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The following Test is based on the syllabus of 60 Days Plan-2023 for UPSC IAS Prelims 2022.
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Consider the following statements regarding demographic transition theory:
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Incorrect |
Demographic transition theory can be used to describe and predict the future population of any area. | The theory tells us that the population of any region changes from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths as society progresses from rural agrarian and illiterate to urban industrial and literate society. These changes occur in the stages which are collectively known as the demographic cycle. | Three Stage demographic transition theory:
The first stage has high fertility and high mortality because people produce more to compensate for the deaths due to epidemics and variable food supply. The population growth is slow and most of the people are engaged in agriculture where large families are an asset. Life expectancy is low, people are mostly illiterate and have low levels of technology. Second Stage: The fertility rate remains high at the beginning of the second stage but it declines with time. This is accompanied by a reduced mortality rate. Improvements in sanitation and health conditions lead to a decline in mortality. Because of this gap, the net addition to the population is high. In the last stage, both fertility and mortality decline considerably. The population is either stable or grows slowly. The population becomes urbanized, literate and has the high technical know-how, and deliberately controls the family size. |
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Incorrect |
Demographic transition theory can be used to describe and predict the future population of any area. | The theory tells us that the population of any region changes from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths as society progresses from rural agrarian and illiterate to urban industrial and literate society. These changes occur in the stages which are collectively known as the demographic cycle. | Three Stage demographic transition theory:
The first stage has high fertility and high mortality because people produce more to compensate for the deaths due to epidemics and variable food supply. The population growth is slow and most of the people are engaged in agriculture where large families are an asset. Life expectancy is low, people are mostly illiterate and have low levels of technology. Second Stage: The fertility rate remains high at the beginning of the second stage but it declines with time. This is accompanied by a reduced mortality rate. Improvements in sanitation and health conditions lead to a decline in mortality. Because of this gap, the net addition to the population is high. In the last stage, both fertility and mortality decline considerably. The population is either stable or grows slowly. The population becomes urbanized, literate and has the high technical know-how, and deliberately controls the family size. |
Which of the following statements is/ are correct regarding different forms of Urbanization?
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Solution (a)
Urbanization
Urbanization means the increase in the proportion population of a country who lives in urban areas. The most important cause of urbanization is rural-urban migration.
Statement 1 | Statement 2 |
Correct | Incorrect |
The term conurbation was coined by Patrick Geddes in 1915 and applied to a large area of urban development that resulted from the merging of originally separate towns | Counter-urbanization is a process involving the movement of population away from inner urban areas to a new town, a new estate, a commuter town or a village on the edge or just beyond the city limits or rural-urban fringe. |
Solution (a)
Urbanization
Urbanization means the increase in the proportion population of a country who lives in urban areas. The most important cause of urbanization is rural-urban migration.
Statement 1 | Statement 2 |
Correct | Incorrect |
The term conurbation was coined by Patrick Geddes in 1915 and applied to a large area of urban development that resulted from the merging of originally separate towns | Counter-urbanization is a process involving the movement of population away from inner urban areas to a new town, a new estate, a commuter town or a village on the edge or just beyond the city limits or rural-urban fringe. |
Which among the following is/ are the indicator(s) used in calculating the Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index?
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Solution (d)
Multi-dimensional Poverty Index The Multi-dimensional Poverty Index(MPI) has been developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) for the United Nations Development Programme .
It is composed of ten indicators.
Years of schooling and child enrollment (education); Child mortality and nutrition (health)
Electricity, flooring, drinking water, sanitation, cooking fuel and assets (standard of living).
Each education and health indicator has a 1/6 weight, each standard.
So all the above-mentioned indicators are used in the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
Solution (d)
Multi-dimensional Poverty Index The Multi-dimensional Poverty Index(MPI) has been developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) for the United Nations Development Programme .
It is composed of ten indicators.
Years of schooling and child enrollment (education); Child mortality and nutrition (health)
Electricity, flooring, drinking water, sanitation, cooking fuel and assets (standard of living).
Each education and health indicator has a 1/6 weight, each standard.
So all the above-mentioned indicators are used in the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
There are various problems associated with urbanisation in India. So, which of the following recommendations can be incorporated for mitigating the adverse effects of urbanization in India?
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Solution (b)
Urbanization
According to the census 2011 data 31% of the total population of India lives in urban areas. About 60% population of the country will live in cities by 2050 at current India’s rate of urbanization.
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 | Statement 5 |
Correct | Incorrect | Correct | Correct | Incorrect |
The use of geographical information system to map all the properties in a city can have a huge impact on the assessment rate of properties that are not in the tax net | Populist policies instead worsen the adverse effects of urbanization | Municipal bonds are also famous, which work on the concept of pooled financing. | There is a need to broaden the user charge fee for water supply, sewerage and garbage disposal. For financing urban projects | The decentralized approach has proven to be helpful in mitigating the adverse impacts of urbanization. |
Solution (b)
Urbanization
According to the census 2011 data 31% of the total population of India lives in urban areas. About 60% population of the country will live in cities by 2050 at current India’s rate of urbanization.
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 | Statement 5 |
Correct | Incorrect | Correct | Correct | Incorrect |
The use of geographical information system to map all the properties in a city can have a huge impact on the assessment rate of properties that are not in the tax net | Populist policies instead worsen the adverse effects of urbanization | Municipal bonds are also famous, which work on the concept of pooled financing. | There is a need to broaden the user charge fee for water supply, sewerage and garbage disposal. For financing urban projects | The decentralized approach has proven to be helpful in mitigating the adverse impacts of urbanization. |
Consider the following statements:
The above statements represent which of the following type of rural settlements in India?
Solution (d)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | Incorrect | Correct |
Hamletted Settlements: Sometimes settlement is fragmented into several units physically separated from each other bearing a common name.
These units are locally called Panna, Para, Palli, Nagla, Dhani, etc. in various parts of the country. |
Dispersed or isolated settlement pattern in India appears in the form of isolated huts or hamlets of few huts in remote jungles, or on small hills with farms or pasture on the slopes. Extreme dispersion of settlement is often caused by the extremely fragmented nature of the terrain and land resource base of habitable areas. | Semi-clustered or fragmented settlements may result from tendency of clustering in a restricted area of dispersed settlement.
More often such a pattern may also result from the segregation or fragmentation of a large compact village. |
The clustered rural settlement is a compact or closely built-up area of houses. In this type of village, the general living area is distinct and separated from the surrounding farms, barns and pastures. The closely built-up area and its intervening streets present some recognizable pattern or geometric shape, such as rectangular, radial, linear, etc. Such settlements are generally found in fertile alluvial plains and in the northeastern states.
Sometimes, people live in a compact village for security or defence reasons, such as in the Bundelkhand region of central India and in Nagaland In Rajasthan, scarcity of water has necessitated compact settlement for maximum utilization of available water resources. |
Solution (d)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | Incorrect | Correct |
Hamletted Settlements: Sometimes settlement is fragmented into several units physically separated from each other bearing a common name.
These units are locally called Panna, Para, Palli, Nagla, Dhani, etc. in various parts of the country. |
Dispersed or isolated settlement pattern in India appears in the form of isolated huts or hamlets of few huts in remote jungles, or on small hills with farms or pasture on the slopes. Extreme dispersion of settlement is often caused by the extremely fragmented nature of the terrain and land resource base of habitable areas. | Semi-clustered or fragmented settlements may result from tendency of clustering in a restricted area of dispersed settlement.
More often such a pattern may also result from the segregation or fragmentation of a large compact village. |
The clustered rural settlement is a compact or closely built-up area of houses. In this type of village, the general living area is distinct and separated from the surrounding farms, barns and pastures. The closely built-up area and its intervening streets present some recognizable pattern or geometric shape, such as rectangular, radial, linear, etc. Such settlements are generally found in fertile alluvial plains and in the northeastern states.
Sometimes, people live in a compact village for security or defence reasons, such as in the Bundelkhand region of central India and in Nagaland In Rajasthan, scarcity of water has necessitated compact settlement for maximum utilization of available water resources. |
Which of the following is/are push factors for migration?
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Solution (a)
Statement 1 and Statement 2 | Statement 3 and Statement 4 |
Correct | Incorrect |
Push factors are negative things that make people want to move to a new area. Reasons include less economic opportunities, poor living conditions, political turmoil, unpleasant climate, epidemics, natural disasters, etc. | Pull factors are positive aspects that attract people to move to a place. It includes better job opportunities and living conditions, peace and stability, security of life and property, and a pleasant climate. |
Solution (a)
Statement 1 and Statement 2 | Statement 3 and Statement 4 |
Correct | Incorrect |
Push factors are negative things that make people want to move to a new area. Reasons include less economic opportunities, poor living conditions, political turmoil, unpleasant climate, epidemics, natural disasters, etc. | Pull factors are positive aspects that attract people to move to a place. It includes better job opportunities and living conditions, peace and stability, security of life and property, and a pleasant climate. |
Consider the following pairs:
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | Correct |
These types of pyramids are usually found in populations with very large fertility rates and lower-than-average life expectancies. The age-sex distributions of Latin America and many Third World countries would probably display expansive population pyramids. | These pyramids typically reflect populations with a large number of adults and a longer average life expectancy, like those found in the United States and some European countries. | These pyramids usually reflect nations with a very even age/sex distribution. Several European countries fall under this population |
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | Correct |
These types of pyramids are usually found in populations with very large fertility rates and lower-than-average life expectancies. The age-sex distributions of Latin America and many Third World countries would probably display expansive population pyramids. | These pyramids typically reflect populations with a large number of adults and a longer average life expectancy, like those found in the United States and some European countries. | These pyramids usually reflect nations with a very even age/sex distribution. Several European countries fall under this population |
Which of the following statements is/ are correct regarding the Census of India Act, 1948?
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (c)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Correct |
Census of India Act, 1948 It gives the central government powers to notify a date for census and to ask for the service of any citizen for census work. The act lays down those services of any citizen can be requisitioned for census work | The Census of India Act, 1948 obligatory on every person occupying a house, enclosure etc. to allow access to census officers, It makes it compulsory for every citizen of a country to answer the questions as a part of census truthfully and honestly. | It has provisions for penalties to punish false answers or not giving answers to the census questionnaire. According to it, the census records are not to be inspected and also, they are not admissible as evidence. |
Solution (c)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Correct |
Census of India Act, 1948 It gives the central government powers to notify a date for census and to ask for the service of any citizen for census work. The act lays down those services of any citizen can be requisitioned for census work | The Census of India Act, 1948 obligatory on every person occupying a house, enclosure etc. to allow access to census officers, It makes it compulsory for every citizen of a country to answer the questions as a part of census truthfully and honestly. | It has provisions for penalties to punish false answers or not giving answers to the census questionnaire. According to it, the census records are not to be inspected and also, they are not admissible as evidence. |
Which of the following is/are the government deficits in urban governance?
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Solution (d)
According to the World Bank, the challenges in urban governance have arisen from the following governance deficits:
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Correct | Correct | Correct | Correct |
Empowerment deficit:
Limited, overlapping and fragmented functional assignments resulting in unclear accountability at the city level. |
Resource deficit:
Limited revenue-generation powers and inappropriately targeted intergovernmental transfers resulting in inadequate local government financial resources |
Delivery deficit:
Insufficient provision and maintenance of municipal services and networks. |
Accountability deficit:
Despite elections and the right to information, transparency structures, roles and mandates are unclear.
|
Solution (d)
According to the World Bank, the challenges in urban governance have arisen from the following governance deficits:
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Correct | Correct | Correct | Correct |
Empowerment deficit:
Limited, overlapping and fragmented functional assignments resulting in unclear accountability at the city level. |
Resource deficit:
Limited revenue-generation powers and inappropriately targeted intergovernmental transfers resulting in inadequate local government financial resources |
Delivery deficit:
Insufficient provision and maintenance of municipal services and networks. |
Accountability deficit:
Despite elections and the right to information, transparency structures, roles and mandates are unclear.
|
Consider the following pairs:
Age sex pyramid – Representative Population
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
Solution (a)
Age-Sex Pyramid:
The age-sex structure of a population refers to the number of females and males in different age groups. A population pyramid is used to show the age-sex structure of the population. The shape of the population pyramid reflects the characteristics of the population. The left side shows the percentage of males while the right side shows the percentage of women in each age group.
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Incorrect | Incorrect |
Expanding Populations:
The age-sex pyramid of Nigeria for example is a triangular shaped pyramid with a wide base and is typical of less developed countries. These have larger populations in lower age groups due to high birth rates. Ex: Bangladesh and Mexico etc. |
Constant Population:
In the case of Australia age-sex pyramid is bell shaped and tapered towards the top. This shows birth and death rates are almost equal leading to a near constant population. |
Declining Populations:
The Japan pyramid has a narrow base and a tapered top showing low birth and death rates. The population growth in developed countries is usually zero or negative. |
Solution (a)
Age-Sex Pyramid:
The age-sex structure of a population refers to the number of females and males in different age groups. A population pyramid is used to show the age-sex structure of the population. The shape of the population pyramid reflects the characteristics of the population. The left side shows the percentage of males while the right side shows the percentage of women in each age group.
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Incorrect | Incorrect |
Expanding Populations:
The age-sex pyramid of Nigeria for example is a triangular shaped pyramid with a wide base and is typical of less developed countries. These have larger populations in lower age groups due to high birth rates. Ex: Bangladesh and Mexico etc. |
Constant Population:
In the case of Australia age-sex pyramid is bell shaped and tapered towards the top. This shows birth and death rates are almost equal leading to a near constant population. |
Declining Populations:
The Japan pyramid has a narrow base and a tapered top showing low birth and death rates. The population growth in developed countries is usually zero or negative. |
Majority of the population in India resides in rural areas. In this context consider the following statements associated with the concept of Rural settlements:
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (c)
As per the census, 2011 data about 69% of the total population in India resides in rural areas. Rural settlements are of 3 types: Compact, Semi-compact and dispersed.
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Correct |
Dispersed settlements are generally found in hills, plateaus and grasslands.
These are found in areas where it is essential that the farmer should live on his own land. Overpopulation is one of the reasons for dispersed settlement. |
Compact settlement is based on farming. These are mostly found in highly productive alluvial plains like Indo-Gangetic Plains, the Hwang Ho Valley and the Nile valley.
|
Socio-cultural factors like the caste structure of the people living in a village and the functional needs of the people also have a close bearing on the shapes and size of rural settlements. |
Solution (c)
As per the census, 2011 data about 69% of the total population in India resides in rural areas. Rural settlements are of 3 types: Compact, Semi-compact and dispersed.
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Correct |
Dispersed settlements are generally found in hills, plateaus and grasslands.
These are found in areas where it is essential that the farmer should live on his own land. Overpopulation is one of the reasons for dispersed settlement. |
Compact settlement is based on farming. These are mostly found in highly productive alluvial plains like Indo-Gangetic Plains, the Hwang Ho Valley and the Nile valley.
|
Socio-cultural factors like the caste structure of the people living in a village and the functional needs of the people also have a close bearing on the shapes and size of rural settlements. |
Which of the following statements best represents the features and pattern of Indian urbanization?
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (c)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Correct |
Following are the some basic feature of Urbanization in India:
Lopsided urbanization induces the growth of class I cities. Urbanization occurs without industrialization and a strong economic base. Urbanization is mainly a product of demographic explosion and poverty-induced rural-urban migration. Rapid urbanization leads to the massive growth of slums followed by misery, poverty, unemployment, exploitation, inequalities, and degradation in the quality of urban life. Urbanization occurs not due to urban pull but due to rural push. Poor quality of rural-urban migration leads to poor quality of urbanization. Distress migration initiates urban decay. |
The decadal growth of 2001-11 suggests that there has been 31.80% growth in the urban population in contrast to only 12.18% in the rural population during the same time. This high urban growth is attributed to the large-scale rural-urban migration. | Statement 3 is correct: In terms of the absolute number of persons living in urban areas, Maharashtra continues to lead with 50.8 million persons which comprise 13.5 per cent of the total urban population of the country.
Uttar Pradesh accounts for about 44.4 million, followed by Tamil Nadu at 34.9 million |
Solution (c)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Correct |
Following are the some basic feature of Urbanization in India:
Lopsided urbanization induces the growth of class I cities. Urbanization occurs without industrialization and a strong economic base. Urbanization is mainly a product of demographic explosion and poverty-induced rural-urban migration. Rapid urbanization leads to the massive growth of slums followed by misery, poverty, unemployment, exploitation, inequalities, and degradation in the quality of urban life. Urbanization occurs not due to urban pull but due to rural push. Poor quality of rural-urban migration leads to poor quality of urbanization. Distress migration initiates urban decay. |
The decadal growth of 2001-11 suggests that there has been 31.80% growth in the urban population in contrast to only 12.18% in the rural population during the same time. This high urban growth is attributed to the large-scale rural-urban migration. | Statement 3 is correct: In terms of the absolute number of persons living in urban areas, Maharashtra continues to lead with 50.8 million persons which comprise 13.5 per cent of the total urban population of the country.
Uttar Pradesh accounts for about 44.4 million, followed by Tamil Nadu at 34.9 million |
Consider the following pairs related to rural settlement patterns:
Settlement pattern Regions found
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Correct | Incorrect |
Linear pattern:
In such settlement’s houses are located along a road, railway line, river, canal edge of a valley or along a levee. |
Rectangular area:
Such patterns of rural settlements are found in plain areas, agricultural area and wide intermontane valleys. The roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angles. |
Radial Pattern:
In this type, a number of streets converge in one centre which may be a source of water (pond, well), a temple or mosque, a centre of commercial activity or simply an open space. |
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Correct | Incorrect |
Linear pattern:
In such settlement’s houses are located along a road, railway line, river, canal edge of a valley or along a levee. |
Rectangular area:
Such patterns of rural settlements are found in plain areas, agricultural area and wide intermontane valleys. The roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angles. |
Radial Pattern:
In this type, a number of streets converge in one centre which may be a source of water (pond, well), a temple or mosque, a centre of commercial activity or simply an open space. |
India is home to the three big religions of the world: Hindu, Islam and Christianity, and ‘other religions. In light of this, consider the following statements:
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | Correct |
India has the 2nd percentage of the Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. 13% live in Indonesia and 11% live in India. | 3 countries India, Mauritius and Nepal together have 97% of the Hindu population of the world. One interesting fact is that Nepal’s 81.3% population is Hindu while India’s 80.5% population is Hindu. | India has the largest share of all members of other religions of the world (47%) including Sikhs and Jains. |
Solution (a)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | Correct |
India has the 2nd percentage of the Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. 13% live in Indonesia and 11% live in India. | 3 countries India, Mauritius and Nepal together have 97% of the Hindu population of the world. One interesting fact is that Nepal’s 81.3% population is Hindu while India’s 80.5% population is Hindu. | India has the largest share of all members of other religions of the world (47%) including Sikhs and Jains. |
Which of the following pairs of tribes is/are correctly matched?
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | Correct | Correct |
Malasar Tribe – Kerala
Malasar is a designated Scheduled Tribe in the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The Malasar are one of the earliest known inhabitants of the Western Ghats, in Anaimalai Hills. Malasar is an unclassified Southern Dravidian language spoken by a Scheduled tribe of India. |
Jatapu Tribe – Andhra Pradesh
The Jatapu people are designated Scheduled Tribe in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha Jatapus are an Adivasi tribe and are traditionally pastoral farmers. Through acculturation, the Jatapus speak Telugu and have in many ways adopted the culture of the surrounding Telugu people. |
PahadiKorva tribes
Chattisgarh The Korwa people are a Munda, a Scheduled Tribe ethnic group of India. They live mainly on the border between Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. A small number of Korwa are also found in the Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh. The Government has implemented several facilities for them, such as roads to their settlements, boys’ hostels for education, providing agricultural aid, etc. They are a hunter-gatherer community. The tribe is divided into several subdivisions: the Agaria, Dandh, Dil and Pahadi Koreas |
Asur tribe
Jharkhand Asur people are a very small Austroasiatic ethnic group living primarily in the Indian state of Jharkhand, mostly in the Gumla, Lohardaga, Palamu and Latehar districts. They speak Asur language, which belongs to Munda family of Austro-asiatic languages |
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | Correct | Correct |
Malasar Tribe – Kerala
Malasar is a designated Scheduled Tribe in the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The Malasar are one of the earliest known inhabitants of the Western Ghats, in Anaimalai Hills. Malasar is an unclassified Southern Dravidian language spoken by a Scheduled tribe of India. |
Jatapu Tribe – Andhra Pradesh
The Jatapu people are designated Scheduled Tribe in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha Jatapus are an Adivasi tribe and are traditionally pastoral farmers. Through acculturation, the Jatapus speak Telugu and have in many ways adopted the culture of the surrounding Telugu people. |
PahadiKorva tribes
Chattisgarh The Korwa people are a Munda, a Scheduled Tribe ethnic group of India. They live mainly on the border between Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. A small number of Korwa are also found in the Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh. The Government has implemented several facilities for them, such as roads to their settlements, boys’ hostels for education, providing agricultural aid, etc. They are a hunter-gatherer community. The tribe is divided into several subdivisions: the Agaria, Dandh, Dil and Pahadi Koreas |
Asur tribe
Jharkhand Asur people are a very small Austroasiatic ethnic group living primarily in the Indian state of Jharkhand, mostly in the Gumla, Lohardaga, Palamu and Latehar districts. They speak Asur language, which belongs to Munda family of Austro-asiatic languages |
Consider the following statements concerning mineral reserves in India
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Incorrect |
Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal(mostly bituminous) metallic minerals, mica, and many other non-metallic minerals. | Sedimentary rocks on the Western and Eastern flanks of the peninsula, in Gujarat and Assam, have most of the petroleum deposits.
In Assam petroleum reserves can be found around the Digboi region and Ankleshwar and Khambhat are two major areas in western India. |
The vast alluvial plains of North India are almost devoid of economic minerals.
These variations exist largely because of the differences in the geological structure, processes, and time involved in the formation of minerals. Also the alluvial plains being the youngest geological structure keeps getting covered with alluvium leaving very little scope for Mineral formation. |
Solution (b)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Incorrect |
Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal(mostly bituminous) metallic minerals, mica, and many other non-metallic minerals. | Sedimentary rocks on the Western and Eastern flanks of the peninsula, in Gujarat and Assam, have most of the petroleum deposits.
In Assam petroleum reserves can be found around the Digboi region and Ankleshwar and Khambhat are two major areas in western India. |
The vast alluvial plains of North India are almost devoid of economic minerals.
These variations exist largely because of the differences in the geological structure, processes, and time involved in the formation of minerals. Also the alluvial plains being the youngest geological structure keeps getting covered with alluvium leaving very little scope for Mineral formation. |
The process of ‘sub-urbanisation’ is related to:
Solution (c)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | Correct | Incorrect |
This is referred to as Ghettoization.
This refers to an isolated and underprivileged urban area. It refers to the segregation/isolation of a group and placement of that group into a figurative or literal position of little power which leads to mushrooming if urban settlements. |
A gated community (or walled community) is a form of residential community or housing estate containing strictly controlled entrances for pedestrians, bicycles, and automobiles, and often characterized by a closed perimeter of walls and fences. | Sub Urbanisation is a new trend of people moving away from congested urban areas to cleaner
areas outside the city in search of a better quality of living. Important suburbs develop around major cities and everyday thousands of people commute from their homes in the suburbs to their work places in the city. Like in case of Delhi, people residing in Gautam Buddha Nagar (Noida) and commuting everyday to work in their offices based in Delhi. |
Megalopolis: This Greek word meaning “great city”, was popularised by Jean Gottman (1957) and
signifies ‘super- metropolitan’ region extending, as union of conurbations. The urban landscape stretching from Boston in the north to south of Washington in U.S.A. is the best known example of a megalopolis. |
Solution (c)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Incorrect | Incorrect | Correct | Incorrect |
This is referred to as Ghettoization.
This refers to an isolated and underprivileged urban area. It refers to the segregation/isolation of a group and placement of that group into a figurative or literal position of little power which leads to mushrooming if urban settlements. |
A gated community (or walled community) is a form of residential community or housing estate containing strictly controlled entrances for pedestrians, bicycles, and automobiles, and often characterized by a closed perimeter of walls and fences. | Sub Urbanisation is a new trend of people moving away from congested urban areas to cleaner
areas outside the city in search of a better quality of living. Important suburbs develop around major cities and everyday thousands of people commute from their homes in the suburbs to their work places in the city. Like in case of Delhi, people residing in Gautam Buddha Nagar (Noida) and commuting everyday to work in their offices based in Delhi. |
Megalopolis: This Greek word meaning “great city”, was popularised by Jean Gottman (1957) and
signifies ‘super- metropolitan’ region extending, as union of conurbations. The urban landscape stretching from Boston in the north to south of Washington in U.S.A. is the best known example of a megalopolis. |
Consider the following pairs
Mines Minerals
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Solution (d)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Incorrect | Correct | Incorrect | Incorrect |
The Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt in Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore.
The Kudremukh mines located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka are a 100 percent export unit. Kudremukh deposits are known to be one of the largest in the world. The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangaluru.
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The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, the Khetri mines in Rajasthan and the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading producers of copper. | Sundergarh mines in the state of Odisha is one of the important mines for manganese deposits. | India’s bauxite deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills, and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni |
Solution (d)
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 | Statement 4 |
Incorrect | Correct | Incorrect | Incorrect |
The Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt in Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore.
The Kudremukh mines located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka are a 100 percent export unit. Kudremukh deposits are known to be one of the largest in the world. The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangaluru.
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The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, the Khetri mines in Rajasthan and the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading producers of copper. | Sundergarh mines in the state of Odisha is one of the important mines for manganese deposits. | India’s bauxite deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills, and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni |
Which of the following statements is/are a correct representation of the population density pattern of the world?
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (c)
Population density refers to the ratio of the number of people to the size of land. 95% of the world’s population is concentrated on just 10% of the world’s land.
Arithmetic Density- Total Population of an area divided by the total area of the land they inhabit.
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Correct |
Physiological density = Total population of area divided by total arable land | Northeast USA has a very high population density. While the Southeast specialized in cultivating cash crops (especially cotton) for export to Europe, the Northeast industrialized, and its cities grew rapidly. | The Equator and West Australia represent sparse population density patterns. |
Solution (c)
Population density refers to the ratio of the number of people to the size of land. 95% of the world’s population is concentrated on just 10% of the world’s land.
Arithmetic Density- Total Population of an area divided by the total area of the land they inhabit.
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Correct |
Physiological density = Total population of area divided by total arable land | Northeast USA has a very high population density. While the Southeast specialized in cultivating cash crops (especially cotton) for export to Europe, the Northeast industrialized, and its cities grew rapidly. | The Equator and West Australia represent sparse population density patterns. |
Consider the following statements regarding the ‘Placer deposits’
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (c)
Explanation:
Minerals generally occur in various forms
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Correct |
Placer Deposits minerals occur as alluvial deposits in the sands of valley floors and the base of the hills. | Minerals that form placer deposits have high specific gravity, are chemically resistant to weathering, and are durable. The deposits called ‘placer deposits’ generally contain minerals, which are not corroded by water | The most important among such minerals are such minerals include gold, platinum, cassiterite, magnetite, chromite, ilmenite, rutile, native copper, zircon, monazite, tin and various gemstones.
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Solution (c)
Explanation:
Minerals generally occur in various forms
Statement 1 | Statement 2 | Statement 3 |
Correct | Correct | Correct |
Placer Deposits minerals occur as alluvial deposits in the sands of valley floors and the base of the hills. | Minerals that form placer deposits have high specific gravity, are chemically resistant to weathering, and are durable. The deposits called ‘placer deposits’ generally contain minerals, which are not corroded by water | The most important among such minerals are such minerals include gold, platinum, cassiterite, magnetite, chromite, ilmenite, rutile, native copper, zircon, monazite, tin and various gemstones.
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Which of the following is correct regarding the ‘Wheat Blast Disease’ (WB)?
Solution (b)
Wheat blast disease is a highly destructive fungal infection that primarily affects wheat crops. It is caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT). It poses a significant threat to food security and safety, particularly in tropical regions of South America and South Asia. Hence option b is correct.
Solution (b)
Wheat blast disease is a highly destructive fungal infection that primarily affects wheat crops. It is caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT). It poses a significant threat to food security and safety, particularly in tropical regions of South America and South Asia. Hence option b is correct.
Consider the following statements regarding the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976:
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (d)
The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 made the following provisions:
Hence option d is correct.
Solution (d)
The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 made the following provisions:
Hence option d is correct.
Consider the following statements regarding the Cassini Spacecraft:
Choose the correct code:
Solution (a)
Solution (a)
Consider the following statements regarding the Baltic Sea:
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
Consider the following statements regarding Micellar Water:
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (c)
Solution (c)
Consider the following statements regarding the National Generic Document Registration System:
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
Consider the following statements regarding ‘Brumation’:
How many of the above statements are correct?
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
Consider the following statements:
Choose the correct code:
Solution (d)
Solution (d)
Consider the following statements regarding ‘Hastsal Minar’:
Choose the correct code:
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
It is the smallest tiger reserve in India by area located in the Wardha District of Maharashtra. It is a wildlife sanctuary which was declared a tiger reserve in July 2014.
The above paragraph is related to which tiger reserve?
Solution (a)
Bor Tiger Reserve is the smallest tiger reserve in India by area located in the Wardha District of Maharashtra. It is a wildlife sanctuary which was declared a tiger reserve in July 2014. It is centrally located among several other Bengal Tiger habitats. Towards the northeast lies the Pench Tiger Reserve, towards the east is Nagzira Navegaon Tiger Reserve, and to the southeast is Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary. The Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve is located to the southeast, the Melghat Tiger Reserve stands to the west, and the Satpura Tiger Reserve lies to the northwest. The area is populated by dry deciduous forest types. Hence option a is correct.
Solution (a)
Bor Tiger Reserve is the smallest tiger reserve in India by area located in the Wardha District of Maharashtra. It is a wildlife sanctuary which was declared a tiger reserve in July 2014. It is centrally located among several other Bengal Tiger habitats. Towards the northeast lies the Pench Tiger Reserve, towards the east is Nagzira Navegaon Tiger Reserve, and to the southeast is Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary. The Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve is located to the southeast, the Melghat Tiger Reserve stands to the west, and the Satpura Tiger Reserve lies to the northwest. The area is populated by dry deciduous forest types. Hence option a is correct.
A simple mathematical operation with respect to the difference between cube and square in each number results in a sequence 4, 18, 48, 100, 180, 294, ….. . Which one of the following is the next number in the sequence?
Solution (c)
As per the given condition in question:
23 – 22 = 8 – 4 = 4
33 – 32 = 27 – 9 = 18
43 – 42 = 64 – 16 = 48
53 – 52 = 125 – 25 = 100
63 – 62 = 216 – 36 = 180
73 – 72 = 343 – 49 = 294
83 – 82 = 512 – 64 = 448
Next number is 448
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
Solution (c)
As per the given condition in question:
23 – 22 = 8 – 4 = 4
33 – 32 = 27 – 9 = 18
43 – 42 = 64 – 16 = 48
53 – 52 = 125 – 25 = 100
63 – 62 = 216 – 36 = 180
73 – 72 = 343 – 49 = 294
83 – 82 = 512 – 64 = 448
Next number is 448
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
A number n > 7 is divisible by 7 but not divisible by 14. Which one of the following is divisible by 11?
Solution (d)
Given that n is a number greater than 7, and is divisible by 7 but not divisible by 14.
Let n = 21
Now checking with options,
(a) 2n = 2 × 21 = 42, which is not divisible by 11.
(b) 3n = 3 × 21 = 63, which is not divisible by 11.
(c) 2n + 1 = 2 × 21 + 1 = 43, which is not divisible by 11.
(d) 3n + 3 = 3 × 21 + 3 = 66, which is divisible by 11.
Hence, the correct answer is option (d).
Solution (d)
Given that n is a number greater than 7, and is divisible by 7 but not divisible by 14.
Let n = 21
Now checking with options,
(a) 2n = 2 × 21 = 42, which is not divisible by 11.
(b) 3n = 3 × 21 = 63, which is not divisible by 11.
(c) 2n + 1 = 2 × 21 + 1 = 43, which is not divisible by 11.
(d) 3n + 3 = 3 × 21 + 3 = 66, which is divisible by 11.
Hence, the correct answer is option (d).
Consider the following information:
P is a perfect number and numbers a, b, c and d are all the possible factors of number P.
Which of the above is/are true?
Solution (b)
A number for which sum of all its factors is equal to twice the number is called a perfect number.
Solution (b)
A number for which sum of all its factors is equal to twice the number is called a perfect number.
Madhavi’s salary is 75% more than Kamal’s. Madhavi got a raise of 40% on her salary while Kamal got a raise of 25% on her salary. By what percent is Madhavi’s salary more than Kamal’s?
Solution (a)
Let Kamal’s salary = 100; Kamal’s salary after rise = 125
Then Madhavi’s salary = 175
Madhavi’s salary after rise of 40% = 245
[As 10% of Madhavi’s salary is 17.5 then 40% = 17.5 × 4 = 70]
Difference between Madhavi’s salary and Kamal’s salary = 245 – 125 = 120
% more Madhavi’s salary than Kamal’s = ((120*100)/125) = 96%
Solution (a)
Let Kamal’s salary = 100; Kamal’s salary after rise = 125
Then Madhavi’s salary = 175
Madhavi’s salary after rise of 40% = 245
[As 10% of Madhavi’s salary is 17.5 then 40% = 17.5 × 4 = 70]
Difference between Madhavi’s salary and Kamal’s salary = 245 – 125 = 120
% more Madhavi’s salary than Kamal’s = ((120*100)/125) = 96%
The average temperature for Wednesday, Thursday and Friday was 400C. The average for Thursday, Friday and Saturday was 41oC. If temperature on Saturday was 42oC, what was the temperature on Wednesday?
Solution (a)
Average temperature for Wednesday, Thursday and Friday = 40° C
Total temperature = 3 × 40 = 120° C
Average temperature for Thursday, Friday and Saturday = 41° C
Total temperature = 41 × 3 = 123° C
Temperature on Saturday = 42° C
Now,
(Thursday + Friday + Saturday) – (Wednesday + Thursday + Friday) = 123 – 120;
Saturday – Wednesday = 3
Wednesday = 42 – 3 = 39° C
Solution (a)
Average temperature for Wednesday, Thursday and Friday = 40° C
Total temperature = 3 × 40 = 120° C
Average temperature for Thursday, Friday and Saturday = 41° C
Total temperature = 41 × 3 = 123° C
Temperature on Saturday = 42° C
Now,
(Thursday + Friday + Saturday) – (Wednesday + Thursday + Friday) = 123 – 120;
Saturday – Wednesday = 3
Wednesday = 42 – 3 = 39° C
All the Best
IASbaba