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1. Women have been neglected from the top to bottom and length to breadth of administration. Comment critically. 20 marks (300 words)Approach
The question asks to explain, how we have neglected women in every part of the administration. However, in the critical part we have to mention that there is an ongoing change and women are becoming a part and parcel o0f administration nowadays.
From Paper 2
Here, it is easy to bring the examples from the second paper. However, it is necessary to provide examples from the private organizations and other nations of the world in-order to maintain paper specificity.
Introduction
Shirley Chisholm the first African-American women who got elected to the US congress had given a clarion call for women to participate in administration saying “If they don’t give you a seat at the table, you bring the folding chair”. However her words show the intensity of male preference and patriarchy in our administration system.
Body
It is true that from the top to bottom, to the length to breadth of administration women have been neglected.
Ex: The USA is yet to see a female president. In India we had only one female president and one prime minister, and only one women secretary to PM, Sarla Greval.
Further, just 2 to 3% of private organizations have women as the CEOs or the CMDs.
Ex: World Bank in its latest report on ‘Analyzing Female Employment Trends in South Asia’ says that, the real problem behind the low female labour participation rate in India is; the exclusion of women from white-collar clerical and retail sales jobs, which is among the major employment sectors for moderately educated workers.
Ex: Women are not recruited as fighter battalions in most of the militaries of the world. Also, some of the inspector, sub-inspector and constable level jobs in police services are not in the reach of women.
In private organizations, women are least allowed to the Group C and D technical jobs, and are only confined to the front line administration (Pink color jobs).
“Structural organization of the work has proved more inflexible than women ovaries” Rene Almeling, et, al.
Not only in the top-bottom, even in the lengths and breadths of administration, negligence of women visible;
Ex: Indian army, until recent changes, allowed only Short Service Commissions for the women.
Not only in the government departments, but also in the private organizations the women are being sidelined. Private organizations are reluctant to recruit women because some of the stereotypes like, lengthy maternity leaves, not being available for night shifts and others.
However, there are changes being taking place and the women are being treated equal to men in some of the places;
“I am not the women president of Harvard, I am the president of Harvard”- Drew Gilpin Faust.
Conclusion
This changing trend should continue further, as it gives a glimmer of hope that; the world is looking forward for a generation wherein women equal men in all respects. To put it in the words of Peter Mathieson, it must become culturally acceptable for men to tone down their career prospects to allow women to succeed.
2. A strong bureaucracy hinders development, but the development is impossible without bureaucracy. Discuss. 10 marks (150 words)
Approach
Here the questions put forth 2 demands. First one is to explain how a usurpative bureaucracy is detrimental to the development. On the other hand, in the second part we need to discuss how bureaucracy is indispensible for development.
From Paper 2
This question provides plenty of opportunities to bring in content from the second paper. Nevertheless, it provides equal space for the content from paper 1 also.
Introduction
Hans Rosenberg observes that “for the good or evil, the administration and the governance of our society are thoroughly dependent on bureaucracy”. His words indicate that, bureaucracy has become a part and participle of this current world. Weber also stated the same when he said “if fully developed, bureaucracy would become the social structure hardest to destroy”.
Body
But even Weber had an iota of skepticism that there is a great propensity of bureaucracy usurping the political power. And this tendency of bureaucracy can be a road block to the development and good governance. Alfred Daimont also spoke about the usurpative bureaucracy.
Ex: Some rules and policies framed in the secretariat, that straight away go the gazette, without being discussed in the parliament- like erstwhile Aadhaar scheme (before it became a law).
Ex: In a case, a DC of Utter Pradesh hadn’t sanctioned old age pensions to nearly 8000 people in the district. On being asked he said that he was bored to put 8000 signatures, and he also dared the interrogators to complain to anyone on this earth.
However, bureaucracy is indispensable for the development of a society, because of the following reasons;
Ex: the success of some of the developmental schemes like the Unnayan Banka scheme of Bihar, Bolsa Familia of Brazil, Sabooj sathi scheme of West Bengal, etc are owed to an efficient and able bureaucracy.
Joseph Chamberlain a former parliamentarian of UK had said “I have a suspicion that you can live without us, but I have an absolute conviction that we can’t live without you”, while addressing to bureaucrats.
Ex: P N. Haksar was the master brain behind the Garibi hatao. And the efforts of Amar Nath Verma and Rakesh Mohan behind the 1991 economic reforms;
Ex: Parameshwaran Iyer former secretary of Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation was conferred with the Civil Service Award 2019, for his efforts in the implementation of Swachh Bharat Mission, and making our nation an open defecation free.
Conclusion
Hence, from the above discussion we can deduce that, shunning bureaucracy for its usurpative attitude will be akin to throwing the baby with the bath water. That is why, as rightly said by Strauss [“the question is not about how to kill the bureaucracy, but how to tame it”], a balanced approach wherein bureaucracy is controlled and disciplined goes a long way in developing a nation state.
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