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Jul 12, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 12th July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Axiom-4 Mission Category: Science & Technology Context: The Axiom Space said that the crew was making the most of its final days on orbit, pushing forward a wide range of experiments that could shape the future of space exploration and improve life on Earth. About Axiom Mission 4 The mission is a collaboration involving Axiom Space (private company), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), and European Space Agency (ESA). It is the fourth all private astronaut mission to the International Space Station by NASA. It is the first ISS mission featuring government-sponsored astronauts from India, Poland, and Hungary since their respective Interkosmos flights in the 1970s and 1980s. The crew includes members from the USA, India, Poland, and Hungary. The crew members will spend 14 days onboard the ISS conducting microgravity research, technology demonstrations, and outreach engagements. Shubhanshu Shukla will be India’s second national astronaut to go to space since 1984. Rakesh Sharma was the last Indian to go to space when he travelled to space in 1984 onboard the erstwhile Soviet Union’s Soyuz spacecraft. Significance It will enhance understanding of biological processes in microgravity and develop strategies for long-duration space missions. It will further strengthen India’s presence in space and promotes the country’s dedication to contributing to global scientific progress. The scientific experiments will drive significant advancements in space science and technology, inspiring the next generation of Indian scientists and engineers. Source: The Hindu Fertility Rate Category: Geography & Environment Context: Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu has said that the State has a sub-replacement fertility rate of 1.7, which, if unaddressed, can lead to economic slowdown, labour shortage, burden of geriatric care, and widening urban-rural disparities. Key Terminologies: Total Fertility Rate (TFR): The TFR is the average number of children a group of women would have by the end of their reproductive years (ages 15 to 49) if they followed the current fertility rates throughout their lives, assuming no mortality. It is expressed as children per woman. Replacement Level: A TFR of 2.1 is considered the replacement level, where each generation replaces itself without significant population growth or decline. India’s Fertility Trends: India’s TFR dropped from 6.18 in the 1950s to 1.9 in 2021, below the replacement level of 2.1. By 2100, the TFR in India is projected to fall further to 1.04 (barely one child per woman). Southern states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka achieved replacement-level fertility earlier than northern states. India currently has 149 million people aged 60 years or above, comprising 10.5% of the total population. By 2050, this number is expected to surge to 347 million, or 20.8% of the population. Reasons for decline in India’s fertility: India has one of the oldest birth control/family planning programs, but factors like female literacy, workforce participation, and women’s empowerment have had a greater influence on fertility decline. Changing attitudes toward marriage and reproduction, including delays or avoidance of marriage and motherhood, played a significant role. Increasing cases of infertility in both men and women contribute to the decline. The availability and social acceptance of abortions have likely contributed to the falling fertility rates. Source: The Hindu Bharat Ratna Category: POLITY Context: Parliamentarians across party lines are petitioning the Union government to accord the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honour, to the Dalai Lama who recently celebrated his 90th birthday. About Bharat Ratna Award: It is India’s highest civilian award, granted by President to individuals for outstanding service across any field, irrespective of race, occupation, position, or gender. It was instituted by former President Dr. Rajendra Prasad on January 2, 1954. Article 18(1) of the Indian Constitution prohibits awardees from using ‘Bharat Ratna’ as a title, prefix or suffix to their name. However, they are allowed to include ‘Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President’ or ‘Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award’ in their biodata, visiting cards, letterheads, etc. The recommendations for the award are made by the Prime Minister of India to the President of India. Recipients receive a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President along with a medallion. Notably, the award does not come with any monetary grant. The award is also open to non-Indians, as demonstrated by the likes of Mother Teresa, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, and Nelson Mandela. A maximum of three awards can be given each year, with an exception occurring this year 2024 and in 1999 when five and four individuals received the honor respectively. Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, Dr. CV Raman, and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari were the first recipients of the Bharat Ratna in 1964. About Dalai Lama: The Dalai Lama belongs to the Gelugpa tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, which is the largest and most influential tradition in Tibet. There have been only 14 Dalai Lamas in the history of Tibetan Buddhism, and the first and second Dalai Lamas were given the title posthumously. The 14th and current Dalai Lama is Tenzin Gyatso. The Dalai Lamas are believed to be manifestations of Avalokiteshvara or Chenrezig, the Bodhisattva of Compassion and the patron saint of Tibet. Source: The Hindu Indian Coast Guard Category: Security & Disaster Management Context: In a dramatic high-seas rescue, the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) carried out a rescue operation for the U.S.-flagged sailing vessel ‘Sea Angel’ on July 11 which was stranded in rough seas southeast of Indira Point in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. About Indian Coast Guard: It was constituted in August 1978 under the Coast Guard Act 1978. It functions under Ministry of Defence. It is the National Coordinating Agency for Maritime Law Enforcement, Maritime Search & Rescue and Marine Pollution Response. According to the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, ICG department is ranked as the fourth largest Coast Guard in the world. It enforces maritime laws and regulations and other international treaties to which India is a signatory. It undertakes regular patrols to keep Offshore Development Areas (ODAs) on both Eastern and Western seaboard under surveillance. It assists customs and other enforcement agencies and undertakes anti-smuggling operations to prevent ingress and egress of contraband, and other items on the banned list. It participates and conducts various maritime exercises and operations. About Andaman & Nicobar Islands (ANI): India’s association with Andaman and Nicobar Island dates back to the aftermath of the 1857 War of Independence when the British established a penal colony for Indian revolutionaries. The islands were occupied by the Japanese in 1942 and later became the first part of India to be liberated from British rule in 1943 when Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose visited Port Blair. The Ten Degree Channel is a narrow strait that separates the Andaman Islands from the Nicobar Islands. It is located approximately at the 10-degree latitude mark. Indira Point is the southernmost tip of the Nicobar Islands. It is situated on Great Nicobar Island and marks the southernmost point of India. The ANI is home to 5 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups: Great Andamanese, Jarawas, Onges, Shompens and North Sentinelese. In 2001, the Andaman Nicobar Command (ANC) was established in Port Blair after the post-Kargil War security review. It is India’s first joint/unified operational command, placing forces from all three services and the Coast Guard under a single commander-in-chief. Special Intensive Revision (SIR) Category: Polity & Governance Context: The Election Commission of India (ECI) on Friday (July 11, 2025) announced that more than 74% of the 7,89,69,844 electors in Bihar have submitted their Enumeration Forms as part of the ongoing Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of Electoral Rolls in the State. About Special Intensive Revision (SIR): A Special Intensive Revision involves door-to-door verification of electoral rolls through house-to-house enumeration. Conducted under Section 21(3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1950, and Article 324 of the Constitution, empowering ECI for electoral roll supervision. It ensures that the voter list is accurate, inclusive, and free from discrepancies by allowing new registrations, deletions, and modifications. Under the process, voters, especially those enrolled after 2003, must now submit documents like birth certificates or parents’ proof. And, Electoral Registration Officers will decide on inclusion/deletion, with powers to refer doubtful cases under Citizenship Act, 1955. In Bihar alone, over 8 crore voters are being re-verified using 1 lakh BLOs and 4 lakh volunteers. The entire revision is expected to be completed by July 25, just months ahead of the Assembly elections. The Supreme Court in the Mohinder Singh Gill v. The Chief Election Commissioner Case, 1977 upheld the ECI’s broad powers under Article 324 to ensure free and fair elections, including ordering re-polls if needed, and emphasized that judicial review is restricted during elections as per Article 329(b). Concerns/Challenges regarding SIR: Unlike past practice, the burden of proof now lies on voters, not objectors (contradicts Rule 18, Registration of Electors Rules). Only voters enrolled after 2003 face strict checks—an illogical cutoff lacking legal precedent. In Seemanchal and flood-prone areas, voters without birth certificates may be excluded despite Aadhaar or EPIC. Conducted only in Bihar before polls—opposition alleges manipulation to benefit ruling alliance. Way Forward: Although Aadhaar is not proof of citizenship, it remains the most accessible ID for marginalized communities and should be permitted for residency verification, supplemented by cross-verification with legacy data. ECI should consult all stakeholders; including civil society and run public awareness campaigns to clarify SIR rules and deadlines. AI-powered anomaly detection can be used to flag suspicious deletions/additions (e.g., bulk removals from one locality), implement blockchain-based voter logs, and provide a real-time tracking dashboard to prevent tampering during SIR of electoral rolls. Special camps for marginalized groups (e.g., disabled, and tribals) can be organised to provide multilingual helplines, and conduct post-revision sample surveys to ensure accurate enrollment and minimize exclusions. Source: The Hindu (MAINS Focus) Himalayan Floods and Climate Change (GS paper III – Environment) Introduction (Context) Early in the monsoon, heavy rainfall — measured at over 71 mm in a few hours — triggered a series of cloudbursts in Mandi, Kullu, and Chamba districts, leading to landslides, road closures, and loss of life. The total economic loss in the region exceeds Rs 700 crore, and the environmental toll is equally alarming. The heavy rainfall caused soil erosion, sediment deposition, and damage to agricultural lands, compounding the local community’s plight. These all are showcasing the impact of climate change on Himalayas. Causes India’s Himalayan states, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and parts of Nepal and Bhutan have experienced increasingly extreme weather events. The causes are: Global climate change are altering the regional weather systems leading to more intense storms, unpredictable rainfall, rapid glacier melting, and increased flooding. Global warming leading to increased atmospheric moisture (there is 7% increase per 1°C temperature rise). This extra moisture leads to heavier rainfall. Himalayan glaciers are melting at unprecedented rates some losing up to 30 metres of ice thickness annually. This melting contributes directly to river flow volumes, , increasing the risk of flooding during heavy monsoons. Melting of glaciers and intense rainfall increases water volume in rivers like the Beas, Yamuna, and Ganges, which can overflow, eroding banks and flooding settlements. Mountain slopes rapidly funnel rainwater into valleys, and unstable slopes predispose the land to landslides, further aggravating flood threats. Impacts Key roads blocked, disrupting connectivity and essential services. Thousands displaced, facing food shortages and loss of livelihoods. Increased vulnerability to future disasters among affected communities. Massive agricultural losses, worsening poverty in already fragile hill economies. Frequent displacement strains government resources and disaster response systems. Remote villages lack adequate infrastructure and early warning mechanisms, increasing their vulnerability. Way forward Construct durable bridges, all-weather roads, and effective flood barriers to ensure community safety and maintain essential connectivity during disasters. Factor in local geological and hydrological conditions while designing infrastructure to reduce vulnerability to floods and landslides. Expand afforestation programmes and stabilise slopes to minimise soil erosion and prevent landslides during heavy rains. Develop strategically located reservoirs and promote rainwater harvesting to regulate river flows and lower flood risks. Deploy advanced weather forecasting technologies and establish timely alert systems to enable quick community responses and reduce disaster impacts. Launch awareness campaigns to educate residents about flood risks and safety protocols, and build local capacity for emergency response. Support farmers in adopting flood-tolerant crop varieties, revising cropping patterns, and implementing soil conservation techniques to sustain livelihoods despite erratic weather. Incentivise renewable energy use, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, and integrate sustainable water management to curb climate change impacts. Protect wetlands, forests, and other ecosystems to act as natural flood buffers by absorbing excess water and maintaining ecological stability. Coordinate efforts across government levels, scientific agencies, and communities to build long-term resilience in the Himalayan region against climate-induced disasters. Conclusion To safeguard Himalayan region, its people, heritage, and ecosystems from the threat posed by climate change requires coordinated action at all levels — global, national, and local. With proactive measures and community engagement, it is possible to transform vulnerability into resilience, ensuring a safer and sustainable future for generations to come. Mains Practice Question Q How is climate change contributing to the increasing frequency of floods in the Himalayan region? What adaptive and mitigation strategies can be employed to build climate resilience in these ecologically sensitive zones? (250 words, 15 marks) Global Gender Gap Report 2025 (GS paper II – Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) The World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report 2025 ranked India 131 out of 148 countries, highlighting persistent gender inequality despite economic growth. Status of Women India ranks 131 out of 148 countries, with particularly low scores in economic participation and health and survival, the pillars essential for meaningful gender parity The report shows that India’s sex ratio at birth remains among the most skewed in the world, reflecting a persistent son preference. The healthy life expectancy for women is now lower than men’s. Nearly 57% of Indian women in the 15 to 49 age group are anaemic (as reported by National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5) which reduces their ability to learn, work, or carry pregnancies safely. India ranks 143rd on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex. Women continue to earn less than a third of what men do, and female labour force participation remains stubbornly low. Women remain busy in informal and subsistence work and are grossly under-represented in decision-making spaces. Indian women perform nearly seven times more unpaid domestic work than men, as highlighted by the Time Use Survey. Causes Chronic neglect in reproductive health, preventive care and nutrition, especially for women from lower-income and rural backgrounds. Persistent son preference leading to skewed sex ratios and discrimination. Social norms restrict women to unpaid domestic work and care duties. Limited access to health services especially reproductive health, nutrition, and preventive care in rural and low-income areas. Low female labour force participation due to lack of safe workplaces, gender wage gap, and informal employment dependence. The McKinsey Global Institute, in 2015, had projected that closing gender gaps could add $770 billion to India’s GDP by 2025. Way forward Increased Budget allocations for health, especially at the primary care level, are a necessity to improve women’s well-being and their access to basic services, such as education and health care. Establish childcare centres, elder care services, and expand maternity benefits to redistribute unpaid work. Central and State governments must begin to account for unpaid care work in their economic and social policy frameworks through time-use surveys, gender budgeting, and direct investment in care infrastructure. Government should form policies that treat women as builders of the economy, not just as beneficiaries. Conclusion The Global Gender Gap Report is not merely a ranking but a warning. Gender equality is a demographic and economic necessity. India must act decisively to integrate women into its growth story or risk squandering hard-earned developmental gains. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the major causes of gender inequality in India and suggest integrated measures to address these issues (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link https://iasbaba.com/daily-current-affairs-quiz/

Jul 12, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 12th July 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Jul 11, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 11th July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Sariska Tiger Reserve Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: The Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife (SC-NBWL), chaired by Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav, has approved the proposal to redraw and rationalise the boundaries of the Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan. The decision, taken during the June 26, 2025 meeting, involves altering the critical tiger habitat (CTH) and buffer zones, increasing the CTH from 881.11 sq km to 924.49 sq km while reducing the buffer area from 245.72 sq km to 203.2 sq km. Key highlights: CEC Report Basis: The decision was based on the Central Empowered Committee’s (CEC) report which assessed human disturbances, village relocations, and grazing patterns in the area. Supreme Court Oversight: The matter was referred to the Supreme Court, which had previously ordered closure of certain stone, dolomite, and limestone mines within 1 km of the CTH. SC-NBWL Conditions: Areas with low tiger density are to be protected for landscape connectivity and ecological balance. Any adverse developments in these areas should be avoided. Monitoring Measures: Enhanced patrolling, community involvement, and habitat monitoring were recommended. Legal Concerns: The SC had earlier expressed concerns over unclear boundary and land records, and legal violations by mining operators in the Tehla range. Learning Corner: Sariska Tiger Reserve: Location: Alwar district, Rajasthan, India Establishment: Declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1955; became a tiger reserve in 1978 under Project Tiger Area: Total: ~1,217 sq km Core (Critical Tiger Habitat): ~924.49 sq km (as per 2025 rationalisation) Buffer: ~203.2 sq km Landscape & Vegetation: Aravalli hills terrain Predominantly dry deciduous forests, scrub-thorn arid forests, rocky hills, grasslands Key Wildlife: Tigers, leopards, striped hyena, jungle cat, sambar, chital, nilgai, wild boar Wide bird diversity including peafowl, crested serpent eagle, and sandgrouse Conservation Challenges: History of tiger extinction in 2004 due to poaching; reintroduction began in 2008 Mining pressures (limestone, dolomite), human settlements, and tourism impact Recently involved in a boundary rationalisation process to balance conservation and development Notable Features: Contains historical sites like Kankwari Fort and Pandupol Hanuman Temple Easily accessible from Delhi and Jaipur, making it a prominent eco-tourism site Tiger Reserve in India: Definition: A Tiger Reserve is a legally protected area designated for the conservation of tigers and their habitat under India’s Project Tiger and the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Legal Backing: Governed under Section 38V to 38X of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (amended in 2006) Managed by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) Structure: A Tiger Reserve typically has two zones: Core Area (Critical Tiger Habitat – CTH): Strictly protected, no human activity allowed Buffer Area: Permits regulated human activity like eco-tourism, research, and resource use by locals Objective: Ensure a safe, inviolate space for breeding and conservation of wild tigers Maintain ecological balance and landscape-level wildlife protection Current Status (as of 2024): Total Tiger Reserves in India: 54 Notable reserves: Jim Corbett (Uttarakhand), Kanha (Madhya Pradesh), Sundarbans (West Bengal), Bandipur (Karnataka), and Sariska (Rajasthan) Challenges: Poaching, habitat fragmentation, human-wildlife conflict, mining, and tourism pressure Importance: Tiger Reserves are flagship conservation areas helping protect not just tigers, but also entire ecosystems and biodiversity. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Lotus blooms in Wular Lake after 30 years Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Lotus blooms in Wular Lake after 30 years Key Points: Wular Lake in Kashmir’s Bandipora district has witnessed the blooming of lotus flowers after nearly 30 years, a sight not seen since a devastating flood in 1992 wiped them out. The lotus revival is attributed to large-scale dredging and conservation efforts led by the Wular Conservation and Management Authority (WUCMA) since 2020. Over 79 lakh cubic meters of silt have been removed from the lake. In recent years, dense silt and weeds had buried the lakebed, making lotus growth impossible. With silt removal, lotus stems and flowers have reappeared, bringing ecological and economic hope. Local stem farmers like Abdul Aziz Dar recall harvesting lotuses in their youth. Many express deep emotional and cultural connection to the plant, which also has culinary and medicinal uses in Kashmiri cuisine (e.g., Nadur, Yakhni). WUCMA’s Project Goals: Restore the lake’s ecology and fish habitats Clear silt from Wular and its 25 feeder streams Construct retention ponds to stop further silt inflow Community Impact: Revival of livelihood through harvesting Positive emotional impact among villagers Sign of hope and environmental restoration Learning Corner: Wular Lake Location: Bandipora district, Jammu & Kashmir, India Type: Freshwater lake (one of the largest in South Asia) Formed by: Tectonic activity; fed mainly by the Jhelum River Area: Varies seasonally between 30 to 260 sq km Subject to significant siltation and shrinkage in recent decades Ecological Importance: Acts as a natural flood basin for the Jhelum Supports biodiversity including fish, waterfowl, and aquatic plants Designated as a Ramsar Wetland Site (since 1990) Economic & Cultural Value: Source of fishing, lotus stem (nadru) harvesting, and water for agriculture Integral to local Kashmiri livelihoods and cuisine Conservation Issues: Heavily affected by siltation, encroachments, pollution, and weed infestation Reduced water-holding capacity and loss of biodiversity Recent Restoration Efforts: Led by Wular Conservation and Management Authority (WUCMA) Dredging operations and silt removal since 2020 Resulted in revival of lotus bloom after 30 years in 2025 Important Lakes in India – Brief Note: India is home to a diverse range of natural and artificial lakes, each with ecological, cultural, and economic significance. Here are some major lakes by type and region: Freshwater Lakes Wular Lake (Jammu & Kashmir): One of the largest freshwater lakes in South Asia Fed by the Jhelum River; Ramsar Site Recently saw lotus bloom after 30 years due to restoration efforts Loktak Lake (Manipur): Known for phumdis (floating vegetation) Houses Keibul Lamjao National Park, the only floating national park Habitat of the endangered Sangai deer Nainital Lake (Uttarakhand): Crescent-shaped lake; major tourist attraction in the Kumaon region Provides drinking water and supports boating activities Saltwater / Brackish Water Lakes Chilika Lake (Odisha): Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon Ramsar site; supports migratory birds and Irrawaddy dolphins Important for fishing and birdwatching tourism Sambhar Lake (Rajasthan): India’s largest inland saltwater lake Major source of salt production Attracts flamingos and migratory birds Artificial / Man-made Lakes Gobind Sagar Lake (Himachal Pradesh): Reservoir on the Sutlej River, formed by Bhakra Dam Used for hydroelectricity and irrigation Hussain Sagar Lake (Telangana): Artificial lake built by Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Connects Hyderabad and Secunderabad; houses the famous Buddha statue Rana Pratap Sagar (Rajasthan): Formed by a dam on the Chambal River Used for irrigation and power generation High-Altitude Lakes Pangong Tso (Ladakh): Saltwater lake, partly in India and partly in China Famous for its changing colors and scenic beauty Tso Moriri (Ladakh): Freshwater lake in Changthang plateau Ramsar site; supports migratory birds Significance of Lakes in India: Provide drinking water, irrigation, fishery, hydropower Support biodiversity and tourism Help in flood control and groundwater recharge Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Electoral rolls Category: POLITY Context : The Supreme Court recently allowed the Election Commission of India (ECI) to proceed with its Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar, though advised caution in demanding documents like Aadhaar, voter ID, or ration cards, especially from those enrolled after 2003. Key Points: What is an Intensive Revision? A full revision involving house-to-house enumeration of eligible voters, without reference to existing rolls. Different from: Summary revision: Routine annual update using existing drafts. Special revision: Targeted updates in exceptional cases (e.g., natural disasters, legal orders). What is Special about the Current SIR in Bihar? Adds a new requirement: those enrolled after 2003 must submit documentary proof of their date/place of birth to confirm citizenship. Triggers concerns over potential disenfranchisement. ECI claims it’s to clean up and standardise rolls. Why Bihar? Why Now? Chosen on June 24, 2025, due to local opposition concerns and political context. First SIR in two decades—last one of this scale was in the early 2000s. Political tensions exist around verification of citizenship and inclusion of names in voter lists. History of Revisions in India: 1950s-70s: Large-scale revisions after delimitation, state reorganisations, and expanding suffrage. 1980s-90s: Focus shifted to removal of ineligible names and guarding against duplication. Intensive revisions happened in 1952, 1956-57, 1960-61, 1966, 1983-84, 1987, 1989, 1993, 1995, 2002-04. Challenges in Past Revisions: Inaccurate or outdated rolls. Lack of field verification. Political tensions and complaints (especially from border states). Citizenship verification concerns. Learning Corner: Election Commission of India (ECI) Overview: Established: 25 January 1950 Constitutional Body: Under Article 324 of the Indian Constitution Headquarters: New Delhi Composition: One Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) Up to two Election Commissioners Main Functions of ECI: Conduct of Elections: Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and Legislative Councils President and Vice-President of India Preparation and Revision of Electoral Rolls: Includes summary and intensive revisions Ensures free, fair, and updated voter lists Model Code of Conduct (MCC): Issues and enforces MCC during elections to ensure a level playing field Recognition of Political Parties: Grants recognition as national or state parties Allots election symbols Monitoring Election Expenditure: Sets limits on campaign spending Monitors candidates’ accounts and audits party finances Voter Education and Awareness: Runs campaigns under SVEEP (Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation) Addressing Malpractices: Has the power to countermand or postpone elections due to corruption or violence Can disqualify candidates for violations Use of Technology: Introduction of EVMs and VVPATs Online services for voter registration, roll verification Significance: The ECI plays a crucial role in upholding democracy in India by ensuring free, fair, impartial, and transparent elections, and maintaining the integrity of the electoral process. Motto: “No voter to be left behind.” Source : THE INDIAN EXPRESS Population decline Category: GEOGRAPHY Context: World Population Day Key Points: UN World Population Prospects 2024: World population expected to peak at 10.3 billion and decline to 10.2 billion by 2100. The idea of population collapse is overblown, as growth momentum continues due to earlier high fertility rates. Fertility is Falling, But… Declining fertility does not equal immediate decline in population. Population momentum means growth continues as younger populations age and reproduce. UNFPA’s 2025 Study (“The Real Fertility Crisis”): Survey of 14,000 people across 14 countries shows unfulfilled desire for children is common. 23% said they couldn’t have the number of children they wanted. Factors include infertility, cost of childcare, gender inequality, and housing issues. Case Study: South Korea After years of declining births, South Korea saw a 7.3% rise in births in early 2025. This was linked to financial incentives, housing reforms, and improved social perception of marriage. Call for Social Change: The real issue lies not with those who opt out of parenting, but those who want children but cannot have them due to structural barriers. The article critiques: Gender role reinforcement Incentive-driven pro-natalism Ignoring voluntary childlessness Advocates progressive policies and support for families, not panic-based narratives. Conclusion: The falling fertility rate is real, but panic and simplistic solutions won’t help. What is needed is inclusive, nuanced policies that respect individual choices and address structural constraints faced by those who want to raise families. Learning Corner: Note on important population-related terminologies, Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime. Replacement level fertility is about 2.1 (to maintain population size in the long run). Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Number of live births per 1,000 population in a year. Crude Death Rate (CDR): Number of deaths per 1,000 population in a year. Population Growth Rate: Rate at which a population increases (or decreases), calculated as: (CBR – CDR + net migration) ÷ total population × 100 Demographic Dividend: Economic benefit arising from a higher proportion of working-age population (15–64 years). Occurs when fertility falls and the dependency ratio declines. Demographic Transition Model (DTM): Explains population change over time through 5 stages (from high birth/death rates to low ones). India is in late Stage 3 or early Stage 4. Dependency Ratio: Ratio of dependents (aged 0–14 and 65+) to working-age population (15–64). Indicates economic pressure on productive population. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Number of deaths of infants under one year per 1,000 live births. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): Number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births due to pregnancy-related causes. Sex Ratio: Number of females per 1,000 males in the population. India’s sex ratio (as per NFHS-5) is around 1,020 females per 1,000 males. Literacy Rate: Percentage of people aged 7 and above who can read and write. Population Momentum: Continued population growth even after fertility drops to replacement level, due to a large base of young people. Life Expectancy: Average number of years a person is expected to live from birth, assuming current mortality rates. Migration Rate: Movement of people from one area to another, can be internal or international. Carrying Capacity: The maximum population size that an environment can sustain without environmental degradation. Source: THE HINDU Tuberculosis Category: HEALTH Context: Dr. Soumya Swaminathan, Principal Advisor to the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP), advocates for “TB death audits” — like maternal mortality audits — to help India meet its TB elimination targets The audits would help identify causes behind TB-related deaths, detect systemic gaps, and improve responses. Key Highlights: TB Situation in India: TB deaths dropped from 35 per 100,000 in 2015 to 22 per 100,000 (latest official data). Death rates remain high (5–10%), especially in the 25–50 age group, and among patients with drug-resistant TB (DR-TB). What Are TB Death Audits? District-level examination of each TB-related death. Helps understand why and how deaths occurred. Similar audits helped reduce maternal mortality rate (MMR) significantly in India. Why Needed Now: Focus of TB control must shift from incidence to mortality. Prevalence surveys show many TB patients are missed during symptom screening. A new AI-based chest X-ray tool, endorsed by WHO, shows promise in early detection. State-Level Insights: Tamil Nadu: Found 83% of deceased TB patients had co-morbidities or were malnourished. 50% of patients were not on TB treatment at the time of death. Jharkhand (Bhargava Project): Provides food and financial support to undernourished TB patients. Among patients with BMI <16, mortality dropped to 25% after support, compared to 50% earlier. Policy Recommendations: District Collectors and community health workers must be involved in TB death audits. Integration of nutrition, co-morbidity screening, and social support into TB care. Focus on preventive diagnostics, early detection, and patient-centric care. Expand Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) and food kits to the most vulnerable. Conclusion: To meet TB elimination goals by 2025, India must: Prioritise reducing deaths, not just incidence. Institutionalise TB death audits. Invest in nutrition, diagnostics, and community engagement. Learn from successful models like maternal mortality reduction and state-level innovations. Learning Corner: Tuberculosis (TB): What is Tuberculosis (TB)? TB is a contagious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Primarily affects the lungs (pulmonary TB), but can also affect other parts of the body (extrapulmonary TB). Transmission: Spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. It is not spread by touching, food, or water. Symptoms: Persistent cough (more than 2 weeks) Fever, night sweats Weight loss, fatigue Coughing up blood (in some cases) Diagnosis: Sputum test, Chest X-ray CBNAAT (Cartridge-Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test) Tuberculin Skin Test (for latent TB) Treatment: Standard 6-month course of antibiotics (e.g., isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide) DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course) under National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) Drug-Resistant TB (DR-TB) requires longer, more complex treatment Global & National Concern: India has the highest TB burden in the world (WHO). TB is a notifiable disease in India—mandatory to report diagnosed cases. Target: Eliminate TB by 2025 in India (5 years ahead of global 2030 target under SDGs). Preventive Measures: BCG vaccine at birth Early diagnosis and complete treatment Proper cough hygiene Nutritional and social support for vulnerable patients Challenges: Underreporting of cases Drug resistance Social stigma Co-morbidities like HIV, diabetes, and malnutrition New Approaches: TB death audits (like maternal mortality audits) AI-powered chest X-rays, mobile clinics Nutritional support and direct benefit transfers (DBT) to patients Tuberculosis is preventable and curable, yet remains a serious public health issue. Success depends on a multi-sectoral approach, combining medical care, social support, and community engagement. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Custodial Violence and Criminal Justice Reform in India (GS paper II – Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) According to NHRC, a total 2,152 cases relating to deaths of persons in judicial custody and 155 relating to deaths in police custody were recorded in 2021-22. In the last five years, disciplinary action was taken in just 21 cases of custodial deaths. In the last five years, the highest number of custodial deaths (80) has been reported in Gujarat, followed by Maharashtra (76), Uttar Pradesh (41), Tamil Nadu (40) and Bihar (38). The data clearly states the presence of custodial violence despite statutory safeguards and Supreme Court guidelines. What are custodial deaths? Custodial death is a death that occurs while a person is in the custody of law enforcement officials or in a correctional facility. It can occur due to various causes such as use of excessive force, neglect, or abuse by the authorities. Causes The rigid hierarchical structure of police forces, combined with a high-pressure working environment, fosters a culture in which aggression is often valorised. In many cases of custodial violence, instead of facing disciplinary action, oending ocers are rewarded with promotions. Police personnel often perceive such violence as a necessary means to achieve justice, especially when the formal legal process is seen as slow and ineective It is also perpetuated by entrenched social hierarchies and an enduring colonial mindset within the police, where the public, particularly marginalised communities, is viewed not as citizens to be protected, but as subjects to be controlled. Current curriculum lacks ethics, trauma-informed practices, and human rights emphasis. Majority of funds go into surveillance, vehicles, and hardware, not training or personnel welfare. No counselling for officers facing emotional trauma from high-stress duties. Reforms needed Modern Training Curriculum: Equip officers with scientific interrogation techniques and forensic methods, moving away from third-degree methods. Bias Sensitisation: Include training to reduce implicit bias—petty offenders often face disproportionate brutality compared to white-collar criminals. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Encourage collaboration with forensic experts, psychologists, and mental health professionals. Trauma-Informed Policing: Training in handling trauma cases with empathy and understanding. Role of community: Awareness campaigns led by the media, educational institutions, and civil society organisations can play a vital role in informing people about their constitutional rights and the mechanisms available for redress Supreme Court directives In Paramvir Singh Saini v. Baljit Singh, 2020) Supreme Court mandated Install functional, tamper-proof CCTV in all custody areas Ensure real-time access and audit trails Victims should have access rights to footage Digital Timestamping of Arrests to prevent manipulation of arrest records. Status: Poor implementation across states. Cameras often non-functional during incidents. Torture frequently occurs outside recorded premises. Arrest timings are manipulated to escape scrutiny. Prakash Singh v. Union of India (2006) Directed establishment of Police Complaints Authorities (PCAs) at State & District levels. PCAs to be headed by retired judges, ensuring independence. Status: Most states have not set up these bodies. Existing ones are diluted by inclusion of serving police officers, eroding credibility. Reflects widespread non-compliance with judicial directives. Recommendations by Law Commission Proposal to introduce a rebuttable presumption in custodial violence cases. It would help enhance accountability, but: Needs robust support systems for vulnerable victims to access justice. Legal procedures remain complex and inaccessible to marginalized communities. Role of Magistrates (First Line of Defence) Statutory Safeguards have been provided under CrPC such as: Accused must be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours of arrest. Magistrate must scrutinise arrest grounds, physically examine the accused for signs of torture. But process has become perfunctory and mechanical. Medico-legal examinations often reduced to formalities. Conclusion Custodial deaths are not isolated incidents but symptoms of a broken system. Justice must begin with policy, not post-mortem. To restore the moral contract between the state and its citizens, India must move beyond deterrence and embrace ethical, emotional, and structural reform in policing. Mains Practice Question Q “Custodial deaths reflect the failure of India’s moral and institutional commitment to justice.” Critically examine in the context of recent incidents of police brutality. (250 words, 15 marks) Right to Vote in India (GS paper II – Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) In a democratic system, the right to vote is crucial for ensuring the will of the people is reflected in governance and for upholding key democratic principles like equality and accountability. Four months before the Bihar state elections, the Election Commission of India (ECI) has kicked off a Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of the electoral rolls in the State. With respect to this on July 10, 2025, the Supreme Court has directed the Election Commission (EC) to accept Aadhaar, Voter ID, and ration cards as valid documents for Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar. In this article we are discussing the Right to Vote in India and provisions related to it. Universal adult suffrage in India Article 326 of the Constitution granted every adult citizen the right to vote, regardless of gender, caste, religion, education, or property. Earlier age for casting vote was 21 years, this threshold was lowered to 18 by the 61st Constitutional Amendment in 1989. Further for inclusive democracy Supreme Court judgment with Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) has established democracy as part of the ‘basic structure’ doctrine. These are governed through two pivotal laws—the Representation of the People Act, 1950, dealing with electoral rolls, and the RPA of 1951, governing the conduct of elections. Later administrative innovations like the introduction of election symbols enabled mass participation, making the idea of ‘one person, one vote’ a tangible reality. India vs. western notion of Right to Vote India gave universal adult suffrage to all its citizens after independence. This was different from many Western democracies, which restricted voting rights in the past. India rejected the idea, supported by thinkers like J.S. Mill, that only the “educated” should vote. Instead, India trusted all citizens equally and gave every adult the right to vote from the start—a bold and inclusive democratic choice. Example: United Kingdom: Voting was first limited to male property owners. Universal male suffrage was introduced only in 1918. Women got the right to vote in 1928, after long struggles. United States: 15th Amendment (1870) gave voting rights to African American men. 19th Amendment (1920) gave voting rights to women. Still, many were denied the vote through poll taxes, literacy tests, and racist laws, especially in southern states. Is the Right to Vote a Fundamental Right in India? The right to vote, although central to democracy, is not classified as a fundamental right in India. The Supreme Court in Kuldip Nayar v. Union of India (2006) ruled that the right to vote is a statutory right under Section 62 of the RPA, 1951. Rajbala v. State of Haryana (2016) described it as a constitutional right, the legal position remains that it is not a fundamental right. Even in Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India (2023), while a dissenting opinion suggested that voting reflects the spirit of Articles 19 and 21, the larger bench did not accept this interpretation. Why does electoral roll accuracy matter? Under Section 21 of the 1950 Act, Election Commission is empowered to prepare and revise these rolls to ensure integrity. Free and fair elections depend heavily on accurate and updated electoral rolls. The inclusion of ineligible names or exclusion of eligible voters distorts the democratic mandate. Electoral rolls are governed under the RPA, 1950 and are critical to the “one person, one vote” principle. Therefore, restructuring of Bihar Electoral Roll efforts should focus on helping improve the process. The Supreme Court’s suggestion to include more accepted documents helps safeguard every genuine elector’s right to be represented. Meaning of Ordinary Resident Section 19 of the RPA, 1950, which mandates that any citizen aged 18 or above, “ordinarily resident” in a constituency and not disqualified, is entitled to be registered. “Ordinary resident” implies a genuine, continuous presence, not a temporary stay. For example, a student living in a hostel may not qualify if their permanent home and intent to return lie elsewhere. Mere temporary absence from one’s place of ordinary residence does not negate one’s status as an ordinary resident of that location. This criterion prevents fraudulent registrations and ensures voters maintain real ties to their constituencies, preserving representative accountability. Special Provisions Under Rule 18 of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, ‘postal ballots’ are available to service voters like armed forces personnel, paramilitary, armed State police posted outside, and government staff abroad, and voters on election duty. Overseas electors can register under Section 20A of the RPA, 1950. However, they must vote in person, as they are currently ineligible for postal or proxy voting. Citizenship Verification and Due Process In Lal Babu Hussein v. ERO (1995) and Md. Rahim Ali (2024): The SC held that deleting names based on suspicion or shifting the burden of proof of citizenship onto individuals was unconstitutional. EROs must follow quasi-judicial processes and ensure natural justice in electoral roll revision. Way Forward Codify safeguards for electoral inclusion under quasi-judicial processes. Run awareness drives to help citizens verify/update voter data. Use digital platforms for real-time voter list monitoring and public audits. Encourage party-based vigilance, as observed in Lakshmi Charan Sen v. A.K.M. Hassan Uzzaman (1985), to uphold roll integrity. Conclusion The right to vote, though not fundamental, is central to India’s democratic ethos. Safeguarding the vote is not merely a statutory obligation; it is a shared democratic responsibility, requiring vigilant institutions, informed citizens, and forward-looking legal reforms. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in ensuring inclusive and accurate electoral rolls. What reforms are needed to strengthen its functioning? (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link https://iasbaba.com/daily-current-affairs-quiz/

Jul 11, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 11th July 2025

Jul 10, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 10th July 2025

Jul 10, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 10th July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Two Pilots Killed in Third Jaguar Jet Crash of 2025 Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Jaguar trainer aircraft of the Indian Air Force (IAF) crashed near Bhanuda village in Rajasthan’s Churu district during a routine training mission This marks the third Jaguar jet crash in 2025, following previous incidents in March and April. The IAF has launched a court of inquiry to investigate the cause of the crash, while emergency teams have cordoned off the area for recovery operations. The IAF has expressed its condolences to the families of the deceased. Concerns have been raised about the aging Jaguar fleet, which has been in service since 1979. Despite upgrades, the fleet’s safety has been questioned due to technical issues and outdated systems. There are growing calls for the fleet to be modernized to avoid further tragedies. Learning Corner: The Jaguar is a twin-seat, multi-role combat aircraft used by the Indian Air Force (IAF) primarily for ground attack and close air support missions. Developed by the British Aircraft Corporation in collaboration with France’s Dassault Aviation, the Jaguar was inducted into the IAF in 1979. It was designed to operate in all weather conditions and from shorter, less-developed airstrips. Key Features: Role: Ground attack, close air support, reconnaissance. Engine: Powered by Rolls-Royce Adour engines, providing a top speed of around 1,200 km/h. Armament: Capable of carrying a variety of bombs, rockets, and air-to-ground missiles. Range: Approximately 1,000 km with external fuel tanks. Upgrades: Over the years, the Jaguar has undergone several upgrades, including better avionics, radar, and weapons systems. Service and Challenges: The Jaguar has been a workhorse for the IAF, but its aging infrastructure and the delay in acquiring newer aircraft like the Rafale have raised concerns about its operational safety. Despite upgrades, issues like engine failures and outdated safety systems have led to repeated accidents, including a series of crashes in 2025. The IAF has been working towards phasing out older models while modernizing its fleet. Source: THE HINDU Catastrophe Bonds (Cat Bonds) Category: ECONOMICS Catastrophe bonds (cat bonds) are financial instruments used to transfer the risk of natural disasters from insurers or governments to capital market investors. They function as follows: Risk Transfer: Governments, insurers, or reinsurers issue cat bonds to raise capital. If a specified natural disaster occurs (e.g., hurricane, earthquake, or flood) and meets predefined criteria, the bond’s principal is used for claims or recovery. If no disaster occurs, investors receive their principal back with interest. Trigger Mechanisms: Various triggers determine when payouts occur: Indemnity triggers: Based on actual losses. Parametric triggers: Based on measurable factors like earthquake magnitude or wind speed. Modeled or industry loss triggers: Based on modeled estimates or industry-wide losses. Pre-Disaster Planning: Issuing cat bonds before a disaster ensures: Immediate access to funds for relief and reconstruction. Reduced reliance on public budgets or emergency loans. Enhanced resilience by guaranteeing available recovery resources. Diversification and Stability: Cat bonds help distribute disaster risk globally, maintaining stable insurance premiums despite rising climate risks. Supplementing Disaster Funds: While not replacing traditional disaster funds, cat bonds provide additional financial protection, especially for large-scale, low-frequency events that may overwhelm other resources. Learning Corner: Types of Bonds: Bonds are debt securities issued by entities like governments, municipalities, or corporations to raise capital. Investors who purchase bonds are lending money to the issuer in exchange for periodic interest payments (coupons) and the return of the principal amount at maturity. There are several types of bonds, each with unique features: Government Bonds Treasury Bonds (T-Bonds): Long-term bonds issued by the central government. They offer fixed interest payments and are considered low-risk since they are backed by the government. Municipal Bonds (Muni Bonds): Issued by local governments or municipalities to fund projects such as schools, hospitals, or infrastructure. Interest earned is often tax-exempt at the federal level. Sovereign Bonds: Issued by a country’s government in foreign currencies or domestic currency. These bonds can carry higher risks if the issuing country faces economic instability. Corporate Bonds Issued by companies to raise capital for various purposes, such as expansion or debt refinancing. Corporate bonds typically offer higher yields than government bonds but come with increased credit risk. Investment-Grade Bonds: Issued by financially stable companies, these bonds have lower yields due to lower risk. High-Yield (Junk) Bonds: Issued by companies with lower credit ratings. These bonds offer higher interest rates due to the greater risk of default. Zero-Coupon Bonds These bonds do not pay periodic interest. Instead, they are issued at a discount to their face value, and the full value is paid back at maturity. The difference between the purchase price and face value represents the bond’s yield. Convertible Bonds Bonds that can be converted into a specified number of shares of the issuing company’s stock, usually at the bondholder’s discretion. These bonds offer potential for capital appreciation along with regular interest payments. Callable Bonds These bonds give the issuer the option to redeem them before their maturity date, typically at a premium. Issuers may call bonds when interest rates fall to take advantage of cheaper borrowing costs. Puttable Bonds These bonds give bondholders the right to sell the bond back to the issuer at a predetermined price before maturity, providing protection against rising interest rates. Inflation-Linked Bonds These bonds, like Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS), adjust the principal value of the bond according to inflation, protecting investors from inflation risk. The interest payments are also adjusted for inflation. Catastrophe Bonds (Cat Bonds) Issued by insurers or governments, cat bonds are used to transfer the financial risk of natural disasters to investors. If a specified disaster occurs, the bond’s principal is used for recovery. If no disaster occurs, investors receive their principal plus interest. Foreign Bonds Issued in one country by a foreign entity and denominated in the currency of the country where they are issued. For example, a bond issued by a Japanese company in the U.S. in U.S. dollars would be considered a foreign bond. Foreign-Currency Bonds Bonds issued in a currency other than the issuer’s domestic currency. These bonds are subject to foreign exchange risk, where the bond’s value may fluctuate due to changes in exchange rates. Each type of bond carries varying degrees of risk, yield, and maturity characteristics, allowing investors to choose bonds that align with their risk tolerance and investment objectives. Source: THE HINDU Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee’s 125th Birth Anniversary Category: HISTORY Context : The Ministry of Culture has launched a two-year nationwide commemoration (July 6, 2025 – July 6, 2027) to honor Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee, a visionary leader integral to India’s political, educational, and industrial development. Inaugural Events and Highlights Official Launch: The commemoration started in New Delhi with an event attended by Union Minister of Culture and Tourism, Shri Gajendra Singh Shekhawat, emphasizing Dr. Mookerjee’s contributions to national unity and self-reliance. Commemorative Stamp and Coin: A special postage stamp and ₹125 commemorative coin were released, accompanied by cultural performances, exhibitions, and a documentary on Dr. Mookerjee’s life. Cultural Programs: The National School of Drama presented a play and a short documentary to highlight his role as a Bengali thinker and nationalist. Nationwide Activities Exhibitions and Outreach: Multiple exhibitions and outreach programs are being held across India to showcase Dr. Mookerjee’s life and philosophy. State and District Events: Tributes, workshops, and screenings are being organized in states like Sikkim and Assam, reflecting his contributions to education and national unity. Workshops and Educational Initiatives: Workshops are being conducted to engage students and the public, ensuring Dr. Mookerjee’s ideals are passed to future generations. Key Themes of the Commemoration National Unity: Emphasis on his campaign for “one nation, one flag, one Constitution” and his role in the integration of Jammu and Kashmir. Educational and Industrial Reform: Focus on his achievements as Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University and India’s first Minister for Industry and Supply. Legacy and Inspiration: The commemoration aims to inspire citizens by reflecting on Dr. Mookerjee’s vision for a self-reliant and united India. Learning Corner: Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee (1901–1953) was a prominent Indian politician, educationist, and nationalist leader. He played a crucial role in shaping India’s political landscape post-independence and was a key figure in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, which later evolved into the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Mookerjee is widely remembered for his advocacy of national unity, self-reliance, and Hindu nationalism. Key Contributions: Educational Reforms: Dr. Mookerjee was the youngest Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University, where he made significant contributions to improving the educational system. His emphasis on quality higher education and innovation helped shape India’s academic foundation. Political Leadership: As the founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh in 1951, Dr. Mookerjee promoted the idea of “One Nation, One Flag, One Constitution” and staunchly opposed Article 370, which granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu and Kashmir: He is particularly remembered for his strong stance against the special privileges accorded to Jammu and Kashmir, advocating for its complete integration into India. He was arrested during a protest in Kashmir in 1953 and died under mysterious circumstances in prison, making him a martyr for his cause. Industrial and Economic Vision: As India’s first Minister for Industry and Supply, Mookerjee contributed significantly to the establishment of the Indian industrial sector, emphasizing self-reliance and indigenous development. Legacy: Dr. Mookerjee’s legacy remains influential in Indian politics, especially with regard to national unity, educational reforms, and his role in the formation of a more self-sufficient India. His contributions to education, governance, and national integration continue to inspire political leaders and citizens alike. Source : PIB Nistar Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: The first indigenous Diving Support Vessel (DSV) ‘Nistar’ was formally delivered to the Indian Navy on July 8, 2025, by Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL) at Visakhapatnam Key Features and Capabilities: Indigenous Design and Construction: ‘Nistar’ is the first DSV fully designed and built in India, with approximately 75% indigenous content. Dimensions and Displacement: The vessel measures 118 meters in length and displaces around 10,000 tons. Deep-Sea Operations: Capable of saturation diving up to 300 meters and side diving up to 75 meters, enabling complex underwater missions. Submarine Rescue: Acts as the “Mother Ship” for Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicles (DSRVs), enabling rapid response for submarine emergencies and personnel evacuation. Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs): Equipped for diver monitoring and salvage operations at depths up to 1,000 meters. Strategic Importance: India is now among a select group of nations possessing such specialized rescue and diving capabilities. Significance: The delivery of ‘Nistar’ enhances the Indian Navy’s ability to perform submarine rescue, deep-sea diving, salvage, and underwater logistics operations. It also highlights India’s commitment to indigenous shipbuilding and defense technology development. Importance: The delivery of ‘Nistar’ enhances India’s ability to conduct critical submarine rescue, deep-sea diving, and salvage operations. It underscores India’s growing self-reliance in defense technology and the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative, further strengthening India’s naval and maritime capabilities. Source: PIB Starlink Category:SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Starlink, owned by Elon Musk, has received the final regulatory clearance to offer satellite communication services in India. The company was granted an operator license by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center) Starlink operates the world’s largest satellite constellation with around 7,000 satellites in orbit, aimed at offering internet services to rural and remote areas that lack reliable terrestrial broadband infrastructure. The service will utilize Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites to provide faster internet speeds and more resilient network connections compared to traditional methods. The company plans to roll out its services in India soon, collaborating with Airtel and Jio to offer its services in the country. The clearance paves the way for Starlink to expand its global internet coverage and support India’s connectivity needs, especially in underserved regions. Learning Corner: IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center) is an autonomous agency under the Department of Space, Government of India. It was established in 2020 with the primary aim of promoting private sector participation in the Indian space industry and enabling them to use India’s space resources and infrastructure for various commercial purposes. Key Functions of IN-SPACe: Promotion of Private Sector Participation: IN-SPACe facilitates and promotes private sector entities in the space industry, encouraging innovation, collaboration, and technological advancement. Authorization and Regulation: It is responsible for authorizing and regulating all space activities undertaken by private players. This includes licensing and ensuring that the activities align with national security and legal frameworks. Space Infrastructure Access: IN-SPACe enables private companies to access India’s space infrastructure, such as launch vehicles, satellites, and ground stations, to facilitate satellite launches and space research. Encouraging Startups: The agency works to create an environment conducive to the growth of space startups in India, helping them with resources, expertise, and technology to build their own space capabilities. International Collaboration: IN-SPACe also looks to foster collaboration with international space agencies and companies, positioning India as a key player in the global space market. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) refers to the region of space located between approximately 160 kilometers (100 miles) and 2,000 kilometers (1,200 miles) above the Earth’s surface. It is the closest orbit to Earth, where most Earth observation satellites, communication satellites, and crew missions take place. Key Characteristics of LEO: Proximity to Earth: LEO is closest to Earth compared to other orbits like Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) or Geostationary Orbit (GEO). This allows satellites in LEO to have lower latency and faster communication with the ground. Orbital Period: Satellites in LEO typically complete an orbit around Earth in 90 to 120 minutes, meaning they can pass over different regions of the Earth multiple times a day. Lower Latency: The proximity of LEO satellites to Earth results in lower latency compared to higher orbits, making them ideal for real-time communication services like broadband internet, video conferencing, and satellite phone services. Use in Earth Observation: LEO is widely used for Earth observation satellites that monitor weather, environmental changes, and natural disasters due to its ability to capture high-resolution images with minimal distortion. Cost-Effective Launches: Launching satellites into LEO is generally more cost-effective due to the lower energy requirements for reaching these orbits compared to higher altitudes like GEO. Applications: Communication Satellites: Companies like Starlink use LEO to offer internet services, particularly in underserved and remote areas. Space Stations: The International Space Station (ISS) orbits in LEO, where it supports scientific research and human habitation. Military and Intelligence: LEO is also used for reconnaissance and surveillance satellites. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS (MAINS Focus) Measuring Inequality (GS paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) Recently, a government release claimed that India is “one of the most equal societies today”, citing the World Bank’s latest Poverty and Equity Brief which showed India’s Gini Index at 25.5, making it the fourth most equal country after Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and Belarus. The government’s claim has been contested both by academics who study inequality, as well as observers who see India as a country with high and rising inequality. What is the Gini Coefficient? The Gini Coefficient is a number between 0 and 1 (or 0% to 100%) that measures inequality of income or wealth in a country. 0 = perfect equality (everyone has the same income) 1 = perfect inequality (one person has all the income, others have none) Example: If India’s Gini is 0.25 (25%), it suggests less inequality compared to a country with Gini 0.60 (60%), where few people hold most of the income. Recent data India’s consumption-based Gini index improved from 28.8 in 2011-12 to 25.5 in 2022-23, The World Inequality Database shows income inequality rising from a Gini of 52 in 2004 to 62 in 2023. Wage disparity remains high, with the median earnings of the top 10 percent being 13 times higher than the bottom 10 percent in 2023-24. Issues The government’s claim has been contested both by academics who study inequality, as well as observers who see India as a country with high and rising inequality. The issues are: India uses Consumption-based Gini India’s Gini is calculated on consumption, not income. Income varies more than consumption. Rich people save most of their extra income. Hence a Gini Index of inequality using consumption data underestimates the level of inequality in a society. Limititation in survey It is widely acknowledged that the gap between the bottom 10% and top 10% of the population is widening, even if it is assumed that everyone in the country is becoming better off. However, the calculation of inequality is unlikely to capture the widening gap because: Rich people often refuse to participate (differential non-response). Survey sampling rarely picks up top 1% earners, leading to underestimation of inequality. Similar underestimation occurs in US, UK, Europe. World Inequality Lab uses income tax data, showing rising inequality in India. A way to correct for this lapse in sampling is to use the survey data in conjunction with income tax data, which is uniquely accurate in capturing the incomes of the top earners in a country. Problems with Gini Index The Gini Index too is not ‘sensitive’ to changes at the extremes of a population, but is overly sensitive to changes in the middle. Experts recommend measures like Palma Ratio, comparing income shares of top 10% vs bottom 50%, for a clearer picture. Way forward Combine survey data with income tax data to measure true inequality. Adopt multiple measures to design targeted policies. Focus on inclusive growth to ensure equitable distribution of economic gains. Conclusion The point of studying inequality is to allow governments to tailor appropriate policies to alleviate excessive inequality. However, an inaccurate reading of inequality can lead to policies that actually exacerbate existing inequalities. Relying solely on the Gini Index, that too with severe data limitations, can obscure the reality. Hence use multiple measures to design the schemes. Mains Practice Question Q “Consumption-based measures of inequality underestimate the true extent of economic disparity in India.” Critically examine this statement in light of recent debates around the Gini Index and its limitations. (250 words, 15 marks) Catastrophe Bonds (Cat Bonds): Critical analysis (GS paper III – Economy, GS Paper III – Disaster management) Introduction (Context) The frequency and intensity of disasters have increased due to climate change. Further, a low penetration of disaster risk insurance for individual property and livelihoods leaves much of the population exposed to irretrievable damage and loss. Hence there is a growing discussion on innovative disaster financing instruments like catastrophe bonds (cat bonds). Experts suggest India could sponsor regional cat bonds to strengthen South Asia’s disaster resilience. What is a cat bond? Cat bonds are a hybrid financial instrument combining features of insurance and debt securities. They convert disaster insurance cover into tradable securities in global financial markets. This means that instead of relying solely on traditional re-insurers, at-risk governments can securitise disaster risks and transfer them to a wider pool of investors with large financial capacity. The main benefit is the ability to unlock a much larger quantum of funds for immediate post-disaster relief and reconstruction. How do Cat Bonds work? Sovereign governments pay premiums (like insurance premiums) and define risk parameters. Institutions like the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, or reinsurance companies issue bonds on behalf of the sponsor to reduce counter-party risks. Pension funds, hedge funds invest in cat bonds for portfolio diversification. Risk & Returns: Investors earn higher coupon rates than regular bonds due to the inherent risk of principal loss if a disaster strikes. For example, earthquake-related cat bonds have lower premiums (1-2%) than those for cyclones or hurricanes. Advantages of Cat Bonds Immediate liquidity for post-disaster reconstruction. Transfers disaster risk to global financial markets, reducing burden on government finances. Encourages proactive disaster risk reduction measures to reduce coupon rates. Disadvantages of Cat Bonds If a cat bond is poorly designed, it might not trigger payouts despite significant disasters. For instance, a bond designed to cover earthquakes above 6.6 magnitude might not pay out for a 6.5 magnitude quake that still causes widespread destruction. This underlines the importance of setting realistic and context-appropriate payout parameters. If no disaster occurs, expenses towards premiums may be questioned despite being preventive financial planning. Does India Need Cat Bonds? The unpredictability and increase in frequency of extreme weather events like cyclones, floods, forest fires and devastating earthquakes in South Asia have increased India’s exposure to disaster-risk Advantages for India: Sponsoring cat bonds would enable India to protect its public finances by ensuring immediate funds for post-disaster reconstruction without sudden fiscal shocks. India has a strong financial reputation in the world, which means global investors trust its ability to pay. Also, because India faces many natural disasters, issuing cat bonds through trusted organisations like the World Bank can be a cost-effective way to manage these risks. India can create regional bond India, due to its size and financial stability, could lead the creation of a South Asian cat bond. Such a bond would cover multiple countries exposed to diverse disaster risks, such as earthquakes in Bhutan, Nepal, and India or supra-cyclones and tsunamis impacting India, Bangladesh, Maldives, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. A regional cat bond would spread risks, reduce premium costs for each country, and improve financial resilience for the entire region. Terminologies Hybrid insurance-cum-debt financial products: These are financial instruments that combine features of insurance (risk coverage) and debt (raising money from investors), like cat bonds which provide disaster insurance while functioning as tradable bonds. Insurance premium: It is the amount of money paid regularly by an individual or organisation to an insurance company to keep their insurance policy active. Debt securities: These are financial instruments, such as bonds, through which investors lend money to issuers (governments or companies) and receive fixed returns over time. Reinsurance companies: These are firms that provide insurance to insurance companies themselves, helping them spread and manage large risks. Hedge funds: These are investment funds that use various strategies, including high-risk ones, to earn returns for their wealthy investors or institutions. Way forward Evaluate historical disaster costs vs. premium payments for cat bonds through transparent government procedures. Design robust payout structures to avoid technical disqualification of claims. Explore regional collaboration for cost-sharing and greater resilience. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss how catastrophe bonds (cat bonds) can be leveraged by India to strengthen its disaster risk financing framework. Critically analyse. (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link https://iasbaba.com/daily-current-affairs-quiz/

Jul 9, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 9th July 2025

Jul 9, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 9th July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Japonica rice Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: NIPGR (National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Delhi) used CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing in japonica rice to enhance phosphate uptake and yield Key Scientific Findings: Edited rice lines targeted the OsPHT1;2 phosphate transporter gene. Suppressor gene OsWRKY6 was removed to enhance gene expression. Result: 40% higher yield even with only 10% of recommended phosphate fertilizer. More panicles, seeds, and biomass. Better phosphate translocation from root to shoot. Methodology: Focused on root-to-shoot phosphate transporter. Removed repressor binding site to ensure constant gene activity. Plants were tested for off-target effects using PCR, sequencing, and Southern blotting. Strict non-GMO compliance: no foreign DNA (e.g., bacterial vector) used. Regulatory & Ethical Aspects: CRISPR-based editing is not considered GMO if no foreign DNA is inserted. India uses Mendelian segregation to ensure only edited plants without transgenes are propagated. Ongoing negotiations to ease regulatory constraints on such precision-bred crops. Significance: Can help reduce fertilizer dependency. Useful in phosphorus-deficient soils. Gene editing can be a sustainable solution to improve food security without compromising yield or grain quality. Learning Corner: National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR) Established: 1998 Location: New Delhi Autonomous Institute under the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India Mandate: To conduct advanced research in plant genomics and molecular biology to improve crop productivity and stress resistance. Key Functions and Research Areas: Genome sequencing and analysis of major Indian crops. Gene discovery for traits like yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and nutrient efficiency. Use of advanced tools like CRISPR-Cas9 for gene editing. Research in functional genomics, transgenic technologies, and bioinformatics. Collaborations with national and international agricultural and biotech institutions. CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Technology CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats – CRISPR associated protein 9) is a revolutionary genome-editing tool that allows scientists to precisely modify DNA within organisms. Origin: Derived from a natural defense mechanism in bacteria, which use CRISPR sequences and the Cas9 enzyme to cut viral DNA. How It Works: A guide RNA (gRNA) is designed to match the target DNA sequence. The Cas9 enzyme acts like molecular scissors, guided by gRNA to cut the DNA at the desired location. The cell’s natural repair mechanism is then used to add, delete, or replace DNA sequences. Advantages: Highly precise and efficient Faster and cheaper than older gene-editing methods (like TALENs or ZFNs) Can be used in plants, animals, and humans Enables targeted crop improvement without introducing foreign DNA (non-GMO) Applications: Agriculture: Developing crops with higher yield, disease resistance, or nutrient efficiency (e.g., NIPGR’s phosphate-efficient rice) Medicine: Gene therapy, cancer treatment, and research on genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia Research: Studying gene function in model organisms Source: THE HINDU Great Hornbill Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: A recent sighting of the Great Hornbill in Ezhimala, Kannur (Kerala) has drawn attention to the ecological significance of the region. Significance of the Great Hornbill The Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) is a large bird known for its role as a seed disperser and indicator of mature, healthy forests. It is classified as Vulnerable, with declining populations due to habitat loss and hunting. Why the Ezhimala Sighting Matters Ezhimala is not part of the species’ typical range, suggesting the presence of remnant forest patches or ecological corridors. The sighting indicates the region’s biodiversity potential and highlights opportunities for ecological restoration. Conservation Imperatives Protect forest fragments and ecological corridors in Ezhimala and nearby areas. Promote community-based conservation, including habitat monitoring and restoration. Strengthen wildlife protection laws and consider expanding protected area networks. Use the Great Hornbill as a flagship species to raise awareness and inspire conservation action. Broader Implications Highlights the need to curb deforestation and habitat fragmentation. Emphasizes the value of combining scientific research, traditional knowledge, and local participation in conservation. Shows that wildlife recovery is possible with timely and sustained efforts. Learning Corner: Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) The Great Hornbill is one of the largest and most iconic hornbill species found in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Key Features: Distinctive casque (helmet-like structure) on top of its beak. Large, colorful bird with black, white, and yellow plumage. Known for its loud calls and graceful flight despite its size. Habitat: Prefers dense evergreen and moist deciduous forests. Commonly found in the Western Ghats, Northeast India, and parts of Southeast Asia. Ecological Role: Acts as a key seed disperser, aiding in forest regeneration. Considered an indicator species for healthy, mature forests. Conservation Status: Listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Threatened by: Habitat loss due to deforestation Hunting for casque and feathers Loss of nesting trees Conservation Efforts: Protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Community-led programs like the Hornbill Nest Adoption Program promote habitat preservation and awareness. Source: THE HINDU Norman Tebbit Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Norman Tebbit: Key Ally of Margaret Thatcher died at 94. Overview Norman Tebbit (1931–2025) was a prominent British Conservative politician and a key figure in Margaret Thatcher’s government during the 1980s. Known for his toughness and working-class appeal, he played a major role in reshaping British conservatism. Political Career Held key Cabinet roles including Secretary of State for Employment, Trade and Industry, and Chairman of the Conservative Party. Spearheaded trade union reforms, notably through the Employment Act 1982, reducing union power and strengthening employer rights. Famously linked to the phrase “get on your bike”, symbolizing self-reliance and individual effort. Stance on Europe A vocal Eurosceptic, he later led the Bruges Group, opposing deeper European integration. Public Image and Legacy Nicknamed “Thatcher’s Enforcer” for his firm political stance and loyalty. Known for controversial views on immigration and national identity, including the “cricket test” on assimilation. Retired from the Commons in 1992, continued contributing to debates as a life peer in the House of Lords. Learning Corner: Thatcherism Thatcherism refers to the political and economic ideology associated with Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. It represents a significant shift in British politics towards free-market capitalism, individualism, and a reduction in state intervention. Key Features: Free Market Economics: Emphasis on privatization of state-owned industries. Promotion of deregulation and reduced government control over the economy. Monetarism: Focus on controlling inflation over unemployment. Reduced public spending and tight control over the money supply. Tax Reform: Shift from direct to indirect taxation. Lower top income tax rates to incentivize wealth creation. Trade Union Reforms: Curtailment of union powers through strict legislation. Ended closed shops and restricted the right to strike. Individual Responsibility: Advocacy of self-reliance, entrepreneurship, and home ownership. Famous quote: “There is no such thing as society.” Euroscepticism: Opposition to deeper political integration within the European Community. Impact: Led to a transformation of the British economy, with lasting influence on both Conservative and Labour Party policies. Created social and regional divisions, with critics pointing to rising inequality and erosion of the welfare state. Became a defining phase of neoliberal governance in the UK and influenced global policy shifts in the 1980s. Source : TIMES OF INDIA Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: On July 8, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi was awarded the Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross, Brazil’s highest national honour for foreign dignitaries. About the Honour: The Order of the Southern Cross was established in 1822 to mark Brazil’s independence. It is awarded to foreign nationals for exceptional service to Brazil. The Grand Collar is the highest rank within the order and is conferred by presidential decree. Significance: The award recognizes Modi’s contributions to strengthening India–Brazil relations and enhancing cooperation on global platforms. Modi dedicated the honour to the 1.4 billion people of India, highlighting the deep friendship between the two nations. Learning Corner: International Honours Conferred on PM Narendra Modi Key International Honours: Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross – Brazil (2025) Brazil’s highest civilian honour for foreign dignitaries, recognizing Modi’s efforts in strengthening India–Brazil ties. Order of Zayed – United Arab Emirates (2019) The UAE’s highest civilian award, acknowledging his strategic leadership and promotion of bilateral ties. Legion of Merit – United States (2020) Conferred by the U.S. President for Modi’s role in enhancing strategic partnership and promoting Indo-Pacific security. Order of St. Andrew – Russia (2019) Russia’s highest civilian honour, awarded for exceptional services in promoting bilateral cooperation. Order of the Distinguished Rule of Nishan Izzuddin – Maldives (2019) The highest honour accorded to foreign dignitaries by the Maldives for enhancing bilateral relations. King Hamad Order of the Renaissance – Bahrain (2019) Given for strengthening ties between India and Bahrain. Global Energy and Environment Leadership Award – CERAWeek, USA (2021) For leadership in promoting energy sustainability and environmental responsibility. Source: PIB Fuel Ban on End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) in Delhi Category: POLITY Context: The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) has extended the timeline for implementing its directive to ban fuel supply to End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) in Delhi-NCR due to operational and technical challenges Revised Timeline: From November 1, 2025: Ban will apply in Delhi and five NCR districts—Gurugram, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gautam Budh Nagar, and Sonipat. From April 1, 2026: Ban will extend to the rest of NCR. Until October 31, 2025: Fuel supply to ELVs will continue. What Are ELVs? Diesel vehicles over 10 years old Petrol vehicles over 15 years old Reason for Extension: Issues with the Automated Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) system: Glitches, poor camera coverage, sensor errors Incomplete data integration across NCR states To avoid policy loopholes, such as vehicle owners refueling in neighboring towns To allow for coordinated implementation and technological upgrades Learning Corner: Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) The Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas (CAQM) is a statutory body established by the Government of India to address air pollution in the Delhi-NCR region. Key Features: Established: October 2020 (via an ordinance; later enacted through legislation in August 2021) Jurisdiction: Covers Delhi and adjoining areas in Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. Headquarters: New Delhi Objectives: Ensure coordinated action among central and state agencies to combat air pollution. Oversee the implementation of air quality improvement plans, including Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP). Replace multiple bodies like EPCA (Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority). Functions: Monitor and enforce environmental laws related to air quality. Direct closure or regulation of polluting industries and vehicles. Oversee biomass burning, dust control, and vehicular pollution measures. Coordinate with NCR states on emission reduction and implementation of technologies like PUSA bio-decomposer and ANPR systems. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Melting of glaciers and volcanic eruptions (GS paper I – Geography, GS Paper III - Environment) Introduction (Context) A new study presented at the 2025 Goldschmidt Conference in Prague warned that melting glaciers can trigger more frequent and explosive volcanic eruptions, especially in West Antarctica, due to loss of ice pressure over underground magma chambers. What are glaciers? Glaciers are massive, slow-moving bodies of ice and snow that form on land and flow under their own weight. Glaciers move due to gravity and the internal deformation of the ice. They can move relatively slowly, but over time, this movement shapes the landscape. Glaciers are categorized as either alpine (mountain) glaciers or continental glaciers (ice sheets). Glaciers form in areas where snowfall accumulates faster than it melts or evaporates over many years, eventually compacting into ice. Locations of major glaciers: Asia: Himalayas (Siachen, Gangotri, Yamunotri), Karakoram (Baltoro) Antarctica: Lambert Glacier (world’s largest) Arctic: Greenland Ice Sheet South America: Patagonian glaciers (Perito Moreno) Europe: Alps (Aletsch Glacier) Why glaciers are melting? Since the early 1900s, many glaciers around the world have been rapidly melting. Human activities are at the root of this phenomenon. Global warming: Rising temperatures accelerate ice melt. Black carbon deposition: Soot reduces albedo, increasing heat absorption. Industrial pollution: Alters atmospheric chemistry, impacting snowfall and melt rates. Changes in precipitation patterns: Reduced snowfall and increased rainfall accelerate melting. Even if we significantly curb emissions in the coming decades, more than a third of the world’s remaining glaciers will melt before the year 2100. Scientists project that if emissions continue to rise unchecked, the Arctic could be ice free in the summer as soon as the year 2040 as ocean and air temperatures continue to rise rapidly. Link between glaciers and volcanoes Melting glaciers reduce the pressure exerted by ice on underground magma chamber This allows gases and magma to expand, potentially resulting in explosive eruptions. Greatest risk regions: West Antarctica: ~100 volcanoes buried under ice that may melt in coming decades Other regions: North America, New Zealand, Russia. Study of Chile’s Mocho Choshuenco volcano showed thick ice suppressed eruptions during last ice age (26,000–18,000 years ago). Melting 13,000 years ago led to explosive eruptions due to pressure release and magma expansion. Changes in rainfall, also driven by climate change, can infiltrate underground and react with magma systems, triggering eruptions. Impacts of volcanic eruptions Short-term cooling: Release of ash, dust, and sulfur dioxide blocks sunlight, reducing Earth’s surface temperature. Sulfur dioxide goes into the stratosphere and reacts with water to form sulfuric acid aerosols. These aerosols reflect incoming solar radiation, leading to the cooling of the Earth’s surface. According to the US centre for Science Education, the aerosols can stay in the stratosphere for up to three years, moved around by winds and causing significant cooling worldwide. Long-term warming: Sustained eruptions release greenhouse gases like CO₂ and methane, contributing to further global warming, creating a vicious cycle: As global temperatures rise, there will be a higher rate of melting of ice, which could cause more eruptions and further global warming. Way Forward Strengthen climate change mitigation efforts to limit global warming and reduce glacier melt rate. Enhance glacial monitoring systems for early warning of eruptions and GLOFs. International cooperation for research and disaster preparedness in glacier-rich volcanic regions. Mains Practice Question Q “Melting glaciers can amplify volcanic eruptions, creating a vicious climate cycle.” Analyse the phenomenon and suggest mitigation strategies to reduce such compounded risks of climate change. (250 words, 15 marks) NATO nations decided to increase military expenditure (GS paper II – International Relations) Introduction (Context) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) summit in June had pledged to increase military spending to 5% of the member nations’ GDP (specifically “core defence requirements as well as defence and security-related spending by 2035”). The previous spending target was 2%. What has been the historical trajectory of military expenditures? In cold war era: It was 6.1% of the world’s GDP in 1960. Later it reduced to 3%. It reached its lowest levels in 1998 at 2.1% (a total expenditure of around $1,100 billion) Whereas, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) in 2024 and 2025: Global military spending was $2,718 billion. The year saw a 9.4% increase, which was the highest year-on-year increase since 1988, This was due to the Russia-Ukraine war and the Israel-Gaza conflict. Further in 2025, the world saw two big additional conflicts, between India and Pakistan, and Israel and Iran. This, combined with the NATO pledge, will see further increases in global military spending in the coming years. Top Military Spenders (2024) Country Spending ($ billion) USA 997 China 314 Russia 149 Germany 88.5 India 86.1 NATO (32 members): Combined spending of $1,506 billion (55% of global spending). GDP % among Top 20 (Excluding war-torn nations): Saudi Arabia: 7.3% Poland: 4.2% USA: 3.4% Others: 1.3% – 2.6% Impact of increment in military spending The current wave of remilitarisation threatens to reverse the gains achieved from declining military expenditure after the Cold War. According to the Global Peace Index (2023): Militarisation increased in 108 countries. Highest number of conflicts since World War II recorded. Military-Industrial Complex Effects: The increase in military spending can benefit certain sectors of the economy. Yet, as studies show (for example, by Masako Ikegami and Zijian Wang, based on 116 countries), there is a significant crowding-out effect that increased military spending has on domestic government health spending, the effects of which are borne more by middle- and low-income countries. Example: Spain: Spends only 1.24% of GDP on defence. Opted out of NATO’s new 5% target, citing it as “unreasonable”. Extra burden of €300 billion would cut welfare spending. Impact on UN The latest budget of the United Nations is only $44 billion with which it should fund development, humanitarian aid, and peacekeeping operations. But the UN, in six months, has only received $6 billion, and as a result, is seeking to reduce the budget to $29 billion. This is due to the increase in military conflicts as nations are reducing foreign aids to meet their domestic needs. Example: The U.S., under President Donald Trump, seeking to cut foreign aid. US has closed down the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) which according to the A Lancet study, USAID assistance in healthcare, nutrition, etc., have prevented 91 million deaths in low- and middle-income countries in the past two decades Effect on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Increased defence spending is upending the progress of achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Example: To end extreme poverty in the world, only $70 billion per year is needed, which is a very small amount (just 0.1% of the income of rich countries). To end absolute poverty globally, the required amount is $325 billion per year, or 0.6% of high-income countries’ income, which is still far less than their military spending. In 2021, around 4.5 billion people did not have full access to essential health services. Studies show that spending just $1 per person every year on preventing major non-communicable diseases like diabetes and cancer can save about 7 million lives by 2030. The funds which can be used for sustainable development are moving to the military. Environmental Impact Increased military spending harms the environment and climate goals. 2024 was the hottest year ever recorded, with severe heatwaves. If NATO countries raise their defence spending to 3.5% of GDP, it will add 200 million tonnes of greenhouse gases every year. Spending more on military instead of climate action will only worsen global warming and reduce funds for public welfare. Impact on India India’s Military vs Health Spending: Military spending: 2.3% of GDP. Health spending: Only 1.84% of GDP, which is: Less than National Health Policy target of 2.5%. Much lower than ~10% spent by most developed countries. With increasing tensions and public support for militarisation, there is a risk that spending on essential public services like health and welfare may be reduced. Conclusion While ensuring national security, there is a need to adopt a balanced approach between military spending and social sector investments. Countries must reassess their military targets to avoid diverting critical resources away from health, education, and welfare. Strengthening global governance frameworks, including providing adequate funding for the United Nations and Sustainable Development Goals, is crucial to address the root causes of conflict and promote lasting peace. Additionally, it is important to recognise the environmental impact of defence activities and integrate climate considerations into national security policies. Mains Practice Question Q Rising global military expenditure is often justified in the name of national security, yet it poses significant challenges to human development and environmental sustainability. Critically analyse. (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link https://iasbaba.com/daily-current-affairs-quiz/

Jul 8, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 8th July 2025

Jul 8, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 8th July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Rubin Observatory Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile and its Simonyi Survey Telescope, which is equipped with the world’s largest camera and promises to revolutionize astronomy. Key Highlights Telescope Features: World’s largest digital camera and a wide field of view equivalent to 40 full moons aligned in a row. Utilizes a unique three-mirror system for exceptional image depth and clarity. Will capture 20 terabytes of data every night for 10 years. Major Scientific Objectives: Milky Way Structure – Map and understand the detailed structure of our galaxy. Dark Matter & Dark Energy – Help unravel the nature of unseen forces/substances. Solar System Census – Discover millions of new asteroids and comets. The Changing Sky – Provide a time-lapse view of the dynamic cosmos. Observational Method: Unlike traditional telescopes, Rubin will scan the sky continuously, without pre-selecting targets. Its software can compare new images with old ones to automatically detect changes. Significance Expected to catalogue 17 billion stars, 20 billion galaxies, and around 100,000 near-Earth objects. Has already identified 2,140 new asteroids within 10 hours of engineering data. Named after Vera Rubin, who confirmed the existence of dark matter. Learning Corner: India has established several important space observatories to advance astronomical research and space science. Here are the major ones: Astrosat – India’s First Dedicated Space Observatory Launched by: ISRO (September 28, 2015) Orbit: Low Earth Orbit (~650 km) Purpose: Multi-wavelength space telescope — observes cosmic sources in UV, visible, and X-ray bands simultaneously. Significance: India’s counterpart to NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope Used for studying black holes, neutron stars, supernovae, and galaxy evolution Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO), Hanle – Ground-Based Location: Hanle, Ladakh (4,500 m above sea level) Operated by: Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) Features: One of the highest altitude observatories in the world Home to the Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT) – optical and near-infrared telescope Importance: Ideal location for astronomical observations due to clear skies and low humidity. GROWTH-India Telescope Location: Hanle, Ladakh Joint Project: IIA and IIT Bombay under a global collaboration Purpose: Time-domain astronomy — rapid follow-up of transient events like gamma-ray bursts and gravitational wave sources Vainu Bappu Observatory (VBO) Location: Kavalur, Tamil Nadu Managed by: Indian Institute of Astrophysics Features: Houses the Vainu Bappu Telescope (VBT) — 2.3 m optical telescope Significance: One of Asia’s largest optical telescopes for visible light astronomy Udaipur Solar Observatory (USO) Location: Fatehsagar Lake, Udaipur, Rajasthan Managed by: Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad Focus: Dedicated to solar observations Unique Feature: Located on an island, minimizing air turbulence for better image quality Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Phone Tapping Category: POLITY Context: Two recent Delhi and Madras High Court rulings and the legal framework governing phone-tapping Legal Framework for Phone Tapping Government’s power to intercept communications is defined under three laws: Indian Post Office Act, 1898 – interception of postal communication Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 – tapping of voice calls Information Technology Act, 2000 – interception of electronic communication (emails, messages) Section 5(2) of the Telegraph Act permits interception during: Public emergency In the interest of public safety High Court Rulings Delhi High Court: Upheld interception in a bribery case where corruption was deemed a threat to public safety. Cited the economic scale of the offence (₹2,149.93 crore) as justification. Emphasized the broad impact of corruption on public trust and national security. Madras High Court: Quashed a 2011 MHA interception order due to lack of justification under “public emergency.” Stressed that tax evasion, in that case, did not qualify as a public emergency. Criticized outdated standards and lack of oversight in the interception process. Supreme Court Precedent In 1997, SC upheld Section 5(2) but laid down safeguards: Orders must come from the Home Secretary. Must record “reasonable satisfaction” and the need to use phone-tapping as last resort. Review Committee to examine each order within 2 months. Rule 419-A of Telegraph Rules formalizes these safeguards. Learning Corner: Phone Surveillance and Violation of Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution – A Brief Note In India, the Constitution guarantees several fundamental rights that can be impacted or violated by unauthorized phone surveillance, tapping, or hacking. Fundamental Rights Involved: Right to Privacy (Part of Article 21 – Right to Life and Personal Liberty) Recognized as a fundamental right by the Supreme Court in the landmark Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (2017) judgment. Phone tapping, surveillance, or unauthorized access to personal communication without legal sanction is a violation of this right. Freedom of Speech and Expression – Article 19(1)(a) Constant surveillance can create a chilling effect on free speech, especially for journalists, activists, and opposition leaders. Fear of surveillance may deter individuals from expressing critical or dissenting views. Protection Against Arbitrary Action – Article 14 Any discriminatory or selective surveillance can violate the right to equality before law and equal protection of the laws. Judicial View: In PUCL v. Union of India (1997), the Supreme Court ruled that telephone tapping infringes Article 21, and laid down procedural safeguards. Surveillance must be authorized, proportionate, necessary, and time-bound, or else it will be unconstitutional. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Golden Dome Category:SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : The Golden Dome is a U.S. missile defence initiative announced by President Trump in 2025. What is the Golden Dome? It proposes deploying thousands of satellites in low-Earth orbit, equipped with sensors and interceptors, to detect and neutralize threats like ballistic, cruise, and hypersonic missiles across all phases of their trajectory—even from space. Challenges to Space Law Militarization vs. Weaponization The 1967 Outer Space Treaty bans nuclear weapons in orbit but doesn’t explicitly prohibit conventional arms. The Golden Dome’s deployment of space-based interceptors blurs the line between peaceful use and militarization, raising legal and ethical concerns. Space Arms Race Countries like China warn that the project may provoke a global arms race in space. Since the Cold War, powers have avoided placing weapons in orbit. Golden Dome would break this precedent, potentially triggering copycat programs worldwide. Legal Ambiguities The treaty’s silence on conventional weapons creates ambiguity. Additionally, many of the Dome’s components are dual-use technologies, complicating oversight and raising suspicion about their true intent. Technical and Strategic Hurdles High Cost: Estimated between $175 to $500 billion, the project faces skepticism over feasibility and sustainability. Satellite Constellation: Requires thousands of satellites, increasing the risk of space debris and vulnerability to countermeasures. Integration: Meant to complement existing ground-based defenses, but technical integration is complex. Learning Corner: Outer Space Treaty (OST), 1967 What is the Outer Space Treaty? The Outer Space Treaty, officially known as the “Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies”, is the foundational international legal framework for space activities. It was adopted in 1967 under the auspices of the United Nations and remains the cornerstone of global space law. Key Features: Peaceful Use of Outer Space: Outer space shall be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. No placement of nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction in orbit or on celestial bodies. No National Sovereignty in Space: Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, use, occupation, or any other means. Freedom of Exploration: All countries are free to explore and use outer space without discrimination. Responsibility of States: Nations are responsible for national space activities, whether carried out by government or private entities. States must authorize and continually supervise non-governmental space activities. Liability for Damage: Countries are liable for any damage caused by their space objects to other countries or their property on Earth or in space. Avoidance of Harmful Contamination: States must avoid harmful contamination of space and celestial bodies and must respect the environment of outer space. Signatories and Legal Standing: As of 2025, the OST has been signed by 110+ countries, including major space powers like the USA, Russia, China, and India. It is legally binding, though interpretations vary, especially on issues like militarization vs. weaponization of space. Source : THE HINDU Rare Earth Minerals Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: In April 2025, China imposed strict export controls on seven key rare earth elements used in magnets, batteries, and high-tech industries. Exporters must obtain licenses, undergo long approval processes, and disclose detailed end-user information. Quotas are now enforced on monthly exports. Why It Benefits Beijing Geopolitical Leverage: China dominates rare earth mining and refining globally. The controls act as a strategic tool in trade negotiations, especially against the U.S. National Security: Restricting exports weakens rival countries’ defense and technology sectors. Diplomatic Pressure: The controls forced urgent engagement from major economies like the U.S., EU, Japan, and India. Influence over Supply Chains: The new licensing regime incentivizes cooperation with China, reinforcing its global dominance. Why It Hurts Chinese Business Plunging Revenues: Chinese exporters suffered massive losses—magnet exports dropped 75% and U.S. shipments fell over 90% year-on-year. Global Disruptions: Auto and electronics industries in the U.S., EU, and India faced production halts. Domestic Strain: Weak EV demand and inventory build-ups forced Chinese producers to cut output by up to 15%. Strategic Risk: Other countries are accelerating efforts to diversify rare earth sources, threatening China’s long-term monopoly. Regulatory Burden: The new process adds red tape, uncertainty, and commercial disclosure risks for both exporters and importers. Learning Corner: Light Rare Earth Elements (LREEs) (Atomic numbers 57–64) Lanthanum (La) Cerium (Ce) Praseodymium (Pr) Neodymium (Nd) Promethium (Pm) (radioactive and rare in nature) Samarium (Sm) Europium (Eu) Gadolinium (Gd) Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREEs) (Atomic numbers 65–71) Terbium (Tb) Dysprosium (Dy) Holmium (Ho) Erbium (Er) Thulium (Tm) Ytterbium (Yb) Lutetium (Lu) Associated Rare Earth Elements (often grouped with REEs): Scandium (Sc) Yttrium (Y) Though not part of the lanthanide series, scandium and yttrium are included in rare earths because they occur in the same ore deposits and have similar chemical properties. Uses of Rare Earth Elements: Magnets (Nd, Dy, Tb) Batteries (La, Ce) Catalysts (Ce, La) Lasers and Optics (Er, Ho, Tm) Nuclear Reactors (Gd, Sm) Green tech & electronics (all) Source: THE HINDU Refugee crisis in Mizoram Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Refugee crisis in Mizoram due to Myanmar’s Chin conflict Violent clashes between rival Chin armed groups—the Chin National Defence Force (CNDF) and the Chinland Defence Force (CDF)—have forced over 4,000 people to flee into Mizoram from Myanmar in the past four days. The displaced, mainly from border villages like Khawmawi and Rihkhawdar, are taking shelter in Mizoram’s Champhai district. Zokhawthar, a key border village, has registered more than 4,000 adult refugees, with total numbers, including children, likely exceeding 5,500. Many are being accommodated by local families or in community and church halls, while civil society groups and the Mizoram government provide aid. The crisis escalated after a June 5 shootout, during which CNDF reportedly captured eight CDF camps, triggering mass civilian displacement. Mizoram’s home minister reaffirmed support for the refugees, citing both ethnic solidarity and humanitarian duty. This latest influx adds to the strain on Mizoram, which is already hosting over 30,000 refugees from Myanmar due to the ongoing civil conflict since the 2021 coup. With continued violence in Myanmar’s Chin State, there is no sign of an early return for the displaced, and the situation remains tense. Learning Corner: Myanmar’s Chin Conflict Background: The Chin conflict is part of Myanmar’s broader civil war that escalated after the military coup in February 2021. The Chin State, located in western Myanmar bordering India’s Mizoram, has seen intense fighting between ethnic armed groups and the Myanmar military (Tatmadaw), as well as internal rivalries between Chin resistance groups. Key Actors: Chin National Defence Force (CNDF) Chinland Defence Force (CDF) Myanmar military (Tatmadaw) Both CNDF and CDF are armed groups primarily composed of fighters from the Zo ethnic community, which shares cultural and ethnic ties with Mizo people in India. Geographical Context: Chin State borders India’s Mizoram and Manipur, making it a frequent refuge route during conflicts. The village of Zokhawthar in Mizoram has been a key entry point for displaced people. Humanitarian Impact: Mizoram is already hosting 30,000+ refugees from Myanmar since 2021. The recent influx has strained local resources and relief mechanisms. Mizoram’s government has extended humanitarian support citing ethnic kinship and moral responsibility. Significance: Highlights the fragile nature of ethnic resistance alliances in Myanmar. Poses security, humanitarian, and diplomatic challenges for India, especially in border management. Raises concerns about a long-term refugee situation with no political resolution in sight. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Maternal Health status in India (GS paper II - governance) Introduction (Context) Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is a key health indicator reflecting the quality of maternal healthcare in a country. As per the Sample Registration System (SRS) 2019-21, India’s MMR stands at 93 deaths per 1,00,000 live births, marking progress from 103 (2017-19). Despite national improvement, regional disparities remain high especially in Empowered Action Group (EAG) States. What is MMR? The maternal mortality rate (MMR) represents the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births during a specific time period. It’s a crucial indicator of maternal health and the quality of healthcare services during pregnancy and childbirth. A high MMR indicates poor access to quality healthcare, inadequate management of pregnancy complications, and broader social and economic inequalities. Whereas, Maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes Major Medical Causes of Maternal Deaths Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH): Excessive bleeding after delivery due to failure of the uterus to contract quickly. Obstructed Labour: Caused by a narrow pelvis in malnourished young mothers Hypertensive Disorders: Conditions like preeclampsia, if undiagnosed, can cause convulsions, coma, and death due to sudden spikes in blood pressure. Sepsis: Deliveries conducted by untrained attendants often lead to infections; lack of timely antibiotics can result in fatal sepsis. Anaemia: Common underlying condition that led to complications Associated Illnesses in EAG States: Diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and chronic urinary tract infections add to pregnancy complications, increasing the risk of maternal mortality. Maternal Heath Data MMR in India has declined over the years — it was 103 in 2017-19, then 97 in 2018-20 and now 93 in 2019-21. Further, to understand the maternal mortality situation better, States have been categorised into three: 1.“Empowered Action Group” (EAG) States that comprise Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Assam; EAG States: Madhya Pradesh: 175 Assam: 167 Others: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand – range between 100-151 2. “Southern” States which include Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu Southern States: Kerala: Lowest MMR – 20 Karnataka: Highest among south – 63 Others: Tamil Nadu (49), Telangana (45), Andhra Pradesh (46) 3.“Other” States that cover the remaining States/Union Territories. Other States: Maharashtra: 38 Gujarat: 53 West Bengal: 109 Haryana: 106 Punjab: 98 Causes: The “Three Delays” Model 1.Delay in Recognising Danger and Seeking Help The husband and other family members often experience inertia, thinking that all deliveries are a natural process and so the mother-to-be can wait. Also they may not have enough money or other issues at the family level that prevent them from going to a hospital. Solutions: Empowered, neighbourhood mothers and women’s self-help-groups have resulted in a remarkable change Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) began networking with Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANM) since 2005 (when the National Rural Health Mission (NHRM) was launched), institutional over home deliveries have become the better option. Government is also providing financial incentives for the mother and ASHA, which proved to be beneficial for mother. 2. Delay in Reaching Healthcare Facilities Due to geographic remoteness, poor transport infrastructure or an overnight journey for a mother-to-be to reach a health facility. Many women die on the way. Solutions: 108 ambulance service, free referral transport under NHM 3.Delay in Receiving Adequate Care at the Facility Shortage of specialists (66% vacancies in CHCs) Poor infrastructure such as lack of blood banks, functional OTs Solutions: The concept of the operationalisation of a ‘minimum four FRUs [first referral units] per district of two million population, is crucial. The “first level referral unit” with specialists such as an obstetrician, anaesthetist, paediatrician, blood bank and operation theatre was aimed at preventing maternal death at the doorstep of a hospital. Audit and accountability for care quality Steps needed Focus on basic Antenatal care, institutional delivery, staff recruitment Strengthen FRUs, blood banks, emergency transport Fine-tune emergency obstetric care, invest in training Implement maternal death surveillance and response (MDSR) effectively Fill human resource gaps (especially specialists) Expand infrastructure with accountability Enhance community education and women empowerment Case study: Kerala The Kerala has model of a Confidential Review of Maternal deaths, initiated by Dr. V.P. Paily. Kerala MMR is 20. Steps taken The use of uterine artery clamps on the lower segment Application of suction canula to overcome atonicity of the uterus Sharp lookout for and energetic management of amniotic fluid embolism, diffused intravascular coagulation, hepatic failure secondary to fatty liver cirrhosis , etc. They even address antenatal depression and post-partum psychosis as there were a few cases of pregnant mothers ending their life. Value addition: Government Schemes National Health Mission (NHM): Strengthening infrastructure and service delivery Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY): Financial incentives for institutional births Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA): Free antenatal care on fixed days LaQshya Initiative: Improving quality of maternity care in labour rooms Poshan Abhiyan: Tackling anaemia and malnutrition Ayushman Bharat: Health insurance coverage and Health & Wellness Centres (HWCs) Conclusion Preventable maternal deaths are not just a health issue, but a human rights concern. With political will, community involvement, and robust public health systems, India can move closer to zero preventable maternal deaths and ensure safe motherhood as a right, not a privilege. Mains Practice Question Q “Despite a declining national Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), regional disparities in maternal health outcomes persist in India. Analyse the systemic and structural barriers contributing to maternal deaths. (250 words, 15 marks) Laws related to Phone Tapping (GS paper II - governance) Introduction (Context) Phone tapping or communication interception involves surveillance by the state, raising critical concerns on individual privacy, due process, and state overreach. Recent rulings by Madras and Delhi High Courts have brought to the fore divergent judicial views on when and how such surveillance can be justified. What is Phone Tapping? Phone tapping is the process of secretly listening to or recording conversations conducted over telephone or digital communication channels. It is a form of surveillance employed by law enforcement or intelligence agencies. Purpose: To prevent crimes such as terrorism, corruption, organised crime, espionage, and cybercrimes. To gather evidence during investigations against suspects. To ensure national security, public order, or sovereignty of the country. Used in exceptional circumstances where other means of information gathering are inadequate or impossible. Legal Framework for Phone Tapping in India The government’s powers to intercept communication are laid down in three pieces of legislation. Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 Section 5(2) allows central and state governments to intercept messages “on the occurrence of public emergency or in the interest of public safety”. Given that the right to free speech and the right to privacy are fundamental rights, any encroachment on these rights through surveillance is only permissible on narrow constitutional grounds. Grounds must align with reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2): Sovereignty & integrity of India Security of the State Public order Friendly relations with foreign states Preventing incitement to an offence Information Technology Act, 2000 Governs interception of emails, WhatsApp, and digital communication. Indian Post Office Act, 1898 Permits interception of postal correspondence. Recent Judicial Interpretations Both the Madras High Court and the Delhi High Court dealt with cases where the government had tapped someone’s phone to stop them from encouraging or planning a crime. Preventing someone from committing a crime is one of the legal and valid reasons allowed under the law for phone tapping. Hence the judgments are: Delhi High Court (June 2024) Upheld phone-tapping order by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in a corruption case. CBI tapped phones of an accused trying to secure a ₹2,149 crore contract through bribery. Court’s Rationale: Economic offences of such scale pose a threat to public safety. Corruption undermines governance, public trust, and economic stability. Madras High Court (July 2024) Quashed MHA’s phone-tapping order in a bribery case (₹50 lakh). Court’s Rationale: Tax evasion or bribery does not amount to “public emergency”. Surveillance was procedurally flawed and unlawful. Referred to a 2011 PIB notification: Tax evasion alone doesn’t justify tapping. Violated SC’s 1997 PUCL safeguards; hence, evidence inadmissible Procedural Safeguards: PUCL vs Union of India (1997) In its landmark 1997 ruling in People’s Union Of Civil Liberties vs Union Of India, the Supreme Court examined the constitutional validity of Section 5(2) of the Telegraph Act. While it upheld the law, the court laid down procedural safeguards for its application. SC upheld Section 5(2) but imposed strict procedural controls: Only Home Secretary (Centre or State) can approve interception. Must be reviewed by a three-member committee (Cabinet Secy, Law Secy, Telecom Secy). Valid for 2 months, subject to renewal. Tapping must be a last resort if the objective can’t be achieved by other means. Incorporated into Rule 419A of Telegraph Rules. Key Constitutional Issues Involved Right to Privacy (Article 21) Recognized as a fundamental right by the Supreme Court in the Puttaswamy judgment (2017). Any surveillance, including phone tapping, must meet the tests of legality, necessity, and proportionality. Freedom of Speech (Article 19(1)(a)) Phone tapping can hinder free expression, especially among journalists, whistle-blowers, and dissenters. The state can restrict this right only on reasonable grounds listed under Article 19(2) (e.g., public order, sovereignty, security of the state). Due Process and Rule of Law The Supreme Court in PUCL vs Union of India (1997) laid down procedural safeguards for lawful interception. Violations of these safeguards make phone-tapping unconstitutional and the evidence inadmissible. Way Forward Enact a dedicated Surveillance Regulation Law with clear definitions and safeguards. Introduce judicial oversight mechanism for approving interception orders. Implement data minimisation, necessity, and proportionality principles. Strengthen institutional accountability for misuse or procedural violations. Public transparency through periodic disclosures and independent audits. Conclusion Phone tapping serves national interest and public security if done lawfully. Hence, balancing national interest and individual liberty remains the cornerstone of a democratic surveillance regime. Mains Practice Question Q What is phone tapping, and under what circumstances is it legally permitted in India? Discuss the constitutional concerns it raises and suggest measures to ensure accountability and protection of individual rights. (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link https://iasbaba.com/daily-current-affairs-quiz/

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