Jan 27, 2026 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 27th January 2026

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Jan 27, 2026 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 27th January 2026

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Madras Hedgehog Category: Environment and Ecology Context: For the first time, the Tamil Nadu forest department has begun a study on the rare mammal species Madras Hedgehog at the Theri forests in the district. About Madras Hedgehog: Nature: It is a nocturnal species, which curls into a ball to protect itself from danger. It has mastered survival in some of the harshest and driest landscapes. Scientific name: Its scientific name is Paraechinus nudiventris. Other names: Madras Hedgehog, locally known as Mulleli is a tiny mammal. It is also known as the bare-bellied hedgehog, discovered in 1851. Features: It has sharp spines on its back and soft white fur on its belly. Its spines offer protection from predators such as foxes, jackals and mongooses. Habitat: The species prefers dry scrublands, thorn forests, grasslands and the edges of farmlands.  Distribution: It is found only in peninsular India, primarily across Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and parts of Karnataka. Diet: It feeds on insects such as beetles, ants, earthworms and termites, apart from plants. Threats: Its population declined largely due to hunting driven by mythical beliefs that its quills and meat have medicinal value. Conservation status: It is classified as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List. Hedgehog Species in India: Of the 17 species of hedgehog around the world, India is home to three: Madras Hedgehog: Southern India (Endemic). Indian Long-eared Hedgehog: Northern India and Pakistan. Indian Hedgehog: Arid and sandy desert regions of India and Pakistan. Source: The New Indian Express National Voters' Day Category: Polity and Governance Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India extended greetings to citizens on the occasion of National Voters’ Day. About National Voters’ Day (NVD): Commemoration: It is observed on January 25th across India every year since 2011 to commemorate the foundation day of the Election Commission of India. Objective: It is celebrated to honour voters, strengthen democratic values, encourage youth participation, and promote universal adult suffrage. It celebrates democracy and empowers every citizen to take part in the electoral process.  Theme: The theme for National Voters’ Day 2026 is “My India, My Vote” with a tagline of “Citizen at the Heart of Indian Democracy. Celebrations: It is celebrated at the level of national, state, district, constituency, and polling booth and NVD stands as one of the country’s most widespread and significant celebrations. Focus on young voters: It is dedicated to the voters of the nation, National Voters’ Day also promotes the enrolment of new voters, particularly young individuals who have recently become eligible. Historical  milestone: In 2025, the ECI celebrated its 75th year of service to the nation (it was established on Jan 25, 1950). Significance of NVD: Electoral reforms: NVD highlights initiatives like SVEEP (Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation) and digital tools like the Voter Helpline App and e-EPIC. Democratic values: It reinforces the concept that voting is not just a right but a civic responsibility essential for the accountability of representatives. Inclusivity: Efforts are made to include Persons with Disabilities (PwDs), senior citizens, and marginalised groups through the principle of “No Voter to be Left Behind.” Source: PIB ASC Arjun Category: Miscellaneous Context: Recently, the Indian Railways has introduced a humanoid robot named “ASC ARJUN” at Visakhapatnam Railway Station. About ASC Arjun: Nature: It is a humanoid robot introduced by the Indian Railways. Objective: The robot will operate alongside Railway Protection Force (RPF) personnel to assist in station operations, particularly during periods of heavy passenger movement.  Development: It is designed and developed entirely in Visakhapatnam using home-grown technology. A dedicated team worked continuously for more than a year to bring this project to fruition. Use of AI: It is equipped with a Face Recognition System (FRS) for intrusion detection, AI-based crowd monitoring and real-time alert generation for RPF control rooms. Multilingual: It can also make automated public announcements in English, Hindi and Telugu to assist passengers and promote safety awareness. Navigation: It also features semi-autonomous navigation with obstacle-avoidance capability, Patrolling: It can patrol station platforms round the clock, supporting surveillance and optimising manpower deployment. Welcoming gestures: It has been designed for passenger interaction, offering gestures such as a ‘Namaste’ for passengers and salutes for RPF personnel, along with an interface to provide information and assistance. Equipped for emergency: It is also fitted with fire and smoke detection systems to aid timely response during emergencies. Source: PIB Forever Chemicals Category: Science and Technology Context: New filtration technology developed by Rice University may absorb some Pfas “forever chemicals” at 100 times the rate previously possible. About Forever Chemicals: Nature: Forever chemicals, are a large chemical family of thousands of highly persistent, toxic, man-made, hazardous chemicals. Nomenclature: The name ‘forever chemicals’ comes from the fact that they remain in the environment without breaking down for generations. Other names: They are also known as PFAS (per- and poly- fluoroalkyl substances). Uniqueness: PFAS molecules have a chain of linked carbon and fluorine atoms. Because the carbon-fluorine bond is one of the strongest, these chemicals do not degrade easily in the environment. Durability: In manufacturing, PFAS are favoured for their durability and useful properties such as non-stick, water repellence, and anti-grease.  Uses: PFAS are used in the manufacture of many domestic products, including- skin creams and cosmetics, car and floor polish, rinse aid for dishwashers, textile and fabric treatments, food packaging and microwave popcorn bags, baking equipment, frying pans, outdoor clothing and shoes, firefighting foam, etc. Concerns: Over time, PFAS may leak into the soil, water, and air. Exposure: People are most likely exposed to these chemicals by consuming PFAS-contaminated water or food, using products made with PFAS, or breathing air containing PFAS. Because PFAS breaks down slowly, if at all, people and animals are repeatedly exposed to them, and blood levels of some PFAS can build up over time. Impacts of PFAS on human health: Forever chemicals have been linked to multiple health problems, including compromised immune systems, liver damage, thyroid diseases, increased cholesterol levels, hypertension, developmental delays in infants, and increased certain cancers such as kidney and testicular.  Regulation: The Stockholm Convention has listed some PFAS, such as Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Source: The Guardian Gandak River Category: Geography Context: The Gandak River has emerged as the second major river after the Chambal with the highest number of gharials, also known as fish-eating crocodiles. About Gandak River: Location: Gandak is one of the major rivers in Nepal and a left-bank tributary of the Ganges in India. Other names: The Gandak River is also known as the Narayani and Gandaki. Mentioned in Epics: It is mentioned in the ancient Sanskrit epic Mahabharata. Length: The total length of the river is 700 km. In India, it covers a course of more than 300 km. Boundaries: It is bounded on the north by the Himalayas, south by the River Ganga, east by the Burhi Gandak Basin and on the west by the Ghagra Basin. Origin: It originates at an altitude of 7620 m above msl to the north of Dhaulagiri Mountain in Tibet near the Nepal border. After flowing through Tibet, it crosses Nepal, where it is also known as Narayani, to enter the Indian Territory.  Course in India: The river enters India from Valmikinagar in the West Champaran district of Bihar. The entry point of the river is at the Indo–Nepal border and is known as Triveni. In India, it flows southeast, across the upper Gangetic plain in eastern Uttar Pradesh and northwestern Bihar.  Shifting of course: Due to the steep slope and loose soil in the upper catchment, it carries a lot of silt and other deposits to the Indian side, resulting in a continuous shifting course of the river. Because of this, it is also known as ‘Sorrow of Bihar.’ Formation of gorge: While flowing through the Nepal Himalayas, it forms the Kali Gandaki gorge, one of the deepest river gorges in the world. Glaciers: There are about 1,710 glaciers and over 300 lakes in the upper catchment of Gandaki. Major tributaries: These include Daraudi, Seti, Madi, Marsyandi, and Budhi Gandaki. Protected areas: Two important protected areas, Chitwan National Park in Nepal and the adjacent Valmiki Tiger reserve in India, have been established in the basin. Source: The Times of India (MAINS Focus) Cybercrime and the Crisis of Global Governance GS-II: India and its relations with other countries; international institutions, global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests. GS-III: Awareness in the fields of Information Technology, Computers; cyber security; issues relating to intellectual property rights   Context (Introduction) Cybercrime has emerged as a transnational threat cutting across national security, economic stability, democratic rights, and data sovereignty. In December 2024, the UN General Assembly adopted the UN Convention against Cybercrime, the first global criminal justice instrument in over two decades. However, India, the U.S., Japan, and Canada did not sign, exposing deep fractures in global cyber governance and highlighting a wider crisis of multilateralism. Core Issue The debate around the UN Cybercrime Convention reflects a principle–practice divide in international law, where consensus on abstract norms masks sharp divergence in implementation, especially concerning: Definition of cybercrime Human rights safeguards State control over data Cross-border law enforcement cooperation This fragmentation is occurring amid a shift from rule-based multilateralism to polycentrism, where governance increasingly relies on smaller, issue-based coalitions. Key Developments  The Convention was proposed by Russia (2017) and negotiated through 8 formal UN sessions. Adopted in Dec 2024, supported by 72 countries. Seeks to move beyond the Budapest Convention (2001), which: Is European-led Excludes Russia and China Operates via invitation-only accession India actively participated in negotiations but rejected the final text. U.S. and civil society groups flagged risks of: Overbroad crime definitions Political misuse against journalists and activists Russia–China view the Convention as a way to legitimise sovereign control over cyberspace. Challenges Exposed Principles–Practice Rift Vague definitions of “serious cybercrime” allow criminal law expansion, threatening: Freedom of expression Due process Judicial oversight Human rights protections remain anchored in domestic legal systems, not international enforcement. Data Sovereignty vs Data Flows India sought stronger institutional control over citizens’ data, which was diluted. Near-universal acceptance that trusted data flows are necessary, but mechanisms remain contested. Erosion of Multilateral Institutions UN credibility weakened by: Security Council paralysis (Ukraine, Gaza) U.S. funding cuts WTO dispute settlement paralysis (since 2019) Cyber governance mirrors this institutional breakdown. Rise of Polycentrism Governance shifting to: Plurilateral groups (Quad, Five Eyes) Regional frameworks Leads to institutional overlap, coordination failures, and uneven state capacity. Why This Matters for India Cybersecurity is now integral to: National security Digital economy Democratic resilience India risks: Losing rule-making influence Being forced into rule-taker status India’s regulatory experiments (e.g., AI content watermarking) show the danger of over-prescriptive domestic rules diverging from global norms. Balancing: Strategic autonomy Human rights Global interoperability is becoming increasingly complex. Way Forward At the Global Level Advocate narrow, precise definitions of cybercrime. Push for mandatory judicial review, proportionality, and due process safeguards. Engage in issue-based coalitions without abandoning multilateral forums. At the National Level Build technical negotiating capacity across: Cyber law Encryption AI governance Harmonise domestic cyber laws with globally accepted principles (privacy, necessity, proportionality). Invest in regulatory institutions, not just rule-making. Strategic Approach Adopt a calibrated polycentric strategy: Multilateral engagement where possible Plurilateral leadership where necessary Avoid binary choices between sovereignty and cooperation. Conclusion Cybercrime governance today mirrors the wider global governance crisis—fragmented authority, contested norms, and weakened institutions. For India, the challenge is not merely whether to sign a convention, but whether it can shape the evolving cyber order without surrendering institutional autonomy or democratic values. The shift to polycentrism is unavoidable, but without strategic capacity-building, it risks deepening inequality and instability in cyberspace governance. Mains Question The failure to build consensus around the UN Convention against Cybercrime highlights a deeper crisis of multilateral governance in cyberspace. Critically examine. (250 words) The Hindu This is box title GS-II: “India and its relations with other countries; effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests.” GS-III: “Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation of resources, growth, development and employment.”   Context (Introduction) The erosion of the rules-based global economic order marked by US policy unpredictability, Chinese excess capacity, weakening multilateralism, and rising protectionism—has altered the external environment facing India. While near-term indicators suggest a cyclical recovery in India’s economy in 2026, however, cyclical tailwinds are insufficient in a structurally volatile global system. Only deep domestic reforms can provide durable economic insulation. Core Idea  Cyclical growth impulses vs structural growth capacity: India’s current upturn is driven by GST and income-tax buoyancy, lower commodity prices, regulatory easing, and residual post-pandemic momentum. However, in a world where global trade rules are fragmenting, export-led certainty cannot be assumed. Therefore, India’s growth strategy must pivot decisively from temporary demand support to long-term structural reform, especially in investment, labour, capital formation, and productivity. Key Economic Signals Highlighted GDP growth shows cyclical strength, supported by: GST and direct tax collections Monetary and regulatory easing Moderation in urban consumption slowdown Consumption recovery is uneven: Wage growth in listed firms slowed to mid-single digits (2025) Personal credit growth driven by gold loans, not income growth Exports resilient but slowing: Non-oil export growth slowed to ~3% by end-2025 Export momentum expected to weaken further in 2026 Private capex remains tentative, constrained by: Excess Chinese capacity US trade and industrial policy uncertainty Structural Challenges Identified Global Economic Fragmentation Collapse of predictable trade rules Weaponisation of tariffs and industrial policy Weakening WTO dispute settlement Rising geopolitical risk premia Exhaustion of Cyclical Policy Space Fiscal consolidation imperative: Combined Centre–State fiscal deficit must decline by ~1% of GDP Limited monetary policy headroom: Real interest rates already ~1.25% Nominal GDP growth alone cannot sustain long-term expansion Investment and Productivity Constraints India’s growth has become capital-intensive, not labour-absorbing Formalisation and compliance costs risk crowding out MSMEs Labour productivity growth remains inadequate for demographic needs Why It Matters for India External insulation: With exports exposed to geopolitical shocks, domestic demand and private investment must anchor growth. Employment challenge: Only labour-intensive growth can absorb India’s expanding workforce. Strategic autonomy: Economic resilience underpins India’s foreign policy flexibility in an unstable global order. Middle-income transition: Achieving $15,000 per capita income by 2047 requires sustained 8% growth, which cyclical rebounds cannot deliver. Way Forward  Structural Investment Push Shift from episodic public capex to crowding-in private investment Focus on capital deepening without suppressing labour demand Labour-Intensive Growth Strategy Mission-mode focus on: Education Skilling Health Align labour reforms with employment elasticity, not only ease of doing business Trade and Industrial Strategy Avoid pessimistic trade disengagement Selective FTAs that enhance competitiveness (not defensive protectionism) Rationalise tariffs and non-tariff barriers to integrate into global value chains Institutional Reforms Predictable tax and regulatory regime Simplification without excessive compliance burdens Strengthen policy credibility to revive animal spirits Conclusion As the rules-based global order weakens, India cannot rely on external stability or short-term macro tailwinds. Cyclical recovery may provide breathing space, but only sustained structural reforms—in investment, labour markets, productivity, and institutional credibility—can shield the economy from global volatility. In a fragmented world, domestic reform becomes the first line of economic defence. Mains Question “In a phase of weakening rules-based global economic governance and rising geoeconomic fragmentation, India’s economic resilience increasingly depends on domestic institutional capacity rather than external trade predictability.” Critically examine (250 words, 15 marks) The Indian Express  

Jan 24, 2026 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 24th January 2026

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Jan 24, 2026 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 24th January 2026

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Ammonia Category: Science and Technology Context: Officials explained that ammonia spikes in the Yamuna are a chronic winter issue, generally occurring between 15 and 22 times a year.          About Ammonia: Composition: It is a colourless, pungent gas composed of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. Nature: It is the simplest stable compound of these elements and serves as a starting material for the production of many commercially important nitrogen compounds. Solubility: It is highly soluble in water, forming ammonium hydroxide, an alkaline solution. Density: It is lighter than air. Existence: It exists naturally in humans and in the environment. In the environment, ammonia is part of the nitrogen cycle and is produced in soil from bacterial processes.  Natural production: Ammonia is also produced naturally from decomposition of organic matter, including plants and animals. Industrial production: It is manufactured mainly by the Haber–Bosch process (from nitrogen and hydrogen). Liquid ammonia: Ammonia gas can be dissolved in water. This kind of ammonia is called liquid ammonia or aqueous ammonia. Once exposed to open air, liquid ammonia quickly turns into a gas. Toxicity: Exposure to high levels of ammonia in air may be irritating to a person’s skin, eyes, throat, and lungs and cause coughing and burns. To prevent the release of toxic fumes, ammonia should not be mixed with other chemicals (like chlorine bleach). Key applications: Ammonia is a basic building block for ammonium nitrate fertilizer, which releases nitrogen, an essential nutrient for growing plants. About 90 percent of ammonia produced worldwide is used in fertilizer. Additional uses include as a refrigerant, stabilizer, neutralizer, and purifier — particularly in food transport and water treatment applications.  It can also be used in the manufacture of plastics, explosives, fabrics, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. It has 9 times the energy density of Li-ion batteries and 3 times that of compressed hydrogen, making it a promising carbon-free energy carrier. Types: Grey Ammonia: Produced from natural gas (methane); highly carbon-intensive. Blue Ammonia: Produced from fossil fuels but coupled with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) to reduce emissions. Green Ammonia: Produced using renewable energy (solar/wind) to power water electrolysis for hydrogen; 100% carbon-free. Source: Hindustan Times Engineering Export Promotion Council of India Category: Economy Context: The Engineering Export Promotion Council of India recently demanded lowering of income tax for non-corporate manufacturing MSMEs in the Union Budget. About Engineering Export Promotion Council of India (EEPC India): Nature: It is the premier trade and investment promotion organization in India, catering to the Indian engineering sector.  Objective: It actively contributes to the policies of the Government of India as an advisory body and acts as an interface between the engineering industry and the government.  Nodal ministry: It operates under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry. Establishment: Set up in 1955, EEPC India now has a membership base of over 13,000, out of whom 60% are SMEs. Headquarters: Its headquarters is located in Kolkata, with regional offices in Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai. Key functions: EEPC India facilitates sourcing from India and encourages MSMEs to raise their standard at par with international best practices. It also encourages MSMEs to integrate their business with the global value chain. Motto: The motto of EEPC India is “Engineering the Future.” Significance: It serves as the reference point for the Indian engineering industry and the international business community in its efforts towards establishing India as a major engineering hub in the future. Reports: EEPC India publishes several reports/studies to make its members aware of international trends and opportunities in order to enhance their global footprint. Source: The Hindu Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Category: Miscellaneous Context: Recently, Mozambican rights activist Graca Machel has been selected for the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development for 2025. About Indira Gandhi Peace Prize: Establishment: It was instituted in the memory of the former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by a trust in her name in 1986. Other names: It is also known as the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament, and Development. Key features: The prize carries a cash prize of Rs 1 crore, a citation and a trophy, and is regarded as one of India’s prestigious international peace awards.   Eligibility: It is awarded annually by the Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust to a person or organization without any distinction of nationality, race or religion, in recognition of creative efforts towards: Promoting international peace and disarmament, racial equality, and goodwill and harmony among nations; Securing economic co-operation and promoting a new international economic order; Accelerating the all-round advancement of developing nations; Ensuring that the discoveries of science and modern knowledge are used for the larger good of the human race; and Enlarging the scope of freedom and enriching the human spirit. Recent winners: 2025: Graça Machel (Mozambican activist) – For her contributions to peace and humanitarian action. 2024: Michelle Bachelet (Former President of Chile) – For her work in gender equality and human rights. 2023: Daniel Barenboim and Ali Abu Awwad (Jointly) – For promoting peace in the Israel-Palestine conflict through music and dialogue. Source: The Hindu Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, a forest fire continued to rage inside Sikkim’s Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary along the Indo-China border at an altitude of 13,000 feet. About Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary: Location: It is located in the state of Sikkim. It is the largest wildlife sanctuary in the state, with the Pangolakha range separating Sikkim from Bhutan to the east. Connectivity: It forms an important transboundary wildlife corridor, linked to the Neora Valley National Park in West Bengal and the forests of Samtse and Haa districts in Bhutan. Lakes: High-altitude lakes, including Lake Tsongmo (Changu Lake), are located within the sanctuary and serve as biodiversity hotspots. Rivers: The Rangpo River and Jaldhaka River originate from nearby lakes in the area. Significance: It serves as a natural water regulator and a crucial habitat for endangered Himalayan species. Altitude: The sanctuary features a wide altitudinal variation from approximately 1,300m to over 4,000m. Biomes: It supports diverse biomes including subtropical, temperate, and alpine ecosystems. It falls at the junction of the Palearctic and Indomalayan realms. Flora: Key vegetation here includes Rhododendron, Silver Fir, Juniper, and moss-filled oak forests, which provide an ideal habitat for the Red Panda. Fauna: It is home to diverse species, including the Red Panda (Sikkim’s state animal), Tiger, Leopard, Takin, Musk Deer, Goral, and Asiatic Black Bear. It is also a designated Important Bird Area (IBA), known for migratory birds and species like the Himalayan Monal and the vulnerable Wood Snipe. Source: The Print Indo Pacific Oceans Initiative Category: International Organisations Context: Recently, India has welcomed Spain joining the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI). About Indo Pacific Oceans Initiative: Launch: It was launched by India in November 2019 at the ASEAN-led East Asia Summit (EAS) in Bangkok. Objective: It aims to promote cooperation for a free and open Indo-Pacific and the rules-based regional order. Nature: It is a non-treaty-based voluntary arrangement. Focus: It leans heavily on the EAS mechanism, which includes ASEAN member states and its eight dialogue partners. Philosophy: It builds upon India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) vision (2015) and integrates with the “Act East” and “Act West” policies. Pillars: It has outlined 7 pillars, and it was indicated that one or two countries could take the lead for a pillar with others joining in voluntarily. These pillars are: Maritime Security: The United Kingdom (UK) and India Maritime Ecology: Australia and Thailand Maritime Resources: France and Indonesia Capacity Building and Resource Sharing: Germany Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: India and Bangladesh Science, Technology, and Academic Cooperation: Italy and Singapore Trade, Connectivity, and Maritime Transport: Japan and the United States (US). Source: News on AIR (MAINS Focus) Delimitation after 2027: Redrawing Political Power in India GS-II: “Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.”   Context (Introduction) Delimitation, the constitutionally mandated redrawing of electoral boundaries to reflect population changesnwill resume after the first Census conducted post-2026, i.e., Census 2027. This will be India’s most consequential delimitation exercise since Independence, as the inter-State distribution of Lok Sabha seats has remained frozen since 1976, based on 1971 population data (≈548 million), while India’s population is now about 1.47 billion. The freeze was intended to avoid penalising States that successfully implemented population control, reinforced by the 84th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2001, which extended the suspension till 2026. Why Delimitation After 2027 Is Politically and Constitutionally Explosive Representation imbalance: Current representation rests on 50-year-old population data, undermining equal suffrage. Federal fault line: Southern and western States (low fertility, better governance outcomes) risk losing relative political weight, while northern States (higher fertility) gain. Moral paradox: States rewarded earlier for population control now face political disadvantage. Coalition arithmetic: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar together could command over 25% of Lok Sabha seats, fundamentally reshaping coalition politics. Key Constitutional and Legal Framework Article 82: Delimitation after every Census. Articles 170, 330, 332: Delimitation for State Assemblies and reserved constituencies. 84th Constitutional Amendment (2001): Froze inter-State seat redistribution till Census after 2026. Delimitation Commission: Independent, decisions have force of law, not just executive discretion. The Numbers That Drive the Anxiety (Illustrative Projections) If seats are allocated purely by population in an expanded Lok Sabha (~888 seats): Uttar Pradesh: ~151 seats (from 80) Bihar: ~82 seats (from 40) Tamil Nadu: ~53 seats (from 39) → share falls from 7.2% to ~6% Kerala: ~23 seats (from 20) → share falls to ~2.6% Parliament functions on absolute numbers, not proportional fairness thus bargaining power shifts sharply. Governance and Federalism Concerns Distortion of cooperative federalism Erosion of Rajya Sabha’s balancing role, already weakened due to dilution of domicile norms Regional alienation, particularly in southern States Risk of legal challenges under Article 14 (equality) if redistribution appears arbitrary Policy Options Debated (As Highlighted in the Article) 1. Extend the Freeze Beyond 2026 Preserves current balance But violates equal representation principle Risks constitutional challenge Expand Lok Sabha Strength (e.g., 543 → 700–888) No State loses absolute seats But proportional imbalance remains Weighted Delimitation Formula Example: 80% population + 20% governance indicators Literacy, health, fertility control Analogous to Finance Commission’s composite criteria Rewards outcomes, not just numbers Strengthen the Rajya Sabha as a Federal Chamber Restore domicile linkage Reduce population dominance Consider equal or tiered State representation (U.S. Senate model adaptation) Structural Federal Solutions Bifurcation of large States (e.g., Uttar Pradesh into 3–4 States) A federal—not merely administrative—solution Phased Redistribution Partial reallocation in 2034, full in 2039 Reduces political shock, allows adjustment Procedural and Institutional Safeguards Needed Delimitation Commission must include demographers, constitutional experts, federal scholars Transparency, public hearings, and reasoned orders Careful handling of SC/ST reserved constituencies, where location discretion is high and manipulation risks exist Way Forward Delimitation after 2027 must balance: Democratic equality (one person, one vote) Federal fairness Political stability Governance incentives A hybrid approach, Lok Sabha expansion + weighted formula + strengthened Rajya Sabha + phased implementation offers the most viable path. Conclusion Delimitation will not merely redraw constituencies; it will redefine India’s federal compact. Done well, it can modernise representation and restore trust. Done poorly, driven by political arithmetic alone, it risks deepening regional mistrust and weakening India’s federal spirit. “The Census will count India’s population; delimitation will measure the health of its democracy.” Mains Question “The resumption of delimitation after the 2027 Census will redefine India’s federal balance and the principle of political representation.” Critically examine the constitutional, federal and political challenges posed by post-2027 delimitation. Suggest institutional and policy safeguards to ensure democratic fairness without undermining cooperative federalism. (250 words) The Hindu “Beyond the Old Order: What India and the EU Can Build Together” GS-II: “India and its neighbourhood–relations; Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.”   Context (Introduction) The global order shaped after the Cold War is fracturing under geopolitical shocks  the Russia–Ukraine war, US–China rivalry, supply-chain disruptions, energy insecurity and technological decoupling.  Against this backdrop, India–EU relations are entering a strategic phase, marked by high-level political engagement, renewed momentum on the India–EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA), and convergence on technology, security and global governance. Core Idea India and the European Union can no longer rely on inherited multilateral structures or US-centric stability. Instead, they must build issue-based, technology-driven, and norm-anchored partnerships to shape a new multipolar order grounded in: Strategic autonomy Rules-based cooperation Technological self-reliance Plural partnerships over rigid alliances The relationship’s value lies not in symmetry of power, but in complementarity of interests and capabilities. Key Pillars of India–EU Cooperation (from the article) Trade & Economic Integration Revival of the India–EU FTA with expanded scope (goods, services, investment, standards). EU trade with India growing among the fastest in the Indo-Pacific. FTA seen as a tool for: Supply-chain diversification De-risking from China Resilient global value chains Technology as the New Power Axis Convergence on digital public goods, Artificial Intelligence, and semiconductors. Aim to prevent global duopolies in frontier technologies. Cooperation in: AI governance Semiconductor ecosystems Science, technology and innovation mobility Strategic & Security Convergence Europe emerging as an advanced defence and security partner for India. Cooperation across: Maritime security Underwater domain Cyber and space Shared concern over: Indo-Pacific fragility Terrorism, especially emanating from Pakistan Global commons governance Global Governance & Multipolarity Both sides recognise: Large multilateral forums (UN, G20) face delivery deficits. Smaller coalitions and “working arrangements” are more effective. India–EU partnership can shape: Rule-based multipolarity Global public goods Norms on climate, technology, and development finance Challenges and Constraints Divergences in Strategic Culture EU remains cautious, consensus-driven, and regulation-heavy. India prioritises strategic flexibility and sovereignty. External Pressures US unpredictability and China’s assertiveness complicate alignment. India–Russia ties and EU–China tensions create diplomatic sensitivities. Compliance & Regulatory Burdens EU’s climate, data, and sustainability standards raise costs for Indian firms. Perception Gaps Mutual public narratives and political expectations sometimes lag strategic reality. Why This Matters for India Strategic autonomy: Diversifies India’s partnerships beyond US–China binaries. Economic resilience: Secures access to European markets, capital and technology. Technology sovereignty: Reduces dependence on monopolised tech ecosystems. Global influence: Positions India as a rule-shaper, not a rule-taker, in a multipolar order. Way Forward  Conclude the India–EU FTA with balance between market access and regulatory flexibility. Operationalise technology cooperation in AI, semiconductors, and digital public infrastructure. Deepen defence and maritime collaboration, especially in the Indo-Pacific. Expand mobility programmes for students, researchers, and skilled professionals. Use minilateral platforms to convert shared norms into deliverable outcomes. Sustain political trust through regular summits and strategic dialogues. Conclusion The central truth is the old-world order will not return, and stability will emerge not from dominance but from deliberate partnerships. India and the EU, by combining India’s scale and strategic depth with Europe’s institutional strength and technological capacity, can help shape a resilient multipolar order rooted in rules, cooperation, and shared responsibility. In a turbulent world, building together matters more than waiting for order to restore itself. Mains Question “In a world where the post-Cold War order is irreversibly fragmenting, India–EU relations are no longer about alignment but about co-building a resilient multipolar order.” Critically examine this statement, in shaping the India–EU strategic partnership. (250 words, 15 marks) The Indian Express  

Jan 23, 2026 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 23rd January 2026

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Jan 23, 2026 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 23rd January 2026

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Category: Science and Technology Context: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease, or MASLD, is emerging as a significant health concern, particularly in India. About Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): Nature: Often referred to as a “silent” disease, MASLD is a liver condition that can progress over time if left unaddressed. Affected organ: It is a long-lasting liver condition caused by having too much fat in the liver. MASH causes the liver to swell and become damaged. Nomenclature: Previously known as Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), its name was changed to better reflect the condition’s underlying causes. The new term highlights that the disease is a metabolic one, linked to factors such as obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol.  Concern: It is the most common form of liver disease in the world. It ranges in severity from hepatic steatosis (formerly fatty liver infiltration or simply fatty liver) to a more severe form of disease called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), formerly called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Symptoms: It often has no symptoms. However, if symptoms begin, they usually include fatigue (extreme tiredness), weakness, discomfort, or pain in the abdomen. Sometimes mental confusion can also occur. Pathogenesis: It is primarily driven by insulin resistance, where the body fails to manage fat and sugar properly, leading to fat deposition in the liver. Genetic factors (like the PNPLA3 gene) also play a role. Treatment: Treating MASLD with a healthy diet, physical activity, and weight loss can slow or even reverse liver damage, especially if it is at an earlier stage. The US FDA has conditionally approved Resmetirom and Semaglutide for treating advanced MASH. In India, Saroglitazar (a dual PPAR agonist) is approved for MASLD.  Source: The Hindu Bhitarkanika National Park Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Bhitarkanika National Park saw an increase in winged guests as compared to the previous year, according to the latest census report released by the forest department. About Bhitarkanika National Park: Location: It is located in the Kendrapara district of Odisha. Area: It spreada across an area of 672 sq.km. of the mangrove swamp. Designations: It was declared as a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1975. It was constituted as a National Park in 1998. Further, it was also designated as a Ramsar Site (Wetland of International Importance) in August 2002, the second in Odisha after Chilika Lake. Rivers: It is situated on the delta formed by the three rivers, namely Brahmani, Baitarani, and Dhamra, and the park houses an array of creeks, backwaters, estuaries, deltas, and mudhuts. Boundaries: The national park is surrounded by the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary. Gahirmatha Beach and Marine Sanctuary lie to the east, and separates a swamp region covered with a canopy of mangroves from the Bay of Bengal.  Significance: It is India’s second largest mangrove ecosystem after the Sunderbans. Proximity to the Bay of Bengal makes the soil of the area enriched with salt. Uniqueness: The Gahirmatha Beach which forms the boundary of the sanctuary in the east is the largest colony of the Olive Ridley Sea Turtles. It is also home to the largest congregation of the endangered saltwater crocodile in the country. The other unique phenomenon is the Bagagahana or the heronry near Surajpore creek. Flora: The vegetation and species of the sanctuary are those that are mainly found in the tropical and subtropical intertidal regions. These include mangrove species, casuarinas, and grasses like the indigo bush. Fauna: It is also home to numerous animals like hyenas, wild boar, Chitals, Sambar, Spotted Deer, Wild Boar, Jungle cat, Wild Pigs, etc., and migratory birds, which make it their home during the winter season, lending a vibrant hue to the ecosystem. It is also home to eight varieties of Kingfisher birds, which is also a rarity. Source: The Print Atal Pension Yojana Category: Government Schemes Context: Recently, the union cabinet approved the continuation of Atal Pension Yojana (APY) up to FY 2030-31. About Atal Pension Yojana: Launch: It was launched by the Government of India on 9th May 2015. Objective: It was designed to encourage voluntary savings for retirement by offering defined pension benefits, linked to the age of joining and amount of contribution. Administration: It is administered by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA). Target group: It is aimed at workers in the unorganised sector. It was initially available to all citizens of India between 18 and 40 years of age. With effect from 1st October 2022, individuals paying income tax are not eligible to join the scheme. Guaranteed pension: Subscribers can opt for a fixed pension ranging from ₹1,000 to ₹5,000 per month, depending on the contribution made. Government co-contribution: For subscribers who enrolled between June 1, 2015, and March 31, 2016, and met certain criteria, the government contributed 50% of the subscriber’s amount or ₹1,000 per annum for five years. Exit and withdrawal options  Exit at age 60: Full pension begins. Exit before age 60: Permitted only in cases of death or terminal illness. Voluntary exit: Allowed, but the subscriber only receives the contribution made (with interest) and government co-contribution (if any) is forfeited. Source: PIB Kaladi Category: Miscellaneous Context: Recently, the union Minister of State for Science & Technology directed that “Kaladi” traditional dairy products be upscaled for wider food applications and recipes. About Kaladi: Nature: Kaladi is a famous Dogra cuisine. Location: It is a traditional dairy product of Udhampur district, Jammu & Kashmir. Other names: It is often called the “mozzarella of Jammu” due to its stretchable texture when cooked. Significance: It has received the Geographical Indication tag (GI). Preparation process: It is traditionally prepared from raw full-fat milk using whey water as a coagulant. The raw full fat milk, vigorously churned in an iron pot with a wooden plunger-like tool. The molten mass of milk solids was then separated by adding sour milk or curd called mathar. Once stretched, the flattened cheese was cooled on the black iron pot itself, before being placed in a bowl to solidify. The solidified cheese was then sun dried to help it to lose the moisture. Since the ambient temperature in the mountainous area of Udhampur remains low despite a strong sun, the Kalari dried from the outside yet remain moist inside. Key constraints: The product’s short shelf life, especially without refrigeration, limits its market reach. The government aims to improve this through scientific validation, while ensuring the preservation of Kaladi’s taste, texture, and nutritional identity, with opportunities for recipe diversification.  Scientific support: The CSIR-Central Food Technology Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, and the CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu, will collaborate on nutrient profiling, characterisation, value addition, and shelf-life enhancement to facilitate the scaling up of Kaladi.  Market and export expansion: The initiative aims to bring Kaladi to national and international markets, improving farmer incomes and showcasing Dogra cuisine globally. Source: PIB Muna Island Category: Geography Context: The painted outline of a human hand inside a cave on the Indonesian island of Muna represents what researchers are calling the oldest example of rock art in the world, created at least 67,800 years ago. About Muna Island: Location: It is situated in the Southeast Sulawesi province of Indonesia. The island falls within the Wallacea biogeographical zone, a transition area between Asian and Australasian flora and fauna. Area: With an area of 1,704 sq.km., it has a hilly surface, rising to 1,460 feet (445 metres). The north and northeast have teak forests. Significance: It is known for its diverse culture and natural beauty, including lush forests and pristine beaches. Demographics: The island is home to the Muna people, who have a rich cultural heritage and are known for their traditional crafts and dances.  Economy: The economy of Muna Island is primarily based on agriculture, fishing, and local crafts.  Ports: The main town and principal port is Raha, on the northeastern coast across the Strait of Buton from the neighbouring island of Buton to the east. Tourist places: One of the most famous natural attractions on Muna Island is the Liangkobori Cave, which contains prehistoric paintings. Additionally, there is Napabale Lake, which has a natural tunnel connecting it directly to the sea. Source: Reuters (MAINS Focus) Himalayan Development at the Cost of Ecological Collapse GS-III: “Environment: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.”   Context (Introduction) The Himalayan region witnessed near-continuous climate shocks in 2025, with over 4,000 climate-related deaths across India. Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand were among the worst affected, with towns such as Dharali, Harsil, Uttarkashi, Chamoli, Kullu, Mandi and Kishtwar devastated by cloudbursts, landslides, avalanches and flash floods. Despite this, large infrastructure projects, particularly the Char Dham road-widening project, continue to be pushed in highly disaster-prone ecological zones, signalling a dangerous policy disconnect. Core Issue: The Himalayas are one of the world’s most climate-sensitive landscapes, warming ~50% faster than the global average (IPCC-linked studies). Yet, development interventions are being pursued through: Large-scale deforestation Slope cutting and tunnel construction Road widening beyond ecological carrying capacity This has triggered a feedback loop of land instability + climate amplification, raising the risk of an “ecocide-like scenario” in the Himalayas. Ecological Importance of Devdar (Deodar) Forests Devdar forests are not symbolic assets but critical ecological infrastructure: Key ecological functions Slope stabilisation through deep root systems Landslide and avalanche buffering Glacial debris flow moderation Water quality regulation of the Ganga headwaters Microclimate regulation (cooler air, oxygen balance) Antimicrobial river ecology via phenolic compounds that suppress harmful bacteria and promote beneficial microbial systems Policy Failure: Char Dham Road Project as a Case Study Structural flaws  Bypassing comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment Project fragmentation to avoid scrutiny Adoption of 12-metre DL-PS (double-lane paved shoulder) standard despite disaster vulnerability Vertical hill cutting violating Himalayan geology’s “angle of repose” Dumping of muck into water sources Consequences Nearly 700 km of widened roads 800+ active landslide zones Key border routes rendered unusable during disasters Locals term the project an “all-paidal (all-pedal) road”, reflecting loss of resilience Climate Change as a Risk Multiplier Climate change is not the root cause but a risk amplifier: Erratic rainfall patterns Accelerated glacial melt Entry into a dangerous “water peak phase” → catastrophic floods followed by long-term water scarcity This makes infrastructure-led fragility far more lethal. Institutional and Governance Gaps Ignoring Main Central Thrust (MCT) classification where heavy infrastructure is discouraged Repeated warnings by National Green Tribunal (NGT) overlooked NMHSE (National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem) principles contradicted in practice Absence of carrying capacity assessments Weak enforcement of disaster-resilient land-use planning Why This Matters  Environmental security = National security in fragile border regions Development losses outweigh short-term gains due to repeated infrastructure damage Public finance strain from disaster relief and rebuilding Downstream impacts on Ganga basin affecting millions Undermines India’s climate adaptation credibility Way Forward Development Sequencing Disaster resilience must precede connectivity, not vice versa Strict Ecological Zoning Enforce eco-sensitive zones and MCT restrictions No road widening beyond stability thresholds Scientific Engineering Slope stabilisation before expansion Terrain-specific Road widths Avoid vertical hill cutting Institutional Accountability Mandatory cumulative EIA Binding compliance with NGT rulings Strengthen NMHSE implementation Nature-based Solutions Protect native forests (Devdar) Restore natural drainage systems Glacier and watershed-centric planning Conclusion The Himalayas are not a development frontier to be conquered, but a living ecological system that sustains the subcontinent. Pursuing infrastructure-first policies in disaster zones, under accelerating climate stress, represents scientific, ecological and governance failure.   “Without the Himalayas, there is no India.” Sustainable development here is not ideological restraint but ecological necessity. Mains Question “The Himalayas are not merely a site of infrastructure expansion but a critical ecological system whose destabilisation carries cascading climatic and socio-economic costs.” In this context, critically examine how infrastructure-led development in the Indian Himalayas has amplified disaster risks. Suggest a scientifically grounded and governance-oriented framework for sustainable development in ecologically fragile mountain regions. (250 words) The Hindu Trump Is Reshaping the Global Order Through Normalized Unilateralism GS-II: “Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests; Important international institutions, agencies and fora their structure, mandate.”   Context (Introduction) The return of Donald Trump to the U.S. presidency (Trump 2.0) has accelerated a structural shift in the international system. Trump’s success is not merely personal but systemic—enabled by other leaders mimicking his style, normalising unilateralism, strategic denial, and transactional nationalism, thereby weakening the post-war liberal international order. Core Argument Trump is redefining the rules of the international system by normalising unilateral territorial revisionism and strategic denial, lowering the threshold for confrontation globally. More dangerously, other leaders emulating “Trumpian” behaviour (“little Trumps”) amplify systemic instability, making global resistance fragmented and ineffective. Normalisation of Unilateralism Trump’s actions (e.g., Greenland rhetoric, transactional alliances) are not isolated provocations. They signal acceptability of coercive bargaining, eroding norms against territorial revisionism. This undermines international law, even without formal annexation. Strategic Denial as a New Doctrine Trump’s justification: preventing China/Russia from gaining influence. But this is not classical balance of power; it is escalatory signalling. Lowers incentives for cooperation in: Arms control Climate governance Arctic governance Collapse of Collective Resistance Countries react bilaterally, not collectively. Europe, Southeast Asia, and others hedge instead of confronting. Fear of abandonment > fear of disorder. Decline of the Liberal International Order Trump exposes a deeper truth: The liberal order lacked enforcers, not ideals. Global politics slides toward international nihilism, where: Power > norms Stability > justice Why ‘Modus Vivendi’ with Trump is Dangerous Temporary bargains do not stabilise the system. Trump’s episodic retreats do not rebuild trust. Repeated norm-breaking permanently corrodes shared understandings. Why This Matters for India  India cannot rely on: U.S. reliability alone Multilateral institutions alone The global order is becoming: Less rule-based More leader-driven More volatile India faces similar constraints as Europe: Limited capacity to confront Need to balance autonomy with alignment Way Forward: India’s Strategic Response Strategic Autonomy with Coalition-Building Avoid blind alignment or confrontation. Build issue-based coalitions (Indo-Pacific, climate, tech norms). Invest in Middle-Power Convergence Strengthen partnerships with: EU Japan ASEAN Reduce over-dependence on any single power. Defend Norms Through Practice, Not Rhetoric Uphold: UNCLOS Sovereignty Multilateral dispute resolution Even when enforcement is weak. Prepare for a Volatile Order Diplomacy must be adaptive, not idealistic. Recognise that rules may not protect, but absence of rules is worse. Conclusion Trump’s resurgence reveals a deeper global malaise: leaders increasingly prefer spectacle over stability and coercion over consensus. The danger lies not in one disruptor, but in the multiplication of disruptors. For India, the task is neither resistance nor submission, but strategic sobriety—defending norms where possible, hedging where necessary, and preparing for a world where power tests limits more often than rules restrain it. Mains Question The success of disruptive leadership styles in global politics reflects a deeper erosion of the liberal international order. Analyse this statement in the context of recent developments in U.S. foreign policy and their wider international repercussions.  (250 words, 15 marks) The Indian Express  

Jan 22, 2026 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 22nd January 2026

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Jan 22, 2026 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 22nd January 2026

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) World Economic Forum (WEF) Category: International Organisations Context: Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw clarified that the World Economic Forum at Davos mainly serves as an ideas-exchange forum, not a formal trade negotiation platform. About World Economic Forum (WEF): Nature: It is an international non-profit organisation that brings together business, political, and social leaders to discuss global challenges. Establishment: Established in 1971, the WEF promotes stakeholder theory for broader societal impact. Headquarters: Its headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland.  Mission: This body has a concise mission: ‘To improve the state of the world through public-private cooperation’. Funding: It is primarily supported by partnering corporations, typically with annual turnovers exceeding USD 5 billion. Key event: The WEF is best known for its annual WEF Meeting at Davos, the Swiss ski resort. Davos brings together around 3,000 participants (including paying members and select invitees)- investors, business leaders, political leaders, economists, celebrities, and others to discuss global issues across 500 sessions  Major reports: WEF regularly publishes globally recognized reports, including the Global Competitiveness Report, Global Gender Gap Report, Energy Transition Index, Global Risk Report, Global Travel and Tourism Report. Significance: WEF addresses major global concerns such as climate change, economic challenges, and global security. Key diplomatic moments at WEF include: Korean Diplomacy (1989): North and South Korea held first ministerial-level meetings in Davos. German Reunification (1989): East German Prime Minister and German Chancellor met at WEF to discuss reunification. South African Milestone (1992): South African President de Klerk, Nelson Mandela, and Zulu prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi made their inaugural joint appearance outside South Africa, marking a significant milestone in the country’s political transition. G20 Genesis (1998): WEF emphasized the need to involve major developing countries. Therefore, the concept of G20 emerged, initially limited to finance ministers. Source: The Times of India Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Centre designated 0–1 km buffer around Rajasthan’s Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary in the Aravalli Range as an eco-sensitive zone to protect its fragile biodiversity. About Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary: Location: It is situated in the Rajsamand district of Rajasthan. Area: It spreads in an area of 610.5 sq.km. stretching across the Aravalli ranges. Coverage: It covers four hill and mountain ranges of the Aravallis – the Kumbhalgarh Range, the Sadri Range, the Desuri Range, and the Bokhada Range. Establishment: Once the hunting grounds of royals, this area was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1971. Nomenclature: It encompasses the historic Kumbhalgarh Fort and is also named after the fort. Landscape: The sanctuary’s landscape is varied. The eastern part has hills ranging from 500 to 1300 meters high, while the western part borders the Marwar plains.  Drainage: The eastern section is the starting point for the Banas River, which flows into the Bay of Bengal. Meanwhile, rainwater from the western slopes forms small rivers like Sukdi, Sumer, Mithdi, and Kot, all of which are tributaries of the Luni River that eventually flow into the Arabian Sea. Flora: The flora of the sanctuary is mainly herbs. The species of Churel, Dhok, Khair, and Salar grow abundantly. among others. Fauna: The sanctuary provides a natural abode to many creatures like Wolf, Leopards, Sloth bear, Hyena, jackal, Jungle cat, Sambhar, Nilgai, Chausingha (the four horned antelope), Chinkara and Hare. Source: The Times of India Parbati Giri Category: History and Culture Context: The Prime Minister of India recently paid homage to freedom fighter Parbati Giri on the occasion of her birth centenary. About Parbati Giri: Birth: Born on 19 January 1926 to mother Srimati and father Dhananjay Giri of Samleipadar village near Bijepur of the present Bargarh district and undivided Sambalpur district of Odisha, she was filled with patriotism since childhood.  Entry into freedom struggle: In 1938, she left home to dedicate herself fully to the freedom struggle through the Indian National Congress, embracing Gandhian ideals such as khadi, self-reliance, and constructive social work as a way of life.  Contribution in independence movement: In 1942, she was just 16 when she was in the forefront of agitation following Mahatma Gandhi’s ‘Quit India’ movement. She had also staged an agitation at Bargarh Court to persuade the lawyers to boycott the erstwhile court in defiance of the British. Influence of Mahtama Gandhi: She was inspired by Gandhian philosophy. She had even come in contact with Mahatma Gandhi. She had taken tutelage at the famous Ashrams in Bari, Wardha, and Delhi Gandhi Sebashram. Life after independence: While she fought for the Independence of India, after independence she dedicated her life as a social worker. Parbati Giri led famine relief operations during the 1951 Odisha famine. She worked extensively on prison reforms, leprosy eradication, and the welfare of the destitute and marginalized. Other names: Also known as the Mother Teresa of Western Odisha, and epithet as ‘Banhi-kanya’ (daughter of fire), Giri was a prominent freedom fighter from Odisha.  Legacy: Dearly known as Badamaa (Big mother) to the inmates of her Ashrams, the legendary woman from the Western Odishan district Bargarh worked for the poor and downtrodden till her death. Source: DD News Central Silk Board Category: Economy Context: Recently, the government has increased the Central Silk Board’s financial approval limit to ₹1 crore from ₹50 lakh by amending Rule 22 of the Central Silk Board Rules, 1955. About Central Silk Board: Nature: It is a statutory body established in 1948 by an Act of Parliament. Nodal ministry: It is working under the administrative control of Ministry of Textiles, Government of India. Headquarters: Its headquarters is located in Bengaluru. Major functions: To advise the central Government on all matters relating to the development of silk industry including import and export of raw silk To prepare and furnish such other reports relating to the silk industry as may be required by the Central Government from time to time. To create greater opportunities for gainful employment and improved levels of income in sericulture through spread of scientific sericulture practices. About Silk Production in India: Global Standing: India is the 2nd largest producer of silk globally (after China) and the largest consumer. Variety: India is the only country producing all five commercial varieties: Mulberry, Tropical Tasar, Oak Tasar, Eri, and Muga. Top Producers: Karnataka leads the chart, followed by Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Major Schemes: Silk Samagra: An integrated scheme for the development of the silk industry focusing on R&D, seed organization, and quality certification. SAMARTH: A capacity-building and training initiative in the textile sector. Source: Livemint Responsible Nations Index Category: Miscellaneous Context: Recently, India launched the Responsible Nations Index (RNI) at the Dr. Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi. About Responsible Nations Index: Development: It is developed by the World Intellectual Foundation (WIF) in collaboration with Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), IIM Mumbai, and the Dr. Ambedkar International Centre. Uniqueness: It is India’s first globally anchored index. Objective: It is designed to assess countries on the basis of responsible governance, social well-being, environmental stewardship, and global responsibility, moving beyond conventional power- and GDP-based measures. Coverage: The Index covers 154 countries and is built on transparent, globally sourced data to ensure credibility and comparability. Significance: It seeks to promote a global dialogue on ethics, responsibility, global food security, and sustainable leadership in international affairs. It is also expected to contribute to a more balanced and value-based understanding of national performance on the global stage. Dimensions: It is structured around three core dimensions, namely Internal responsibility: It focuses on dignity, justice, and the well-being of citizens; Environmental responsibility: It is covering stewardship of natural resources and climate action. External responsibility: It measures a country’s contribution to peace, cooperation, and global stability. Key highlights of Responsible Nations Index 2026: Top 3 countries: Singapore (Rank 1), Switzerland (Rank 2), Denmark (Rank 3) India is the top-ranked Asian nation. India ranks 16th globally, ahead of South Korea (21), Thailand (24) and Kyrgyzstan (22). 9 of the top 10 countries are European, underscoring Europe’s strength in institutional ethics. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Judicial Removal in India: A Tough Law with a Procedural Loophole GS II: “Separation of powers between various organs, dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.”   Context (Introduction) In December 2025, 107 Lok Sabha MPs submitted a notice for removal of a sitting Madras High Court judge, reviving debate on the impeachment (removal) mechanism of judges under the Constitution. While India’s removal law is among the most stringent globally, recent events highlight a procedural vulnerability at the admission stage. Core Idea / Constitutional Framework Judicial removal is provided under: Article 124(4) & (5) – Supreme Court judges Articles 217(1)(b) & 218 – High Court judges Grounds: “Proved misbehaviour or incapacity” Procedure regulated by: Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 Judges (Inquiry) Rules Removal requires: Address by each House of Parliament Special majority: majority of total membership + 2/3rd of members present and voting Purpose: Maximum protection of judicial independence Where the Problem Lies? The critical flaw is at the threshold stage: The Speaker (Lok Sabha) or Chairman (Rajya Sabha) has discretion to: Admit or disallow a motion for judicial removal If the motion is not admitted, the process ends immediately Article 124(5) does not prescribe any grounds on which the Presiding Officer may refuse admission Disallowance can occur without reasons, even if: The motion is signed by 100 MPs (LS) or 50 MPs (RS) Resulting in a serious constitutional mechanism can be neutralised before inquiry begins Judicial Interpretation of “Misbehaviour” Though undefined in the Constitution, courts have clarified its scope: K. Veeraswami v. Union of India (1991) Judges are held to exceptionally high standards of integrity M. Krishna Swami v. Union of India (1992) Misbehaviour is not mere error of judgment Includes: Wilful abuse of office Corruption Lack of integrity Moral turpitude Why This Matters  Judicial Independence vs Accountability Excessive discretion at admission stage undermines accountability Yet weakening removal safeguards risks judicial intimidation Rule of Law Concerns A constitutional process becoming government-contingent Creates perception of selective accountability Separation of Powers Presiding Officers act as statutory authorities, not constitutional ones Their decision is open to judicial review, raising institutional friction Public Trust in Judiciary Failure to even inquire into serious allegations damages credibility Way Forward (Reforms Without Diluting Independence) Statutory Clarification Amend the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 to: Specify objective conditions for admission/disallowance Mandate written reasons for rejection Automatic Inquiry Trigger Once numerical threshold is met, mandatory constitution of inquiry committee Time-bound Preliminary Scrutiny Limited procedural scrutiny, not substantive veto, at admission stage Transparency Safeguards Public disclosure of reasons (except sensitive material) Conclusion India’s judicial removal framework is substantively robust but procedurally fragile. While the Constitution rightly prioritises judicial independence, allowing a statutory gatekeeping veto to stall inquiry undermines accountability and public confidence. Reforming the admission stage—without lowering the removal threshold—is essential to preserve both judicial dignity and constitutional balance. Mains Question “While the Constitution makes judicial removal deliberately stringent to protect independence, procedural discretion at the admission stage can dilute accountability.” Critically examine India’s constitutional and statutory framework for removal of judges and discuss how the balance between judicial independence and accountability can be ensured. (15marks) The Hindu Journalism as a Democratic Check in the Age of ‘Cable Newsification’ GS-II: Role of media and civil society in democracy;  GS-IV: Ethics and Human Interface—determinants and consequences of ethical conduct; ethical concerns and dilemmas in public and private institutions.   Context (Introduction) India’s media ecosystem is undergoing a profound transformation marked by “cable newsification” a shift from information to conflict-driven, spectacle-centric news. Television debates and social media amplification have increasingly prioritised outrage, polarisation and speed over verification, nuance, and public reasoning, raising concerns about journalism’s ability to act as a check on power. Core Idea  In a constitutional democracy, journalism performs a normative governance role informing citizens, scrutinising authority, and enabling deliberative democracy. However, market-driven incentives, attention economics and algorithmic amplification have altered this role, turning news into performance rather than public service. Journalism risks shifting from being the fourth pillar of democracy to a participant in political spectacle. Key Challenges Highlighted Erosion of Trust Sensational framing of every issue as a “crisis” leads to credibility fatigue. Repeated exposure to outrage reduces public confidence in institutions and media alike. Polarisation and Feedback Loops Television debates reward confrontation over cognition. Social media platforms amplify extreme positions, creating self-reinforcing outrage cycles. Decline of Verification and Context Speed and competition undermine fact-checking, source verification and editorial restraint. Print media increasingly mimics television formats to stay relevant. Democratic Deficit Citizens are exposed to noise rather than knowledge, weakening informed participation. Journalism begins to inflate power narratives instead of interrogating them. Why It Matters  Democratic Governance: A poorly informed public cannot hold governments accountable, weakening constitutional democracy. Ethical Media Conduct: Journalism without objectivity and truth violates core ethical values integrity, responsibility, and public interest. Institutional Trust: Persistent sensationalism accelerates the erosion of trust in democratic institutions. Ethics of Communication: The shift from truth-telling to attention-seeking reflects an ethical failure in balancing means and ends. Way Forward Re-centring Core Journalistic Values Verification over virality, context over conflict, evidence over emotion. Editorial Accountability Stronger internal editorial standards and ethical codes to resist TRP-driven distortions. Role Differentiation Anchors as moderators, not ringmasters; debates that illuminate rather than intimidate. Responsible Use of Digital Platforms Harness social media for dissemination, not distortion; counter algorithmic bias with editorial judgement. Public Media Literacy Empower citizens to distinguish information from manipulation, reducing demand for sensationalism. Conclusion When journalism prioritises outrage over truth, democracy pays the price. Reclaiming journalism’s role as a check on power requires ethical recommitment, editorial courage and public support for substance over spectacle. In a noisy democracy, better journalism — not louder journalism — is the need of the hour. Mains Question In the context of the growing ‘cable newsification’ of media, examine how market-driven journalism affects democratic accountability and ethical public discourse in India. What ethical principles and institutional safeguards are necessary to restore journalism’s role as a check on power? (250 words, 15 marks) The Indian Express  

Jan 21, 2026 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 21st January 2026

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Jan 21, 2026 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 21st January 2026

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) United Nations Economic and Social Council Category: International Organisations Context: The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) will commemorate its 80th anniversary by holding a special event on 23 January 2026. About United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): Establishment: It was established by the Charter of the United Nations in 1945 as one of the six principal organs of the United Nations. Objective: It is responsible for the direction and coordination of the economic, social, humanitarian, and cultural activities carried out by the UN. Decision making: Decisions are taken by a simple majority vote. The presidency of ECOSOC changes annually. Members: It has 54 members, which are elected for three-year terms by the General Assembly. Geographic distribution of seats: Seats are distributed among regional groups- African States (14), Asian States (11), Eastern European States (6), Latin American and Caribbean States (10), and Western European and other States (13). Headquarters: Its headquarters is located in New York (USA). Major functions: It is responsible for coordinating the social and economic fields of the organization, specifically in regards to the 14 specialized agencies, the five regional commissions under its jurisdiction and eight functional commissions. It also serves as a central forum to discuss international social and economic issues. It formulates policy recommendations addressed to the member states and the United States system. It has been at the centre of global progress, advancing the principles of the United Nations Charter and promoting international cooperation on economic, social, cultural, educational, health and related issues. Source: United Nations Pratas Islands Category: Geography Context: A Chinese reconnaissance drone briefly entered airspace over Taiwan-controlled Pratas Islands, prompting Taiwan to label the act provocative and irresponsible. About Pratas Islands: Nature: The Pratas Islands are a small group of three islands located in the northern part of the South China Sea. Location: It lies approximately 445 km southwest of Kaohsiung, Taiwan, and 320 km southeast of Hong Kong. Other names: They are also known as the Dongsha Islands. Characterisation: These islands are characterized by a circular atoll structure, with Dongsha Island being the only island above sea level, while the other two are submerged. Composition: They are composed primarily of clastic coral and reef flats approximately 15 miles (24 kilometers) in diameter, enclosing a lagoon about 10 miles (16 kilometers) in diameter. Significance: Once discovered during the ancient Han Dynasty, Dongsha Island became an important point along trade and fishing routes through the Taiwan Strait, which separates Taiwan from mainland China, and the Bashi Channel between Y’Ami Island of the Philippines and Orchid Island of Taiwan. Connectivity: They are strategically important positions along the major sea route connecting the Pacific and Indian ocean. Controversy: The People’s Republic of China claims them, but Taiwan controls them and has declared them part of the Dongsha Atoll National Park. There are no permanent residents. But Taiwanese marines are stationed there. Biodiversity: The region is notable for its rich biodiversity, supporting a variety of flora and fauna, including numerous fish species, coral, and migratory birds like the Chinese Egret. Source: The Tribune INS Sudarshini Category: Defence and Security Context: The Indian Navy’s Sail Training Ship INS Sudarshini will embark on the flagship voyage of Lokayan 26, a 10-month transoceanic expedition. About INS Sudarshini: Nature: It is an indigenously built Sail Training Ship (STS). Construction: It was built by Goa Shipyard Limited and based at Kochi, Kerala under the Southern Naval Command of the Indian Navy.  Commissioning: It was successfully built and was commissioned in January 2012. Objective: The aim of using such ships is to make sailors sea-friendly, as they are taught how to survive alone at sea, understand rough weather conditions and train themselves to become good sailors. Class: It is a three-masted barque and the sister ship of INS Tarangini. Propulsion: It is capable of operating under both sail and diesel power. Capacity: It has a very high endurance and can be deployed at sea continuously for a period of twenty days. About Lokayan 26: Nature: It is a 10-month transoceanic expedition covering over 22,000 nautical miles. Ship used: It will be executed by INS Sudarshini, an indigenously built three-masted sail training ship based at the Southern Naval Command in Kochi. Global reach: The voyage will visit 18 ports across 13 countries. Objective: Over 200 trainees from the Indian Navy and Coast Guard will undergo intensive sail training to master ocean navigation and eco-friendly maritime practices. Key events: The ship is scheduled to participate in prestigious international “tall-ship” events, viz. Escale à Sète in France and SAIL 250 in New York City, USA. Strategic vision: The mission aligns with India’s MAHASAGAR initiative (Maritime Heritage and Security and Growth for All in the Region) and the philosophy of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (“The World is One Family”). Source: PIB C-DOT’s Cell Broadcast Solution Category: Science and Technology Context: Recently, the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) has been conferred the “SKOCH Award-2025” for its Cell Broadcast Solution (CBS). About C-DOT’s Cell Broadcast Solution: Nature: It is an indigenous disaster and emergency alert platform. Objective: It is designed to enable near real-time dissemination of life-saving information to citizens in affected areas through cellular networks. Development: It is developed by the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT), the premier R&D centre of the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), supporting Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Integration platform: It provides an automated integration between government emergency alert dissemination platforms and the telecom networks of the country for instant information delivery to the affected citizens. Technology used: It is a multi-technology platform supporting 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks. It is designed to support varied geographic & demographic scenarios. Disaster alert: It integrates multiple disaster alert generation agencies, including the India Meteorological Department, the Central Water Commission for floods, Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, and Forest Survey of India. Multiple languages: It enables geo-targeted, multi-hazard alerts with support for 21 Indian languages. Near real-time delivery: Unlike standard SMS, which can be delayed by network congestion, CBS messages are “broadcast” instantly to all active handsets in the target area. Standards compliance: It follows the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) (ITU-T X.1303), an international standard for emergency messaging. Significance: It significantly enhances the efficiency of disaster risk reduction and management efforts. It also aligns with the United Nations’ Early Warnings for All programme, the International Telecommunication Union’s Common Alerting Protocol. Source: PIB Bor Tiger Reserve Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Two new safari gates at the Bor Tiger Project were inaugurated recently in the Bangdapur and Hingni ranges. About Bor Tiger Reserve: Location: It is located in the Wardha District of Maharashtra.  Establishment: Originally notified as a wildlife sanctuary in 1970, it was officially declared India’s 47th tiger reserve in July 2014. Drainage: The reserve includes the drainage basin of the Bor Dam and is traversed by the Bor River, a tributary of the Wardha River. Area: It covers an area of 138.12 sq.km. Uniqueness: It is the smallest tiger reserve in India by area. Significance: It is centrally located among several other Bengal tiger habitats. Boundaries: Towards the northeast lies the Pench Tiger Reserve, towards the east is the Nagzira Navegaon Tiger Reserve. The Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve is located to the southeast, the Melghat Tiger Reserve stands to the west, and the Satpura Tiger Reserve lies to the northwest. Vegetation: The area is populated by the Dry Deciduous Forest type. Flora: Teak, tendu, bamboo, tarot, and gokhru are some of the abundant species here. Fauna: Apart from tigers, the reserve is home to several other mammals like leopards, sloth bears, sambar deer, Indian bison (gaur), chital, wild boars, and more. Avian species: It has recorded diversity of just under 200 avian species, with migratory waterfowl such as the tufted duck, northern shovelers, as well as the elegant fish specialist, the osprey. Commonly seen resident species include the Indian peafowl, black-hooded oriole, and Indian paradise flycatcher. Source: The Times of India (MAINS Focus) EV Boom and the Emerging Copper Constraint GS III: “Science and Technology  developments and their applications and effects in everyday life; Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment; Energy – conventional and non-conventional energy, renewable energy.”   Context (Introduction) The global transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is central to climate mitigation and energy transition strategies. However, beneath the technological optimism lies a structural resource constraint an accelerating copper crunch that threatens to slow electrification, raise costs, and reshape global energy geopolitics. Core Idea / Definition Copper is the indispensable metal of electrification, forming the backbone of EV batteries, motors, wiring, charging infrastructure, and power grids. Unlike lithium or cobalt, copper has no scalable substitute, and EVs require 4–5 times more copper than internal combustion engine vehicles, making electrification inherently resource-intensive. Key Trends and Evidence  Global EV sales rose from ~0.55 million (2015) to ~20 million units (2025) EV-related copper demand increased from ~27,500 tonnes (2015) to over 1.28 million tonnes (2024) Copper demand elasticity peaked at 1.76 (2019), indicating copper use grew faster than EV adoption EV copper demand surged from ~39,000 tonnes (2016) to ~1.1 million tonnes (2024) China dominates: ~60% of global EV-based copper consumption by 2025 >70% control over global battery cell production Challenges: Why a Copper Crunch is Emerging Supply-side rigidity 10–15 year mine development cycle Declining ore grades in existing mines Environmental opposition in major producers (Chile, Peru, U.S.) Demand–supply mismatch 2024: Supply exceeded demand by ~0.3 million tonnes 2026: Demand projected at ~30 million tonnes, supply only ~28 million tonnes Deficit could reach 4.5 million tonnes by 2028 and ~8 million tonnes by 2030 Technological lock-in Efficiency gains may reduce elasticity to ~0.90 by 2025, but absolute demand keeps rising No viable large-scale copper alternatives for grids and motors Geopolitical concentration China’s dominance provides pricing power, long-term contract leverage, and strategic influence Resource nationalism risks in copper-rich regions Why It Matters for India and the Energy Transition EV affordability risk: Copper shortages can increase EV costs, slowing adoption Grid stress: Electrification of transport, renewables, and storage all compete for copper Decarbonisation bottleneck: Copper scarcity could delay net-zero timelines Strategic vulnerability: Dependence on external copper supply mirrors earlier oil dependency Industrial competitiveness: Copper access will shape future battery, EV, and grid manufacturing hubs Way Forward Accelerate copper recycling Urban mining, circular economy frameworks EV-specific recycling mandates Secure overseas mineral assets Long-term offtake agreements with Chile, Peru, Africa Strategic mineral diplomacy Technological innovation Copper-efficient motor designs Advanced power electronics High-voltage architectures to reduce material intensity Integrated resource planning Align EV policy, grid expansion, and mineral strategy Treat copper as a strategic energy resource Domestic capacity building Strengthen refining, smelting, and downstream manufacturing Incentivise exploration of low-grade deposits using new technologies Conclusion The EV revolution is not merely a technological transition but a resource-intensive transformation. Copper has emerged as the critical artery of electrification, and without decisive action on mining, recycling, and innovation, the energy transition risks being throttled by material scarcity. For countries like India, energy security in the 21st century will increasingly hinge on mineral strategy, not just clean technology adoption. Mains Question “The global transition to electric mobility is increasingly constrained not by technology, but by critical mineral availability.” In this context, examine how the accelerating demand–supply imbalance in copper can emerge as a structural bottleneck for the energy transition. Discuss its implications for India’s energy security and outline a strategic roadmap to address this challenge. (15marks) The Hindu AI Impact Summit (2026) GS-III: “Awareness in the fields of Information Technology, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.” GS-IV: “Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions.; Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions.”   Context (Introduction) India is preparing to host the AI Impact Summit (2026) at a time when Artificial Intelligence is rapidly entering public governance, welfare delivery, policing, healthcare, and finance. However, AI ethics in India risks remaining rhetorical unless translated into enforceable, context-sensitive, people-centred standards. Core Idea AI Ethics refers to the application of human rights–based principles—privacy, equality, non-discrimination, dignity, accountability, and transparency—to the design, deployment, and governance of AI systems, especially when used by the State. The ethical AI must move beyond abstract principles to enforceable, auditable, and grievance-enabled frameworks, grounded in India’s social realities. Key Ethical Concerns  Abstract ethics vs enforceable ethics AI ethics discussions are often “blue-sky” ideas, lacking precision, accountability, and remedies. International frameworks (UNESCO AI Ethics Principles, UNDP Human Development Report 2025) emphasise rights-based AI, but implementation remains weak. Intersectional harm and algorithmic bias AI systems often replicate existing social hierarchies. Indian datasets invisibilise intersectional identities (caste × gender × class × disability). Result: Disproportionate harms to Dalit women, Adivasi communities, migrant workers, linguistic minorities. Opacity and lack of transparency AI systems deployed in public systems often operate as black boxes. There is a need for: Publicly accessible model cards Disclosure of training data, known biases, limitations, and appropriate use cases Data extraction without consent or benefit AI development relies on community data that is often: Extracted without consent Monetised without benefit-sharing There is a need for community data trusts, akin to forest or mineral commons. Absence of accountability and remedies When AI systems cause harm (e.g., denial of welfare, wrongful surveillance, facial recognition failures), responsibility is diffused. There is a need for: Clear liability rules Primary liability on deploying government departments Secondary liability on vendors for flawed or misrepresented systems Need for human oversight in high-risk domains In sectors like policing, healthcare, welfare, education, algorithmic outputs must not be final. Mandated human oversight is essential to override automated decisions. Why This Matters  Governance and Technology  AI is reshaping state capacity, service delivery and decision-making. Without ethical guardrails, AI can amplify exclusion rather than efficiency. Ethics and Human Values  Ethical governance demands: Justice over convenience Dignity over efficiency Accountability over opacity Ethical AI is not about slowing innovation but aligning technology with constitutional morality. Way Forward:  Human rights–anchored AI governance Anchor AI ethics in constitutional values (Articles 14, 15, 21). Treat AI harms as rights violations, not technical glitches. Mandatory intersectional audits Regular algorithmic audits to identify overlapping harms across caste, gender, class. Move ethics from Western abstractions to Indian social contexts. Transparency by design Mandatory model cards and impact disclosures for all public-sector AI systems. Citizen-readable explanations, not just technical documentation. Community data governance Establish community data trusts. Ensure benefit-sharing where community data generates economic value. Clear liability and grievance redress Fix primary accountability on the State. Create independent grievance redress mechanisms with time-bound remedies. Human oversight in high-risk applications Statutory requirement for human review in welfare, policing, healthcare, education. Automated decisions must be contestable. Conclusion As India positions itself as a global AI leader and hosts the AI Impact Summit, ethical AI cannot remain aspirational. The article underscores that AI ethics must be enforceable, intersectional, and rooted in lived realities. By anchoring AI governance in human rights, accountability, and community control, India can demonstrate that technological leadership and ethical leadership are not contradictory but complementary and offer a globally relevant model of people-centred AI governance. Mains Question Examine the ethical and governance challenges posed using Artificial Intelligence in public systems in India. How can enforceable and context-specific AI ethics frameworks address these challenges? (250 words, 15 marks) The Indian Express