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Sep 17, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 17th September 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Sep 17, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 17th September – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS Focus) 1948 Genocide Convention Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: A UN commission has concluded that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza Accusing leaders including Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of incitement. The panel, led by Navi Pillay, found Israeli forces guilty of four of the five genocidal acts under the 1948 Genocide Convention—killing, causing serious harm, creating destructive living conditions, and preventing births—citing explicit statements by officials as proof of intent. Israel rejected the findings as “distorted and false,” demanding the commission’s abolition. Meanwhile, the Israeli military launched a new ground offensive in Gaza City, advancing on the territory’s largest urban center. Learning Corner: 1948 Genocide Convention Full name: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG). Adoption: Adopted by the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1948 (Resolution 260 A (III)); entered into force on 12 January 1951. Objective: First human rights treaty of the UN era, aimed at preventing and punishing genocide in times of peace or war. Definition of Genocide (Article II): Certain acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, including: Killing members of the group. Causing serious bodily or mental harm. Inflicting living conditions to bring about destruction. Preventing births within the group. Forcibly transferring children of the group. Obligations: States must prevent and punish genocide, whether committed by state actors or individuals. Punishment (Article IV): Applies to constitutionally responsible rulers, officials, and private individuals. Court jurisdiction: Cases may be tried in national courts or before an international tribunal (like the International Court of Justice, as seen in Bosnia v. Serbia, The Gambia v. Myanmar). Source: THE HINDU Typhon missile system Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : China has urged the U.S. and Japan to withdraw the U.S.-developed Typhon missile system Unveiled for the first time in Japan during the Resolute Dragon joint exercises at Iwakuni air station. Japan confirmed the system would not be fired but said its deployment strengthens deterrence amid a worsening security environment. Beijing expressed strong opposition, accusing the two countries of ignoring its concerns. The Typhon system, part of U.S. Army modernization, is a truck-based launcher using modified SM-6 and Tomahawk missiles. Learning Corner: Typhon Missile System Developer: United States Army, as part of its Mid-Range Capability (MRC) program under Army modernization. First Deployment: Publicly showcased in Japan in 2025 during the Resolute Dragon joint exercises. Platform: Truck-based, trailer-mounted ground launch system. Missile Types: Launches modified versions of: SM-6 (Standard Missile-6): Surface-to-air missile with extended range, capable of ballistic and cruise missile defense, as well as anti-ship roles. Tomahawk cruise missile: Long-range, precision strike, land-attack missile. Range Category: Falls into the mid-range missile class (roughly 500–1,800 km). Purpose: Designed to fill the gap between shorter-range systems (like HIMARS) and long-range hypersonic weapons, giving the U.S. Army the ability to strike ships and land targets. Strategic Significance: Enhances U.S. and allied deterrence capabilities in the Indo-Pacific, but seen by China as destabilizing to regional security. Source: THE HINDU Sarnath Category: CULTURE Context: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) will install a corrected plaque at Sarnath to acknowledge local contributions in preserving the site, shifting away from a narrative crediting only the British The new plaque will highlight the role of Babu Jagat Singh, whose 1798 excavation revealed the Dharmarajika Stupa’s significance, correcting earlier accounts that labeled him a “destroyer.” The move follows a request from his descendants and coincides with India’s nomination of Sarnath for the 2025-26 UNESCO World Heritage list. Sarnath, a major Buddhist site, contains monuments from the 3rd century BC to the 11th century CE, including the Ashokan pillar that forms part of India’s national emblem. Sarnath – A Major Buddhist Site Location: Near Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Historical Importance: One of the four major Buddhist pilgrimage sites (along with Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, and Kushinagar). It is where Gautama Buddha delivered his first sermon (Dhammachakra Pravartana) after attaining enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, setting in motion the Wheel of Dharma. Key Monuments: Dhamek Stupa: Built in 5th century CE, marking the spot of Buddha’s first sermon. Dharmarajika Stupa: Originally commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Ashokan Pillar: Erected by Ashoka, its lion capital is now the National Emblem of India. Monasteries and ruins from 3rd century BCE to 11th century CE. Patronage: Flourished under the Mauryas (especially Ashoka), Guptas, and later rulers. Decline: Destroyed in the 12th century CE after invasions, later rediscovered during colonial excavations. Modern Relevance: A major site for Buddhist pilgrims worldwide; currently proposed for UNESCO World Heritage Site status (2025–26 nomination). Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) Category: POLITY Context : Central government employees have until September 30 to opt for the new Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) The UPS, introduced as an optional switch for employees hired before January 1, 2004, assures a pension of 50% of the average basic pay of the last 12 months. It requires contributions of 10% of basic pay plus DA from employees and 14% from the government. However, interest is low because under the Old Pension Scheme (OPS), employees contribute nothing yet receive the same 50% pension on last drawn basic pay. Many employee groups argue the UPS and market-linked NPS are less beneficial and continue to demand a return to OPS. Learning Corner: Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) Launch: Introduced by the Government of India in 2025 as an optional scheme for central government employees. Eligibility: For employees hired before January 1, 2004, who are currently under the Old Pension Scheme (OPS). Nature: A one-time, optional switch—not mandatory. Key Features: Assured Pension: 50% of the average basic pay of the last 12 months of service. Contribution: Employee – 10% of basic pay + Dearness Allowance (DA); Government – 14%. Comparison with OPS: OPS: No employee contribution; pension = 50% of last drawn basic pay. UPS: Employee contributes 10%, but pension formula is nearly the same. Reception: Uptake has been very low because employees see OPS as more favorable (higher net benefit without deductions). Significance: Designed as a middle path between the non-contributory OPS and the market-linked National Pension System (NPS). Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS International Seabed Authority (ISA) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: India has received a landmark licence from the International Seabed Authority (ISA) to explore polymetallic sulphide deposits in the Carlsberg Ridge. It is a 300,000 sq km area of the northwest Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea. This is the world’s first licence of its kind, granting India exclusive rights to survey and potentially exploit minerals like manganese, cobalt, nickel, and copper—critical for batteries, electronics, and renewable energy. India already holds ISA licences in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (till 2027) and the Indian Ocean Ridge (till 2031). The Carlsberg Ridge licence strengthens India’s role in securing critical mineral supply chains and counters competition from countries such as China. However, deep-sea mining raises environmental concerns. India has committed to ecological assessments while pursuing its deep-ocean mineral strategy. The initiative is backed by the global framework of UNCLOS and regulated by the International Seabed Authority, which oversees seabed resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Learning Corner: International Seabed Authority (ISA) Establishment: Created in 1994 under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), following the 1994 Agreement on Part XI of UNCLOS. Headquarters: Kingston, Jamaica. Mandate: Regulates exploration and potential exploitation of mineral resources in the international seabed area (the “Area”) which lies beyond national jurisdiction, considered the “common heritage of mankind.” Functions: Granting exploration and mining licences for deep-sea minerals such as polymetallic nodules, sulphides, and cobalt-rich crusts. Ensuring equitable sharing of benefits from seabed resources among all member states. Protecting the marine environment through regulations and mandatory environmental impact assessments. Membership: 167 countries + European Union. Council & Assembly: Key decision-making bodies; the Legal and Technical Commission provides expert recommendations. Significance for India: India was among the first countries to receive exploration licences from the ISA. Currently holds contracts for the Central Indian Ocean Basin, Indian Ocean Ridge, and now the Carlsberg Ridge. Supports India’s Deep Ocean Mission for critical mineral security. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Making Health Care Safe for Every Indian (GS Paper II - Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) On September 17, the world observes World Patient Safety Day. It serves as a reminder of the continuing challenge of unsafe medical care across the globe. Data According to the WHO, one in 10 patients hospitalised globally suffers harm during treatment. In outpatient settings, the risk rises to four in 10 patients. In India, the shift in disease burden from communicable to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and mental health disorders require prolonged and repeated care, creating more points where safety lapses can occur In acute care burden, where requirement is of multi-specialty involvement, inadequate coordination often leads to preventable errors. In India, despite progress in infrastructure and medical technology, unsafe health care persists due to a combination of overburdened health providers and uninformed, passive patients. Dimensions of Patient Harm in India Patients often face risks in complicated medical situations like hospital-acquired infections, blood clots, or unsafe injections and transfusions. Harm can also happen in simple, everyday care such as: Wrong combinations of medicines being prescribed by mistake Delayed or missed diagnoses Falls that could have been prevented. Reasons Hospitals across India are placing higher standards on delivery, by instituting quality audits, protocols, staff trainings, however, the issue persists because: Doctors and nurses are overburdened with long working hours, high patient loads, and lack of staff. Stress at the workplace often leads to fatigue and mistakes. Safety systems like audits and protocols are weak and not properly followed. Shortages of skilled nurses, technicians, and specialists make the situation worse. Many patients are unaware of their rights and safety standards. Patients usually remain passive and do not question or hold providers accountable. Self-medication is common and causes adverse reactions. Some patients hesitate to engage with doctors due to low trust or fear of offending them. This gap between overstretched providers and uninformed patients keeps unsafe care alive. Government policies for patient safety National Patient Safety Implementation Framework (2018–2025) Roadmap for event reporting, training, and safety integration. Focus on embedding safety in national health programmes. National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (NABH) Sets standards for infection control, medication management, and patient rights. However, 5% of hospitals are fully accredited, limiting its reach. Pharmacovigilance Networks Monitors adverse drug reactions nationwide. Operates through medical colleges, hospitals, and labs. Role of Civil society The Patient Safety & Access Initiative of India Foundation works on making rules for medical devices clearer. The Patients for Patient Safety Foundation reaches 14 lakh households every week with safe health practices and supports over 1,100 hospitals and 52,000 professionals. Role of Other stakeholders Patient safety is a shared responsibility where families and patients must actively participate by asking questions, keeping health records, reporting drug reactions, and avoiding self-medication. Media can spread awareness by showing both failures and successful safety practices. Higher education institutions can teach safety awareness from the beginning. Corporates can run workplace health programs and support safety campaigns through CSR. Technology innovators can design systems that warn about harmful drug interactions and improve communication during treatment. Way forward Implement the WHO Global Patient Safety Action Plan at all levels of healthcare. Establish Patient Advisory Councils (PACs) to include patient voices in decision-making, adapting them to India’s context. Strengthen the National Patient Safety Implementation Framework (2018–2025) with renewed government focus and resources. Integrate patient safety training into medical and nursing education. Encourage hospitals to meet accreditation standards, adopt PACs, and use technology to detect errors early. Conclusion Patient safety must be protected from the very beginning of life, especially for newborns and children. Ensuring safe healthcare requires collective efforts from governments, hospitals, patients, civil society, corporates, and technology innovators. India must move beyond fragmented measures and build a national patient safety movement to make safe care a routine part of healthcare delivery. Mains Practice Question Q Despite policy frameworks and institutional mechanisms, patient safety continues to remain a neglected aspect of healthcare delivery in India. Discuss. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/making-health-care-safe-for-every-indian/article70057965.ece Unlocking Innovation with India’s Procurement Reforms (GS Paper II - Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) Procurement policies in India have traditionally focused on transparency and cost-efficiency, but this often came at the cost of research and innovation. Strict rules, though effective in preventing fraud, created delays and discouraged scientific progress by prioritising procedures over research needs. To address this, the government has recently reformed the General Financial Rules (GFR), introducing exemptions from the Government e-Marketplace (GeM) portal and raising financial thresholds for research and development (R&D) procurement. These changes mark an important step toward making procurement more supportive of innovation. Issues in Previous Rules Public procurement, if designed well, can boost private R&D by creating steady demand for new technologies. Targeted spending also leads to more patents and higher private investment, creating a cycle of continuous innovation. However, the Brazilian example (EconStor 2023) shows that generic procurement rules fail to incentivise innovation unless explicitly designed for it. Hence issues in rules India’s procurement rules were: Procurement policies were rigid and generic, not tailored to R&D needs. Mandatory use of GeM for all equipment under ₹200 crore, irrespective of specialisation. Scientists had to undergo a lengthy exemption process to procure globally benchmarked research tools. Vendors on GeM often provided low-quality materials, compromising the quality of research. The framework failed to act as a driver of innovation, unlike global models where procurement stimulates patents and private R&D investment. Changes in the Rule Institutional heads can directly procure specialised research equipment, exempting them from GeM. Direct purchase ceiling raised from ₹1 lakh to ₹2 lakh. Vice-chancellors and directors empowered to approve global tenders up to ₹200 crore. Faster decision-making reduces bureaucratic delays, addressing concerns flagged by the PM’s Economic Advisory Council. Shift toward “catalytic procurement” where flexible rules help institutions act as early adopters of advanced technologies and drive innovation. Analysis of new rules The reforms help cut down on bureaucratic delays, which means researchers can get specialised scientific instruments much faster and without unnecessary hurdles. By giving more flexibility in procurement, the changes support advanced and high-cost fields like biotechnology, quantum technology, and new materials research. Heads of research institutions now have greater autonomy, allowing them to act as early adopters of cutting-edge technologies and lead innovation in their fields. Procurement is no longer seen just as a process of buying equipment but as a tool to drive innovation, with the potential to encourage private-sector investment and research. Challenges The increased direct purchase limit of ₹2 lakh is still too low for many expensive areas of research such as space science or biotechnology. Heavy reliance on global tenders may end up sidelining domestic suppliers if local R&D is not strengthened to compete at international standards. Since more power is now in the hands of institutional heads, there is also a risk of misuse, which makes strong accountability and ethical safeguards very important. The real success of these reforms will depend on proper implementation, continuous monitoring, and building trust within a system that has often struggled with inefficiency. Global Examples Germany Follows the High-Tech Strategy to use public procurement for promoting innovation. Supported by KOINNO, an agency that advises procurers, maintains supplier databases, and organises innovation forums. Represents “mission-oriented procurement”, where government purchasing deliberately shapes technology markets. USA Implements the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. Reserves 3% of federal R&D funds exclusively for startups. Uses phased procurement contracts to derisk early-stage technologies while keeping vendors competitive. Way Forward Adopt outcome-weighted tenders, evaluating bids not just on cost but also on factors like R&D investment and scalability. Provide sandbox exemptions for premier research institutions, allowing partial freedom from GFR if they meet innovation targets verified by third parties. Use AI-augmented sourcing through INDIAai to scan global catalogues, predict delays, and suggest alternatives, cutting decision time significantly. Create co-procurement alliances, enabling multiple labs to pool demand for costly items and achieve economies of scale. Explore hybrid governance models, where public and private entities coexist with performance-linked accountability, rather than relying on outright privatisation. Conclusion India’s procurement reforms are a positive step toward supporting research and innovation, but they are not sufficient on their own. For procurement to truly accelerate R&D, it must combine flexibility, accountability, and incentives for innovation. By learning from global best practices and leveraging tools like AI and collaborative procurement, India can transform its procurement system from a procedural hurdle into a driver of technological progress and scientific advancement. Mains Practice Question Q Critically examine India’s recent procurement reforms for research and development. How can these reforms be leveraged to promote innovation while balancing accountability and domestic capacity building? (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/unlocking-innovation-with-indias-procurement-reforms/article70052698.ece

Sep 16, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 16th September 2025

Sep 16, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 16th September – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS Focus) Asiatic Cheetah Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Madhya Pradesh is planning to establish a second population of cheetahs by introducing a female into Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary This follows the successful relocation of 29 cheetahs to Kuno National Park from southern Africa in 2022–23, with further imports from South Africa, Kenya, and Botswana under discussion. Female cheetahs mature by 25–30 months, give birth around 29 months, and have a 3-month gestation with litters of up to six cubs. Mothers expend nearly double energy during cub-rearing, frequently returning to dens in bushy patches. Gandhi Sagar presents challenges such as leopard presence and ensuring sufficient prey. Monitoring involves tracking pregnancy, prey provision, and camera traps to assess cub survival. Officials plan relocations after the monsoon for favorable conditions. Enhanced surveillance and veterinary checks aim to reduce mortality risks, as seen in earlier losses at Kuno. This initiative seeks to create multiple self-sustaining wild cheetah populations and diversify India’s conservation strategy. Learning Corner: Asiatic Cheetah: The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), once widespread in India, became extinct in the country by 1952 due to excessive hunting, habitat loss, and decline of prey species. Historically, cheetahs were found across Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Deccan Plateau regions. The Asiatic cheetah now survives only in Iran, with less than 20 individuals remaining, making it one of the most endangered big cats in the world. India launched Project Cheetah in 2020, aiming to reintroduce cheetahs through translocation from Namibia and South Africa. In September 2022, eight cheetahs from Namibia were released into Kuno National Park (Madhya Pradesh), followed by twelve more from South Africa in 2023. The reintroduction marks the world’s first intercontinental wild carnivore translocation project. Current efforts focus on creating multiple viable populations, ensuring prey availability, tackling threats from leopards, and close monitoring of breeding success. Comparison between Indian (Asiatic) cheetah and African cheetah: Feature Indian (Asiatic) Cheetah African Cheetah Scientific name Acinonyx jubatus venaticus Acinonyx jubatus jubatus Current range Survives only in Iran (<20 individuals) Widespread in sub-Saharan Africa (Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Tanzania) Historic presence in India Extinct in 1952; once found in Rajasthan, MP, Deccan Plateau, etc. Never native to India IUCN status Critically Endangered Vulnerable Population <20 (Iran) ~6,500–7,000 Size & Build Smaller, slimmer, paler coat, more belly fur Larger, more robust, darker golden coat, less belly fur Habitat preference Semi-arid grasslands, scrub forests, deserts Open savannas, grasslands, plains Genetic diversity Very low (due to bottleneck and tiny population) Relatively higher Conservation Extinct in India; being reintroduced through Project Cheetah Stronger protection, stable in some regions Symbolic importance Only large mammal to go extinct in independent India Key predator maintaining savanna ecosystem balance Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Hindi Diwas 2025 Category: POLITY Context : On Hindi Diwas 2025, Union Home Minister Amit Shah greeted the nation, calling India a “language-centric country.” He described Hindi and all Indian languages as carriers of culture, history, knowledge, and traditions, and highlighted Hindi as a bridge of national unity across regions. Key Points of His Message Diversity and Unity: Indian languages have historically given voice to all sections and united people during the freedom struggle. Role of Hindi: Evolving from a language of expression into one of technology, science, and research. Cultural Recognition: Literary and spiritual works from all regions enrich the nation’s heritage. Vision for the Future: Under PM Modi’s leadership, Indian languages are experiencing a revival through initiatives like ‘Bharatiya Bhasha Anubhav’ for easy translation and promotion in law, education, administration, and technology. Digital Era: Emphasis on preparing Indian languages, especially Hindi, for e-governance, AI, and global competition. Shah’s core appeal was to respect all Indian languages and move towards a self-reliant and united India, with the message: “Let us move together, think together, and speak together.” Learning Corner: Official Languages Act, 1963: Background: Article 343 of the Constitution made Hindi in Devanagari script the official language of the Union. English was to continue for 15 years (till 1965) as an associate official language. Widespread protests (especially in southern states) against the exclusive adoption of Hindi led to the enactment of this Act. Key Provisions: Continued Use of English: English shall continue, along with Hindi, for official purposes of the Union and for communication between the Union and non-Hindi-speaking states, even after 1965. Parliamentary Proceedings: Members may address the House in Hindi or English. Authoritative Texts: Laws enacted in Hindi and English are considered equally authoritative. States’ Communication: Communication between the Union and states using Hindi as official language is in Hindi; with other states, it is in English. Rules and Orders: The Act empowers the President to issue rules for progressive use of Hindi and regulate official communication. Subsequent Amendment (1967): Made the use of English indefinite, ensuring it would not be discontinued without approval from states not using Hindi. Significance: Balanced national integration with linguistic diversity. Prevented the imposition of Hindi as the sole official language. Enabled smooth functioning of central administration and interstate communication. Source: PIB Manki-Munda system Category: CULTURE Context: The Manki-Munda system is a centuries-old self-governance framework of the Ho adivasi community in Jharkhand’s Kolhan region. Structure and Function Each village is led by a hereditary Munda, who resolves disputes and maintains order. A Manki oversees a cluster of 8–15 villages, handling unresolved issues. The system is decentralized, hereditary, and non-revenue-based, traditionally functioning without external taxation or state intervention. British Influence In 1833, the British codified it under “Wilkinson’s Rules”, marking the first formal recognition of an adivasi self-governance system. This preserved some autonomy but enabled outsider entry and land changes. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Koala Chlamydia Vaccine Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : Australia has approved the world’s first vaccine to protect koalas from chlamydia, a disease causing infertility, blindness, pain, and death. Koala Chlamydia Vaccine Developed by the University of the Sunshine Coast after over a decade of research, it is a single-dose vaccine requiring no booster and shown to reduce mortality in wild koalas by at least 65%. Threat: Chlamydia infects up to 70% of some colonies in eastern Australia, making it a major cause of population decline. Benefits: Effective during breeding years; some studies show it may even reverse early symptoms. Rollout: From January, wildlife hospitals, veterinary clinics, and wild populations will be targeted, with priority to vulnerable areas. Funding challenges remain due to the labor-intensive process of vaccinating wild koalas. Significance: A landmark in wildlife disease control and conservation, replacing antibiotics that previously harmed koalas’ digestion and survival. Learning Corner: Koalas and Chlamydia Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are marsupials native to eastern Australia, classified as endangered due to habitat loss, climate change, bushfires, and disease. Chlamydia infection (caused by Chlamydia pecorum) is one of the biggest threats to their survival. The disease spreads through sexual contact, from mother to joey during birth or nursing, and via social interaction. Symptoms: infertility, blindness (due to conjunctivitis), urinary tract infections, and severe pain. In advanced stages, it can cause death. Impact: In some colonies, infection rates reach up to 70%, significantly reducing breeding success and population growth. Treatment challenges: Antibiotics disrupt koalas’ gut flora, which is essential for digesting eucalyptus leaves, leading to starvation risk. Conservation response: Australia approved the world’s first single-dose vaccine in 2025, aiming to curb mortality and aid population recovery. Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) Classification: Marsupial native to eastern and southeastern Australia. Habitat: Prefers eucalyptus forests and woodlands, feeding almost exclusively on eucalyptus leaves. Physical Features: Grey fur, large nose, sharp claws for climbing trees, and a pouch for carrying joeys. Diet: Specialist folivore; highly dependent on eucalyptus leaves, which are toxic to most other animals. Reproduction: Breed once a year; gestation lasts about 35 days; joeys stay in the pouch for 6–7 months. Conservation Status: Classified as Vulnerable due to habitat loss, bushfires, disease (especially chlamydia), and climate change. Threats: Deforestation, vehicle collisions, dog attacks, and infectious diseases like chlamydia, which cause infertility and blindness. Conservation Measures: Wildlife sanctuaries, disease management, habitat restoration, and now a recently approved vaccine against chlamydia. Source: THE HINDU Tiger Translocation to Sahyadri Tiger Reserve Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: The Union Environment Ministry has approved the translocation of eight tigers from Maharashtra’s Tadoba-Andhari and Pench Tiger Reserves to the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve (STR) in the northern Western Ghats. This is the first such effort for the region and part of a long-term tiger recovery plan. Sahyadri Reserve: Spread over 1,165 sq km, it combines Chandoli National Park and Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary across Kolhapur, Sangli, Satara, and Ratnagiri districts. Phased Relocation: Two tigresses will be moved first, followed by others. Tigers will undergo “soft release” in enclosures before being fully released. Ecological Role: Aims to revive a breeding population, protect forest ecosystems, safeguard Koyna and Warna river watersheds, and maintain Western Ghats’ corridor connectivity. Protocol: Veterinary checks, monitoring, and adherence to NTCA and WII guidelines are ensured. Current Status: Declared in 2010, Sahyadri has mostly transient tigers; the initiative seeks to establish a stable breeding population. Learning Corner: Sahyadri Tiger Reserve (STR) Location: Western Maharashtra, in the northern Western Ghats. Spread across Kolhapur, Sangli, Satara, and Ratnagiri districts. Formation: Established in 2010 by combining Chandoli National Park (317 sq km) and Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary (423 sq km). Total Area: About 1,165 sq km. Habitat: Dense evergreen and moist deciduous forests, part of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot. Fauna: Tigers (currently very few, mostly transient), leopards, wild dogs, sloth bears, sambar, gaur, and endemic reptiles/amphibians. Importance: Secures the watersheds of Koyna and Warna rivers, vital for hydroelectric projects and irrigation. Provides a crucial ecological corridor linking tiger habitats across Maharashtra, Goa, and Karnataka. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS (MAINS Focus) Bringing Global Education Home (GS Paper II - Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) India is witnessing a paradigm shift in higher education with the entry of foreign universities establishing campuses in the country. One U.K. university campus has already opened its doors in Gurugram, launching its academic programmes for the 2025-26 academic session, with the remaining universities setting up their campuses in Bengaluru, Chennai, Mumbai and the National Capital Region. It opens new opportunities for Indian students and expands educational horizons. About UGC regulation India’s University Grants Commission (UGC) has released its regulations for setting up and operating campuses of ‘foreign higher educational institutions’ (FHEI) in any part of India. Salient features FEHIs ranked in the global top 500, either overall or in relevant subject areas, are eligible to apply to set up a branch campus in India. They can also set up as a consortium with other FEHIs, as long as each partner fulfils the eligibility criteria. FHEIs are defined in the regulations as universities or other educational institutions that are authorised to offer academic and research programmes at the undergraduate or higher levels within and outside their home country. FHEIs setting up an IBC in India should ensure that the quality of education provided will be same as that at the main campus in the institution’s home country and that the qualifications awarded will have the same recognition and equivalence to the qualifications awarded in the main campus, and should submit an undertaking to this effect as part of their application. FHEIs will also be able to set up multiple campuses in India, but a separate application must be submitted for each campus. The FEHI will have the autonomy to decide salary and other terms and conditions for the faculty and staff it appoints for the IBC, but the qualifications of the appointed faculty must be similar to those at the home campus. Programs cannot be offered online or in Open and Distance Learning modes under these regulations. Lectures in online mode are allowed but should not exceed 10% of the program requirements. Significance 1. For Students Affordable access to global education without the financial and cultural burden of studying abroad. Exposure to global curricula, diverse peer networks, and international faculty. Students will have exposure to diverse peer networks, industry partnerships, and entrepreneurial ecosystems embedded within their own country. 2. For Indian Institutions Healthy competition that pushes domestic universities to innovate and improve. Scope for collaborative research in fields like renewable energy, AI, public health, and sustainability. Accelerated global partnerships (India already has collaborations with UK, Australia, EU, and USA). 3. For the Nation Positions India as a global education hub, leveraging its cultural and intellectual heritage. Enhances India’s soft power in the knowledge economy. Attracts international students, creating a two-way flow of ideas, resources, and talent. Challenges Foreign universities may initially struggle to provide the same multicultural exposure as their parent campuses and will need to build global communities in India. While UGC mentions “need-based scholarships,” there is little clarity on how these will benefit marginalized and underprivileged students Rising costs of education could exclude deprived sections, limiting access to empowerment and creating a mismatch between demand and supply of skilled workers. Balancing global curricula with Indian cultural and social contexts. Preventing brain drain from Indian universities to foreign campuses within India. Way Forward Ensure equitable access through scholarships and fee regulation. Strengthen Indian universities’ global competitiveness alongside foreign entrants Foster joint research centres to promote innovation. India must position itself as an emerging force in international education not by imitating the Western university model, but by drawing the world to engage with our terms, within our cultural, intellectual, and societal landscape. Conclusion The entry of foreign universities into India marks a transformational moment in higher education. It bridges aspiration with affordability, integrates India into the global education ecosystem, and strengthens India’s case as an emerging knowledge powerhouse However, Quality higher education must aim to develop good, thoughtful, well-rounded, and creative individuals. Mains Practice Question Q Foreign universities are setting up campuses in India. How can this change benefit students and the education system? What challenges need to be addressed? (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/bringing-global-education-home/article70048851.ece The Way Forward on Katchatheevu and Palk Strait Disputes (GS Paper II - International relations) Introduction (Context) India has historically shaped regional and global diplomacy through the Panchsheel principles, the Non-Aligned Movement, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, and, most recently, with its “Neighbourhood First Policy”. This stance has generally promoted peace and interdependence in South Asia. However, its unresolved issues with Sri Lanka, as the fisheries crisis in the Palk Strait and the sovereignty of Katchatheevu island, pose challenges. These issues, if handled prudently, can be transformed into opportunities for cooperation rather than conflict. About Katchatheevu island Katchatheevu is a tiny island in Palk Strait measuring 285.20 acres, and is located about 14 nautical miles from Rameswaram in India. While there are records stating that the island was part of the then Ramnad Kingdom, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) also laid claim to it. It was administered jointly under British rule. It is barren, has no drinking water or infrastructure, except a sole Catholic structure dedicated to St. Anthony. India and Sri Lanka signed two bilateral agreements in 1974 and 1976 under Prime Ministers Indira Gandhi and Sirimavo Bandaranaike. Under these agreements, Katchatheevu island was recognised as Sri Lankan territory, and the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Mannar and Bay of Bengal was defined. Both countries agreed to exercise sovereign rights over living and non-living resources within their respective Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). It was agreed that fishing vessels and fishermen from either side shall not fish in each other’s territorial waters, seas, or EEZs. Despite this, the 1974 agreement allowed Indian fishermen access to Katchatheevu island for limited purposes like rest, drying of nets, and participation in the annual St. Anthony’s Church festival, but fishing was strictly prohibited. Present scenario Fishermen from south India and northern Sri Lanka depend on the Palk Strait for their livelihood. Many Tamil Nadu fishermen use bottom trawling, which drags nets along the seabed to catch more fish. Bottom trawling is harmful as it destroys the seabed, damages coral reefs and shrimp habitats, and reduces fish stocks. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) stresses not only fair use of marine resources but also their conservation. The FAO’s Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (1995) considers destructive methods like bottom trawling as unacceptable. Sri Lanka banned bottom trawling in 2017, yet hundreds of Indian trawlers continue the practice. As fish stocks on the Indian side of the boundary decline, Tamil Nadu boats often cross into Sri Lankan waters for larger catches. These boats are usually owned by wealthy operators, while the fishermen working on them are daily wage earners. When caught fishing illegally, these fishermen often face arrest by the Sri Lankan Navy. Way forward Quota system Indian and Sri Lankan fisher organisations can hold dialogue to find solutions. With the agreement of Sri Lankan fishers, they can fix quotas or regulated access for Tamil Nadu’s small fishers. Limited fishing rights can be given on specific days or during certain seasons until fish stocks in Indian waters recover. Community sensitisation Sri Lankan Tamil MPs and Tamil media can explain in Tamil Nadu how Northern fishermen lost decades of income during the civil war due to military restrictions on sea access. These fishermen should not be seen as enemies but as victims of economic loss, similar to Indian fishers. International framework The Palk Strait and nearby waters are considered “historic waters” by both India and Sri Lanka. (This means the two countries have special sovereign rights here, stronger than normal territorial rights. In such waters, no other country (third-state) can pass through or fish without permission. Even the usual international rule of “innocent passage” does not apply.) According to UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea), Article 123, countries sharing a semi-enclosed sea (like the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar) are encouraged to cooperate and manage resources together. Hence India and Sri Lanka could adopt similar ideas: Share quotas for fishing days and catch. Set up a joint research station on Katchatheevu for marine scientists to study resources and suggest sustainable practices. Promote deep-sea fishing in India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), so fishermen rely less on near-shore waters and avoid crossing illegally into Sri Lankan territory. Conclusion India and Sri Lanka share not only maritime boundaries but also centuries of cultural, religious, and kinship ties.. To protect them, disputes must be addressed without populist rhetoric but through quiet cooperation, legal recognition and shared livelihood security. The way forward involves multiple levels such as government-to-government talks (retaining trust and treaty obligations) and State/Provincial engagement (involving Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka’s Northern Provincial Council and community dialogue, encouraging people-people empathy that overcomes media distortions). Mains Practice Question Q “The Katchatheevu and Palk Strait disputes are less about sovereignty and more about livelihoods and ecological sustainability.” Discuss (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/katchatheevu-a-flashpoint-in-the-palk-strait/article70020557.ece

Sep 15, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 15th September 2025

Sep 15, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 15th September – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS Focus) Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme Category: POLITY Context: The government has reopened applications for the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for white goods—air conditioners and LED lights—from September 15 to October 14. The move aims to boost domestic manufacturing of components not adequately produced in India. Both new and existing investors can apply. So far, 83 applicants have committed ₹10,406 crore. Launched in April 2021, the scheme runs for seven years (2021-22 to 2028-29) with a total budget of ₹6,238 crore. Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme Introduction Launched by the Government of India in March 2020, initially for large-scale electronics manufacturing (mobile phones & components). Later expanded to 14 key sectors to promote Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India). Objective: Make India a global manufacturing hub, reduce import dependency, create jobs, strengthen supply chains, and boost exports. Coverage The scheme now covers 14 sectors: Large-scale electronics (mobiles, components) Pharmaceuticals & drug intermediaries Medical devices Telecom & networking products Food processing White goods (air conditioners, LED lights) High efficiency solar PV modules Advanced chemistry cell (ACC) batteries Automobiles & auto components Specialty steel Textile & man-made fibers IT hardware (laptops, tablets, servers) Drones & drone components Semiconductors & display manufacturing Budget & Duration Total Outlay: ~₹1.97 lakh crore (over 7 years). Duration: Generally from 2020-21 to 2028-29, depending on the sector. Each sector has separate guidelines on eligibility, base year, and incentive slabs. How It Works Incentives (usually 4%–6%) are given on incremental sales of goods manufactured in India, compared to a base year. Incentives decrease gradually over the years. Both domestic and foreign companies are eligible if they commit to minimum investment and sales targets. Source: THE HINDU Zapad Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Russia has conducted “Zapad” joint military drills with Belarus, featuring a successful Zircon hypersonic cruise missile launch in the Barents Sea and strikes by Su-34 fighter-bombers. The exercises, described as defensive, aim to enhance coordination. The Zircon, claimed to fly at nine times the speed of sound with a range over 1,000 km, hit its target directly. The drills follow recent Russian drone incursions into Poland and NATO’s “Eastern Sentry” response. Learning Corner: Zircon Hypersonic Cruise Missile Type: Hypersonic cruise missile developed by Russia. Speed: Claimed to reach Mach 8–9 (8–9 times the speed of sound). Range: Estimated 1,000–1,500 km. Launch platforms: Can be launched from surface ships, submarines, and coastal launchers. Propulsion: Uses a scramjet engine after booster separation, allowing sustained hypersonic flight. Warhead: Can carry conventional or nuclear payloads. First tests: Reportedly conducted in 2016, with more frequent trials since 2020. Deployment: Russia has started integrating Zircon into its naval fleet, particularly on Admiral Gorshkov-class frigates and Yasen-class submarines. Strategic significance: Its speed and maneuverability make it difficult for existing air defense and missile defense systems to intercept, giving Russia a potential edge in anti-ship and land-attack roles. Table of notable hypersonic cruise missiles, their country of origin, Missile Name Country Type Speed Range Warhead Launch Platform 3M22 Zircon Russia Anti-ship / land-attack Mach 8–9 Up to 1,000 km 300–400 kg Submarines, surface ships, land-based Kinzhal (Dagger) Russia Air-launched ballistic Mach 10+ ~2,000 km Nuclear or conventional MiG-31K aircraft Oreshnik Russia Air-launched cruise Mach 10 Europe-wide Conventional or nuclear Aircraft CJ-100 China Air-launched cruise Mach 5+ 300–500 km Conventional H-6K bomber YJ-21 China Anti-ship cruise Mach 6+ 300–400 km Conventional Type 055 destroyer HACM USA Air-launched cruise Mach 8 1,900 km Conventional F-15E, F/A-18F, F-35A X-51A WaveRider USA Experimental scramjet Mach 6 ~200 km Conventional B-52 bomber BrahMos-II India Hypersonic cruise Mach 7 ~290 km Conventional Air, land, sea Hycore South Korea Hypersonic cruise Mach 5+ 300–500 km Conventional Surface ships Fattah Iran Hypersonic cruise Mach 15 1,400 km Conventional Ground-based Source: THE HINDU Scarborough Shoal Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The Scarborough Shoal is a contested reef chain in the South China Sea, about 200 km off the Philippines’ coast and near major shipping lanes Claimed by both the Philippines and China, it has been under China’s effective control since 2012 despite a 2016 ruling that invalidated Beijing’s broader claims. Recently, China announced a nature reserve there, fueling fears it may build a militarized island. Tensions are rising as Philippine leaders take a tougher stance, with the U.S.–Philippines Mutual Defence Treaty heightening the risk of wider conflict. Learning Corner: Nine-Dash Line Definition: The Nine-Dash Line is a demarcation used by China to claim a large part of the South China Sea. It appears on Chinese maps as nine dashes or lines that extend far south and east from the Chinese mainland, covering about 90% of the South China Sea. Origin: First appeared in 1947 on a map published by the then Republic of China. The People’s Republic of China inherited the claim in 1949. Features: The line is not internationally recognized. It overlaps with the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and territorial waters of several countries: Vietnam Philippines Malaysia Brunei Taiwan (also claims the line) Legal Status: In 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) in The Hague ruled that China’s claims based on the Nine-Dash Line have no legal basis under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). China rejected the ruling. Strategic Importance: South China Sea is a major maritime trade route. Rich in fisheries and potential oil and gas reserves. Crucial for naval and geopolitical influence in the Indo-Pacific region. India’s Perspective: India does not recognize the Nine-Dash Line. Supports freedom of navigation and rules-based maritime order. Engages in diplomatic and naval presence through QUAD, ASEAN dialogues, and freedom of navigation operations. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Operation Polo Category: HISTORY Context : Seventy-seven years ago, in September 1948, India launched Operation Polo to annex Hyderabad, the largest princely state that had resisted joining the Union.. The Nizam sought independence despite a Hindu majority and signed a temporary standstill agreement. Meanwhile, peasant revolts grew, and the Razakars, a private militia, violently suppressed dissent. With negotiations failing, India intervened on September 13, 1948. In a four-day campaign, the Indian Army defeated the Nizam’s forces, leading to his surrender on September 17. Hyderabad was integrated into India, first under military rule and later through elected government in 1952. Learning Corner: Operation Polo (1948) Context: At the time of Independence (1947), Hyderabad was the largest princely state, ruled by Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan, who sought independence despite India’s appeals for integration. Problem: Majority Hindu population under a feudal system. Rise of Razakars, a private militia supporting the Nizam, known for violent suppression. Peasant revolts led by communists and local groups. Standstill Agreement (1947): Signed between India and Hyderabad to maintain status quo while negotiations continued. Trigger: Breakdown of talks and rising Razakar violence pushed the Indian government to act. Military Action: On 13 September 1948, India launched “Operation Polo”, a swift military campaign. Outcome: Lasted only four days. Nizam surrendered on 17 September 1948. Hyderabad was integrated into the Indian Union. Initially placed under military administration, later followed by elections in 1952. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Great Nicobar Island Development Project Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Congress General Secretary Jairam Ramesh criticized the government’s Great Nicobar Island Development Project, calling it an “ecological disaster” being pushed through despite legal challenges. The project’s environmental clearance is under review in the National Green Tribunal, while its forest clearance has been challenged in the Calcutta High Court for violating the Forest Rights Act, 2006. Ramesh also highlighted the Union Tribal Affairs Ministry’s unusual move to withdraw from the case, calling it a sign of ambivalence as the project proceeds. Learning Corner: Great Nicobar Island Development Project Location: Southernmost island of Andaman & Nicobar group, strategically close to the Malacca Strait. Components: ₹72,000 crore integrated project led by NITI Aayog. Mega transshipment port (Galathea Bay). International airport. Township & tourism infrastructure. Power plant for energy needs. Strategic Importance: Enhances India’s position in Indo-Pacific maritime trade. Counters China’s presence in the region (String of Pearls). Ecological Concerns: Loss of tropical rainforest and mangroves. Threat to endangered species (Leatherback turtles, Nicobar megapode, saltwater crocodiles). Potential displacement of Shompens, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG). Legal & Social Issues: Environmental and forest clearances challenged in NGT and Calcutta High Court. Concerns over violation of Forest Rights Act, 2006. Criticism for inadequate consultation with local tribal communities. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Bringing Global Education Home (GS Paper II - Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) India is witnessing a paradigm shift in higher education with the entry of foreign universities establishing campuses in the country. One U.K. university campus has already opened its doors in Gurugram, launching its academic programmes for the 2025-26 academic session, with the remaining universities setting up their campuses in Bengaluru, Chennai, Mumbai and the National Capital Region. It opens new opportunities for Indian students and expands educational horizons. About UGC regulation India’s University Grants Commission (UGC) has released its regulations for setting up and operating campuses of ‘foreign higher educational institutions’ (FHEI) in any part of India. Salient features FEHIs ranked in the global top 500, either overall or in relevant subject areas, are eligible to apply to set up a branch campus in India. They can also set up as a consortium with other FEHIs, as long as each partner fulfils the eligibility criteria. FHEIs are defined in the regulations as universities or other educational institutions that are authorised to offer academic and research programmes at the undergraduate or higher levels within and outside their home country. FHEIs setting up an IBC in India should ensure that the quality of education provided will be same as that at the main campus in the institution’s home country and that the qualifications awarded will have the same recognition and equivalence to the qualifications awarded in the main campus, and should submit an undertaking to this effect as part of their application. FHEIs will also be able to set up multiple campuses in India, but a separate application must be submitted for each campus. The FEHI will have the autonomy to decide salary and other terms and conditions for the faculty and staff it appoints for the IBC, but the qualifications of the appointed faculty must be similar to those at the home campus. Programs cannot be offered online or in Open and Distance Learning modes under these regulations. Lectures in online mode are allowed but should not exceed 10% of the program requirements. Significance 1. For Students Affordable access to global education without the financial and cultural burden of studying abroad. Exposure to global curricula, diverse peer networks, and international faculty. Students will have exposure to diverse peer networks, industry partnerships, and entrepreneurial ecosystems embedded within their own country. 2. For Indian Institutions Healthy competition that pushes domestic universities to innovate and improve. Scope for collaborative research in fields like renewable energy, AI, public health, and sustainability. Accelerated global partnerships (India already has collaborations with UK, Australia, EU, and USA). 3. For the Nation Positions India as a global education hub, leveraging its cultural and intellectual heritage. Enhances India’s soft power in the knowledge economy. Attracts international students, creating a two-way flow of ideas, resources, and talent. Challenges Foreign universities may initially struggle to provide the same multicultural exposure as their parent campuses and will need to build global communities in India. While UGC mentions “need-based scholarships,” there is little clarity on how these will benefit marginalized and underprivileged students Rising costs of education could exclude deprived sections, limiting access to empowerment and creating a mismatch between demand and supply of skilled workers. Balancing global curricula with Indian cultural and social contexts. Preventing brain drain from Indian universities to foreign campuses within India. Way Forward Ensure equitable access through scholarships and fee regulation. Strengthen Indian universities’ global competitiveness alongside foreign entrants Foster joint research centres to promote innovation. India must position itself as an emerging force in international education not by imitating the Western university model, but by drawing the world to engage with our terms, within our cultural, intellectual, and societal landscape. Conclusion The entry of foreign universities into India marks a transformational moment in higher education. It bridges aspiration with affordability, integrates India into the global education ecosystem, and strengthens India’s case as an emerging knowledge powerhouse However, Quality higher education must aim to develop good, thoughtful, well-rounded, and creative individuals. Mains Practice Question Q Foreign universities are setting up campuses in India. How can this change benefit students and the education system? What challenges need to be addressed? (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/bringing-global-education-home/article70048851.ece The Way Forward on Katchatheevu and Palk Strait Disputes (GS Paper II - International relations) Introduction (Context) India has historically shaped regional and global diplomacy through the Panchsheel principles, the Non-Aligned Movement, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, and, most recently, with its “Neighbourhood First Policy”. This stance has generally promoted peace and interdependence in South Asia. However, its unresolved issues with Sri Lanka, as the fisheries crisis in the Palk Strait and the sovereignty of Katchatheevu island, pose challenges. These issues, if handled prudently, can be transformed into opportunities for cooperation rather than conflict. About Katchatheevu island Katchatheevu is a tiny island in Palk Strait measuring 285.20 acres, and is located about 14 nautical miles from Rameswaram in India. While there are records stating that the island was part of the then Ramnad Kingdom, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) also laid claim to it. It was administered jointly under British rule. It is barren, has no drinking water or infrastructure, except a sole Catholic structure dedicated to St. Anthony. India and Sri Lanka signed two bilateral agreements in 1974 and 1976 under Prime Ministers Indira Gandhi and Sirimavo Bandaranaike. Under these agreements, Katchatheevu island was recognised as Sri Lankan territory, and the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Mannar and Bay of Bengal was defined. Both countries agreed to exercise sovereign rights over living and non-living resources within their respective Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). It was agreed that fishing vessels and fishermen from either side shall not fish in each other’s territorial waters, seas, or EEZs. Despite this, the 1974 agreement allowed Indian fishermen access to Katchatheevu island for limited purposes like rest, drying of nets, and participation in the annual St. Anthony’s Church festival, but fishing was strictly prohibited. Present scenario Fishermen from south India and northern Sri Lanka depend on the Palk Strait for their livelihood. Many Tamil Nadu fishermen use bottom trawling, which drags nets along the seabed to catch more fish. Bottom trawling is harmful as it destroys the seabed, damages coral reefs and shrimp habitats, and reduces fish stocks. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) stresses not only fair use of marine resources but also their conservation. The FAO’s Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (1995) considers destructive methods like bottom trawling as unacceptable. Sri Lanka banned bottom trawling in 2017, yet hundreds of Indian trawlers continue the practice. As fish stocks on the Indian side of the boundary decline, Tamil Nadu boats often cross into Sri Lankan waters for larger catches. These boats are usually owned by wealthy operators, while the fishermen working on them are daily wage earners. When caught fishing illegally, these fishermen often face arrest by the Sri Lankan Navy. Way forward Quota system Indian and Sri Lankan fisher organisations can hold dialogue to find solutions. With the agreement of Sri Lankan fishers, they can fix quotas or regulated access for Tamil Nadu’s small fishers. Limited fishing rights can be given on specific days or during certain seasons until fish stocks in Indian waters recover. Community sensitisation Sri Lankan Tamil MPs and Tamil media can explain in Tamil Nadu how Northern fishermen lost decades of income during the civil war due to military restrictions on sea access. These fishermen should not be seen as enemies but as victims of economic loss, similar to Indian fishers. International framework The Palk Strait and nearby waters are considered “historic waters” by both India and Sri Lanka. (This means the two countries have special sovereign rights here, stronger than normal territorial rights. In such waters, no other country (third-state) can pass through or fish without permission. Even the usual international rule of “innocent passage” does not apply.) According to UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea), Article 123, countries sharing a semi-enclosed sea (like the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar) are encouraged to cooperate and manage resources together. Hence India and Sri Lanka could adopt similar ideas: Share quotas for fishing days and catch. Set up a joint research station on Katchatheevu for marine scientists to study resources and suggest sustainable practices. Promote deep-sea fishing in India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), so fishermen rely less on near-shore waters and avoid crossing illegally into Sri Lankan territory. Conclusion India and Sri Lanka share not only maritime boundaries but also centuries of cultural, religious, and kinship ties.. To protect them, disputes must be addressed without populist rhetoric but through quiet cooperation, legal recognition and shared livelihood security. The way forward involves multiple levels such as government-to-government talks (retaining trust and treaty obligations) and State/Provincial engagement (involving Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka’s Northern Provincial Council and community dialogue, encouraging people-people empathy that overcomes media distortions). Mains Practice Question Q “The Katchatheevu and Palk Strait disputes are less about sovereignty and more about livelihoods and ecological sustainability.” Discuss (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/katchatheevu-a-flashpoint-in-the-palk-strait/article70020557.ece

Sep 13, 2025

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 13th September 2025

Sep 13, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 13th September – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS Focus) INS Aravali Category: DEFENCE Context: INS Aravali is a newly commissioned shore-based naval information and communication facility of the Indian Navy in Gurugram, Haryana. Key Highlights Nature: Not a warship, but a state-of-the-art naval information base. Role: Functions as a headquarters for real-time maritime surveillance, data fusion, and threat detection in the Indian Ocean Region. Global Linkages: Connects with 43 multinational centers across 25 countries for live maritime data sharing, aiding cooperation against piracy, terrorism, smuggling, and illegal fishing. Symbolism: Named after the resilient Aravali Range; its crest features a mountain and rising sun symbolizing strength and vigilance. Core Capabilities AI-driven surveillance of ships and submarines with rapid threat analysis. Satellite-enabled communication through GSAT-7R. National Maritime Domain Awareness Center (NMDA) to be housed within, integrating security and intelligence agencies. Global maritime hub for India’s international security partnerships. Source: PIB Bio-Diesel Category: ENVIROMNENT Context : The Indian government is conducting trials to blend isobutanol with diesel fuel after ethanol–diesel blends failed due to engine compatibility issues like corrosion and operational problems. Why Isobutanol? Better Compatibility: A four-carbon alcohol with higher energy density and lower water absorption than ethanol, reducing corrosion risks in diesel engines. Ongoing Trials: A 10% isobutanol–diesel blend is being tested for performance, emissions, and efficiency. Policy Push: Supports the National Biofuel Policy by reducing oil imports, enhancing energy security, and creating farmer income through biomass demand. Learning Corner: National Biofuel Policy, 2018 Objective: To promote the production and use of biofuels for reducing crude oil imports, ensuring energy security, generating rural income, and promoting cleaner fuels. Key Features: Types of Biofuels: Categorized as Basic (1G – ethanol from sugarcane juice, molasses, etc.) and Advanced (2G ethanol, drop-in fuels, bio-CNG, bio-hydrogen). Feedstock Expansion: Allows production of ethanol from surplus food grains (like maize, damaged grains, rice, etc.) subject to approval. Blending Targets: Ethanol Blending in Petrol: Achieve 20% (E20) by 2025-26. Biodiesel Blending in Diesel: Achieve 5% by 2030. Incentives: Viability gap funding, tax incentives, and interest subvention for 2G bio-refineries. Waste-to-Wealth: Promotes biofuels from urban, industrial, and agricultural waste to reduce environmental pollution. Recent Context: E20 blending with petrol has been achieved nationwide. Diesel blending with ethanol failed, leading to current trials with isobutanol–diesel blends as an alternative. Significance: Reduces dependence on fossil fuels, improves air quality, supports farmer incomes, and contributes to India’s climate goals under the Paris Agreement. Source: THE HINDU Acharya Vinoba Bhave Category: HISTORY Context: On 11 September 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Acharya Vinoba Bhave on his birth anniversary. Recalling his immense contributions as a spiritual leader, freedom fighter, and social reformer. He highlighted Bhave’s role in popularizing Gandhian ideals, uplifting the marginalized, and inspiring national progress, calling him “one of India’s most revered leaders” whose teachings guide the vision of building a Viksit Bharat. Learning Corner: Acharya Vinoba Bhave (1895–1982) A renowned spiritual leader, freedom fighter, and social reformer, often regarded as the spiritual successor of Mahatma Gandhi. Bhoodan Movement (1951): Initiated the Land Gift Movement, urging landlords to voluntarily donate land to the landless, symbolizing nonviolent social change. Association with Gandhi: Deeply influenced by Gandhian philosophy of truth and nonviolence; chosen as the first Individual Satyagrahi (1940) against British rule. Advocated Sarvodaya (welfare of all), social equality, rural upliftment, and selfless service. Promoted constructive programs like education, rural reform, and community development. Awarded the Bharat Ratna (posthumously in 1983), India’s highest civilian honor. Legacy: Vinoba Bhave is remembered as the “National Teacher” (Acharya) whose movements and teachings emphasized harmony, compassion, and social justice, leaving a lasting imprint on India’s socio-political landscape. Source: PIB Consumer Price Index Category: ECONOMICS Context : Provisional CPI release for August 2025. CPI Data – August 2025 (Base 2012=100) Category CPI Index Number Inflation Rate (%) Rural 198.7 1.69 Urban 195.0 3.07 Combined 197.0 2.07 Key Highlights All-India CPI inflation for August 2025 stood at 2.07%, up by 46 basis points from July. Rural inflation: 1.69% | Urban inflation: 3.07% → higher urban price pressures. Food inflation declined: -0.70% (rural) and -0.58% (urban). Data collected from over 1180 villages and 1110 urban markets nationwide. Learning Corner: The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures changes in retail prices of goods and services consumed by different groups of people. In India, CPI is compiled and released by the National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). Major Variants: CPI-Rural (CPI-R): Measures price changes for the rural population. Basket includes food, fuel, clothing, housing, education, health, etc. CPI-Urban (CPI-U): Measures price changes for the urban population. Captures expenditure patterns in cities/towns. CPI-Combined (CPI-C): A combination of rural and urban indices. Used as the headline CPI inflation measure by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for monetary policy decisions. Special CPIs (historical/older series): CPI for Industrial Workers (CPI-IW) → compiled by Labour Bureau, used for wage indexation. CPI for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL) and CPI for Rural Labourers (CPI-RL) → also compiled by Labour Bureau, mainly for wage/farm worker policy decisions. Current Relevance: Since 2011–12 base revision, CPI-Combined (CPI-C) is the official measure of retail inflation in India. Older indices (CPI-IW, CPI-AL, CPI-RL) are still used for specific purposes like wage indexation and policy support for workers. Source: PIB Fujian Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: India announced a $680 million special economic package for Mauritius after talks between PM Narendra Modi and Mauritian PM Navin Ramgoolam in Varanasi. China’s newest aircraft carrier, Fujian, sailed through the Taiwan Strait for the first time while heading to the South China Sea for training and trials. Beijing described the passage as routine, though it comes amid rising tensions over U.S. and allied naval transits in the strait. Japan also reported spotting the Fujian near disputed waters, escorted by destroyers, highlighting growing regional security concerns. The move reflects both China’s expanding naval power and the strategic sensitivity of the Taiwan Strait. Learning Corner: Fujian Type: Type 003 aircraft carrier of the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). Launched: June 2022, named after Fujian Province (closest to Taiwan). Significance: Third Chinese carrier, after Liaoning (Type 001) and Shandong (Type 002). First fully indigenously designed and built carrier by China. Represents a major leap in Chinese naval modernization. Key Features: Equipped with Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) → allows launching heavier aircraft (like advanced fighter jets, surveillance planes, drones). Estimated displacement: over 80,000 tonnes. Conventional (not nuclear) powered. Strategic Context: Strengthens China’s power projection in the Taiwan Strait, South China Sea, and Indo-Pacific. Seen as a counter to U.S. naval dominance in the region. Recently conducted sea trials and sailed through the Taiwan Strait (Sept 2025), heightening regional tensions. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Property Rights, Tribals and the Gender Parity Gap (GS Paper II - Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples (August 9) highlighted the continued denial of property rights to tribal women. Except for certain matrilineal tribes in the North-East, customary laws across tribal communities often exclude women from succession rights. This raises critical questions of gender justice, equality under the Constitution, and protection of indigenous identity. Land and equality Tribal customary laws govern matters of succession, marriage, and adoption. Despite women contributing more in farms than the men, none of the tribal customary laws prevalent in the Scheduled Five Area States (which also includes Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha) give land inheritance rights to females in ancestral properties. The All India Report on Agriculture Census 2015-16 shows that 16.7% of ST women possess land when compared to ST men (83.3%). In tribal society, land is often seen as communitarian property, not something that can belong to an individual However, when tribal land is sold or acquired, the money rarely goes to the gram sabha or community, and is instead controlled by individuals. A common reason given to deny women land rights is the fear that if tribal women marry non-tribal men, land will pass to outsiders. In reality, even if land is transferred, its nature as indigenous or tribal land remains intact, especially in the case of forest land. Gender disparity in property ownership translates into economic marginalisation, political invisibility, and social dependency for tribal women. Judicial Interventions Ram Charan & Ors. vs Sukhram & Ors. (2025) The case arose in Sarguja district, Chhattisgarh. Plaintiff: Legal heirs of Dhaiya, a Scheduled Tribe woman, claimed partition of ancestral property. Trial & Appellate courts rejected plea citing Gond custom of male-only inheritance. Supreme Court held: Denial of property rights under guise of custom perpetuates gender discrimination. Female heirs entitled to equal share in property. Madhu Kishwar vs State of Bihar (1996) Raised issue of parity in intestate succession among tribals. Court refrained from striking down customs, citing fear of legal chaos. Revealed judiciary’s reluctance in directly confronting tribal patriarchy. Prabha Minz vs Martha Ekka (Jharkhand HC, 2022) Court recognised property rights of Oraon tribal women. Held that customs excluding women from inheritance must meet tests of antiquity, continuity, reasonableness, and conformity with public policy. Kamala Neti vs Special Land Acquisition Officer (2022) SC upheld tribal women’s rights in compensation related to land acquisition. Seen as an affirmative step towards gender parity. Way forward Enact a Tribal Succession Act, codifying inheritance rights for women. Strike balance between indigenous traditions and constitutional equality. Courts must continue to test customs on grounds of reasonableness and public policy. Civil society, women’s groups, and tribal leaders must sensitise communities. Promote joint land titles in government land distribution. Expand access to credit, schemes, and skill-building for tribal women. Codification of tribal laws on the lines of Hindus and Christians can also help resolve the issue substantially. Conclusion Exclusion of tribal women from property rights is not just a customary practice but a constitutional question of equality. Supreme Court judgments mark a progressive shift, but piecemeal interventions are insufficient. Gender justice for tribal women must be seen as integral to inclusive development and constitutional morality. Mains Practice Question Q The denial of land inheritance rights to tribal women perpetuates economic and social inequality.” Discuss. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/property-rights-tribals-and-the-gender-parity-gap/article70042998.ece The RTI’s Shift to a ‘Right to Deny Information’ (GS Paper II - Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 was a landmark legislation that empowered citizens to hold the state accountable by accessing information. It has been one of the strongest tools for ensuring transparency, curbing corruption, and deepening participatory democracy. However, recent amendments through the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023 have drastically altered Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act. This shift, critics argue, effectively transforms RTI into a “Right to Deny Information (RDI)”. About Right to Information The Right to Information (RTI) Act is based on the idea that in a democracy citizens elect their representatives, who then control the bureaucracy, so the information must flow back to the people. One important exemption is Section 8(1)(j), which deals with personal information. According to the Section, the government could refuse to give information only in two cases: If the information had nothing to do with any public work or public activity. If giving it would unnecessarily interfere with someone’s personal privacy unless sharing it was clearly in the larger public interest (for example, exposing corruption) There was also a strong safeguard: if the government could not refuse that information to Parliament or a State Legislature, then it could not refuse it to an ordinary citizen either. Restrictions on RTI must follow Article 19(2) of the Constitution, which limits them only on grounds like decency and morality. If sharing violates decency or morality, it can be denied both to Parliament and to citizens. (Public work / public activity means any task, function, or duty that the government, a public authority, or a public official performs as part of their job for the people.) The Amendments under DPDP Act The DPDP Act has changed Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act, making it very easy to deny information. The main problem is the meaning of “personal information,” which is not clearly defined. There are two different ways to understand it: One view is that “person” means only a normal human being (natural person). Another view, based on the DPDP Act, says “person” also includes companies, firms, associations, Hindu undivided families, and even the State. If the broader DPDP definition is applied, almost everything can be treated as personal information. This allows most information to be denied, turning RTI into a “Right to Deny Information (RDI).” Such an interpretation goes against the spirit of transparency and accountability. The DPDP Act also has a clause that overrides all other laws in case of conflict, making it stronger than RTI. It imposes heavy penalties (up to ₹250 crore) for wrong disclosure, creating fear among Public Information Officers (PIOs). Since most records are now digital, PIOs may prefer to reject applications to avoid risk of punishment. This may change RTI to Right to Deny Information. Consequences These amendments are harmful for public accountability and the fight against corruption. Citizens are the best watchdogs against corruption. If they are denied information, this natural monitoring mechanism is lost. With the wider meaning of “personal information”, even basic and important documents can be withheld. Example: Sharing details of pension beneficiaries to combat “ghost employees” and “ghost cards” will cease. Even a simple order signed by an official could be denied as “personal information”. It can result in over 90% of information being denied. Corruption will find safe cover. Details of ghost employees, fraud in welfare schemes, or charges of misconduct can all be classified as “personal information”, making it easy for corruption to continue without exposure. Though the RTI Act still has a clause that allows disclosure if “larger public interest” is served, in practice this is rarely used. Citizens should not have to prove larger public interest to access what is already their fundamental right. In reality, less than 1% of decisions apply this “larger public interest” exception. Officers usually avoid it because it is hard to weigh private harm against public benefit. This makes the safeguard almost useless after the amendment. RTI is part of the right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a). Restricting it without proportional safeguards is unconstitutional. Way Forward Media and citizens must actively engage through public discussions, debates, and awareness drives to show how the amendment weakens democracy. Political parties should be pressured to commit in their manifestos that the amendment will be reversed. Civil society groups and RTI activists need to strengthen public opinion by mobilising grassroots campaigns. The amendment can be challenged in courts, as its constitutionality can be tested against Articles 19(1)(a) and 21. Laws must be balanced so that data protection safeguards individual privacy without becoming a shield for the state to hide information. Conclusion The RTI Act transformed governance by making secrecy the exception and disclosure the norm. The DPDP-led amendment to Section 8(1)(j) threatens to reverse this ethos, replacing transparency with opacity. If unchecked, this could cripple one of India’s most powerful democratic tools against corruption and abuse of power. Mains Practice Question Q The recent amendment of Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act through the DPDP Act has been described as a “fundamental regression” in transparency. Critically examine its implications for democracy, accountability, and the citizen’s right to know. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-rtis-shift-to-a-right-to-deny-information/article70042967.ece

Sep 12, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 12th September 2025

Sep 12, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 12th September – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS Focus) Red ivy plant Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Researchers at the Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Thiruvananthapuram, have developed a wound-healing pad using the red ivy plant (Strobilanthes alternata), locally called murikooti pacha Key points: Active Ingredient: A new molecule, acteoside, isolated from red ivy, is effective even at low concentrations (0.2%). Technology: Multi-layered pad created using electro-spun nanofiber. Features: Ultra-thin, biodegradable, non-toxic, FDA-approved polymers, with added neomycin sulfate. Function: Porous nanofiber structure enables gas exchange, aiding faster healing. Background: Builds on the plant’s traditional use for treating cuts and wounds. Learning Corner: Red Ivy Plant (Strobilanthes alternata) A medicinal plant commonly found in Kerala and other tropical regions. Locally known as murikooti pacha. Traditionally used in folk medicine for treating cuts, wounds, and skin ailments. Leaves are reddish-purple, giving the plant its “red ivy” name. Rich in bioactive compounds such as acteoside, known for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. Recently studied by JNTBGRI scientists for developing advanced biodegradable wound-healing pads. Source: THE HINDU Aedes mosquitoes Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Researchers highlight the urgent need for updated strategies to combat Aedes mosquitoes, vectors of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. Current Challenges: Pyrethroid vaporizers have limited effect; Wolbachia-based control is costly. Aedes are highly adaptable, bite during the day, and breed in tiny water collections. Personal Protection: DEET remains the standard repellent, but safer alternatives like picaridin and 2-undecanone are gaining attention. Community Action: Training communities to eliminate stagnant water reduced dengue cases by 26%; effective larvicides further lowered risk. Approach: A “bottom-up” strategy is needed—empowering people with knowledge and affordable tools, alongside government campaigns like “10 minutes at 10 am.” Policy Call: Advocates a national mission combining large-scale control with community-led initiatives. Learning Corner: Note on Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya and Their Vectors Dengue: Viral disease caused by Dengue virus (Flavivirus). Symptoms: high fever, severe headache, muscle/joint pain, rash; in severe cases, dengue hemorrhagic fever/shock. Vector: Aedes aegypti (primary) and Aedes albopictus (secondary). Zika: Caused by Zika virus (Flavivirus). Symptoms: mild fever, rash, conjunctivitis; major concern is birth defects (microcephaly) when pregnant women are infected. Vector: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Chikungunya: Caused by Chikungunya virus (Alphavirus, Togaviridae family). Symptoms: sudden high fever, severe joint pain (often long-lasting), headache, rash. Vector: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. All three diseases are mosquito-borne viral infections, primarily transmitted by day-biting Aedes mosquitoes. Source: THE HINDU Swami Vivekananda Category: HISTORY Context: On September 11, 1893, Swami Vivekananda delivered his historic speech at the Parliament of the World’s Religions in Chicago. Event: Began with “Sisters and Brothers of America,” receiving a two-minute standing ovation. Context: Presented India’s philosophy of Vedanta at a time of Western dominance. Message: Advocated universal tolerance, acceptance, and harmony of all religions, condemning sectarianism and fanaticism. Reaction: Audience was deeply moved; his scholarship and presence were widely praised. Legacy: Marked the entry of Vedanta and Indian spirituality into the West, influencing global thinkers and laying roots for today’s yoga and wellness movement. Learning Corner: Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902) A disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and founder of the Ramakrishna Mission. Played a key role in spreading Vedanta and Yoga to the West. Gained worldwide recognition after his speech at the Parliament of the World’s Religions, Chicago (1893), where he spoke on religious tolerance and universal brotherhood. Advocated for social reform, education, and upliftment of the poor, emphasizing service to humanity as true worship of God. Stressed spiritual nationalism, inspiring India’s freedom movement with the idea of strength, self-confidence, and cultural pride. Passed away at the young age of 39 (1902), but left a lasting impact on philosophy, spirituality, and nation-building. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS NASA’s Perseverance rover Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : NASA’s Perseverance rover may have found its strongest evidence yet of potential past life on Mars. Discovery Site: Rock sample from the dried-up river delta Cheyeva Falls. Findings: Presence of clay, silt, organic carbon, sulphur, oxidized iron, and phosphorus—ingredients favorable for microbial life. Significance: Marked as the closest step so far toward evidence of life, though not confirmed. Caution: Features may also result from non-biological processes; proof is not yet established. Next Steps: Sample collected for return to Earth under the future Mars Sample Return Mission, though funding challenges remain. Learning Corner: Mars rovers sent till date (up to 2025): Sojourner (1997) – NASA First successful Mars rover, part of Mars Pathfinder mission. Tested mobility and technology; studied rocks and soil. Spirit (2004–2010) – NASA Landed under Mars Exploration Rover mission. Explored Gusev Crater; discovered evidence of past water. Got stuck in sand in 2009; last contact in 2010. Opportunity (2004–2018) – NASA Twin of Spirit, landed on Meridiani Planum. Found strong evidence of ancient water activity. Operated for nearly 15 years (planned for 90 days). Curiosity (2012–present) – NASA Part of Mars Science Laboratory mission. Nuclear-powered rover in Gale Crater. Studied geology, climate, and conditions for microbial life. Still operational. Perseverance (2021–present) – NASA Landed in Jezero Crater. Focused on astrobiology, searching for signs of ancient life. Collecting samples for future return to Earth. Also deployed Ingenuity helicopter, the first aircraft to fly on another planet. Zhurong (2021–2023) – China, CNSA First non-NASA rover to operate successfully on Mars. Part of Tianwen-1 mission. Explored Utopia Planitia; confirmed presence of water-bearing minerals. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS India-Mauritius Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: India announced a $680 million special economic package for Mauritius after talks between PM Narendra Modi and Mauritian PM Navin Ramgoolam in Varanasi. Grant ($215M): For a national hospital, AYUSH centre, veterinary school, and helicopters. Grant-cum-Line of Credit ($440M): For airport ATC tower, road projects (M4, Ring Road), and port equipment. Budgetary Support ($25M): For port redevelopment and surveillance of the Chagos Marine Protected Area. MoUs Signed: Seven, covering science, technology, space (including a satellite tracking station). Focus: Strengthening infrastructure, jobs, healthcare, maritime security, and trade in local currencies. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS (MAINS Focus) Why are European Nations Moving to Recognise Palestine? (GS Paper II - International Affairs) Introduction (Context) Several European nations, including Spain, Ireland, and Norway, have formally recognised the State of Palestine in 2024–25. The recognition reflects overlapping geopolitical, moral, and domestic pressures, reshaping Europe’s approach to the Israel–Palestine conflict. Palestine – Brief introduction Palestine refers mainly to the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem. The majority population is Arab. In 1947, the UN Partition Plan proposed separate Jewish and Arab states. In 1948, Israel was created, leading to mass displacement of Palestinians (Nakba). In 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem after the Six-Day War. The Palestinian Authority (PA) governs parts of the West Bank under Fatah Hamas has controlled Gaza since 2007. Key conflict issues include land disputes, refugees’ right of return, Israeli settlements, and Jerusalem’s status. Palestine has non-member observer status at the UN since 2012. The internationally backed solution is a two-state solution with East Jerusalem as Palestine’s capital. What makes recognition urgent now? The war in Gaza after the October 7 (attack in Israel) attacks became the main trigger. Israel’s large-scale military response caused massive destruction and a humanitarian crisis. The situation shocked European nations and made the old status quo unacceptable. Further, Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu openly rejected the two-state solution. South Africa’s case at the International Court of Justice accused Israel of violating the Genocide Convention. These legal proceedings added more pressure on Europe to act. For many governments, recognition of Palestine is now seen as essential to keep the two-state solution alive. How has Ukraine reshaped Europe’s stance on sovereignty? Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 made Europe take a firm stand on national sovereignty and rejecting land grabs by force. This highlighted Europe’s inaction on Israel’s occupation of Palestinian territories. Intellectuals, media, and civil society pointed out the hypocrisy in Europe’s double standards. Governments are now under pressure to act with consistency. The “consistency gap” has become a liability for Europe’s credibility Recognising Palestine is seen as a way to realign policies with principles. What are the domestic political pressures inside European countries? Public opinion in Europe has turned strongly in favour of applying international law equally in all conflicts. Human rights groups are actively campaigning, adding further pressure on governments. Young voters and progressive sections, who are key supporters of centre-left and green parties, are demanding action beyond statements. Governments fear that inaction could hurt them politically and electorally. Recognition of Palestine is seen as a way to show alignment with the moral expectations of their citizens. Significance of recognition Strengthens the global push for a two-state solution by keeping it alive amid its erosion. Sends a symbolic message that Europe will not remain passive during the Gaza humanitarian crisis. Highlights Europe’s attempt to act consistently on international law and sovereignty, similar to its stand on Ukraine. Enhances Europe’s moral credibility and soft power on the global stage. Adds weight to Palestine’s standing in international forums like the United Nations. Signals a shift from viewing recognition as a “reward for peace” to treating it as a prerequisite for peace. Challenges Recognition is largely symbolic and does not directly change the ground reality in Palestine. Israel rejects the move and continues with settlement expansion, limiting its practical impact. Could deepen internal divisions within Europe, as some states prefer caution due to historical responsibilities. Without concrete follow-up (economic or political pressure), recognition may be seen as symbolic posturing. Conclusion The recognition of Palestine by several European nations reflects a powerful moral and diplomatic signal aimed at reviving the two-state solution and reasserting Europe’s commitment to international law. For long-term peace, recognition must be complemented with sustained political engagement, humanitarian support, and pressure on all stakeholders to return to negotiations. Mains Practice Question Q The recognition of Palestine by European nations is more symbolic than transformative. Discuss. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/why-are-european-nations-now-moving-to-recognise-palestine-explained/article70037395.ece Great Nicobar Island Project (GS Paper III - Environment, GS Paper III - Economy) Introduction (Context) The Great Nicobar Island Project is one of India’s most ambitious infrastructure and strategic development initiatives which comprises international container transshipment terminal, a greenfield airport, power plant, and township. However, due to the region’s ecological sensitivity and the presence of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) like the Nicobarese and Shompen, the project has attracted both support for its strategic vision and concerns over ecological and social impacts. About the project It is an integrated development project of strategic and national importance initiated by the Government of India. Components include: International Container Transshipment Terminal (ICTT): Capacity of 14.2 million TEU. Greenfield International Airport. 450 MVA gas and solar-based power plant. Township covering 16,610 hectares. Envisaged to transform Great Nicobar into a hub of maritime and air connectivity in the Indian Ocean Region. Significance of the project The project will: Enhance India’s naval presence and ability to secure sea lanes. Promote trade, logistics, and regional integration. Boost livelihood opportunities in the islands. Balance infrastructure growth with tribal welfare and ecological safeguards Counter growing Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean. Initiatives for sustainable development To meet the challenges associated with tribal welfare, biodiversity conservation, and disaster resilience, the government has taken the following steps. Environmental A detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was done. EIA is the study of how a project will affect the environment (forests, wildlife, air, water, etc.) before starting construction. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was prepared. It lists measures to reduce or “mitigate” negative effects during construction and operation. ₹81.55 crore has already been given to research institutes for wildlife conservation plans, even before construction began. Disaster management To ensure safety, a risk assessment study was conducted that examined both human-caused risks (such as pollution or accidents) and natural disasters (like earthquakes, tsunamis, and cyclones). Based on this, a disaster management plan was prepared. Tribal Welfare The project will not displace tribal groups such as the Nicobarese and the Shompen, whose only habitations in the project area are at New Chingen and Rajiv Nagar. A special committee has been set up to oversee the welfare of these tribes during both the construction and operational stages. Consultations were also held with experts, including the Anthropological Survey of India, to safeguard the rights and well-being of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). The Andaman and Nicobar administration has made budgetary provisions to ensure that tribal welfare measures continue during and beyond the project. The development plan for Great Nicobar Island follows the Shompen Policy, 2015 and Jarawa Policy. Shompen are a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands who live in isolation and depend on forests. The policy says that any big development project on the island must be done only after consulting the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Directorate of Tribal Welfare, and Andaman Adim Janjati Vikas Samiti (AAJVS). AAJVS (Andaman Adim Janjati Vikas Samiti) is a government body that looks after the welfare of tribal groups in the islands. Under the Jarawa Policy, 2004, it was declared the trustee (legal protector) of all PVTGs like Jarawa and Shompen. The Empowered Committee, a group of experts formed to review the project, has confirmed that Tribal interests will not be harmed and no tribal displacement (removal from their land) will be allowed. Land development The project covers only 2% of the total area of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. About 130.75 sq. km of forest land will be diverted, which is just 1.82% of total forest area in the Islands. Around 65.99 sq. km will remain as a green zone, where no trees will be felled. As per the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, since A&N has more than 75% forest cover, compensatory afforestation can be done in other states. For this project, 97.30 sq. km in Haryana has been identified for tree plantation to make up for diverted forest land. Way forward Strengthen monitoring mechanisms for environment and tribal safeguards. Build disaster-resilient infrastructure considering seismic risks. Ensure transparent consultations with tribal groups at every stage. Promote sustainable tourism & blue economy linkages. Focus on long-term ecological research to assess cumulative impacts. Conclusion The Great Nicobar Island Project is not merely an infrastructure plan but a strategic vision linking India’s economic ambitions with its national security imperatives in the Indo-Pacific. If implemented with genuine ecological sensitivity and community participation, it could stand as a model for balancing economy, ecology, and security in India’s development trajectory. Mains Practice Question Q How does the Great Nicobar Island Project balance tribal welfare with strategic and developmental needs? (250 words, 15 marks) Source:https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-project-of-a-strategic-and-national-importance/article70038531.ece

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