock (magma) onto or toward the earth’s surface and also the formation of many intrusive and extrusive volcanic forms. Exogenic forces wear down (erode) relief/ elevations and fill up (aggrade) basins/depressions. When Earth’s surface erodes, the phenomenon is called gradation. Exogenic forces are generally land-wearing forces. Weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and deposition are exogenic processes. |
Natural elements (like ice, water, and wind) along with Temperature, Precipitation, and celestial bodies (like comets and meteorites) are some examples of exogenic elements. They are capable of changing the configuration of the Earth’s surface and hence are called geomorphic agents.
Gravity is a major component of exogenic forces as it facilitates downslope movement thereby activating waves and tides to induce currents and winds. |
Consider the following pairs
Discontinuity Region
How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Incorrect | Incorrect |
The discontinuity between the upper and lower crust is called the Conrad Discontinuity. | The discontinuity between the upper mantle and lower mantle is called Repetti discontinuity | The discontinuity between the outer core and the inner mantle is called Guttenberg Discontinuity. |
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Incorrect | Incorrect |
The discontinuity between the upper and lower crust is called the Conrad Discontinuity. | The discontinuity between the upper mantle and lower mantle is called Repetti discontinuity | The discontinuity between the outer core and the inner mantle is called Guttenberg Discontinuity. |
Consider the following statements concerning Block mountains
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | Correct |
Block Mountains are created when large areas are broken and displaced vertically (not horizontally). | The uplifted blocks are termed horsts and the lowered blocks are called graben. | The Rhine valley and the Vosges Mountain in Europe are examples of such mountain systems. |
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | Correct |
Block Mountains are created when large areas are broken and displaced vertically (not horizontally). | The uplifted blocks are termed horsts and the lowered blocks are called graben. | The Rhine valley and the Vosges Mountain in Europe are examples of such mountain systems. |
With respect to the Peninsular Plateau, consider the following statements
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Correct | Correct |
The unique feature of the relief of Peninsular India is that it is highly uneven. It has a rugged topography with several other smaller plateaus, western ghats and eastern ghats to the west and east. | Peninsular India was divided into Central highlands and the Deccan plateau. It is largely triangular in shape and represents the bottom half of our country. | The Peninsular Plateau is a region with numerous hill ranges and valleys.
Aravalli hills, one of the oldest ranges of the world, border it on the north-West side. |
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Correct | Correct |
The unique feature of the relief of Peninsular India is that it is highly uneven. It has a rugged topography with several other smaller plateaus, western ghats and eastern ghats to the west and east. | Peninsular India was divided into Central highlands and the Deccan plateau. It is largely triangular in shape and represents the bottom half of our country. | The Peninsular Plateau is a region with numerous hill ranges and valleys.
Aravalli hills, one of the oldest ranges of the world, border it on the north-West side. |
Consider the following statements regarding the Himalayan Fold Mountains:
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Correct | Correct |
The Himalayan Mountains and the Alps are young fold mountains with rugged relief and high conical peaks.
The Himalayas were formed as a result of the collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. Because of the impact of convectional currents, the crust was split into many pieces. The Indo–Australian plate got separated from the Gondwanaland and drifted towards the north. |
They are located in regions of high seismic activity because they are formed out of plate movements. The Eurasian and Indian plates are continuously converging from millions of years. | As it drifted towards the north, it collided with the Eurasian plate. As a result of this collision, the sedimentary rocks which were settled in the large-scale depression in the Earth’s crust called Tethys were folded and formed the Himalayas. They are formed generally by sedimentary rocks and contain fossils that are marine in nature. |
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Correct | Correct |
The Himalayan Mountains and the Alps are young fold mountains with rugged relief and high conical peaks.
The Himalayas were formed as a result of the collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. Because of the impact of convectional currents, the crust was split into many pieces. The Indo–Australian plate got separated from the Gondwanaland and drifted towards the north. |
They are located in regions of high seismic activity because they are formed out of plate movements. The Eurasian and Indian plates are continuously converging from millions of years. | As it drifted towards the north, it collided with the Eurasian plate. As a result of this collision, the sedimentary rocks which were settled in the large-scale depression in the Earth’s crust called Tethys were folded and formed the Himalayas. They are formed generally by sedimentary rocks and contain fossils that are marine in nature. |
Fold Mountains are formed by the large-scale lithospheric movements in the earth’s crust. In this context identify the factors which lead to the formation of Fold Mountains?
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Correct | Correct |
Fold Mountains are by far the most widespread and also important. They are caused by large-scale lithospheric movements. They are a result of folding and not faulting. Faulting leads to formation of block mountains. | Fold Mountains are created where two or more of Earth’s tectonic plates are pushed together. At these colliding, compressing boundaries, rocks and debris are warped and folded into rocky outcrops, hills, mountains, and entire mountain ranges.
Fold Mountains are created through a process called orogeny. An orogenic event takes millions of years to create a fold mountain |
Fold Mountains occur when two tectonic plates collide at a convergent plate boundary, causing the crust to over thicken. This process forces the less dense crust to float on top of the denser mantle rocks – with the material being forced upwards to form hills, plateaus, or mountains – while a greater volume of material is forced downward into the mantle |
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Correct | Correct |
Fold Mountains are by far the most widespread and also important. They are caused by large-scale lithospheric movements. They are a result of folding and not faulting. Faulting leads to formation of block mountains. | Fold Mountains are created where two or more of Earth’s tectonic plates are pushed together. At these colliding, compressing boundaries, rocks and debris are warped and folded into rocky outcrops, hills, mountains, and entire mountain ranges.
Fold Mountains are created through a process called orogeny. An orogenic event takes millions of years to create a fold mountain |
Fold Mountains occur when two tectonic plates collide at a convergent plate boundary, causing the crust to over thicken. This process forces the less dense crust to float on top of the denser mantle rocks – with the material being forced upwards to form hills, plateaus, or mountains – while a greater volume of material is forced downward into the mantle |
Consider the following statements concerning the types of Volcanoes
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (c)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Correct |
Shield volcanoes are the largest of all the volcanoes on the earth.
They are mostly made up of basalt and low viscous lava thus covering larger areas The Hawaiian volcanoes are the most famous example. These volcanoes are mostly made up of basalt, a type of lava that is very fluid when erupted. For this reason, these volcanoes do not erupt These are formed by lava flows of low viscosity. These volcanoes are not steep. They become explosive if somehow water gets into the vent; otherwise, they are less explosive. |
Composite volcanoes are characterized by the eruption of cooler and most viscous lavas than basalt. These volcanoes often result in explosive eruptions. Along with lava, large quantities of pyroclastic materials and ashes find their way to the ground. They are usually found at the destructive plate margins. They have steep sides along with composite layers. | Caldera volcanoes are the most explosive on the earth’s surface affect the surrounding environment. They are usually so explosive that when they erupt they tend to collapse on themselves rather than building any structure. After the eruption of magma has ceased, the crater frequently turns into a lake at a later time. This lake is called a ‘caldera’. Examples: Lonar in Maharashtra and Krakatao in Indonesia. |
Solution (c)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Correct |
Shield volcanoes are the largest of all the volcanoes on the earth.
They are mostly made up of basalt and low viscous lava thus covering larger areas The Hawaiian volcanoes are the most famous example. These volcanoes are mostly made up of basalt, a type of lava that is very fluid when erupted. For this reason, these volcanoes do not erupt These are formed by lava flows of low viscosity. These volcanoes are not steep. They become explosive if somehow water gets into the vent; otherwise, they are less explosive. |
Composite volcanoes are characterized by the eruption of cooler and most viscous lavas than basalt. These volcanoes often result in explosive eruptions. Along with lava, large quantities of pyroclastic materials and ashes find their way to the ground. They are usually found at the destructive plate margins. They have steep sides along with composite layers. | Caldera volcanoes are the most explosive on the earth’s surface affect the surrounding environment. They are usually so explosive that when they erupt they tend to collapse on themselves rather than building any structure. After the eruption of magma has ceased, the crater frequently turns into a lake at a later time. This lake is called a ‘caldera’. Examples: Lonar in Maharashtra and Krakatao in Indonesia. |
Consider the following statements regarding Sea Floor Spreading
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Correct | Incorrect |
Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent plate boundaries. Seafloor spreading is not consistent at all mid-ocean ridges. Slowly spreading ridges are the sites of tall, narrow underwater cliffs and mountains.
Rapidly spreading ridges have much more gentle slopes. Seafloor spreading disproves an early part of the theory of continental drift. Rather, Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics. |
Seafloor spreading theory by Hary Hass played a pivotal role in the development of continental drift theory. It consolidated evidences presented by Alfred Wegener by disproving the tidal force and pole fleeing theory and furthering our understanding of the Formation of continents. | It was Harry Hess who proposed the idea of Sea floor spreading and not Alfred Wegener. |
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Correct | Incorrect |
Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent plate boundaries. Seafloor spreading is not consistent at all mid-ocean ridges. Slowly spreading ridges are the sites of tall, narrow underwater cliffs and mountains.
Rapidly spreading ridges have much more gentle slopes. Seafloor spreading disproves an early part of the theory of continental drift. Rather, Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics. |
Seafloor spreading theory by Hary Hass played a pivotal role in the development of continental drift theory. It consolidated evidences presented by Alfred Wegener by disproving the tidal force and pole fleeing theory and furthering our understanding of the Formation of continents. | It was Harry Hess who proposed the idea of Sea floor spreading and not Alfred Wegener. |
Consider the following pairs:
Intrusive Volcanic Forms Definition
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Incorrect | Correct | Incorrect | Correct |
Batholiths
A large body of magmatic material that cools in the deeper depth of the crust develops in the form of large domes. These are granitic bodies. Batholiths are the cooled portion of magma chambers. |
Laccoliths
It resembles the surface volcanic domes of composite volcanoes, They are located at deeper depths. It can be regarded as the localized source of lava that finds its way to the surface. |
Dykes
When the lava makes its way through cracks and the fissures developed in the land, it solidifies almost vertically to the ground. It gets cooled in the same position to develop a wall-like structure. Such structures are called dykes. |
Sills
They are horizontal intrusive volcanic forms between sedimentary layers of rocks. |
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Incorrect | Correct | Incorrect | Correct |
Batholiths
A large body of magmatic material that cools in the deeper depth of the crust develops in the form of large domes. These are granitic bodies. Batholiths are the cooled portion of magma chambers. |
Laccoliths
It resembles the surface volcanic domes of composite volcanoes, They are located at deeper depths. It can be regarded as the localized source of lava that finds its way to the surface. |
Dykes
When the lava makes its way through cracks and the fissures developed in the land, it solidifies almost vertically to the ground. It gets cooled in the same position to develop a wall-like structure. Such structures are called dykes. |
Sills
They are horizontal intrusive volcanic forms between sedimentary layers of rocks. |
Which of the following processes can be best associated with Diastrophism?
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Incorrect |
Diastrophism, also called tectonism, large-scale deformation of Earth’s crust by natural processes, which leads to the formation of continents and ocean basins, mountain systems, plateaus, rift valleys, and other features by mechanisms such as lithospheric plate movement (that is, plate tectonics), volcanic loading, or folding. | The heat generated by the radioactive elements in the earth’s interior leads to movements of Magma and tectonic activities. | Diastrophism and volcanism are endogenic geomorphic processes. While Weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and deposition are exogenic geomorphic processes. |
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Incorrect |
Diastrophism, also called tectonism, large-scale deformation of Earth’s crust by natural processes, which leads to the formation of continents and ocean basins, mountain systems, plateaus, rift valleys, and other features by mechanisms such as lithospheric plate movement (that is, plate tectonics), volcanic loading, or folding. | The heat generated by the radioactive elements in the earth’s interior leads to movements of Magma and tectonic activities. | Diastrophism and volcanism are endogenic geomorphic processes. While Weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and deposition are exogenic geomorphic processes. |
With reference to Hotspots, consider the following statements
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Incorrect | Correct |
A hot spot is an area on Earth over a mantle plume or an area under the rocky outer layer of Earth, called the crust, where magma is hotter than surrounding magma. The magma plume causes melting and thinning of the rocky crust and widespread volcanic activity.
Hotspot volcanism is unique because it occurs at the boundaries of Earth’s tectonic plates, where all other volcanism occurs. Hotspots can also develop beneath the continents also |
A volcano above a hot spot does not erupt forever. Eventually, the movement of the tectonic plate carries the volcano off of its magma supply. Hence it is a temporary phenomenon.
The best example of a hot spot volcanic chain is the Hawaiian Islands |
Most of the Hotspot areas have basalt beneath them because the main source is Magma. |
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Incorrect | Correct |
A hot spot is an area on Earth over a mantle plume or an area under the rocky outer layer of Earth, called the crust, where magma is hotter than surrounding magma. The magma plume causes melting and thinning of the rocky crust and widespread volcanic activity.
Hotspot volcanism is unique because it occurs at the boundaries of Earth’s tectonic plates, where all other volcanism occurs. Hotspots can also develop beneath the continents also |
A volcano above a hot spot does not erupt forever. Eventually, the movement of the tectonic plate carries the volcano off of its magma supply. Hence it is a temporary phenomenon.
The best example of a hot spot volcanic chain is the Hawaiian Islands |
Most of the Hotspot areas have basalt beneath them because the main source is Magma. |
Consider the following statements about Palaeomagnetism.
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (c)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Correct |
Paleomagnetism is the study of the record of earth’s magnetic field with the help of magnetic fields recorded in rocks, sediment, or archaeological materials.
The polarity of the Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic field reversals are thus detectable by studying the rocks of different ages. Rocks formed from underwater volcanic activity are mainly basaltic (low silica, iron-rich) that makes up most of the ocean floor. |
Basalt contains magnetic minerals, and as the rock is solidifying, these minerals align themselves in the direction of the magnetic field.
This locks in a record of which way the magnetic field was positioned at the time. |
Paleomagnetic studies of rocks have demonstrated that the orientation of the earth’s magnetic field has frequently alternated (geomagnetic reversal) over geologic time. |
Solution (c)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Correct |
Paleomagnetism is the study of the record of earth’s magnetic field with the help of magnetic fields recorded in rocks, sediment, or archaeological materials.
The polarity of the Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic field reversals are thus detectable by studying the rocks of different ages. Rocks formed from underwater volcanic activity are mainly basaltic (low silica, iron-rich) that makes up most of the ocean floor. |
Basalt contains magnetic minerals, and as the rock is solidifying, these minerals align themselves in the direction of the magnetic field.
This locks in a record of which way the magnetic field was positioned at the time. |
Paleomagnetic studies of rocks have demonstrated that the orientation of the earth’s magnetic field has frequently alternated (geomagnetic reversal) over geologic time. |
Which of the following evidence supports the Continental Drift Theory?
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (d)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Correct | Correct | Correct | Correct |
The shore life of Africa and South America facing each other have a remarkable and unmistakable match.
A map produced using a computer program to find the best fit of the Atlantic margin was presented by Bullard in 1964. |
The radiometric dating methods developed in the recent period have facilitated correlating the rock formation from different continents across the vast ocean. | The occurrence of rich placer deposits of gold on the Ghana coast and the absolute absence of source rock in the region is an amazing fact. The gold-bearing veins are in Brazil and it is obvious that the gold deposits of Ghana are derived from the Brazil plateau when the two continents lay side by side. | When identical species of plants and animals adapted to living on land or in freshwater are found on either side of the marine barriers, a problem arises regarding accounting for such distribution. The observations that Lemurs occur in India, Madagascar, and Africa led some to consider a contiguous landmass “Lemuria” linking these three landmasses. Mesosaurus was a small reptile adapted to shallow brackish water. The skeletons of these are found only in two localities: the Southern Cape province of South Africa and the Traver formations of Brazil. The two localities presently are 4,800 km apart with an ocean in between them. |
Solution (d)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Correct | Correct | Correct | Correct |
The shore life of Africa and South America facing each other have a remarkable and unmistakable match.
A map produced using a computer program to find the best fit of the Atlantic margin was presented by Bullard in 1964. |
The radiometric dating methods developed in the recent period have facilitated correlating the rock formation from different continents across the vast ocean. | The occurrence of rich placer deposits of gold on the Ghana coast and the absolute absence of source rock in the region is an amazing fact. The gold-bearing veins are in Brazil and it is obvious that the gold deposits of Ghana are derived from the Brazil plateau when the two continents lay side by side. | When identical species of plants and animals adapted to living on land or in freshwater are found on either side of the marine barriers, a problem arises regarding accounting for such distribution. The observations that Lemurs occur in India, Madagascar, and Africa led some to consider a contiguous landmass “Lemuria” linking these three landmasses. Mesosaurus was a small reptile adapted to shallow brackish water. The skeletons of these are found only in two localities: the Southern Cape province of South Africa and the Traver formations of Brazil. The two localities presently are 4,800 km apart with an ocean in between them. |
North-eastern Plateau is an extension of the main Peninsular Plateau. A huge fault is created between the Rajmahal hills and the Meghalaya plateau because of
Solution (b)
Due to the tectonic plate movement and convergent force, The Indo Australian plate is still exerting pressure against the Eurasian plate. This continuous Pressure has created a huge fault is created between the Rajmahal hills and the Meghalaya plateau because of the force exerted by the northeastward movement of the Indian plate at the time of the Himalayan origin.
The Northeastern Plateau is an extension of the main Peninsular plateau. It is believed that due to the force exerted by the northeastward movement of the Indian plate at the time of the Himalayan origin, a huge fault was created between the Rajmahal hills and the Meghalaya plateau. Later, this depression got filled up by the deposition activity of the numerous rivers.
Solution (b)
Due to the tectonic plate movement and convergent force, The Indo Australian plate is still exerting pressure against the Eurasian plate. This continuous Pressure has created a huge fault is created between the Rajmahal hills and the Meghalaya plateau because of the force exerted by the northeastward movement of the Indian plate at the time of the Himalayan origin.
The Northeastern Plateau is an extension of the main Peninsular plateau. It is believed that due to the force exerted by the northeastward movement of the Indian plate at the time of the Himalayan origin, a huge fault was created between the Rajmahal hills and the Meghalaya plateau. Later, this depression got filled up by the deposition activity of the numerous rivers.
Consider the following landforms associated with Karst Topography:
Arrange the above-given landforms in the correct sequence of their formation
Solution (b)
Erosional Landforms by Groundwater on the surface of the limestone are numerous shallow holes, which are small depressions carved out by solution where rainwater sinks into the limestone at a point of weakness. They are also known as sinkholes.
Once the water has sunk into the limestone, it etches out caverns and passages along joints or bedding planes. Where several swallow holes coalesce, a larger hollow is formed and is called a Doline.
Several Dolines may merge as a result of subsidence to form long, narrow to wide trenches called Valley sinks or Uvala.
Gradually, most of the surface of the limestone is eaten away by these pits and trenches, leaving it extremely irregular with a maze of points, grooves, and ridges or Ladies. Especially, these ridges or lapses form due to differential solution activity along parallel to sub-parallel joints. The lapie field may eventually turn into somewhat smooth limestone pavements.
Solution (b)
Erosional Landforms by Groundwater on the surface of the limestone are numerous shallow holes, which are small depressions carved out by solution where rainwater sinks into the limestone at a point of weakness. They are also known as sinkholes.
Once the water has sunk into the limestone, it etches out caverns and passages along joints or bedding planes. Where several swallow holes coalesce, a larger hollow is formed and is called a Doline.
Several Dolines may merge as a result of subsidence to form long, narrow to wide trenches called Valley sinks or Uvala.
Gradually, most of the surface of the limestone is eaten away by these pits and trenches, leaving it extremely irregular with a maze of points, grooves, and ridges or Ladies. Especially, these ridges or lapses form due to differential solution activity along parallel to sub-parallel joints. The lapie field may eventually turn into somewhat smooth limestone pavements.
“Volcanism as an endogenic process includes the movement of molten rocks (magma) onto or towards the earth’s surface.” In this context, Consider the following statements.
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Incorrect |
Volcanism includes the movement of molten rocks (magma) onto or towards the earth’s surface and also the formation of many intrusive and extrusive volcanic forms. When magma in its upward movement cools and turns into solid form, it is called igneous rock. The process of cooling and solidification can happen in the earth’s crust or on the surface of the earth. | If molten material is cooled slowly at great depths, mineral grains may be very large.
In contrast, Sudden cooling at the surface results in small and smooth grains because of the interaction with atmospheric cooling. |
Acidic lava is viscous is lighter in colour and has higher silica content. Basic lava is non-viscous, is darker in colour and has lower silica content. |
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Incorrect |
Volcanism includes the movement of molten rocks (magma) onto or towards the earth’s surface and also the formation of many intrusive and extrusive volcanic forms. When magma in its upward movement cools and turns into solid form, it is called igneous rock. The process of cooling and solidification can happen in the earth’s crust or on the surface of the earth. | If molten material is cooled slowly at great depths, mineral grains may be very large.
In contrast, Sudden cooling at the surface results in small and smooth grains because of the interaction with atmospheric cooling. |
Acidic lava is viscous is lighter in colour and has higher silica content. Basic lava is non-viscous, is darker in colour and has lower silica content. |
A fold mountain usually displays more than one type of fold. Anticlines and synclines are the most common up-and-down folds that result from compression
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Solution (c)
A fold mountain usually displays more than one type of fold. Anticlines and synclines are the most common up-and-down folds that result from compression. An anticline has a ∩-shape, with the oldest rocks in the center of the fold. A syncline is a U-shape, with the youngest rocks in the center of the fold.
Solution (c)
A fold mountain usually displays more than one type of fold. Anticlines and synclines are the most common up-and-down folds that result from compression. An anticline has a ∩-shape, with the oldest rocks in the center of the fold. A syncline is a U-shape, with the youngest rocks in the center of the fold.
Which of the following are the applications of Metagenomics?
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (c)
Statement Analysis:
Its applications are:
Solution (c)
Statement Analysis:
Its applications are:
Consider the following statements regarding Aditya L1 Mission:
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (b)
The major objectives of Aditya-L1 mission are:
Solution (b)
The major objectives of Aditya-L1 mission are:
Consider the following statements:
Statement I:
Matangini Hazra was an Indian revolutionary who was known as “Gandhi Buri”.
Statement II:
She participated in the Non-Cooperation movement in 1932 and was arrested for her role in the Salt Satyagraha movement.
Which one of the following is correct with respect to the above statements?
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
Consider the following statements about the Luna 25 Mission:
Choose the correct code:
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
The Digital Personal Data Protection Act has come into effect in August 2023. This happened after years of deliberations and changes since the need for a privacy law was articulated in the landmark 2017 judgment of?
Solution (a)
The initial Digital Personal Data Protection Bill was prepared and delivered to the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) by an expert committee headed by Supreme Court Justice B.N. Srikrishna in 2018.
This happened after a year of deliberations and changes since the need for a privacy law was articulated in the landmark 2017 judgment of Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India. In the ruling, the Supreme Court bench held privacy as a fundamental right protected under Article 21 of the constitution.
Solution (a)
The initial Digital Personal Data Protection Bill was prepared and delivered to the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) by an expert committee headed by Supreme Court Justice B.N. Srikrishna in 2018.
This happened after a year of deliberations and changes since the need for a privacy law was articulated in the landmark 2017 judgment of Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India. In the ruling, the Supreme Court bench held privacy as a fundamental right protected under Article 21 of the constitution.
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) has three components – food and beverages, fuel, and core inflation. Which of the following is the correct order based on their weightage in the CPI?
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
Consider the following statements:
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
The “Handbook on Combating Gender Stereotypes” is launched by the?
Solution (d)
The “Handbook on Combating Gender Stereotypes” is launched by the Supreme Court of India. It aims to free the judiciary and the legal community from the mechanical application of gender-stereotypical language in judgments, orders, and court pleadings. It assists judges and the legal community in identifying, understanding, and combating stereotypes about women. Hence option d is correct.
Solution (d)
The “Handbook on Combating Gender Stereotypes” is launched by the Supreme Court of India. It aims to free the judiciary and the legal community from the mechanical application of gender-stereotypical language in judgments, orders, and court pleadings. It assists judges and the legal community in identifying, understanding, and combating stereotypes about women. Hence option d is correct.
Consider the following statements about the PM Vishwakarma Scheme:
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
Consider the following statements about the PM-eBus Sewa Scheme:
Choose the correct code:
Solution (a)
Solution (a)
Two friends Ram and Sham live 10 km apart from each other. They start from their homes at the same time on their cycles and ride towards each other. Ram travels at speed of 8 kmph and Sham at the speed of 12 kmph. How far does Sham travel before they meet?
Solution (d)
Ram travelled 4km before they meet each other.
Step-by-step explanation: In reference to the below image: Let’s suppose, Ram and Shyam meet at a point that is x km away from Ram and as the total distance between them is 10 km , so they meet 10-x km away from Shyam.
Therefore, according to the formula:
Time = Distance/Speed
Since both Ram and Shyam meet at the same time, hence we equalize the time taken by both to meet.
x/8 = 10-x/12
On solving, 12x = 80 -8x
X=4 km
Solution (d)
Ram travelled 4km before they meet each other.
Step-by-step explanation: In reference to the below image: Let’s suppose, Ram and Shyam meet at a point that is x km away from Ram and as the total distance between them is 10 km , so they meet 10-x km away from Shyam.
Therefore, according to the formula:
Time = Distance/Speed
Since both Ram and Shyam meet at the same time, hence we equalize the time taken by both to meet.
x/8 = 10-x/12
On solving, 12x = 80 -8x
X=4 km
A man inherits 4325 gold coins and divides them among his three sons viz. A, B and C in a certain ratio. Out of the total coins received by each of them, A donates 40 coins, B donates 20 and C donates 30 coins. Now, the ratio of coins left with them is 41:34:46. How many coins are with A now?
Solution (d)
Let the coins with A, B and C after they have donated be 41x, 34x and 46x respectively.
Total coins with A before donation = 41x + 40
Total coins with B before donation = 34x + 20
Total coins with C before donation = 46x + 30.
Total coins with the father = 4325
So, 41x + 40 + 34x + 20 + 46x + 30 = 4325 Or 121x = 4235 Or x = 35.
Coins with A now = 41x = 1435
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.
Solution (d)
Let the coins with A, B and C after they have donated be 41x, 34x and 46x respectively.
Total coins with A before donation = 41x + 40
Total coins with B before donation = 34x + 20
Total coins with C before donation = 46x + 30.
Total coins with the father = 4325
So, 41x + 40 + 34x + 20 + 46x + 30 = 4325 Or 121x = 4235 Or x = 35.
Coins with A now = 41x = 1435
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.
In a race of 100 m, A beats B by 19 m and beats C by 10 m. By how many meters would C beat B in another 100 m race assuming C and B run with their respective speeds as in the earlier race?
Solution (b)
A beats B by 19 m in the 100 m race.
Thus when A completes 100 m, B only completes 81 m. again, A beats C by 10 m in 100 m race. Thus when A completes 100 m, C only completes 90 m.
Time taken by A to complete 100 m = time taken by B to complete 81 m = time taken by C to complete 90 m.
Let the time taken by B to complete 81 m = 10 seconds then C will also complete 90 m in 10 seconds
Speed of C = distance covered by C time taken = 90/10 = 9 m/s
Speed of B = distance covered by B time taken = 81/10 = 8.1 m/s
Time taken by C to run 100 m = distance to cover speed = 100/9 = 100/9 seconds
Distance covered by B in 10 seconds = speed of B x time taken = 8.1 x (100/9) = 90 m
∴ In the second race, C beats B by 10 m or When A covers 100 m, B can cover 81 m and C can cover 90 m.
When B covers 81 m, C can cover 90 m.
When B covers X m, C can cover 100 m ratio of distance covered by B and C in same time will be same
Thus, 81/90 = X/100 ->X = (81 x 100)/90 = 90 m
∴In a hundred meter race, B beats C by 10 m.
Solution (b)
A beats B by 19 m in the 100 m race.
Thus when A completes 100 m, B only completes 81 m. again, A beats C by 10 m in 100 m race. Thus when A completes 100 m, C only completes 90 m.
Time taken by A to complete 100 m = time taken by B to complete 81 m = time taken by C to complete 90 m.
Let the time taken by B to complete 81 m = 10 seconds then C will also complete 90 m in 10 seconds
Speed of C = distance covered by C time taken = 90/10 = 9 m/s
Speed of B = distance covered by B time taken = 81/10 = 8.1 m/s
Time taken by C to run 100 m = distance to cover speed = 100/9 = 100/9 seconds
Distance covered by B in 10 seconds = speed of B x time taken = 8.1 x (100/9) = 90 m
∴ In the second race, C beats B by 10 m or When A covers 100 m, B can cover 81 m and C can cover 90 m.
When B covers 81 m, C can cover 90 m.
When B covers X m, C can cover 100 m ratio of distance covered by B and C in same time will be same
Thus, 81/90 = X/100 ->X = (81 x 100)/90 = 90 m
∴In a hundred meter race, B beats C by 10 m.
When in each box 5 or 6 dozens of apples were packed, three dozens were left. Therefore, bigger boxes were taken to pack 8 or 9 dozens of apples. However, still three dozens of apples remained. What was the least number of dozens of apples to be packed?
Solution (b)
Required number of apples = (LCM of 5, 6, 8, 9) + 3 LCM of 5, 6, 8, 9 is
From above calculation, LCM = 2 x 3 x 5 x 4 x 3 = 360 Hence, required numbers of apples in dozens = 360 + 3 = 363 dozens.
Solution (b)
Required number of apples = (LCM of 5, 6, 8, 9) + 3 LCM of 5, 6, 8, 9 is
From above calculation, LCM = 2 x 3 x 5 x 4 x 3 = 360 Hence, required numbers of apples in dozens = 360 + 3 = 363 dozens.
Suman, a mathematician, divides Rs. 60 among his two sons in such a way that the sum of the reciprocal of the amounts received by sons is 3/25. What amount did the son who got the higher amount receive?
Solution (a)
Let the amounts received the two sons be Rs. x and (60 –x) respectively.
According to the question,
1/x + 1/(60-x) = 3/25
Or 25 × 60 = 3x (60- x)
Or 25 × 20 = x (60-x)
Or 50 × 10 = x(60-x)
This equation satisfies for the values 50 and 10. So, the son who got higher amount received Rs. 50.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
Solution (a)
Let the amounts received the two sons be Rs. x and (60 –x) respectively.
According to the question,
1/x + 1/(60-x) = 3/25
Or 25 × 60 = 3x (60- x)
Or 25 × 20 = x (60-x)
Or 50 × 10 = x(60-x)
This equation satisfies for the values 50 and 10. So, the son who got higher amount received Rs. 50.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
All the Best
IASbaba