Feb 28, 2026 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 28th February 2026

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Although breeding has declined, experts say there is no immediate cause for concern as the vulture population in Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary remains stable, with around 80 vultures recorded. About Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary: Location: It is located in Wayanad, Kerala, in the southern trenches of the Western Ghats. Other names: It is also known as Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary. Establishment: Founded in 1973, it was brought under Project Elephant in 1991–92. Area: The sanctuary covers an expansive area of about 344 sq.km. Significance: It forms an integral part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Bordering regions: It is bordered by the protected areas of Nagarhole and Bandipur in Karnataka on the northeastern side and Mudumalai in Tamil Nadu on the southeastern side. Rivers: Important rivers like the Kabini, Cherupuzha, and Bavali flow through the sanctuary. Tribes: Tribes living in these forests include some scheduled adivasis, such as Paniyas, Kattunaikkans, Kurumas, Ooralis, Adiyans, and Kurichiyas. Flora: It is a mosaic of the Western Ghats’ significant vegetation types, ranging from moist deciduous to dry deciduous and semi-evergreen patches. About one-third of the sanctuary is covered by plantations of teak, rosewood, eucalyptus, and silver oak. Fauna: It boasts one of the largest populations of Asian elephants and tigers, which are considered its flagship species. Other mammals include leopards, gaur (Indian bison), sambar deer, wild boars, sloth bears, and jungle cats. Birds: About 216 species of birds, like peacock, owl, babbler, black woodpecker, golden backed three- toed wood pecker, cuckoo and jungle fowl, are found in the area. Source: The Hindu Sky Sting Missile Category: Defence and Security Context: As Prime Minister pays his second state visit to Israel, India is keen to take forward the talks on acquiring the Israeli-origin ‘Sky Sting’ missile for the Indian Air Force (IAF). About Sky Sting Missile: Nature: It is a 6th-generation beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile (BVRAAM). Development: It is being developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd., an Israeli defence technology company.  Compatibility: Weighing between 180-200 kg, the missile is light enough to be carried by aircraft such as the Tejas Mk1A, while also being compatible with Su-30MKI fighters.  Range: It boasts a range of 250 km. AI-driven: Its radio-frequency seeker, supported by AI-driven target discrimination and jam-resistant technology, allows precise early lock-on and robust electronic counter-countermeasures. Propulsion: It features a three-pulse solid-fuel rocket motor, enabling high manoeuvrability and end-game speeds exceeding Mach 5. Real-time communication: A two-way data link ensures real-time communication between the pilot and the missile during engagements. Addresses modern challenges: Designed to provide air forces with a significant tactical edge by allowing pilots to neutralise threats from a safe distance, Sky Sting addresses modern challenges like stealth targets and electronic warfare. Source: Zee News E- Railway Claims Tribunal System Category: Polity and Governance Context: Recently, the Union Minister for Railways launched the e- Railway Claims Tribunal system as reform under Indian Railways’ flagship “52 Reforms in 52 Weeks” initiative. About E- Railway Claims Tribunal System: Nature: It enables the end-to-end computerisation and digitisation of the Railway Claims Tribunal. Objective: It will transform the filing, processing and adjudication of claims by making the process faster, more transparent and accessible from anywhere in the country. Jurisdictional Ease: Claimants can file cases electronically from anywhere, solving the common problem of determining which specific bench has jurisdiction after a cross-state accident. Hybrid Hearings: The system supports hybrid mode hearings (both physical and virtual), aligning with Supreme Court guidelines to reduce the need for physical travel. Paperless Courts: It integrates all 23 benches of the Railway Claims Tribunal (RCT) onto a single digital platform to eliminate physical paperwork. AI Integration: The platform is AI-enabled, designed to automate litigation processes and improve data-driven decision-making. Three components: The platform comprises three core components E-Filing: It helps in 24×7 online filing of claims and legal documents from any location and uploading of petitions, affidavits, annexures and supporting records. Case Information System (CIS): It is a centralized database of all cases for auto-allocation, case registration and real-time tracking from filing to final to final disposal. Document Management System (DMS): It is the digital storage of pleadings, notices, summons, orders and judgements along with digitally signed records About Railway Claims Tribunal: Legal Basis: It is a quasi-judicial body constituted under the Railway Claims Tribunal Act, 1987. Jurisdiction: It adjudicates claims for compensation related to: Death or injury in railway accidents and “untoward incidents”. Loss, damage, or non-delivery of goods and animals. Refund of fares or freight. Structure: It is headquartered at the Principal Bench in Delhi with 23 benches across 21 cities. Composition: Each bench comprising a Judicial Member and a Technical Member. Source: PIB State Innovation Mission Category: Government Schemes Context: Recently, the Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) under NITI Aayog launched the country’s first State Innovation Mission (SIM) in Tripura. About State Innovation Mission: Nature: It is part of the approved Atal Innovation Mission (AIM 2.0) programme, under the aegis of NITI Aayog’s State Support Mission (SSM). Objective: It is designed as a long-term institutional mechanism to support States and Union Territories in building robust, inclusive, and context-specific innovation ecosystems aligned with national priorities and local strengths. Mechanism: Under SIM, AIM will work closely with the Government of Tripura to: Design and implement a long-term innovation strategy Strengthen policy frameworks and regulatory support Enable partnerships between government, academia, industry, and civil society Facilitate peer learning and national-level collaboration Support startups with infrastructure, mentorship, and access to funding Focus areas: The mission emphasises inclusion, regional balance, and capacity building across the entire innovation lifecycle– from school education to advanced entrepreneurship. About Atal Innovation Mission (AIM): Launch: It is a flagship initiative set up by the NITI Aayog in 2016. Objective: It aims to create and encourage an environment of innovation and entrepreneurship across schools, educational organisations, research institutes, and industries, including MSMEs. Functions: AIM has two functions To promote entrepreneurship by encouraging innovators to become entrepreneurs through financial support as well as mentorship. To promote innovation by creating a platform where ideas are generated through like-minded individuals. Initiatives undertaken: AIM has created four programs to support these functions: Atal Tinkering Labs Atal Incubation Centres Atal New India Challenges, and Atal Grand Challenges. Source: PIB Moist Heatwave Category: Geography Context: Research showed that timings of the moist heatwaves are controlled by the active and break periods of the southwest monsoon and can be predicted weeks in advance. About Moist Heatwave: Trigger: Moist heatwaves are triggered by a combined impact of high temperatures and elevated humidity levels in the atmosphere. Measurement: The best way to measure the combined effect of humidity and temperature is ‘wet bulb temperature’.  Wet bulb temperature: Wet bulb temperature is the lowest temperature to which air can be cooled by the evaporation of water into the air at constant pressure. This is a process happening on human skin when people sweat. Accepted level: The globally accepted level for wet bulb temperature that forms the limit of human survivability is 35°C. IMD Criteria for Heatwaves: While the India Meteorological Department (IMD) primarily uses temperature thresholds, moist heat is increasingly factored into “Heat Index” warnings: Plains: Max temperature ≥ 40°C. Coastal Regions: Max temperature ≥ 37°C. Hilly Regions: Max temperature ≥ 30°C. Impact of Moist Heatwaves on humans: When air is already humid, sweat cannot evaporate from skin, leaving the body unable to cool itself. This can lead to heat exhaustion and fatal heatstroke within hours.  It is because high humidity impairs evaporation, limiting the human body’s ability to dissipate metabolic heat and regulate core temperature. In such circumstances, the physiological strain on the human body intensifies, exacerbating the risks of cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses. A thermoregulatory failure can lead to hyperthermia, heat exhaustion, and fatal heatstroke in extreme cases. Source: Down To Earth (MAINS Focus) International Law Is Not Dead: Resilience Amid Geopolitical Turbulence (UPSC GS Paper II – Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests; Important International institutions, agencies and fora)   Context (Introduction) Rising geopolitical tensions — from the Russia-Ukraine war to the Israel-Gaza conflict and U.S.–Iran frictions — have triggered claims that international law is collapsing. However, despite repeated breaches, its norms remain resilient and continue structuring global governance.   Main Arguments   Prohibition on Use of Force Remains Foundational: Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibits threat or use of force. Although repeatedly breached — from the Soviet-Afghan war (1979) to Iraq (2003) and Ukraine (2022) — it has survived similar Cold War violations. In 1970, Thomas Franck had declared Article 2(4) “dead,” yet the norm endured. Even powerful states continue invoking legal justifications (e.g., expanded interpretation of self-defence), indicating that legality still matters for legitimacy. Legalisation Creates Accountability Framework: As Monica Hakimi argues, when international relations are legalised, states must justify actions within legal frameworks. Even flawed or contested interpretations reflect the continuing normative pull of law. International law gives weaker states a platform to question powerful actors — through UN forums, international courts, and treaty bodies. A norm-free order would eliminate even this minimal accountability. Present Challenge: Populist-Authoritarian Disregard: Unlike earlier periods where legal reasoning accompanied use of force, today’s authoritarian tendencies show greater brazenness, often sidestepping legal explanation altogether.The threat lies less in violations per se and more in open dismissal of legal norms, which weakens deliberative space. International Law Beyond the UN Charter: Reducing international law to the UN Charter is analytically flawed. Over eight decades, international law has expanded into: Trade (WTO framework) Investment treaties Climate governance (Paris Agreement) Human rights conventions Maritime law (UNCLOS) Civil aviation (ICAO regime) Biological and chemical weapons conventions This demonstrates dense legalisation of global interactions. Silent Functioning of International Law International law operates routinely and quietly  Conclusion of India–EU FTA negotiations reflects continued treaty-making. High Seas Treaty strengthens marine biodiversity governance. Pandemic Agreement enhances global health preparedness. Judicialisation through bodies like the International Criminal Court and regional courts sustains dispute resolution mechanisms. As Philippe Sands notes, much of international law functions seamlessly, enabling global trade, travel, communication and cooperation.   Implications Normative Stability Amid Power Politics:Even in crises, states frame conduct within legal narratives, showing that law retains persuasive authority. Importance for Middle Powers like India:For India, adherence to rule-based order safeguards sovereignty, maritime interests, trade access and diaspora protection. Risks of Norm Erosion:If legality is abandoned, unilateralism may dominate, undermining smaller states’ security.   Way Forward Strengthen Multilateralism: Reinforce commitment to UN Charter principles and dispute resolution mechanisms. Support Judicial Institutions: Engage constructively with global and regional courts to uphold rule-based norms. Promote Legal Diplomacy: Use international legal forums to address global governance challenges (climate, health, cyber norms). Resist Populist Erosion of Norms: Normative advocacy and coalition-building among middle powers can preserve rule-based order.   Conclusion International law is not dead; it is contested. Its resilience lies in its pervasive institutionalisation across global governance domains. Proclaiming its demise risks normalising unilateralism and empowering global bullies, whereas defending it preserves accountability and stability in international relations   Mains Question Despite repeated violations, international law continues to structure global governance.Discuss (250 words, 15 marks) Source: The Hindu Mark Carney’s Visit: Resetting India–Canada Relations in a Fragmenting Global Order (UPSC GS Paper II – Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests; Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests)   Context (Introduction) Mark Carney’s visit to India signals a calibrated reset in India–Canada relations after the 2023 diplomatic freeze. Driven by economic diversification needs and geopolitical shifts, both middle powers seek to rebuild ties anchored in trade, energy and strategic cooperation.   Key Developments Bilateral goods trade reached $13.3 billion in 2024, despite strained ties. Likely conclusion of a $2.8 billion uranium supply deal for a decade. Reboot of Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) negotiations aiming to double trade to $60 billion by 2030. Nearly 430,000 Indian students in Canada underline deep people-to-people linkages.   Background In September 2023, relations hit a historic low when then Prime Minister Justin Trudeau accused India of involvement in the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar. The fallout included suspension of visa services, recall of High Commissioners and collapse of free trade negotiations. However, changing geopolitical realities — including renewed U.S. protectionism under Donald Trump and economic pressures on Canada — made prolonged estrangement costly for both sides. Quiet engagements at the G7 (Kananaskis, 2025) and G20 (Johannesburg, 2025) laid the groundwork for reconciliation.   Strategic Drivers of the Reset Energy and Nuclear Cooperation: India’s ambition to expand civilian nuclear energy capacity makes Canadian uranium critical. The expected $2.8 billion uranium agreement strengthens energy security and diversifies supply chains. Trade and Economic Diversification: CEPA aims to double trade to $60 billion by 2030. For Canada, facing U.S. tariffs and decertification threats (e.g., aircraft exports), India offers a vast and growing market. For India, Canada provides capital, technology and access to North American markets. Critical Minerals and Green Transition: Canada’s reserves of lithium, cobalt and copper align with India’s EV mobility and renewable energy expansion goals. Canada positions itself as an alternative to China in critical mineral supply chains. Geopolitical Recalibration: Canada’s Indo-Pacific pivot reflects its desire to diversify alliances amid U.S. unpredictability. India’s multi-alignment strategy similarly favours strengthening ties with middle powers to reduce overdependence on any single bloc. Security Dialogue Parallelism: National Security Advisor Ajit Doval’s visit to Ottawa and agreement on a “shared work plan” reflect an approach where security issues are addressed through institutional channels without derailing economic cooperation.   Persistent Challenges Khalistan and Security Concerns:The Nijjar controversy and concerns over separatist activities remain sensitive fault lines. Political Trust Deficit: Though diplomatic channels are restored, mutual trust requires sustained engagement. Trade Negotiation Complexity: CEPA negotiations must address market access, agricultural sensitivities and regulatory standards.   Broader Significance Demonstrates pragmatic diplomacy among middle powers in a fractured global order. Reflects separation of political disputes from economic imperatives. Reinforces India’s diversification of energy and mineral supply chains Highlights resilience of diaspora-led ties in sustaining bilateral engagement.   Conclusion Mark Carney’s visit marks more than a diplomatic thaw; it represents a strategic reset shaped by economic realism and geopolitical necessity. In an era of protectionism and polarisation, India and Canada appear to be transitioning towards a mature, interest-driven partnership grounded in energy security, trade expansion and resilient middle-power cooperation.   Mains Question India–Canada relations have witnessed both diplomatic strain and economic interdependence in recent years. Examine the strategic drivers behind India- Canada ties and discuss the challenges ahead. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: Indian Express  

Feb 27, 2026 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2026 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 27th February 2026

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Feb 27, 2026 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 27th February 2026

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) International Climate Initiative (IKI) Category: International Initiatives Context: Germany and India have launched a new Large Grant project (approx. ₹180 crore) under the International Climate Initiative (IKI) to strengthen India’s climate resilience. About International Climate Initiative (IKI): Nature: The International Climate Initiative (IKI) or Internationale Klimaschutzinitiative is a key financial instrument of the German government that funds international projects focused on climate change mitigation, adaptation, and biodiversity conservation in developing and emerging economies. Establishment: It was launched in 2008 by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMUV). Objective: It aims to support partner countries in implementing and ambitiously developing their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement and achieving goals set by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Current lead: Since 2022, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK) leads the initiative, working with the Federal Foreign Office and BMUV. Thematic diversity: It focuses on four main areas- Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, Adapting to the impacts of climate change, Conserving natural carbon sinks (REDD+), and Protecting biological diversity. Consortium-based funding: Projects are typically implemented by a mix of NGOs, research institutes, international organizations (like GIZ), and the private sector to ensure multidisciplinary expertise. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA): A core feature is using nature (e.g., forest restoration, wetland protection) to help human communities adapt to climate risks like floods and heatwaves. Innovative financing: It promotes high-risk/high-reward financial mechanisms like blended finance, biodiversity credits, and climate insurance to mobilize private capital. Monitoring and learning: It requires rigorous Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning (MEL) frameworks to ensure that local successes can be scaled up to national or global policies. Source: The New Indian Express Peatlands Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Two lakes (Mai Ndombe and Tumba) in the Democratic Republic of Congo are releasing carbon that has been locked away for thousands of years in surrounding peatlands. About Peatlands: Definition: They are terrestrial wetland ecosystems where waterlogged conditions prevent plant material from fully decomposing, leading to the accumulation of peat (partially decayed organic matter). Formation: Peat forms over thousands of years as the rate of organic matter production exceeds its decomposition due to low oxygen (anaerobic) levels. Coverage: They cover only 3% of Earth’s land surface but are found in every climatic zone, from boreal regions to the tropics. Seepage of carbon: Peat, formed from the accumulation of dead plant material, does not decompose in a water-logged state but when it dries, the organisms that break down plant material revive and the carbon seeps back into the atmosphere. Composition: In cool climates, peatland vegetation is mostly made up of Sphagnum mosses, sedges and shrubs and are the primary builder of peat. In warmer climates graminoids and woody vegetation provide most of the organic matter. Types: Northern and temperate peatlands: Found especially, Europe, North America and Russia where they have formed under high precipitation-low temperature climatic regimes. Tropical peatlands: Found in Southeast Asia, mainland East Asia, the Caribbean, Central America, South America, Africa, parts of Australasia and a few Pacific Islands. Significance: Carbon giant: Peatlands store approximately 600 gigatonnes of carbon—more than all the world’s forests combined. Climate regulation: In their natural wet state, they provide a net-cooling effect. Conversely, damaged peatlands contribute about 5% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Water security: They hold 10% of the world’s unfrozen freshwater, regulating flows to mitigate floods and droughts. Biodiversity: They support endangered species like the Bornean orangutan and Sumatran tigers. Global conservation frameworks: Global Peatlands Initiative (GPI): A UNEP-led multi-partner effort launched in 2016 to save peatlands. Brazzaville Declaration (2018): A landmark agreement signed by the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Republic of Congo, and Indonesia to protect the Cuvette Centrale peatlands. Ramsar Convention: Many peatlands are designated as Wetlands of International Importance. UNEP Global Peatland Hotspot Atlas 2024: Highlights that nearly 12% of global peatlands are degraded, with India seeing over 60% degradation in its specific peat-rich areas. Source: DD News RAMP Programme Category: Government Schemes Context: Recently, the Ministry of MSME organised the 5th meeting of the National MSME Council to review progress of World Bank–Supported RAMP Programme in New Delhi. About RAMP Programme: Full form: RAMP stands for Raising and Accelerating MSME Performance. Nodal ministry: It is implemented by the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME). Apex body: The National MSME Council has been set up by the Ministry to work as an administrative and functional body of the RAMP Programme. Tenure: The tenure of the scheme is 5 years (FY 2022-23 to FY 2026-27). Association: It is assisted by the World Bank. Key objectives: Improving access to market and credit for MSMEs Strengthening institutions and governance at the central and state levels Improving centre-state linkages and partnerships Addressing issues of delayed payments Greening of MSMEs Sub schemes under RAMP: MSME GIFT Scheme: MSME Green Investment and Financing for Transformation Scheme intends to help MSMEs adopt green technology with interest subvention and credit guarantee support. MSE SPICE Scheme: The MSE Scheme for Promotion and Investment in Circular Economy aims to support circular economy projects which will be done through credit subsidy and will lead to realising the dream of MSME sector towards zero emissions by 2070. MSE ODR Scheme: The MSE Scheme on Online Dispute Resolution for Delayed Payments is a first of its kind scheme to synergise legal support with modern IT tools and Artificial Intelligence to address the incidences of delayed payments for Micro and Small Enterprises. Source: PIB Employees’ State Insurance Corporation Category: Polity and Governance Context: Recently, the Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) commenced the celebration of its 75th Year of Service at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. About Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC): Nature: It is a statutory body formed under the ESI Act 1948. Nodal ministry: It is functioning under the aegis of Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India. Mandate: It provides various social security benefits like Medical Benefit, Monetary benefits to the workmen and their family working in the private and public sector. Genesis: The first document on social insurance was “Report on Health Insurance” submitted to the Tripartite Labour Conference, headed by Prof. B.P. Adarkar who was acknowledged as Chhota Beveridge. In 1948 Dr. C.L.Katial took over as the 1st Director General of ESIC. Inauguration: The ESI scheme was inaugurated in Kanpur on 24th February 1952 (ESIC Day) by then Prime Minister Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru. Composition: The Union Minister of Labour heads the ESIC as its Chairman. The Central Government appoints a Director General as the Chief Executive Officer of ESIC. Representation: The ESIC comprises members representing crucial interest groups, including employers, employees, the Central and State Governments, representatives of the Parliament and the medical profession. Coverage: It applies to factories and establishments (like hotels, cinemas, road transport, etc.) employing 10 or more persons. It covers employees drawing monthly wages up to ₹21,000 (₹25,000 for persons with disabilities). Key benefits provided: Medical benefit: Full medical care for the insured person and dependents. Sickness benefit: Cash compensation at 70% of wages during certified sickness. Maternity benefit: Paid leave for 26 weeks for pregnancy. Disablement benefit: Continuous monthly payment for temporary or permanent disability due to employment injury. Unemployment allowance: Provided under schemes like Atal Beemit Vyakti Kalyan Yojana (ABVKY) and Rajiv Gandhi Shramik Kalyan Yojana (RGSKY). Source: PIB El Nino Category: Geography Context: Researchers at Duke University have identified that ocean salinity can amplify the intensity of El Niño by approximately 20%. About El Nino: Nomenclature: El Niño means “Little Boy” in Spanish. Definition: It is a recurring climate pattern characterized by the unusual warming of surface waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Frequency: It is the warm phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and typically occurs every two to seven years. Mechanism (ENSO Cycle): Normal conditions: Strong trade winds blow east-to-west, pushing warm water toward Asia and causing upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water off the coast of Peru. El Niño phase: Trade winds weaken or reverse. Warm water flows back toward South America, suppressing upwelling. This shifts the Walker Circulation eastward. Southern Oscillation: The atmospheric counterpart involving a see-saw of air pressure between Tahiti (Central Pacific) and Darwin (Australia). A negative Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) indicates El Niño. Factors impacting El Nino: Trade wind strength: The primary driver; weaker winds trigger the eastward movement of warm water. Ocean-Atmosphere coupling: A feedback loop where warming water further weakens winds, which in turn warms the water more. Thermocline depth: The depth of the transition layer between warm surface water and cold deep-water influences how much heat is available to fuel the event. Impacts on India: Monsoon suppression: El Niño is generally inversely related to the Indian Monsoon. It shifts the descending limb of the Walker Cell over the Indian Ocean, causing high pressure and suppressed rainfall. Agriculture: Leads to lower production of Kharif crops (rice, sugarcane, cotton) and increases food inflation. Heatwaves: Strongly correlated with more frequent and intense summer heatwaves in India. Counter-factors: Not all El Niño years lead to drought. A positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) can sometimes offset El Niño’s negative impact, as seen in 1997. Source: India Today (MAINS Focus) Analysing India’s Cycle of Deprivation and Affluence: Structural Drivers of Income Mobility (2014–2025) (UPSC GS Paper III – Inclusive growth and issues arising from it; GS Paper I – Indian Society: Poverty and developmental issues; Social empowerment)   Context (Introduction) Income mobility analysis for 2014–2025 shows that downward movement across income groups has outpaced upward mobility, especially in rural and socially disadvantaged segments. This signals structural constraints in India’s growth model beyond what poverty and inequality ratios reveal.   Key Data Trends (2014–2025) Share of households experiencing downward mobility nearly doubled from 14% (2015) to 26.8% (2025). Households remaining in the same income group fell from over 70% to below 50%. Upward mobility rose modestly from 14.1% to 23.5%, but consistently lagged behind downward shifts. By 2025, nearly 29% of rural households were worse-off relative to 2014. Downward mobility increased across caste groups, particularly among OBC and SC households, while upward mobility among SCs remained muted. The data indicate that more households are slipping down the income ladder than climbing up, pointing to structural economic and social constraints.   Main Reasons Behind Rising Downward Mobility Rural and Informal Sector Distress:  Nearly 29% of rural households were worse-off in 2025 relative to 2014. With over 80% of India’s workforce informal (Periodic Labour Force Survey), shocks such as demonetisation, GST transition, and COVID-19 disproportionately affected small enterprises, agriculture and migrant labour. Unequal Post-Pandemic Recovery (K-shaped Growth): Organised, capital-intensive sectors recovered faster post-2020, while informal employment lagged. PLFS data show urban unemployment and labour force participation fluctuations during 2020–22, indicating fragile recovery among lower-income groups. District-Level Income Dispersion Statistical findings indicate that higher district-level inequality correlates with greater downward mobility. Concentration of growth in select urban districts restricts mobility in lagging regions. Structural Social Barriers: SC and OBC households experienced sharper downward mobility; Muslim households exhibited weaker upward mobility. Historical asset deprivation, occupational segmentation and unequal access to credit continue to constrain advancement (NSSO and SECC patterns). Low Employment Elasticity of Growth: Economic growth has been driven by capital-intensive sectors (infrastructure, digital services), generating limited broad-based employment. Manufacturing’s share in employment has not expanded proportionately despite policy focus.   Way Forward Boost Employment-Intensive Manufacturing (Economic Survey, PLI Framework): The Economic Survey repeatedly emphasises labour-intensive manufacturing (textiles, food processing, electronics assembly) for job creation. Expanding Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes with explicit employment targets and linking incentives to job creation metrics can improve mobility. Strengthen Rural Incomes through Agriculture Diversification (NITI Aayog, Doubling Farmers’ Income Reports): NITI Aayog and Ashok Dalwai Committee reports stress crop diversification, value addition and Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs). Scaling up FPO coverage (currently over 10,000 FPOs targeted) and improving agri-value chains can stabilise rural incomes. Expand and Modernise Social Protection (World Bank, ILO Recommendations): The World Bank’s State of Social Protection Report highlights the need for adaptive safety nets. Strengthening MGNREGA with timely wage payments (as CAG flagged delays), expanding urban employment pilots, and universalising portable social security under e-Shram (covering 29+ crore workers registered) can cushion downward shocks. Invest in Human Capital (NEP 2020, National Health Policy 2017): India’s public health expenditure (~2.1% of GDP as per Economic Survey) remains modest. Increasing health spending to 2.5% GDP (National Health Policy target) and improving foundational learning outcomes (ASER reports show learning deficits) are critical for long-term mobility. Reduce Regional Inequality (Aspirational Districts Programme): The Aspirational Districts Programme (112 districts) uses real-time monitoring in health, education and agriculture. Expanding this model to “Aspirational Blocks” and linking fiscal transfers to outcome-based indicators can reduce spatial mobility gaps. Improve Access to Credit and Assets (RBI Financial Inclusion Data): Jan Dhan coverage exceeds 50 crore accounts, but credit penetration remains unequal. Strengthening Mudra lending transparency, improving SHG-bank linkages (NRLM), and expanding digital credit infrastructure can help lower-income households invest productively. Strengthen Labour Market Data and Mobility Tracking: Institutionalising panel-based income mobility tracking (through NSSO/PLFS augmentation) can help policymakers identify vulnerable groups early and design targeted interventions.   Conclusion The rise in downward income mobility between 2014 and 2025 reflects structural vulnerabilities in employment, regional development, and social equity. Evidence from labour surveys, district inequality patterns, and sectoral performance suggests that inclusive growth requires employment-centred industrial policy, robust social protection, and sustained investment in human capital to restore upward mobility and social stability.   Mains Question The rise in downward income mobility in India during 2014–2025 reflects structural constraints in the growth process. Analyse the key economic and social factors responsible and suggest evidence-based policy measures to strengthen inclusive mobility. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: The Hindu Modi’s Visit to Israel: Strategic Outreach Amid West Asian Fault-lines (UPSC GS Paper II – International relations: India and its neighbourhood; Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests)   Context (Introduction) Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s 24-hour visit to Jerusalem marked a significant upgrade in India–Israel ties to a “Special Strategic Partnership”, but raised concerns over India’s calibrated position on Palestine amid deepening geopolitical tensions in West Asia.   Setting the Tone: Key Outcomes Upgrade of ties to a Special Strategic Partnership. Signing of 15+ MoUs, including a critical technologies partnership in AI, agriculture, culture and education. Agreement to facilitate 50,000 Indian workers in Israel over five years. Revival emphasis on I2U2 (India-Israel-UAE-U.S.) and IMEC (India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor).   Main Arguments Strategic Deepening of India–Israel Ties: The visit demonstrated strong political signalling. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu personally escorted Mr. Modi throughout the visit, underscoring Israel’s diplomatic emphasis. The partnership expands beyond defence into emerging technologies, workforce mobility and regional economic initiatives. Timing and Political Context: The visit occurred amid Israel’s growing international isolation over high civilian casualties in Gaza (over 72,000 deaths reported) and controversy over West Bank settlement plans. Several European nations, including Germany, France and the U.K., have publicly criticised Israel’s policies. For Mr. Netanyahu, facing elections and scrutiny over governance and security lapses in 2023, the visit carries domestic political value. India’s Position on Palestine: In his Knesset speech, Mr. Modi referred only indirectly to Palestinian sovereignty, endorsing the U.S.-led Gaza Peace Initiative and the two-state solution. However, he did not explicitly reference civilian casualties in Gaza. This marks a nuanced but visible shift from India’s historically vocal support for Palestinian self-determination. The absence of a concurrent visit to Palestine contrasts with India’s earlier diplomatic balancing. Regional Implications: India reaffirmed commitment to multilateral initiatives such as: I2U2 grouping (India-Israel-UAE-U.S.) IMEC corridor linking India to Europe via West Asia This signals New Delhi’s belief in regional economic integration despite heightened polarisation and security tensions, including possible U.S.–Iran conflict risks.   Concerns and Strategic Risks Erosion of Strategic Autonomy: A perception of “standing firmly with Israel” may affect India’s ties with Arab states and Iran, which expect balanced engagement. Energy and Diaspora Stakes: West Asia accounts for a major share of India’s energy imports and hosts over 8 million Indian expatriates; regional instability carries economic and humanitarian implications. Diplomatic Credibility: India has traditionally supported a two-state solution rooted in international law. A perceived dilution could weaken India’s moral positioning in multilateral forums. Regional Polarisation: If conflict escalates (e.g., Israel–Iran confrontation), India may face pressure to take sides, affecting trade corridors and connectivity projects like IMEC.   Way Forward Reaffirm Two-State Solution: Publicly reiterate support for Palestinian sovereignty consistent with UN resolutions and India’s historical position. Parallel Outreach to Palestine and Arab States: Follow-up diplomatic visits and humanitarian engagement to restore calibrated balance. Preserve Strategic Autonomy: Maintain multi-alignment by deepening ties with Israel while sustaining strong partnerships with Gulf states and Iran. Safeguard Connectivity Initiatives: Ensure IMEC and I2U2 projects remain economic platforms insulated from geopolitical tensions. Humanitarian Diplomacy: Support ceasefire efforts, humanitarian assistance to Gaza, and dialogue mechanisms to reinforce India’s image as a responsible global actor.   Conclusion While the visit significantly strengthens India–Israel bilateral engagement, its broader impact will depend on how effectively India preserves its traditional diplomatic balance in West Asia. Sustaining strategic autonomy while advancing economic and technological partnerships remains the key test for Indian foreign policy.   Mains Question India has recently upgraded bilateral ties with Israel however critics have raised concerns regarding India’s traditional West Asia policy. Critically examine (250 words, 15 marks) Source: The Hindu  

Feb 26, 2026 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2026 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 26th February 2026

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Feb 26, 2026 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 26th February 2026

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Kerala as Keralam Category: Polity and Governance Context: The Union Cabinet recently approved a proposal to alter the name of Kerala to “Keralam,” setting in motion the constitutional process required for the change. About Kerala as Keralam: Constitutional provisions: Article 3 of the Constitution empowers Parliament to form new states or alter areas, boundaries, or names of existing states. It will also amend the First Schedule of the Constitution, which contains the list and names of states and Union Territories. Presidential recommendation: A bill for renaming a state can only be introduced in either House of Parliament with the prior recommendation of the President. State referral: Before recommending the bill, the President must refer it to the concerned State Legislature for its views. Non-binding views: The State Legislature must express its views within a specified timeframe. However, these views are not binding on the President or the Parliament; they can proceed even if the state disagrees. Simple majority: The bill requires only a simple majority (50%+1 of members present and voting) in both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to be passed. No Amendment under Article 368: Under Article 4, such laws are not deemed to be constitutional amendments requiring a special majority, even though they result in changes to the First Schedule.  Process for renaming Kerala as Keralam: State Legislature Resolution: Kerala Assembly passed resolutions requesting the name change. Examination by Union Government: Ministry of Home Affairs scrutinizes the proposal and consults relevant ministries/agencies. Union Cabinet Approval: Cabinet clears the proposal for legislative action. President’s reference: President refers the Bill to the Legislature of Kerala for its opinion (Article 3 proviso). Parliamentary Approval: Bill introduced in Parliament after Presidential recommendation and passed by both Houses. Notification & Amendment: First Schedule amended; new name comes into legal effect. Reasons for the change: The state is called “Keralam” in Malayalam, while the Constitution records it as “Kerala.” The demand reflects linguistic identity and the legacy of the Aikya Kerala movement, which sought unification of Malayalam-speaking regions. The Assembly argued that states formed on linguistic lines (1956) should reflect native linguistic nomenclature. Historical precedents: 1969: Madras State became Tamil Nadu. 2007: Uttaranchal was renamed as Uttarakhand. 2011: Orissa became Odisha (and Oriya became Odia) via the Orissa (Alteration of Name) Act. Source: DD News SUJVIKA Portal Category: Government Schemes Context: Recently, the Union Minister of Science & Technology launched the SUJVIKA Portal during the 40th foundation day of the Department of Biotechnology. About SUJVIKA Portal: Nature: It is an AI driven Biotech Product Data Portal. Development: It is developed by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) in collaboration with an industry partner, the Association of Biotechnology Led Enterprises (ABLE). Mandate: It presents authenticated biotechnology product import data in a structured and accessible format. Target users: It is primarily aimed at Indian researchers, biotechnology startups, and industry players to facilitate evidence-based R&D planning. AI-driven intelligence: It is an Artificial Intelligence-enabled Trade Statistics Digital Intelligence Platform. Biotech data repository: The portal provides structured and authenticated data specifically on biotechnology product imports. Insights into biotechnology: The portal provides sector-wise insights into biochemical products, industrial enzymes, and other biotechnology imports. Indigenisation: It enables researchers, startups, and industry to identify high-value and high-volume imports, assess import dependency and prioritise indigenisation and R&D efforts. Evidence-based planning: The portal also supports evidence-based planning and promotes public–private partnerships for strengthening domestic biomanufacturing. Vision: The portal is a key tool in achieving India’s goal of a $1 trillion bioeconomy by 2047 (part of the Viksit Bharat vision). Policy linkage: It supports the BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment), which focuses on high-performance biomanufacturing. Source: PIB Chicory Category: Miscellaneous Context: Recently, FSSAI gave an advisory related to Chicory, whose content must be prominently displayed on front of coffee powder packs from 1 July. About Chicory: Nature: It is a blue-flowered, woody perennial herbaceous plant mainly cultivated in temperate regions worldwide. Family: Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Distribution: It is native to Europe and Asia; in India, it is primarily cultivated in Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. Significance: There are several varieties of the chicory plant, known differently globally due to its numerous medicinal, culinary, and nutritional qualities. Uniqueness: It contains Inulin, a soluble fiber and prebiotic that acts as a natural sweetener. It is naturally caffeine-free and rich in beta-carotene. Additive in coffee: It is a popular additive that provides a darker colour and an earthy taste to the beverage. It is significantly less expensive than high-quality coffee. Existing rules: Previous FSSAI regulations (2011) stipulated that a coffee-chicory mixture must contain at least 51% coffee. Legal status: Under the Coffee Act 1942, chicory is not defined as coffee because it does not come from a rubiaceous plant. Other uses: Culinary: Leaves are used as salad greens (e.g., Radicchio, Belgian endive). Medicinal: Used in traditional medicine (folk remedies) for liver health, digestion, and as a mild laxative. Agricultural: Grown as a forage crop for livestock (especially sheep) due to its nutrient density. Source: Livemint Exercise Dharma Guardian 2026 Category: Defence and Security Context: Recently, the Exercise ‘DHARMA GUARDIAN’ commenced at the Foreign Training Node, Chaubattia in Uttarakhand. About Exercise Dharma Guardian 2026: Countries involved: It is the annual joint military exercise between India and Japan. Objective: The objective of the Exercise ‘DHARMA GUARDIAN’ is to strengthen military collaboration and enhance combined capabilities to undertake joint operations in a semi-urban environment. Significance: The exercise is held alternately in India and Japan and remains a key pillar of defence cooperation between the two nations. Edition: It is the 7th edition of the annual Joint Military Exercise. Location: It is being held at Foreign Training Node, Chaubattia, Uttarakhand, India. Participating units: India is represented by the Ladakh Scouts, and Japan is represented by the 32nd Infantry Regiment. Key tactical activities: Establishing a Temporary Operating Base Developing an Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) grid Setting up Mobile Vehicle Check Posts Conducting Cordon and Search Operations in hostile environment Executing Heliborne Operations Undertaking House Intervention Drills Other Exercises between India and Japan: Malabar: India and Japan with the United States and Australia participate in the naval war gaming exercise named Malabar. JIMEX (Naval) SHINYUU Maitri (Air Force). Source: PIB Periyar Tiger Reserve Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, the Periyar Tiger Reserve has initiated Phase III of All India Tiger Estimation 2025-26, aimed at assessing the tiger population across the country. About Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR): Location: It is located in the Idukki district of Kerala. It is set high at Cardamom Hills and Pandalam Hills of the Western Ghats, adjacent to the border with Tamil Nadu. Nomenclature: It is named after the Periyar River. It surrounds the Periyar Lake, which was created in 1895 by building a dam across the Periyar River. History: It was established in 1934 as the Nellikkampatty Game Sanctuary by the Maharaja of Travancore. In 1950, it was formally consolidated and recognized as the Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary. Establishment: In 1978, it was included in Project Tiger and renamed the Periyar Tiger Reserve, becoming India’s 10th tiger reserve. Terrain: The terrain is hilly and undulating with a maximum altitude of 2016 m. The highest peak is Kottamala (2016 m). Rivers: Two major rivers namely Periyar and Pamba drain the area. Dams: Mullaperiyar Dam is located within the PTR.  Tribes: It is home to many tribal communities, including the Mannans and the Palians. Vegetation: It mainly comprises tropical evergreen forests, semi- evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, transitional fringe evergreen forests, grasslands, and eucalyptus plantations. Flora: These include teak, mangoes, rosewood, jamun, jacarandas, terminalias, tamarind, royal ponciana, bamboo, etc. Fauna: These include elephants, wild pigs, mouse deer, barking deer, and tiger. It is also being considered as the habitat of the elusive Nilgiri Tahr. Unique primate diversity: All four species of South Indian primates- Lion-tailed Macaque, Nilgiri Langur, Common Langur, and Bonnet Macaque are found here. Source: The Hindu (MAINS Focus) Microplastics in Bottled Water: Emerging Public Health and Regulatory Challenge in India (UPSC GS Paper II – Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health; GS Paper III – Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation)   Context  In contemporary India, bottled water has shifted from occasional convenience to everyday necessity due to declining trust in municipal supplies. However, recent Indian studies detecting microplastics in bottled water have raised concerns about invisible contaminants and regulatory inadequacy.   What are Microplastics and Why are They Concerning? Microplastics are plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, generated either as primary microplastics (industrial pellets, microbeads) or secondary microplastics formed from degradation of larger plastics. Nanoplastics, even smaller, often escape detection. Their persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and ability to carry toxic additives make them a public health concern.   Evidence from Indian Scientific Studies A Nagpur-based study found 72–212 microplastic particles per litre in all sampled bottled water brands, with higher contamination in locally bottled products. Similar findings in Mumbai and coastal Andhra Pradesh showed microplastics in 100% of tested samples. Globally, WHO (2019) noted insufficient evidence on health risks but emphasised the need for standardised monitoring and risk assessment frameworks.   Reasons for Presence in Bottled Water PET Bottle Degradation: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles fragment due to mechanical stress and ageing. Heat and UV Exposure: High temperatures during transport and storage (common in India) accelerate leaching of antimony and phthalates and increase particle shedding. Source Water Contamination: Rivers and groundwater already contain microplastics due to India’s plastic waste burden (over 3–4 million tonnes annually as per CPCB estimates). Bottling Process Gaps: Fragmented industry with thousands of small units weakens uniform quality control.   Health Implications Although long-term epidemiological data are evolving, laboratory research suggests: Microplastics may induce inflammation and oxidative stress. Smaller particles may cross intestinal barriers and potentially enter bloodstream. They act as vectors for endocrine-disrupting chemicals (phthalates, bisphenols) and heavy metals. Chronic exposure combined with chemical leaching creates cumulative risks not addressed in short-duration safety testing.   Regulatory and Institutional Gaps Packaged drinking water in India is regulated by FSSAI; BIS certification is no longer mandatory. However: No prescribed permissible limits for microplastics. No routine testing protocol for nanoplastics. Standards assess individual chemicals, not combined long-term exposure. State-level inspections (e.g., Karnataka surveys) have flagged unsafe samples, indicating enforcement deficits.   Criticisms / Broader Concerns Illusion of Purity: Sealed packaging fosters misplaced trust, overshadowing systemic investment in safe public water systems. Environmental Feedback Loop: Single-use bottles significantly contribute to India’s plastic waste crisis. Degraded plastics re-enter water bodies as microplastics, contaminating even treated sources. Public Health Inequity: Access to bottled water is income-dependent, potentially diverting policy focus from universal potable water access. Policy Lag Behind Science: Regulation remains pathogen-centric, while emerging contaminants remain outside formal standards. Cumulative Exposure: Daily ingestion over decades is not factored into risk assessment models.   Reforms: Efforts Taken and Needed Strengthening Public Supply Systems: Jal Jeevan Mission (aim: functional household tap connections to all rural households) reduces dependence on bottled water. Real-time water quality monitoring dashboards can rebuild trust. Updating Standards: FSSAI and BIS must mandate microplastic testing, define threshold limits, and integrate precautionary principles, learning from evolving EU and global regulatory discussions. Plastic Waste Governance: Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 (amended 2022) and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) mechanisms must be strictly enforced to reduce upstream plastic leakage. Storage and Labelling Norms: Mandatory heat-exposure warnings, improved transport standards, and periodic third-party audits. Research and Surveillance: National-level surveillance on microplastics in drinking water; integration with ICMR-led toxicological research to establish India-specific risk benchmarks.   Conclusion Microplastics in bottled water exemplify a silent public health challenge emerging at the intersection of environmental degradation and regulatory inertia. Addressing it requires science-based standard setting, stronger waste governance, and renewed investment in accountable public water systems rather than unchecked dependence on packaged solutions.   Mains Question Microplastics are emerging as a significant contaminant in drinking water in India. Examine their sources, health implications and regulatory gaps. Suggest policy measures to address this growing public health challenge. (250 words, 15 marks)   Source: The Hindu Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) and India’s Decarbonisation Strategy (UPSC GS Paper III – Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation; Environmental impact assessment; Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life)   Context (Introduction) Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) technologies aim to capture CO₂ from industrial sources or air and convert it into useful products. For India, the world’s third-largest emitter, CCU offers a pathway to decarbonise hard-to-abate sectors while supporting a circular, low-carbon economy.   Main Arguments Concept and Technological Basis of CCU: CCU captures CO₂ from power plants, cement, steel, refineries or through Direct Air Capture and converts it into fuels (methanol, synthetic fuels), chemicals (olefins), building materials (carbonated concrete) or polymers. Unlike CCS, it reuses rather than stores carbon. Relevance for Hard-to-Abate Sectors: India’s emissions are concentrated in cement, steel, chemicals and thermal power. Process emissions in cement (from limestone calcination) cannot be eliminated by renewables alone. CCU reduces point-source emissions and lowers carbon intensity of industrial output. Emission Reduction Pathways: CCU reduces emissions by: Capturing CO₂ before atmospheric release.  Substituting fossil-derived feedstocks with CO₂-derived inputs. Permanently mineralising CO₂ in construction materials. Integrating with green hydrogen to produce low-carbon synthetic fuels.  Global Policy Support: EU Experience: The EU Bioeconomy Strategy (2018) promotes sustainable use of biological and carbon resources, encouraging CO₂ as industrial feedstock. The Circular Economy Action Plan (2020), under the European Green Deal, supports industrial symbiosis and CO₂-based products. Carbon pricing under the EU ETS improves CCU viability. International Industry Examples: ArcelorMittal and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., with D-CRBN in Belgium, are converting captured CO₂ into carbon monoxide for reuse in steelmaking. The U.S. provides tax credits (e.g., 45Q) to incentivise CCU. UAE’s Al Reyadah integrates CCU with green hydrogen hubs.   India’s Current Status Policy Roadmaps: Department of Science & Technology has issued a dedicated CCU R&D roadmap. Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas released a draft 2030 CCUS roadmap identifying industrial clusters. Industrial Pilots Ambuja Cements (Adani Group)–IIT Bombay Indo-Swedish pilot for CO₂-to-fuels/materials. JK Cement CCU testbed for lightweight concrete and olefins. Organic Recycling Systems Limited (ORSL) Bio-CCU platform converting biogas CO₂ into bio-alcohols. Climate Commitments Alignment: Supports India’s 2070 Net Zero target and Panchamrit commitments under COP26.   Challenges / Risks Cost Competitiveness: CO₂ capture and conversion are energy-intensive; CCU products struggle against cheaper fossil-based alternatives without policy incentives. Infrastructure Gaps: Requires industrial clusters, CO₂ pipelines, purification systems, and green hydrogen availability. Infrastructure is uneven across Indian regions. Regulatory and Market Uncertainty: Absence of carbon pricing, lifecycle certification standards and green procurement mandates limits investor confidence. Risk of Limited Net Gains: If powered by fossil energy, CCU may not significantly reduce lifecycle emissions. Financing Constraints: High capital costs and technology risks deter large-scale private sector adoption.   Way Forward Introduce Market Incentives: Carbon pricing, tax credits, viability gap funding or Production-Linked Incentives for CO₂-derived products. Develop CCU Industrial Clusters: Integrate CCU in cement and steel hubs (e.g., Gujarat, Odisha) with shared capture and utilisation infrastructure. Align with National Green Hydrogen Mission: Use green hydrogen to enhance CO₂-to-fuel conversion efficiency and reduce lifecycle emissions. Establish Certification Frameworks: Develop lifecycle carbon accounting standards and green product labelling to create market demand. Strengthen R&D and PPPs: Scale pilot projects into commercial demonstration plants with blended finance and global climate funds.   Conclusion CCU can serve as a transitional decarbonisation tool for India’s industrial economy. However, its success depends on coherent policy support, clean energy integration, cost reduction and robust regulatory standards to ensure genuine emission reductions rather than symbolic compliance.   Mains Question What are Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) technologies?. Discuss global best practices and suggest measures to scale up CCU deployment in India. (250 words, 15 marks)   Source: The Hindu  

Feb 25, 2026 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2026 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 25th February 2026

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Feb 25, 2026 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 25th February 2026

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Contarinia icardiflores sp. nov Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Scientists from ICAR-Directorate of Floricultural Research (ICAR-DFR), Pune have discovered a new blossom midge species named Contarinia icardiflores sp. nov., affecting jasmine crops in India. Contarinia icardiflores sp. nov. is a newly identified blossom midge species. It infests flower buds of Jasminum sambac (jasmine). Named in honour of ICAR-DFR for its contributions to floriculture research. Identified using integrative taxonomy (morphological and molecular analysis). Distinct from previously known jasmine-infesting midge species. Short life cycle (around 2–3 weeks) enables rapid multiplication. Discovery has significance for pest management in jasmine cultivation. Source: ICAR Fishing cat Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: The first scientific assessment has identified Kaziranga National Park as a major stronghold of the endangered fishing cat in India. Study establishes Kaziranga as one of the most significant habitats for the fishing cat. Fishing cat is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. The species prefers wetlands, marshes and riverine ecosystems. Kaziranga’s floodplain grasslands and wetlands provide ideal habitat conditions. The assessment used systematic field surveys and camera trapping. Findings highlight the importance of wetland conservation for lesser-known carnivores. Reinforces Kaziranga’s ecological value beyond its iconic one-horned rhinoceros. Learning Corner: Kaziranga National Park  Located in Assam, along the floodplains of the Brahmaputra River. Declared a National Park in 1974. Recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (1985). Famous for hosting the largest population of the Great One-Horned Rhinoceros. Also home to elephants, wild buffalo, swamp deer and Royal Bengal tiger. Designated as a Tiger Reserve (2006). Characterised by tall elephant grass, marshlands and tropical moist broadleaf forests. Experiences annual flooding, which maintains ecological productivity and habitat diversity. Source:  THE HINDU Lenacapavir Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Zimbabwe has launched the rollout of Lenacapavir, a long-acting injectable drug for HIV prevention, marking a major step in expanding pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) options in Africa. Zimbabwe becomes one of the first African countries to introduce Lenacapavir for HIV prevention. Lenacapavir is a long-acting injectable drug used as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). It is administered twice a year, improving adherence compared to daily oral pills. The drug works by inhibiting the HIV capsid, preventing viral replication. The rollout targets high-risk populations, including adolescent girls and young women. The initiative aims to reduce new HIV infections in a region heavily burdened by HIV/AIDS. Marks progress toward global HIV prevention and epidemic control goals. Learning Corner: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)  HIV is a retrovirus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically CD4 (T-helper) cells. It weakens immunity, making the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and certain cancers. If untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). The virus is transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, infected blood transfusion, shared needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. HIV primarily targets immune cells and integrates its genetic material into the host genome. There is no cure, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) allows people with HIV to live long and healthy lives. Preventive measures include safe sex practices, screening of blood, needle safety, PrEP, and ART for viral suppression. Source: DTE PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana Category: POLITY Context: The PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana has crossed 30 lakh rooftop solar installations, marking a major milestone in India’s push for decentralised renewable energy adoption. Learning Corner: The scheme aims to promote rooftop solar systems for residential households. It targets installation of rooftop solar in 1 crore households. Beneficiaries receive central financial assistance (CFA)/subsidy support. Objective includes providing up to 300 units of free electricity per month to eligible households. Promotes reduction in electricity bills and enhances energy self-sufficiency. Contributes to India’s renewable energy and climate commitments. Encourages domestic solar manufacturing and green job creation. Source: THE HINDU HPV vaccination Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: The Union Health Ministry is set to roll out a nationwide free HPV vaccination programme targeting 14-year-old girls to prevent cervical cancer. Programme will provide free and voluntary HPV vaccination to girls aged 14 years. India will use Gardasil (quadrivalent vaccine) covering HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18. A single-dose schedule will be adopted based on scientific evidence. Vaccination will be conducted at designated government health facilities. HPV types 16 and 18 account for over 80% of cervical cancer cases in India. Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in India. Vaccination sessions will include trained medical supervision and post-vaccination monitoring. Vaccine procurement is supported through partnership with Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. HPV vaccine is non-live and has a strong global safety record. Learning Corner: HPV (Human Papillomavirus)  HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses, transmitted mainly through skin-to-skin or sexual contact. It infects epithelial cells of the skin and mucous membranes. HPV is broadly classified into low-risk types (cause warts) and high-risk types (cause cancers). High-risk types, especially HPV 16 and 18, are responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases. HPV is also associated with cancers of the anus, penis, vulva, vagina, and oropharynx. Most HPV infections are asymptomatic and self-limiting, cleared by the immune system. HPV vaccines (non-live recombinant vaccines) provide protection against major high-risk and some low-risk types. Regular screening (Pap smear, HPV testing) is essential for early detection of cervical cancer. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) India–Israel Strategic Engagement Amid West Asian Flux (UPSC GS Paper II – International Relations: India and its neighbourhood; Bilateral, regional and global groupings affecting India’s interests)   Context (Introduction) Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s February 2026 standalone visit to Israel occurs amid escalating West Asian instability—U.S.–Iran tensions, fragile Gaza ceasefire, and emerging regional blocs. The visit signals consolidation of India–Israel ties beyond symbolism, with strategic, economic and geopolitical implications.   Main Arguments   Deepening Strategic and Defence Convergence India and Israel face common security threats—terrorism, hostile neighbourhoods, and missile/drone warfare. According to SIPRI, India accounted for nearly 34% of Israel’s arms exports (2020–24), making it Israel’s largest defence customer. Cooperation has shifted from buyer–seller to joint development and co-production. Barak-8 missile defence system exemplifies co-development success. “India–Israel Vision on Defence Cooperation” (2022) emphasised futuristic technologies. Reports indicate focus on the Iron Beam laser-based air defence system, aligned with India’s Mission Sudarshan Chakra for integrated air and anti-drone defence. Growing private-sector collaboration (e.g., surveillance and sensor-based systems). For India, lessons from Operation Sindoor (May 2025) underline the urgency of layered air and missile defence architecture.   Science, Technology and Innovation Linkages Israel’s technological ecosystem complements India’s development needs. Over 35 Centres of Excellence (CoE) across Indian states support high-density horticulture (mango, citrus, pomegranate, date palm, beekeeping). MASHAV agreements with Haryana (2022) and Rajasthan (2024) enhance integrated water management—critical amid India’s rising water stress. Emerging focus areas: Artificial Intelligence (AI), agritech, electronics, medical equipment. This cooperation aligns with India’s push for Atmanirbhar Bharat and tech-led growth.   Expanding Economic and Trade Architecture While security dominates headlines, trade is substantial. Bilateral trade reached $3.75 billion in FY 2024–25, with diversification beyond diamonds and chemicals into high-tech sectors. Recent developments: Bilateral Investment Agreement (September 2025) Terms of Reference for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) (November 2025) An FTA could integrate Israel into India’s recent trade momentum (EU, Oman, UAE agreements). Additionally, proposals on infrastructure cooperation and human mobility could deepen interdependence.   India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) Announced at the G-20 Summit (Delhi, 2023), IMEC aims to provide a shorter and secure route linking India to Europe via West Asia. With the Suez Canal vulnerable to disruptions, IMEC offers strategic diversification. However, Gaza stability remains crucial. The visit may revive momentum amid renewed geopolitical urgency.   Gaza Peace Process and Regional Balancing India attended the February 2026 “Board of Peace” Summit as an observer. With strong ties to Israel, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Oman, India maintains strategic balance. Netanyahu’s proposal of a “hexagon alliance” reflects bloc politics. However, India’s foreign policy doctrine emphasises strategic autonomy, avoiding entanglement in sectarian axes (Shia–Sunni rivalry). India’s energy security—given dependence on Gulf imports—necessitates cautious engagement regarding Iran and broader regional tensions.   Criticisms / Challenges Risk of Over-Securitisation: Excessive defence focus may overshadow balanced diplomacy. Palestinian Sensitivities: Standalone Israel visit could attract criticism domestically and internationally. Regional Bloc Politics: Joining or appearing aligned with anti-Iran blocs could complicate India’s West Asia balancing strategy. IMEC’s Fragility: Corridor viability depends on durable regional peace. Energy Security Concerns: Escalation involving Iran could disrupt oil supplies and increase import bills.   Way Forward Maintain De-hyphenation Policy: Engage Israel and Palestine independently while supporting a two-state solution. Strengthen Co-Production: Move from arms imports to joint R&D and defence manufacturing in India. Fast-Track FTA Negotiations: Expand high-tech trade and innovation ecosystems. Promote IMEC Diplomatically: Integrate Gulf partners to stabilise connectivity initiatives. Leverage Balanced Diplomacy: Use ties with Gulf states and Israel to contribute constructively to peace-building efforts.   Conclusion The visit underscores India’s calibrated West Asia strategy—deepening strategic ties with Israel while preserving regional balance. If managed prudently, the engagement could enhance India’s defence preparedness, technological modernisation and connectivity ambitions without compromising strategic autonomy.   Mains Question In the context of emerging regional fault lines in West Asia, examine the strategic, economic and geopolitical significance of India–Israel relations. (250 words, 15 marks) Reimagining Indian Federalism: Towards a Principle of Non-Domination (UPSC GS Paper II – Polity and Governance: Federal Structure, Centre–State Relations, Issues and Challenges)   Context (Introduction) Amid rising centralisation and debates around “One Nation–One X” initiatives, Yogendra Yadav calls for a structural reset of Indian federalism. He argues for a new federal compact grounded in the principle of non-domination—political, cultural and economic.   Main Arguments Historical Bias Towards Centralisation The Constitution’s original design tilted towards a strong Centre due to post-Partition anxieties. Though coalition politics in the 1990s strengthened cooperative federalism, this political consensus was not constitutionally institutionalised. The past decade has witnessed renewed centralisation in constitutional practice, institutional behaviour and sectoral governance.   Federation Based on Consent, Not Command The author emphasises that a true “Union of States” must: Trust states and respect subsidiarity. Empower local governments. Accommodate linguistic and cultural heterogeneity. Unity should emerge from negotiated accommodation rather than enforced uniformity. Federalism deepens democracy instead of weakening sovereignty.   Constitutional Reset Proposals Curtail the Centre’s power to unilaterally redraw state boundaries. Reduce central primacy in constitutional amendments affecting states. Restore subjects like education to the State List. Check central encroachment into health and agriculture. These aim to rebalance legislative federalism and revive the spirit of cooperative federalism.   Political and Institutional Reset Establish a constitutional code to limit arbitrariness of Governors. Strengthen anti-defection law to eliminate loopholes. Transfer responsibility for Assembly elections to State Election Commissions. The author, however, cautions that institutional redesign must avoid unintended distortions.   Representation and Delimitation Debate The report rejects “One Nation, One Election” and advocates continuation of the freeze on delimitation based on the 1971 Census. This can be reframed as preserving inter-regional balance of power, particularly between Hindi and non-Hindi states.   Fiscal Federal Reset It calls for GST restructuring and equitable fiscal devolution. Southern and western states may agree to resource transfers to poorer Hindi heartland states, while Hindi states guarantee non-imposition of language and representation freeze—ensuring mutual non-domination.   Cultural Federalism and Linguistic Balance The report challenges the notion that national unity requires linguistic uniformity. While opposing Hindi hegemony, the author critiques the suggestion of English uniformity, advocating instead equal respect for all Indian languages.   Civilisational Logic of Federalism India is a “holding together” federation, unlike the U.S. model of “coming together.” Its unity resembles a “salad bowl,” not a melting pot. Historically, empires—from Mauryan to Mughal—sustained rule by respecting diversity. Centralisation contradicts India’s compositional and plural character.   Criticisms / Challenges Practical Feasibility: Curtailing Parliament’s amendment powers may face constitutional and political resistance. Administrative Coordination: Excessive decentralisation may weaken national coordination in sectors like health or disaster management. Fiscal Strains: Redistribution debates may intensify tensions between donor and recipient states. Language Sensitivities: Balancing linguistic equality without promoting new hierarchies requires nuanced policy design.   Way Forward Institutionalise cooperative federalism through Inter-State Council revitalisation. Revisit fiscal devolution formulas balancing equity and efficiency. Guarantee linguistic pluralism constitutionally and administratively. Ensure delimitation reforms protect demographic justice without undermining federal balance. Anchor reforms in the principle of political, cultural and economic non-domination.   Conclusion A renewed federal compact must move beyond administrative pragmatism to ethical reasoning rooted in India’s plural civilisational ethos. Durable unity will rest not on uniformity or concentration of power, but on a principled distribution that prevents domination across regions, languages and economic blocs.   Mains Question In light of recent debates on centralisation and state autonomy, critically examine the need for a new federal compact in India. (250 words, 15 marks)  

Feb 25, 2026 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2026 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 24th February 2026

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Feb 25, 2026 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 24th February 2026

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) National Counter Terrorism Policy and Strategy (PRAHAAR) Category: POLITY Context: The Union Home Ministry has unveiled India’s first National Counter Terrorism Policy and Strategy (PRAHAAR) to comprehensively tackle evolving terror threats. India faces terrorist threats across water, land and air domains. Policy aims to criminalise all terrorist acts and dismantle terror ecosystems. Focus on denying terrorists access to funding, weapons and safe havens. Addresses cross-border terrorism and state-sponsored threats. Highlights misuse of drones, social media, encryption and dark web by terror groups. Stresses disruption of terror financing including crypto wallets. Calls for coordinated action among Centre, States and intelligence agencies. Promotes uniform anti-terror structure and standardised procedures nationwide. Emphasises community engagement to prevent youth radicalisation. Strengthens response to emerging threats including CBRN risks. Source: THE HINDU C. Rajagopalachari Category: HISTORY Context: President Droupadi Murmu unveiled the bust of C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji), marking the first Indian Governor-General’s statue at Rashtrapati Bhavan as part of decolonisation efforts. Bust of C. Rajagopalachari installed at Rashtrapati Bhavan, replacing Edwin Lutyens’ statue. Rajaji was the first and only Indian Governor-General of independent India. Event highlighted “mental decolonisation” and shedding colonial vestiges. Rashtrapati Bhavan halls renamed earlier (Durbar Hall → Ganatantra Mandap; Ashok Hall retained for events). 2,300 books and manuscripts shifted to a dedicated Granth Kutir space. Portraits of British-era figures removed; Indian icons emphasised. Move symbolises cultural assertion and reclaiming national identity. Learning Corner: Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) Full name: Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (1878–1972). He was the first and only Indian Governor-General of independent India (1948–1950). A close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and a prominent leader of the Indian National Movement. Served as Premier of Madras Presidency (1937–39) and later Chief Minister of Madras State (1952–54). Founder of the Swatantra Party (1959), advocating free-market economic policies against excessive state control. Known for his intellectual depth, administrative ability and advocacy of individual liberty. Awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954, among the first recipients. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS International Energy Agency (IEA) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The International Energy Agency (IEA) has stated that India’s full membership would require amendment of its founding charter, which currently limits membership to OECD countries. India is currently an associate member of the IEA (since 2017). Full membership is restricted to OECD member countries under the existing IEA framework. India formally requested full membership in October 2023. Granting membership would require amendment of IEA’s founding agreement or eligibility criteria. Learning Corner: International Energy Agency (IEA) IEA was created in 1974 in response to the global oil crisis. Core mandate includes ensuring oil supply security through strategic reserves. IEA now increasingly focuses on climate change, clean energy and energy transitions. India seeks full membership to gain decision-making rights in global energy governance. India’s growing share in global energy demand strengthens its case. Discussions are ongoing; no final decision has been taken yet. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Kole wetlands Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: A scientific study in Kerala’s Kole wetlands has led to the discovery of four new species of pygmy grasshoppers, highlighting the region’s rich but understudied biodiversity. Four new species of pygmy grasshoppers (family Tetrigidae) were discovered in Kole wetlands. The study underscores the ecological significance of this Ramsar-listed wetland ecosystem. Pygmy grasshoppers are important bio-indicators of wetland health. The findings reveal high microhabitat diversity within agricultural-wetland landscapes. Researchers emphasised the need for long-term taxonomic and ecological documentation. The discovery strengthens the case for conservation of Kole wetlands. It highlights that even human-modified wetlands can harbour undocumented species diversity. Learning Corner: Kole Wetlands  Kole Wetlands is a large freshwater wetland ecosystem located in Thrissur and Malappuram districts of Kerala. The term “Kole” refers to bumper yield, indicating its high agricultural productivity. It is a below sea-level wetland system, seasonally flooded during the monsoon. The area supports extensive paddy cultivation through controlled water management. It was designated as a Ramsar Site in 2022 due to its ecological importance. The wetland serves as a crucial habitat for migratory and resident birds. It plays an important role in flood regulation, groundwater recharge and carbon sequestration. Kole wetlands also support rich biodiversity, including fish, amphibians and recently discovered pygmy grasshopper species. Source: THE HINDU Sayyad-3G Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Iran has successfully test-fired the new Sayyad-3G naval air-defence missile during naval drills in the strategic Strait of Hormuz, signalling enhanced maritime defence capabilities amid tensions with the U.S. and Western forces. Iran tested the Sea-based Sayyad-3G naval air-defence missile in drills in the Strait of Hormuz. The missile was launched from the Shahid Sayyad Shirazi warship using a vertical launch system. Sayyad-3G is a maritime adaptation of Iran’s long-range Sayyad air-defence family, expanding naval air defence range ~150 km. It is designed to intercept aircraft, UAVs and other aerial threats to naval vessels. The test comes amid regional tensions and increased U.S. naval presence near Iranian waters. Iran claims the system strengthens its sea-denial strategy and protects its navy against foreign threats. Western and Israeli militaries are monitoring the development closely due to strategic implications. Learning Corner: Sayyad-3G Missile – Key Features It is a naval surface-to-air missile (SAM) developed by Iran. Designed for ship-based vertical launch systems (VLS). Primarily meant to intercept aircraft, UAVs and other aerial threats. Reported operational range of around 150 km (approx.). Part of the broader Sayyad air-defence missile family. Enhances Iran’s maritime air defence and sea-denial capability. Tested in naval drills in the Strait of Hormuz, a strategically vital chokepoint. Source: ONE INDIA (MAINS Focus) Independence of the Election Commission of India (UPSC GS Paper II – Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies)   Context (Introduction) Allegations surrounding electoral roll revisions, debates over the 2023 appointment law, and a proposed motion to remove the Chief Election Commissioner have revived concerns regarding the institutional independence of the Election Commission of India (ECI), a pillar of India’s democratic basic structure.   Main Arguments Free and Fair Elections as Basic Structure: In Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975), the Supreme Court recognised free and fair elections as part of the Basic Structure. Article 326 guarantees universal adult suffrage, while Article 324 vests the ECI with plenary powers of superintendence, direction and control over elections. Institutional Design under Article 324: The Constitution provides for a permanent Election Commission comprising the CEC and other Election Commissioners. Since 1993, it has functioned as a multi-member body, validated in T.N. Seshan v. Union of India (1995), ensuring collegial decision-making rather than concentration of power. Safeguards in Removal Process: Under Article 324(5), the CEC can be removed only through the impeachment-like procedure applicable to Supreme Court judges under Article 124(4), requiring proved misbehaviour or incapacity. This quasi-judicial parliamentary process under the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 ensures natural justice and protection from executive arbitrariness. Appointment Controversy and the 2023 Act: The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Office and Terms of Office) Act, 2023 provides for appointment by a committee comprising the Prime Minister, a Union Minister and the Leader of Opposition. Critics argue that exclusion of the Chief Justice of India—contrary to the interim arrangement suggested in Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India (2023)—may affect perceived neutrality. Recent Electoral Roll Concerns: Allegations regarding large-scale deletions during Special Intensive Revision (SIR), including deletion of around 65 lakh voters in Bihar, have raised concerns about procedural fairness and transparency, though matters remain sub judice.   Challenges Perceived executive dominance in appointments. Increasing politicisation of the ECI’s decisions. Concerns over transparency in electoral roll management. Limited financial and administrative autonomy (budget routed through Law Ministry). Absence of an independent secretariat insulated from executive control.   Reform Suggestions    Collegium-Based Appointment Mechanism The Law Commission (255th Report, 2015) recommended a collegium comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition and Chief Justice of India. Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) has consistently advocated inclusion of judicial members to ensure neutrality. The Supreme Court in Anoop Baranwal (2023) temporarily directed such a composition until Parliament enacts a law. Independent Secretariat and Financial Autonomy The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) recommended that the ECI be provided with an independent secretariat akin to that of the Supreme Court and charged expenditure status under the Consolidated Fund of India. Equal Removal Protection for ECs The Dinesh Goswami Committee (1990) and later the Law Commission suggested that other Election Commissioners should enjoy the same removal protection as the CEC to prevent hierarchical vulnerability. Transparent Electoral Roll Audits ADR and civil society groups recommend mandatory third-party social audits, public disclosure of deletion criteria, and stronger grievance redressal systems to ensure fairness in voter registration exercises. Cooling-Off Period and Post-Retirement Restrictions Several experts have suggested a statutory cooling-off period to prevent post-retirement appointments, thereby strengthening impartiality.   Conclusion The Election Commission’s authority rests not only on constitutional text but on public trust. While Article 324 and impeachment safeguards provide structural autonomy, evolving political contestation necessitates institutional reforms that enhance transparency, financial independence and bipartisan legitimacy. Preserving both the letter and spirit of electoral integrity is indispensable to sustaining India’s democratic basic structure.   Mains Question Discuss the constitutional safeguards ensuring the independence of the Election Commission of India. In light of recent controversies, evaluate the need for reforms in its appointment and functioning. (15 marks, 250 words)   Source: The Hindu Tech Reform in Courtrooms: Autonomy, Transparency and the Future of e-Courts (UPSC GS Paper II – Structure, organisation and functioning of the Judiciary; Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors; E-governance—applications, models, successes and limitations)   Context (Introduction With ₹1,200 crore allocated under Phase III of the e-Courts Mission Mode Project, the Supreme Court and Department of Justice face a critical choice: centralised technology rollouts or decentralised innovation led by High Courts to make justice delivery faster, predictable and citizen-centric.   Existing Digital Initiatives in the Judiciary e-Courts Mission Mode Project (2007–present): Implemented under the National e-Governance Plan, it has computerised district courts, enabled case information systems (CIS), and introduced virtual hearings, especially post-COVID. Phase III focuses on digital courts, paperless functioning and AI-enabled services. National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG): Provides real-time data on pendency (over 5 crore cases across courts), improving transparency and policy planning. It supports performance tracking and judicial analytics. e-Filing and Virtual Courts: Online filing portals and virtual traffic courts have reduced physical visits. Hybrid hearings expanded during the pandemic have improved accessibility for litigants and lawyers. SUPACE and AI Integration: The Supreme Court Portal for Assistance in Court Efficiency (SUPACE) assists judges with research and data compilation, marking early steps toward AI-enabled judicial workflows. Interoperable Criminal Justice System (ICJS): Integrates police, prisons, courts and forensic labs, aiming to reduce procedural delays and enhance coordination.   Key Challenges Centralised, One-Size-Fits-All Approach: Uniform technology procurement often overlooks local court capacity, infrastructure gaps and workflow variations across States, leading to underutilisation. Digital Divide and Capacity Constraints: Many district courts lack stable internet, trained staff and cybersecurity infrastructure. Lawyers and litigants in rural areas face technological barriers. Fragmented Accountability: High Courts bear administrative responsibility under Article 227 but lack flexible financial control. Budgetary approvals routed centrally slow implementation. Cybersecurity and Data Protection Risks: Sensitive judicial data requires robust compliance with privacy norms, especially after enactment of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. Limited Outcome Measurement: Funding is often input-based (hardware, software purchase) rather than outcome-based (reduction in pendency, disposal time, user satisfaction).   Why Greater Autonomy for High Courts? Constitutional Logic: Article 227 vests administrative superintendence in High Courts. Fiscal decentralisation aligns decision-making authority with operational responsibility. Contextual Relevance: Caseload patterns vary—commercial disputes in metros, land disputes in rural areas. Tailored technological pilots can better address specific bottlenecks. Innovation and Learning: Allowing High Courts to experiment with e-filing workflows or digital cause lists can generate scalable best practices for national replication.   Reform Architecture: Blended Decentralisation Model Conditional Block Grants: Allocate a defined share of the e-Courts budget directly to High Courts, subject to compliance with national interoperability, cybersecurity and data standards. Outcome-Linked Disbursement: Tie funding to measurable indicators such as reduced adjournments, improved disposal rates or infrastructure digitisation levels, with metrics jointly agreed upon. Competitive Innovation Grants”: Encourage High Courts to submit pilot proposals evaluated on scalability, return on investment and user impact, fostering evidence-based scaling. Centralised Standards, Decentralised Execution: The Supreme Court and Department of Justice should focus on digital public infrastructure standards, vendor certification, privacy compliance and performance dashboards. Capacity Building and Digital Literacy: Judicial officers, court staff and lawyers require structured training. Partnerships with NIC, IITs and law universities can strengthen tech capacity.   Way Forward Establish independent technical secretariats within High Courts. Mandate annual public digital performance reports. Integrate AI tools carefully with ethical oversight and transparency. Ensure cybersecurity audits and compliance with privacy norms. Promote inclusive design to bridge rural-urban digital gaps.   Conclusion Court digitisation is not merely a technological project but an institutional reform. Decentralising funds while centralising standards can combine constitutional autonomy with national coherence. A transparent, innovation-driven architecture offers the most sustainable path to faster, accessible and credible justice delivery.   Mains Question Examine the role of digital initiatives in transforming India’s judicial system. Why is decentralised autonomy for High Courts crucial for effective technological reform in the justice delivery system? (15 marks, 250 words)   Source: Indian Express  

Feb 23, 2026 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2026 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 23rd February 2026

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here