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The 60 Days Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series is IASbaba’s Flagship Initiative recommended by Toppers and loved by the aspirants’ community every year.
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The following Test is based on the syllabus of 60 Days Plan-2023 for UPSC IAS Prelims 2022.
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Question 1 of 35
1. Question
Which of the following kingdoms were associated with the life of the Buddha?
Avanti
Gandhara
Kosala
Magadha
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 2 and 4
c) 3 and 4 only
d) 1, 3 and 4
Correct
Solution (c)
Buddha traveled to Rajagaha, capital of Magadha, to visit King Bimbisara. During this visit, Sariputta and Maudgalyayana were converted by Assaji, one of the first five disciples.
Buddha belonged to Shakya clan whose capital was Kapilavastu, and who were later annexed by the growing Kingdom of Kosala during the Buddha’s lifetime.
Avanti and Gandhara are not visited by Buddha.
Incorrect
Solution (c)
Buddha traveled to Rajagaha, capital of Magadha, to visit King Bimbisara. During this visit, Sariputta and Maudgalyayana were converted by Assaji, one of the first five disciples.
Buddha belonged to Shakya clan whose capital was Kapilavastu, and who were later annexed by the growing Kingdom of Kosala during the Buddha’s lifetime.
Avanti and Gandhara are not visited by Buddha.
Question 2 of 35
2. Question
With reference to Indian history, who among the following is a future Buddha, yet to come to save the world?
a) Avalokiteshvara
b) Lokesvara
c) Maitreya
d) Padmapani
Correct
Solution (c)
Maitreya is regarded as a future Buddha of this world in Buddhist eschatology. In some Buddhist literature, such as the Amitabha Sutra and the Lotus Sutra, he is referred to as Ajita.According to Buddhist tradition, Maitreya is a bodhisattva who will appear on Earth in the future, achieve complete enlightenment, and teach the pure dharma.
Incorrect
Solution (c)
Maitreya is regarded as a future Buddha of this world in Buddhist eschatology. In some Buddhist literature, such as the Amitabha Sutra and the Lotus Sutra, he is referred to as Ajita.According to Buddhist tradition, Maitreya is a bodhisattva who will appear on Earth in the future, achieve complete enlightenment, and teach the pure dharma.
Question 3 of 35
3. Question
Which of the following characterizes/characterize the people of the Indus Valley Civilization?
They possessed great palaces and temples.
They worshipped both male and female deities.
They employed horse-drawn chariots
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Correct
Solution (a)
The Indus people probably worshipped Mother Goddess, in addition to male and female deities. They worshipped a father God who might be a progenitor of the race and probably was a prototype of Siva as the Lord of the Animals.
On the basis of the Indus seals, it can be said that a large number of animals including goats, buffaloes, oxen, elephants, dogs, and camels were domesticated.
But the Harappans seem not to have been familiar with the horse-drawn chariots.
Incorrect
Solution (a)
The Indus people probably worshipped Mother Goddess, in addition to male and female deities. They worshipped a father God who might be a progenitor of the race and probably was a prototype of Siva as the Lord of the Animals.
On the basis of the Indus seals, it can be said that a large number of animals including goats, buffaloes, oxen, elephants, dogs, and camels were domesticated.
But the Harappans seem not to have been familiar with the horse-drawn chariots.
Question 4 of 35
4. Question
Of the second Sangam, it is the only surviving work. It is a work on Tamil grammar but it also provides information on the political and socio-economic conditions of the Sangam period. Which work is being described in the above-given paragraph?
a) Ettuttokoi
b) Tolkappiyam
c) Pathinenkilkanakku
d) Silappathikaram
Correct
Solution (b)
a)
b)
c)
d)
Incorrect
Correct
Incorrect
Incorrect
The compositions of the third Sangam are classified into eight anthologies known as Ettuttokoi/ Ettuthokai and ten idylls known as Pattuppattu.
The second Sangam was held at Kapadapuram but the all the literary works had perished except
Tolkappiyam.
Tolkappiyam authored by Tolkappiyar is the earliest of Tamil literature. It is a work on Tamil grammar but it provides information on the political and socio-economic conditions of the Sangam period.
Pathinenkilkanakku contains eighteen works about ethics and morals. The most important among these works is Tirukkural authored by Thiruvalluvar, the Tamil great poet and philosopher.
Silappadikaram, which is composed by Ilango Adigal. The story revolves around an anklet. The name literally means the tale of an anklet. A chief character is Kannagi, who seeks revenge on the Pandya kingdom for her husband who was wrongly put to death. The poem gives a lot of insight into contemporary Tamil society, polity, values and social life of the people.
Incorrect
Solution (b)
a)
b)
c)
d)
Incorrect
Correct
Incorrect
Incorrect
The compositions of the third Sangam are classified into eight anthologies known as Ettuttokoi/ Ettuthokai and ten idylls known as Pattuppattu.
The second Sangam was held at Kapadapuram but the all the literary works had perished except
Tolkappiyam.
Tolkappiyam authored by Tolkappiyar is the earliest of Tamil literature. It is a work on Tamil grammar but it provides information on the political and socio-economic conditions of the Sangam period.
Pathinenkilkanakku contains eighteen works about ethics and morals. The most important among these works is Tirukkural authored by Thiruvalluvar, the Tamil great poet and philosopher.
Silappadikaram, which is composed by Ilango Adigal. The story revolves around an anklet. The name literally means the tale of an anklet. A chief character is Kannagi, who seeks revenge on the Pandya kingdom for her husband who was wrongly put to death. The poem gives a lot of insight into contemporary Tamil society, polity, values and social life of the people.
Question 5 of 35
5. Question
Consider the following statements regarding ancient universities:
The Chinese scholars, I-Qing and Xuan Zang, visited Nalanda in the 7th century CE.
The Chancellor of the Nalanda University, Shilabhadra, was the authority in Yoga.
Panini, Jivaka and Chanakya studied in Takshashila.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Correct
Solution (c)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Correct
Correct
Correct
Nalanda, when Xuan Zang visited it, was called Nala and was a center of higher learning in various subjects.
The Chinese scholars, I-Qing and Xuan Zang, visited Nalanda in the 7th century CE. They have given vivid accounts of Nalanda. They have noted that as many as 100 discourses happened on a daily basis, in a variety of disciplines through the methods of debate and discussions.
Xuan Zang himself became a student of Nalanda to study Yogashastra. He has mentioned that the Chancellor of Nalanda, Shilabhadra, was the highest living authority in Yoga.
Takshashila was an ancient Indian city, which is now in northwestern Pakistan. It is an important archaeological site and UNESCO declared it to be a ‘World Heritage Site’ in 1980. Its fame rested on the University, where Chanakya is said to have composed his Arthashastra. Panini and Jivaka also studied in Takshashila. Archaeologist Alexander Cunningham discovered its ruins in the
mid-19th century.
Note:
The Nalanda University:
The ancient Nalanda was a center of learning from the 5th century CE to the 12th century CE. Located in present day Rajgir (Bihar), Nalanda was one of the oldest universities of the world and UNESCO declared the ruins of Nalanda Mahavihara, a ‘World Heritage Site’. The new Nalanda University is envisaged as a center of inter-civilizational dialogue.
Nalanda, when Xuan Zang visited it, was called Nala and was a center of higher learning in various subjects.
The courses of study offered by the Nalanda University covered a wide range, almost the entire circle of knowledge then available. The students at Nalanda studied the Vedas and were also trained in fine arts, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, politics and the art of warfare.
The Takshashila or Taxila University:
In ancient times, Takshashila was a noted center of learning, including religious teachings of Buddhism for several centuries. It continued to attract students from around the world until its destruction in the 5th century CE.
It was known for its higher education and the curriculum comprised the study of ancient scriptures, law, medicine, astronomy, military science and the 18 Silpas or arts. Takshashila became famous as a place of learning due to its teachers’ expertise.
Among its noted pupils was the legendary Indian grammarian, Panini. He was an expert in language and grammar, and authored one of the greatest works on grammar, called Ashtadhyayi.
Jivaka, one of the most renowned physicians in ancient India, and Chanakya (also known as Kautilya), a skilled exponent of statecraft, both studied here.
Students came to Takshashila from Kashi, Kosala, Magadha and also from other countries, in spite of the long and arduous journey they had to undertake.
Incorrect
Solution (c)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Correct
Correct
Correct
Nalanda, when Xuan Zang visited it, was called Nala and was a center of higher learning in various subjects.
The Chinese scholars, I-Qing and Xuan Zang, visited Nalanda in the 7th century CE. They have given vivid accounts of Nalanda. They have noted that as many as 100 discourses happened on a daily basis, in a variety of disciplines through the methods of debate and discussions.
Xuan Zang himself became a student of Nalanda to study Yogashastra. He has mentioned that the Chancellor of Nalanda, Shilabhadra, was the highest living authority in Yoga.
Takshashila was an ancient Indian city, which is now in northwestern Pakistan. It is an important archaeological site and UNESCO declared it to be a ‘World Heritage Site’ in 1980. Its fame rested on the University, where Chanakya is said to have composed his Arthashastra. Panini and Jivaka also studied in Takshashila. Archaeologist Alexander Cunningham discovered its ruins in the
mid-19th century.
Note:
The Nalanda University:
The ancient Nalanda was a center of learning from the 5th century CE to the 12th century CE. Located in present day Rajgir (Bihar), Nalanda was one of the oldest universities of the world and UNESCO declared the ruins of Nalanda Mahavihara, a ‘World Heritage Site’. The new Nalanda University is envisaged as a center of inter-civilizational dialogue.
Nalanda, when Xuan Zang visited it, was called Nala and was a center of higher learning in various subjects.
The courses of study offered by the Nalanda University covered a wide range, almost the entire circle of knowledge then available. The students at Nalanda studied the Vedas and were also trained in fine arts, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, politics and the art of warfare.
The Takshashila or Taxila University:
In ancient times, Takshashila was a noted center of learning, including religious teachings of Buddhism for several centuries. It continued to attract students from around the world until its destruction in the 5th century CE.
It was known for its higher education and the curriculum comprised the study of ancient scriptures, law, medicine, astronomy, military science and the 18 Silpas or arts. Takshashila became famous as a place of learning due to its teachers’ expertise.
Among its noted pupils was the legendary Indian grammarian, Panini. He was an expert in language and grammar, and authored one of the greatest works on grammar, called Ashtadhyayi.
Jivaka, one of the most renowned physicians in ancient India, and Chanakya (also known as Kautilya), a skilled exponent of statecraft, both studied here.
Students came to Takshashila from Kashi, Kosala, Magadha and also from other countries, in spite of the long and arduous journey they had to undertake.
Question 6 of 35
6. Question
With reference to the difference between the culture of Rig Vedic Aryans and Indus Valley people, which of the following statements is/are correct?
Rig Vedic Aryans used the cost of mail and helmet in warfare whereas the people of Indus Valley Civilization did not leave any evidence of using them.
Rig Vedic Aryans knew gold, silver, and copper whereas Indus Valley people knew only copper and iron.
Rig Vedic Aryans had domesticated the horse whereas there is no evidence of Indus Valley people having been aware of this animal.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Correct
Solution (c)
Rig Vedic Aryans used the cost of mail and helmet in warfare whereas the people of Indus Valley Civilization did not leave any evidence of using them.There is also evidence of swords, arrows, bows used during Rig Vedic Aryans.
Rig Vedic Aryans had domesticated the horse whereas there is no evidence of Indus Valley people having been aware of this animal.
Rig Vedic Aryans know gold, silver, copper, iron whereas Indus valley people knew gold, copper, bronze but they did not know iron.
Incorrect
Solution (c)
Rig Vedic Aryans used the cost of mail and helmet in warfare whereas the people of Indus Valley Civilization did not leave any evidence of using them.There is also evidence of swords, arrows, bows used during Rig Vedic Aryans.
Rig Vedic Aryans had domesticated the horse whereas there is no evidence of Indus Valley people having been aware of this animal.
Rig Vedic Aryans know gold, silver, copper, iron whereas Indus valley people knew gold, copper, bronze but they did not know iron.
Question 7 of 35
7. Question
Which one of the following ancient towns is well known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelising water into connected reservoirs?
a) Dholavira
b) Kalibangan
c) Rakhigarhi
d) Ropar
Correct
Solution (a)
Discovered in 1968, Dholavira is set apart by its unique characteristics, such as its water management system, multi-layered defensive mechanisms, extensive use of stone in construction and special burial structures.
It has a complex system for collecting and storing rain water within several reservoirs.
Planners in the ancient city of Dholavira had conceptualised a system of drains, dams and tanks to manage water.
Incorrect
Solution (a)
Discovered in 1968, Dholavira is set apart by its unique characteristics, such as its water management system, multi-layered defensive mechanisms, extensive use of stone in construction and special burial structures.
It has a complex system for collecting and storing rain water within several reservoirs.
Planners in the ancient city of Dholavira had conceptualised a system of drains, dams and tanks to manage water.
Question 8 of 35
8. Question
During the period of Sangam Age, the designation ‘uzhavar’, was used for:
a) Ordinary Ploughmen
b) Craftsmen
c) Weavers
d) Large landowners
Correct
Solution (a)
a)
b)
c)
d)
Correct
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Ordinary Ploughmen were called Uzhavar. A Ploughman is a man whose job is to plough the land,especially with a plough pulled by horses or oxen.
In villages they were other workers apart from the ones working in the field or owning lands. There were also some craft persons such as the blacksmiths, potter, carpenter and weavers. There were at least three different types of people living in most villages in the southern and northern part of the subcontinent.
The handicraft included weaving, metal works and carpentry, ship building and making of ornaments using beads, stones and ivory. These were in great demand in the internal and external trade that was at its peak during the Sangam period. A high expertise was attained in spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes. These were in great demand in the western world especially for the cotton clothes woven at Uraiyur.
Large landowners were known as Vellalar. They traditionally pursued agriculture as a profession in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu,Kerala and Northern part of Sri Lanka. They held offices pertaining to land, were ranked as Set-Sudra in the 1901 census.The Vellaras of Sri lanka form half of the Sri Lankan Tamil population and are the major husbandmen,involved in tillage and cattle cultivation.
Incorrect
Solution (a)
a)
b)
c)
d)
Correct
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Ordinary Ploughmen were called Uzhavar. A Ploughman is a man whose job is to plough the land,especially with a plough pulled by horses or oxen.
In villages they were other workers apart from the ones working in the field or owning lands. There were also some craft persons such as the blacksmiths, potter, carpenter and weavers. There were at least three different types of people living in most villages in the southern and northern part of the subcontinent.
The handicraft included weaving, metal works and carpentry, ship building and making of ornaments using beads, stones and ivory. These were in great demand in the internal and external trade that was at its peak during the Sangam period. A high expertise was attained in spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes. These were in great demand in the western world especially for the cotton clothes woven at Uraiyur.
Large landowners were known as Vellalar. They traditionally pursued agriculture as a profession in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu,Kerala and Northern part of Sri Lanka. They held offices pertaining to land, were ranked as Set-Sudra in the 1901 census.The Vellaras of Sri lanka form half of the Sri Lankan Tamil population and are the major husbandmen,involved in tillage and cattle cultivation.
Question 9 of 35
9. Question
Consider the following statements in the context of Sangam literature:
Aham under Sangam literature refers to subjective love poems.
Puram under Sangam literature deals with all kinds of emotions, mainly the valor and glory of kings and about good and evil.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Correct
Solution (c)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Correct
Correct
Early classical Tamil literature is known as Sangam literature meaning, fraternity‟.
In this, Aham deals purely with the subjective emotions of the lover.
Puram deals with all kinds of emotions, mainly the valor and glory of kings and about good and evil.
Note:
Sangam Literature:
Dravidian literature mainly consists of the four languages Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. Out of these, Tamil is the oldest language which preserved its Dravidian character the most. Kannada, as a cultured language, is almost as old as Tamil.
All these languages have borrowed many words from Sanskrit and vice versa. Tamil is the only modern Indian language which is recognizably continuous with a classical past.
Early classical Tamil literature is known as Sangam literature meaning, fraternity‟, indicating mainly two schools of poets,
Aham (subjective love poems): Aham deals purely with the subjective emotions of the lover.
Puram (objective, public poetry and heroic): Puram with all kinds of emotions, mainly the valor and glory of kings and about good and evil.
These were written by many poets, among whom 30 were women, the famous poetess Avvaiyar being one of them.
The Sangam literature includes Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Pattuppattu, Pathinenkilkanakku, and two epics named – Silappathikaram and Manimegalai.
Tolkappiyam was authored by Tolkappiyar and is considered the earliest of Tamil literary work. Though it is a work on Tamil grammar, it also provides insights on the political and socioeconomic conditions of the time.
Ettutogai (Eight Anthologies) consists of eight works.
The Pattuppattu (Ten Idylls) consists of ten works.
Pathinenkilkanakku contains eighteen works about ethics and morals. The most important among these works is Tirukkural authored by Thiruvalluvar, the Tamil great poet and philosopher. It serves as a manual of precepts to guide one to noble living.
The twin epics, Silappadhikaram (the story of the anklet), written by Ilango-Adigal, and Manimekalai (the story of Manimekalai) by Chattanar, were written sometimes in A.D. 200-300 and give vivid accounts of Tamil society during that period. In Manimekalai there is an elaborate exposition of the doctrines of Buddhism.
Incorrect
Solution (c)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Correct
Correct
Early classical Tamil literature is known as Sangam literature meaning, fraternity‟.
In this, Aham deals purely with the subjective emotions of the lover.
Puram deals with all kinds of emotions, mainly the valor and glory of kings and about good and evil.
Note:
Sangam Literature:
Dravidian literature mainly consists of the four languages Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. Out of these, Tamil is the oldest language which preserved its Dravidian character the most. Kannada, as a cultured language, is almost as old as Tamil.
All these languages have borrowed many words from Sanskrit and vice versa. Tamil is the only modern Indian language which is recognizably continuous with a classical past.
Early classical Tamil literature is known as Sangam literature meaning, fraternity‟, indicating mainly two schools of poets,
Aham (subjective love poems): Aham deals purely with the subjective emotions of the lover.
Puram (objective, public poetry and heroic): Puram with all kinds of emotions, mainly the valor and glory of kings and about good and evil.
These were written by many poets, among whom 30 were women, the famous poetess Avvaiyar being one of them.
The Sangam literature includes Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Pattuppattu, Pathinenkilkanakku, and two epics named – Silappathikaram and Manimegalai.
Tolkappiyam was authored by Tolkappiyar and is considered the earliest of Tamil literary work. Though it is a work on Tamil grammar, it also provides insights on the political and socioeconomic conditions of the time.
Ettutogai (Eight Anthologies) consists of eight works.
The Pattuppattu (Ten Idylls) consists of ten works.
Pathinenkilkanakku contains eighteen works about ethics and morals. The most important among these works is Tirukkural authored by Thiruvalluvar, the Tamil great poet and philosopher. It serves as a manual of precepts to guide one to noble living.
The twin epics, Silappadhikaram (the story of the anklet), written by Ilango-Adigal, and Manimekalai (the story of Manimekalai) by Chattanar, were written sometimes in A.D. 200-300 and give vivid accounts of Tamil society during that period. In Manimekalai there is an elaborate exposition of the doctrines of Buddhism.
Question 10 of 35
10. Question
In the context of the Mauryan period, Dharmasthiya and Kantakasodhana were:
a) Priests for the interpretations of laws.
b) Law courts.
c) Officers in charge of propagation of Ashoka’ s Dhamma.
d) Minister in charge for the superintendence of religious and social affairs.
Correct
Solution (b)
a)
b)
c)
d)
Incorrect
Correct
Incorrect
Incorrect
In the Mauryan period purohit was a post in the Royal Department for Chief Priest. They were included in the ministry of Councils to help the king in their ways. The duties of the purohit is to perform rites or yajna and Vedic sacrifices such as ashvamedha in favor of Mauryan.
There were civil and criminal courts which are mentioned in the Arthashastra. The Dharmasthiya were the civil court and the Kantakasodhana was the criminal wing. The former dealt with civil matters and was presided over by three amatyas and three Dharmasthas.
Ashoka appointed officials, known as Dhamma-Mahamatta to go from place to place teaching people about dhamma. His messages are inscribed on stone pillars so that people can read them. Officials were instructed to spread his message. Ashoka used Prakrit and local languages so that ordinary people could understand his messages. Ashoka embraced several ways to spread his dhamma. He himself set an example before his people by strictly following Ahimsa.
Pativedakas and Pulisani functioned as special reporters of the king. In the Arthashastra of Kautilya there is mention of Pativedakas and Pulisani who functioned as special reporters of the King. They kept the King informed of public opinion.
Incorrect
Solution (b)
a)
b)
c)
d)
Incorrect
Correct
Incorrect
Incorrect
In the Mauryan period purohit was a post in the Royal Department for Chief Priest. They were included in the ministry of Councils to help the king in their ways. The duties of the purohit is to perform rites or yajna and Vedic sacrifices such as ashvamedha in favor of Mauryan.
There were civil and criminal courts which are mentioned in the Arthashastra. The Dharmasthiya were the civil court and the Kantakasodhana was the criminal wing. The former dealt with civil matters and was presided over by three amatyas and three Dharmasthas.
Ashoka appointed officials, known as Dhamma-Mahamatta to go from place to place teaching people about dhamma. His messages are inscribed on stone pillars so that people can read them. Officials were instructed to spread his message. Ashoka used Prakrit and local languages so that ordinary people could understand his messages. Ashoka embraced several ways to spread his dhamma. He himself set an example before his people by strictly following Ahimsa.
Pativedakas and Pulisani functioned as special reporters of the king. In the Arthashastra of Kautilya there is mention of Pativedakas and Pulisani who functioned as special reporters of the King. They kept the King informed of public opinion.
Question 11 of 35
11. Question
Consider the following statements with regard to Mauryan art and culture?
Marble was used on an extensive scale.
The pillars were monolithic and highly polished.
They introduced stone masonry on a wide scale.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Correct
Solution (b)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Incorrect
Correct
Correct
Marble was not prevalent during the Mauryan times. Emperor.
Wood and red buffed sandstone was the principal building material used during the Mauryan Empire.
Examples: The Mauryan capital at Pataliputra, Ashoka’s palace at Kumrahar, Chandragupta Maurya’s palace.
The remains certainly attest the high technical skill attained by the Maurya artisans in polishing the stone Pillars.
Each pillar is made of a single piece of buff coloured sandstone. Only their capitals, which are beautiful pieces of sculpture in the form of lions or bulls, are joined with the pillars on the top.
These polished pillars were set up throughout the country, which shows that technical knowledge involved in their polishing and transport had spread far and wide.
The Mauryas made a remarkable contribution to art and architecture. They introduced stone masonry on a wide scale.
Ashoka started using stones in sculptures and monuments whereas the preceding dynasties used wood or clay. Rock cut architecture began with the Mauryans.
Incorrect
Solution (b)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Incorrect
Correct
Correct
Marble was not prevalent during the Mauryan times. Emperor.
Wood and red buffed sandstone was the principal building material used during the Mauryan Empire.
Examples: The Mauryan capital at Pataliputra, Ashoka’s palace at Kumrahar, Chandragupta Maurya’s palace.
The remains certainly attest the high technical skill attained by the Maurya artisans in polishing the stone Pillars.
Each pillar is made of a single piece of buff coloured sandstone. Only their capitals, which are beautiful pieces of sculpture in the form of lions or bulls, are joined with the pillars on the top.
These polished pillars were set up throughout the country, which shows that technical knowledge involved in their polishing and transport had spread far and wide.
The Mauryas made a remarkable contribution to art and architecture. They introduced stone masonry on a wide scale.
Ashoka started using stones in sculptures and monuments whereas the preceding dynasties used wood or clay. Rock cut architecture began with the Mauryans.
Question 12 of 35
12. Question
Consider the following statements about different School of Arts in Ancient India:
Gandhara School of Art was patronized by Kanva dynasties’ ruler Vasudeva.
Mathura school of Art used the spotted red sandstone for making images.
Amaravati School of Art had themes of Vardhaman Mahavira’s life only.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Correct
Solution (a)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Incorrect
Correct
Incorrect
Gandhara school of art was one of the major schools of art in the history of ancient India. Although being an intricate part of Indian history, it is uniquely associated with the Greco-Roman style of art.
Gandhara school owes its origin to the Indo-Greek rulers but the real patrons of the school were the Sakas and the Kushanas especially Kanishka. (1st to 3rd century AD). The Kanva dynasty was from 73 BC to 28 BC, not related to the Gandhara School of art.
The Greco-Roman effect on Gandhara art can be traced through:
Halo around the head of Lord Buddha;
Buddha’s wavy hair;
The forehead lines;
Ornaments;
Drape and style of the garments.
The Mathura School of Art was entirely influenced by Indianism. The stone used in the Mathura school of arts was red sandstone. The sculptures were less spiritual.
In its early phase the Mathura School was probably inspired by Jainism as many figures of cross-legged tirthankaras in meditation were carved by Mathura craftsmen.
The initial images of the Buddha and the Bodhisattva are happy and fleshy figures with little spirituality about them. The Mathura School of arts prided themselves on creating images of Buddha and they also made statues of many gods and goddesses such as Jain Tirthankaras.
The school has been involved in the evolution of regional art style based on the commercial and imperial system. The Amaravati sculptures are made out of white marble.
Another feature of Amaravati sculptures is that the figures have slim blithe features with complex curves.
Amaravati School flourished in the region between the lower valleys of the Krishna and Godavari which became an important center of Buddhism. It depicted scenes from Buddha life as well as secular figures.
Incorrect
Solution (a)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Incorrect
Correct
Incorrect
Gandhara school of art was one of the major schools of art in the history of ancient India. Although being an intricate part of Indian history, it is uniquely associated with the Greco-Roman style of art.
Gandhara school owes its origin to the Indo-Greek rulers but the real patrons of the school were the Sakas and the Kushanas especially Kanishka. (1st to 3rd century AD). The Kanva dynasty was from 73 BC to 28 BC, not related to the Gandhara School of art.
The Greco-Roman effect on Gandhara art can be traced through:
Halo around the head of Lord Buddha;
Buddha’s wavy hair;
The forehead lines;
Ornaments;
Drape and style of the garments.
The Mathura School of Art was entirely influenced by Indianism. The stone used in the Mathura school of arts was red sandstone. The sculptures were less spiritual.
In its early phase the Mathura School was probably inspired by Jainism as many figures of cross-legged tirthankaras in meditation were carved by Mathura craftsmen.
The initial images of the Buddha and the Bodhisattva are happy and fleshy figures with little spirituality about them. The Mathura School of arts prided themselves on creating images of Buddha and they also made statues of many gods and goddesses such as Jain Tirthankaras.
The school has been involved in the evolution of regional art style based on the commercial and imperial system. The Amaravati sculptures are made out of white marble.
Another feature of Amaravati sculptures is that the figures have slim blithe features with complex curves.
Amaravati School flourished in the region between the lower valleys of the Krishna and Godavari which became an important center of Buddhism. It depicted scenes from Buddha life as well as secular figures.
Question 13 of 35
13. Question
Consider the following statements:
Ashoka convened the Third Buddhist Council at Pataliputra.
Ashoka’s inscriptions mention the southernmost kingdoms – the Cholas, the Satyaputras and the Keralaputras – as border-states.
According to Rajatarangini, Kashmir was a part of the Mauryan Empire.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Correct
Solution (c)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Correct
Correct
Correct
Ashoka convened the Third Buddhist Council at Pataliputra in 240 B.C., in order to strengthen the Sangha. It was presided over by Moggaliputta Tissa.
About 261 B.C., Asoka became a Sakya Upasaka (lay disciple) and two and a half years later, a Bikshu (monk). Then he gave up hunting, visited Bodh-Gaya and organized missions. He appointed special officers, called the Dharma Mahamatras, to speed up the progress of Dhamma.
According to some scholars, Asoka’s conversion to Buddhism was gradual and not immediate. Extent of Asoka’s empire: Asoka’s inscriptions mention the southernmost kingdoms – the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Satyaputras and the Keralaputras – as border-states. Therefore, these states remained outside the Mauryan Empire.
According to Rajatarangini, Kashmir was a part of the Mauryan Empire. Nepal was also within the Mauryan Empire.
Incorrect
Solution (c)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Correct
Correct
Correct
Ashoka convened the Third Buddhist Council at Pataliputra in 240 B.C., in order to strengthen the Sangha. It was presided over by Moggaliputta Tissa.
About 261 B.C., Asoka became a Sakya Upasaka (lay disciple) and two and a half years later, a Bikshu (monk). Then he gave up hunting, visited Bodh-Gaya and organized missions. He appointed special officers, called the Dharma Mahamatras, to speed up the progress of Dhamma.
According to some scholars, Asoka’s conversion to Buddhism was gradual and not immediate. Extent of Asoka’s empire: Asoka’s inscriptions mention the southernmost kingdoms – the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Satyaputras and the Keralaputras – as border-states. Therefore, these states remained outside the Mauryan Empire.
According to Rajatarangini, Kashmir was a part of the Mauryan Empire. Nepal was also within the Mauryan Empire.
Question 14 of 35
14. Question
Tolkappiyam refers to the five-fold division of lands during the Sangam period. Consider the following pairs regarding this:
Division of lands
Feature
1. Kurinji
Agricultural land
2. Neydal
Coastal land
3. Marudam
Hilly tracks
How many of the pairs given above is/are incorrectly matched?
a) One pair only
b) Two pairs only
c) Three pairs only
d) All of the above pairs
Correct
Solution (b)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Incorrect
Correct
Incorrect
Division of lands during the Sangam period –
Kurinji: Hilly tracks
Division of lands during the Sangam period –
Neydal: Coastal land
Division of lands during the Sangam period –
Marudam: Agricultural land
Note:
The Sangam Society – Tolkappiyam refers to the five-fold division of lands:
Division of lands
Feature
Kurinji
Mullai
Marudam
Neydal
Palai
Hilly tracks
Pastoral
Agricultural
Coastal land
Desert
Tolkappiyam also refers to 4 castes, namely Arasar; Anthanar; Vanigar; and Vellalar. The ruling class was called Arasar. Anthanars played a significant role in the Sangam polity and religion. Vanigars carried on trade and commerce.
Incorrect
Solution (b)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Incorrect
Correct
Incorrect
Division of lands during the Sangam period –
Kurinji: Hilly tracks
Division of lands during the Sangam period –
Neydal: Coastal land
Division of lands during the Sangam period –
Marudam: Agricultural land
Note:
The Sangam Society – Tolkappiyam refers to the five-fold division of lands:
Division of lands
Feature
Kurinji
Mullai
Marudam
Neydal
Palai
Hilly tracks
Pastoral
Agricultural
Coastal land
Desert
Tolkappiyam also refers to 4 castes, namely Arasar; Anthanar; Vanigar; and Vellalar. The ruling class was called Arasar. Anthanars played a significant role in the Sangam polity and religion. Vanigars carried on trade and commerce.
Question 15 of 35
15. Question
Consider the following statements are correct about Kalidasa?
In Kalidasa’s play, women and men, other than the king and the Brahmins, use Prakrit to converse .
Abhijnana Shakuntalam is the story of love between a king named Dushyanta and a woman named Shakuntala.
Kumarasambhava is a poem written by Bhavabhuti.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Correct
Solution (b)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Correct
Correct
Incorrect
Kalidasa is known for his plays depicting life in the king’s court. An interesting feature about these plays is that the king and most Brahmins are shown as speaking Sanskrit, while women and men, other than the king and the Brahmins, use Prakrit.
Abhijnana Shakuntalam, is the work by which Kalidasa is best known not only in India, but throughout the world. It was the first work of Kalidasa to be translated into English. It is the story of love between a king named Dushyanta and a young woman named Shakuntala.
Kumarasambhava is a poem written by Kalidasa
Poems by Kalidasa:
Kumarasambhava (Birth of Kumara) and Raghuvamsha (Dynasty of Raghu).
Meghaduuta (Cloud Messenger) and Ritusamhara (Description of the Seasons).
Incorrect
Solution (b)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Correct
Correct
Incorrect
Kalidasa is known for his plays depicting life in the king’s court. An interesting feature about these plays is that the king and most Brahmins are shown as speaking Sanskrit, while women and men, other than the king and the Brahmins, use Prakrit.
Abhijnana Shakuntalam, is the work by which Kalidasa is best known not only in India, but throughout the world. It was the first work of Kalidasa to be translated into English. It is the story of love between a king named Dushyanta and a young woman named Shakuntala.
Kumarasambhava is a poem written by Kalidasa
Poems by Kalidasa:
Kumarasambhava (Birth of Kumara) and Raghuvamsha (Dynasty of Raghu).
Meghaduuta (Cloud Messenger) and Ritusamhara (Description of the Seasons).
Question 16 of 35
16. Question
Consider the following statements:
The Madhuban plate inscription and the Sonpat inscription are helpful to know the chronology of Harsha.
The maintenance of public records was the salient feature of Harsha’s administration.
Hiuen Tsang’s accounts mention the victory of Harshavardhana over Pulakesin II.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Correct
Solution (b)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Correct
Correct
Incorrect
The decline of the Gupta Empire was followed by a period of political disorder and disunity in north India. It was only in the beginning of the seventh century A.D. that Harshvardhana succeeded in establishing a larger kingdom in north India.
The chief sources for tracing the history of Harsha and his times are the Harshacharita’ written by Bana and the travel accounts of Hiuen Tsang. Bana was the court poet of Harsha.
There are three inscriptions— Madhuban Plate, Sonpat plate and the Bankkhera inscription which are immensely valuable. The Madhuban plates speak much on the family of Harsha and Sonepat plates disclose the names and reign of many kings of the dynasty. The Bankkhera inscription confirms that Harsha was an efficient ruler and artsman. Coins of Harsha give adequate reliable information of his reign.
Harsha followed the traditional monarchical system of administration which had existed in India during the earlier imperial periods. His time having been nearer to the Gupta Age, the various features of the imperial Gupta administration influenced Harsha’s administration to a very large extent.
Harsha was the first commander in chief of the army and oversaw all administrative, legislative, and judicial functions.
The names of owners of land were entered in the village records. It appears that record of village census was also kept. It is certain that land revenue was only a modest percentage of total yield. Taxation was light-revenue from crown lands amounted to only one -sixth of the crop, according to traditional standard. The other sources of revenue were trade, and duties at ferries and barrier stations.
Important officers of Harsha’s administration are:
The ‘Sreshti’ (Chief Banker or Merchant)
The ‘Sarthavaha’ (Leader of Merchant Caravans)
‘Prathama Kulika’ (Chief Craftsman)
‘Kayasthas’ (head of the scribes).
Hiuen Tsang was the Chinese traveler who visited India in the seventh century A.D.
Besides these two sources, the dramas written by Harsha, namely Ratnavali, Nagananda and Priyadarshika, also provide useful information.
But, in the Aihole inscription of Pulakesin II mentions the defeat of Harsha by Pulakesin, who, after this achievement, assumed the title Paramesvara. Hiuen Tsang’s accounts also confirm the victory of Pulakesin.
Incorrect
Solution (b)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Correct
Correct
Incorrect
The decline of the Gupta Empire was followed by a period of political disorder and disunity in north India. It was only in the beginning of the seventh century A.D. that Harshvardhana succeeded in establishing a larger kingdom in north India.
The chief sources for tracing the history of Harsha and his times are the Harshacharita’ written by Bana and the travel accounts of Hiuen Tsang. Bana was the court poet of Harsha.
There are three inscriptions— Madhuban Plate, Sonpat plate and the Bankkhera inscription which are immensely valuable. The Madhuban plates speak much on the family of Harsha and Sonepat plates disclose the names and reign of many kings of the dynasty. The Bankkhera inscription confirms that Harsha was an efficient ruler and artsman. Coins of Harsha give adequate reliable information of his reign.
Harsha followed the traditional monarchical system of administration which had existed in India during the earlier imperial periods. His time having been nearer to the Gupta Age, the various features of the imperial Gupta administration influenced Harsha’s administration to a very large extent.
Harsha was the first commander in chief of the army and oversaw all administrative, legislative, and judicial functions.
The names of owners of land were entered in the village records. It appears that record of village census was also kept. It is certain that land revenue was only a modest percentage of total yield. Taxation was light-revenue from crown lands amounted to only one -sixth of the crop, according to traditional standard. The other sources of revenue were trade, and duties at ferries and barrier stations.
Important officers of Harsha’s administration are:
The ‘Sreshti’ (Chief Banker or Merchant)
The ‘Sarthavaha’ (Leader of Merchant Caravans)
‘Prathama Kulika’ (Chief Craftsman)
‘Kayasthas’ (head of the scribes).
Hiuen Tsang was the Chinese traveler who visited India in the seventh century A.D.
Besides these two sources, the dramas written by Harsha, namely Ratnavali, Nagananda and Priyadarshika, also provide useful information.
But, in the Aihole inscription of Pulakesin II mentions the defeat of Harsha by Pulakesin, who, after this achievement, assumed the title Paramesvara. Hiuen Tsang’s accounts also confirm the victory of Pulakesin.
Question 17 of 35
17. Question
Consider the following historical temples:
Sun temple, Konark
Dashavatara Vishnu temple, Deogarh
Virupaksha temple, Mysore
Which of the above is/are examples of Nagara style temples?
a) 1 only
b) 1 and 2 only
c) 1, 2 and 3
d) None
Correct
Solution (b)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Correct
Correct
Incorrect
Sun temple, Konark is a Nagara style temple.
Konark Sun Temple, located in the East Odisha near the sacred city of Puri.
Built in the 13th century by King Narasimhadeva I (AD 1238-1264). Its scale, refinement and conception represent the strength and stability of the Eastern Ganga Empire as well as the value systems of the historic milieu.
The temple is designed in the shape of a colossal chariot. It is dedicated to the sun God.
The Konark temple is widely known not only for its architectural grandeur but also for the intricacy and profusion of sculptural work.
However, the temple architecture of Odisha corresponds altogether to a different category for their unique representations called Kalinga style of temple architecture. This style broadly comes under the Nagara style.
Dashavatara Vishnu temple, Deogarh is a Nagara style temple. It is a Classic example of the late Gupta period temple architecture.
Main shrine is built on a rectangular plinth with four subsidiary shrines that are smaller and at the 4 corners.
This temple has a rekha-prasada type of shikhara. It is a west-facing temple. Most temples are north or east facing.
It has a grand doorway with figures of Ganga and Yamuna on the left and right side respectively.
Depicts Vishnu in various forms. 3 main Vishnu reliefs on the temple walls: Sheshashayana on the south; Nara-Narayan on the east; and Gajendramoksha on the west.
Since it was assumed that the subsidiary shrines had avatars of Vishnu in them, the temple was mistaken to be Dashavatara temple.
Virupaksha Temple is located in Hampi in the Ballari district of Karnataka, India. It is part of the Group of Monuments at Hampi, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The temple is dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, a form of Shiva. The Virupaksha temple is a Dravida style temple.
Note:
Temple Architecture:
The style of temple architecture that became popular in northern India is known as nagara. Most of the nagara temples were built on the stone platform with steps leading up to it, whereas the temples in south India have elaborate boundary walls or gateways.
Depending on the shape of the shikhara, the nagara temples are sub-divided as the Latina type, Phamsana type and the Valabhi type.
The important temples belonging to the nagara style are:
Sun temple, Konark
Dashavatara Vishnu temple, Deogarh
Vishwanatha temple and Laxman temple, Khajuraho
Sun temple, Modhera, etc.
Virupaksha Temple is located in Hampi in the Ballari district of Karnataka, India. It is part of the Group of Monuments at Hampi, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The temple is dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, a form of Shiva.
The Virupaksha temple is a Dravida style temple.
Incorrect
Solution (b)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Correct
Correct
Incorrect
Sun temple, Konark is a Nagara style temple.
Konark Sun Temple, located in the East Odisha near the sacred city of Puri.
Built in the 13th century by King Narasimhadeva I (AD 1238-1264). Its scale, refinement and conception represent the strength and stability of the Eastern Ganga Empire as well as the value systems of the historic milieu.
The temple is designed in the shape of a colossal chariot. It is dedicated to the sun God.
The Konark temple is widely known not only for its architectural grandeur but also for the intricacy and profusion of sculptural work.
However, the temple architecture of Odisha corresponds altogether to a different category for their unique representations called Kalinga style of temple architecture. This style broadly comes under the Nagara style.
Dashavatara Vishnu temple, Deogarh is a Nagara style temple. It is a Classic example of the late Gupta period temple architecture.
Main shrine is built on a rectangular plinth with four subsidiary shrines that are smaller and at the 4 corners.
This temple has a rekha-prasada type of shikhara. It is a west-facing temple. Most temples are north or east facing.
It has a grand doorway with figures of Ganga and Yamuna on the left and right side respectively.
Depicts Vishnu in various forms. 3 main Vishnu reliefs on the temple walls: Sheshashayana on the south; Nara-Narayan on the east; and Gajendramoksha on the west.
Since it was assumed that the subsidiary shrines had avatars of Vishnu in them, the temple was mistaken to be Dashavatara temple.
Virupaksha Temple is located in Hampi in the Ballari district of Karnataka, India. It is part of the Group of Monuments at Hampi, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The temple is dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, a form of Shiva. The Virupaksha temple is a Dravida style temple.
Note:
Temple Architecture:
The style of temple architecture that became popular in northern India is known as nagara. Most of the nagara temples were built on the stone platform with steps leading up to it, whereas the temples in south India have elaborate boundary walls or gateways.
Depending on the shape of the shikhara, the nagara temples are sub-divided as the Latina type, Phamsana type and the Valabhi type.
The important temples belonging to the nagara style are:
Sun temple, Konark
Dashavatara Vishnu temple, Deogarh
Vishwanatha temple and Laxman temple, Khajuraho
Sun temple, Modhera, etc.
Virupaksha Temple is located in Hampi in the Ballari district of Karnataka, India. It is part of the Group of Monuments at Hampi, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The temple is dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, a form of Shiva.
The Virupaksha temple is a Dravida style temple.
Question 18 of 35
18. Question
Consider the following statements regarding the Bhitargaon brick temple:
It is the oldest and the largest surviving brick temple of the Mauryan period.
This temple is dedicated to Varaha (Incarnation of Lord Vishnu).
This temple resembles the Nagara style of temple architecture.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Correct
Solution (b)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Incorrect
Correct
Correct
The Bhitargaon brick temple is the oldest and the largest surviving brick temple of the Gupta period.
The Bhitargaon temple was first excavated by Alexander Cunningham (An archaeologist). Though Cunningham had placed it as belonging to the 7th century, it has subsequently been identified as belonging to the late Gupta period, to the 5th century. Village Bhitargaon had been a part of an ancient city, called Phulpur.
According to Cunningham, because of the Varaha incarnation at the back of the temple, it was probably a Vishnu temple.
It is covered throughout with terracotta sculptures of superb workmanship and resembles the Nagara style of temple architecture.
Incorrect
Solution (b)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Incorrect
Correct
Correct
The Bhitargaon brick temple is the oldest and the largest surviving brick temple of the Gupta period.
The Bhitargaon temple was first excavated by Alexander Cunningham (An archaeologist). Though Cunningham had placed it as belonging to the 7th century, it has subsequently been identified as belonging to the late Gupta period, to the 5th century. Village Bhitargaon had been a part of an ancient city, called Phulpur.
According to Cunningham, because of the Varaha incarnation at the back of the temple, it was probably a Vishnu temple.
It is covered throughout with terracotta sculptures of superb workmanship and resembles the Nagara style of temple architecture.
Question 19 of 35
19. Question
With reference to the Brihadeeswarar temple, consider the following statements:
It is made up of complete white marble.
It is a part of the UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites.
The temple is built in the Vesara style of temple architecture.
How many of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Correct
Solution (a)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Incorrect
Correct
Incorrect
The Brihadeeswarar temple, or Peruvudaiyar Kovil, or the Rajrajeshwaram temple at Thanjavur is the world’s first complete ‘granite’ temple.
It was built by Rajraja Chola I and is a part of the UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites.
The Vimana or the temple tower (known as Raja Gopuram) is one of the tallest buildings of its kind.
The Nandi is carved out of a single rock.
It is a classic example of the Dravida temple style.
It was dedicated to Lord Shiva by Rajaraja Chola I when he triumphed over the Ilam (Sri Lanka) Island.
Note:
Other important Chola temples include:
Vijayalaya Cholisvara temple, Thanjore;
Koranganatha temple, Srinivasanallur;
Muvarkovil, Pudukkottai;
Tiruvalisvaram temple, Tiruneveli and
Brihadeeswarar temple, Gangaikondacholapuram.
Incorrect
Solution (a)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Incorrect
Correct
Incorrect
The Brihadeeswarar temple, or Peruvudaiyar Kovil, or the Rajrajeshwaram temple at Thanjavur is the world’s first complete ‘granite’ temple.
It was built by Rajraja Chola I and is a part of the UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites.
The Vimana or the temple tower (known as Raja Gopuram) is one of the tallest buildings of its kind.
The Nandi is carved out of a single rock.
It is a classic example of the Dravida temple style.
It was dedicated to Lord Shiva by Rajaraja Chola I when he triumphed over the Ilam (Sri Lanka) Island.
Note:
Other important Chola temples include:
Vijayalaya Cholisvara temple, Thanjore;
Koranganatha temple, Srinivasanallur;
Muvarkovil, Pudukkottai;
Tiruvalisvaram temple, Tiruneveli and
Brihadeeswarar temple, Gangaikondacholapuram.
Question 20 of 35
20. Question
With reference to the cultural history of India, which of the following is the correct description of the term ‘Agraharams’?
a) The earliest Dharmashastra texts are written in aphoristic (Sutra) style.
b) Gathering of the adult men in the Brahman villages.
c) Perfections whose attainment led to the Bodhisattva path.
d) Powerful merchant guilds of the early medieval south India.
Correct
Solution (b)
Village government in the Chola Empire is known from a number of inscriptions. We hear of two assemblies, called the Ur and the Sabha or Mahasabha. The Ur was a general assembly of the village.
However, we know more about the working of the Mahasabha. This was a gathering of the adult men in the Brahman villages, which was called Agraharam.
An Agraharam or Agrahara was a grant of land and royal income from it, typically by a king or a noble family in India, for religious purposes, particularly to Brahmins to maintain temples in that land or a pilgrimage site and to sustain their families.
Agraharams were also known as Chaturvedimangalams in ancient times.
They were also known as Ghatoka, and Boya. Agraharams were built and maintained by dynasties such as the Cholas and Pallavas.
The name originates from the fact that the Agraharams have lines of houses on either side of the road and the temple to the village god at the center, thus resembling a garland around the temple.
According to the traditional Hindu practice of architecture and town-planning, an Agraharam is held to be two rows of houses running north–south on either side of a road at one end of which would be a temple to Shiva and at the other end, a temple to Vishnu. An example is Vadiveeswaram in Tamil Nadu.
Incorrect
Solution (b)
Village government in the Chola Empire is known from a number of inscriptions. We hear of two assemblies, called the Ur and the Sabha or Mahasabha. The Ur was a general assembly of the village.
However, we know more about the working of the Mahasabha. This was a gathering of the adult men in the Brahman villages, which was called Agraharam.
An Agraharam or Agrahara was a grant of land and royal income from it, typically by a king or a noble family in India, for religious purposes, particularly to Brahmins to maintain temples in that land or a pilgrimage site and to sustain their families.
Agraharams were also known as Chaturvedimangalams in ancient times.
They were also known as Ghatoka, and Boya. Agraharams were built and maintained by dynasties such as the Cholas and Pallavas.
The name originates from the fact that the Agraharams have lines of houses on either side of the road and the temple to the village god at the center, thus resembling a garland around the temple.
According to the traditional Hindu practice of architecture and town-planning, an Agraharam is held to be two rows of houses running north–south on either side of a road at one end of which would be a temple to Shiva and at the other end, a temple to Vishnu. An example is Vadiveeswaram in Tamil Nadu.
Question 21 of 35
21. Question
Which of the following has been designated as India’s first Dark Sky Park which is protecting the night sky and preventing light pollution?
a) Tadoba Tiger Reserve
b) Melghat Tiger Reserve
c) Pench Tiger Reserve
d) None of the above
Correct
Solution (c)
Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR) has been designated as India’s first Dark Sky Park which is protecting the night sky and preventing light pollution. Dark Sky Place certification focuses on lighting policy, dark sky-friendly retrofits, outreach and education, and monitoring the night sky. This designation positions PTR as a sanctuary where tourists can witness celestial spectacles, shielded from the intrusion of artificial light pollution. The certification was given by the International Dark-Sky Association, a global dark-sky movement to promote astronomy. Hence option c is correct.
Incorrect
Solution (c)
Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR) has been designated as India’s first Dark Sky Park which is protecting the night sky and preventing light pollution. Dark Sky Place certification focuses on lighting policy, dark sky-friendly retrofits, outreach and education, and monitoring the night sky. This designation positions PTR as a sanctuary where tourists can witness celestial spectacles, shielded from the intrusion of artificial light pollution. The certification was given by the International Dark-Sky Association, a global dark-sky movement to promote astronomy. Hence option c is correct.
Question 22 of 35
22. Question
Consider the following statements about Thylakoids:
They are little pouches located in the chloroplasts of plants.
They are found in ancient, light-sensitive bacteria called cyanobacteria.
They store chlorophyll, the substance in plants that reacts to sunlight and triggers photosynthesis.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Correct
Solution (c)
Thylakoids are little pouches located in the chloroplasts of plants. Hence statement 1 is correct.
These membranes are dense, mostly galactolipid, protein-containing bilayers in which photosynthesis occurs in photosynthetic organisms.
They are found in ancient, light-sensitive bacteria called cyanobacteria. Hence statement 2 is correct.
The cyanobacteria multiplied in the oceans billions of years ago, and are believed to be responsible for the vast stores of oxygen that are found in the atmosphere and thus, a precursor to life.
It is now believed that thylakoid membranes in cyanobacteria were what made them capable of using sunlight to create energy and release oxygen.
They store chlorophyll, the substance in plants that reacts to sunlight and triggers photosynthesis. Hence statement 3 is correct.
Incorrect
Solution (c)
Thylakoids are little pouches located in the chloroplasts of plants. Hence statement 1 is correct.
These membranes are dense, mostly galactolipid, protein-containing bilayers in which photosynthesis occurs in photosynthetic organisms.
They are found in ancient, light-sensitive bacteria called cyanobacteria. Hence statement 2 is correct.
The cyanobacteria multiplied in the oceans billions of years ago, and are believed to be responsible for the vast stores of oxygen that are found in the atmosphere and thus, a precursor to life.
It is now believed that thylakoid membranes in cyanobacteria were what made them capable of using sunlight to create energy and release oxygen.
They store chlorophyll, the substance in plants that reacts to sunlight and triggers photosynthesis. Hence statement 3 is correct.
Question 23 of 35
23. Question
Consider the following statements:
Pangolins are the only known mammals with large keratin scales covering their skin.
The Indian Pangolin lives in India, Bangladesh, Southern Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan.
The Indian Pangolin is listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List and is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Correct
Solution (b)
Pangolins are the only known mammals with large keratin scales covering their skin. Hence statement 1 is correct.
Of the eight species found worldwide (four each in Asia and Africa), two are found in India: The Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) and the Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla).
The Indian Pangolin lives in India, Bangladesh, Southern Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. Hence statement 2 is correct.
It can also curl itself into a ball in self-defense against predators.
It is an insectivore, feeding on ants and termites.
It is nocturnal and it rests in deep burrows during the day.
The Indian Pangolin is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List and is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
It is protected under the Appendix I of the CITES.
Incorrect
Solution (b)
Pangolins are the only known mammals with large keratin scales covering their skin. Hence statement 1 is correct.
Of the eight species found worldwide (four each in Asia and Africa), two are found in India: The Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) and the Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla).
The Indian Pangolin lives in India, Bangladesh, Southern Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. Hence statement 2 is correct.
It can also curl itself into a ball in self-defense against predators.
It is an insectivore, feeding on ants and termites.
It is nocturnal and it rests in deep burrows during the day.
The Indian Pangolin is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List and is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
It is protected under the Appendix I of the CITES.
Question 24 of 35
24. Question
Consider the following statements regarding the Warli Adivasi Revolt:
It began in Zari village of Maharashtra in 1945.
It was against the exploitation of the landlords and moneylenders.
Godaveri Parulekar supported the women participating in this revolt.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Correct
Solution (c)
Warli Tribes are spread across Thane, Nashik, and Dhule districts of Maharashtra, Valsad district of Gujarat, Karnataka, Goa, and the Union Territories of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu. They are small-scale cultivators and cultivate rice, pulses, and vegetables. They also sell toddy, mahua, and fuelwood to their tribesmen and neighbouring communities for a living.
Warli are nature worshippers. Warli art stems from their belief system shaped by their centuries-old subsistence on forest land.
Warli Adivasi Revolt began in Zari village of Maharashtra in 1945. Hence statement 1 is correct.
It was against the exploitation of the landlords and moneylenders. Hence statement 2 is correct.
Nearly 5,000 indentured tribals gathered and refused to work in landlords’ fields until they received 12 annas a day in wages. Their resistance sowed the first seeds of rights-based movements among the region’s indigenous communities.
Godaveri Parulekar supported the women participating in this revolt. Hence statement 3 is correct.
She was the Kisan Sabha leader and was also known as Godutai (elder sister) by the Adivasis. Women followed her and spoke at meetings about the oppression they faced and encouraged other women to join the struggle.
Incorrect
Solution (c)
Warli Tribes are spread across Thane, Nashik, and Dhule districts of Maharashtra, Valsad district of Gujarat, Karnataka, Goa, and the Union Territories of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu. They are small-scale cultivators and cultivate rice, pulses, and vegetables. They also sell toddy, mahua, and fuelwood to their tribesmen and neighbouring communities for a living.
Warli are nature worshippers. Warli art stems from their belief system shaped by their centuries-old subsistence on forest land.
Warli Adivasi Revolt began in Zari village of Maharashtra in 1945. Hence statement 1 is correct.
It was against the exploitation of the landlords and moneylenders. Hence statement 2 is correct.
Nearly 5,000 indentured tribals gathered and refused to work in landlords’ fields until they received 12 annas a day in wages. Their resistance sowed the first seeds of rights-based movements among the region’s indigenous communities.
Godaveri Parulekar supported the women participating in this revolt. Hence statement 3 is correct.
She was the Kisan Sabha leader and was also known as Godutai (elder sister) by the Adivasis. Women followed her and spoke at meetings about the oppression they faced and encouraged other women to join the struggle.
Question 25 of 35
25. Question
Which of the following amounts to genocide under the Genocide Convention of 1948?
Killing members of the group
Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group
Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four
Correct
Solution (d)
The term ‘genocide’ has been defined using set criteria in the UN’s Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, moved in the General Assembly in 1948.
It says, “In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
Killing members of the group;
Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
Hence option d is correct.
As per this convention, genocide is a crime whether committed during wartime or peacetime.
Incorrect
Solution (d)
The term ‘genocide’ has been defined using set criteria in the UN’s Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, moved in the General Assembly in 1948.
It says, “In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
Killing members of the group;
Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
Hence option d is correct.
As per this convention, genocide is a crime whether committed during wartime or peacetime.
Question 26 of 35
26. Question
Consider the following statements about the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC):
It is an apex organization under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, with regard to khadi and village industries within India.
It is a statutory body established under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act of 1956.
Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) and Market Promotion Development Assistance (MPDA) are covered under the KVIC.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Correct
Solution (b)
The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) is an apex organization under the Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises, with regard to khadi and village industries within India. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
It is charged with the planning, promotion, organisation, and implementation of programmes for the development of Khadi and other village industries in rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development wherever necessary.
It is a statutory body established under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act of 1956. Hence statement 2 is correct.
At the state level, Khadi & Village Industries Boards were set up to effectively implement the schemes of KVIC in their respective states.
Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) and Market Promotion Development Assistance (MPDA) are covered under the KVIC. Hence statement 3 is correct.
The other schemes covered under the KVIC include the Interest Subsidy Eligibility Certificate (ISEC), the Workshed Scheme for Khadi Artisans, Strengthening the infrastructure of existing weak Khadi institutions and assistance for marketing infrastructure, the Khadi Reform and Development Programme (KRDP), Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI), and Honey Mission.
Incorrect
Solution (b)
The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) is an apex organization under the Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises, with regard to khadi and village industries within India. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
It is charged with the planning, promotion, organisation, and implementation of programmes for the development of Khadi and other village industries in rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development wherever necessary.
It is a statutory body established under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act of 1956. Hence statement 2 is correct.
At the state level, Khadi & Village Industries Boards were set up to effectively implement the schemes of KVIC in their respective states.
Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) and Market Promotion Development Assistance (MPDA) are covered under the KVIC. Hence statement 3 is correct.
The other schemes covered under the KVIC include the Interest Subsidy Eligibility Certificate (ISEC), the Workshed Scheme for Khadi Artisans, Strengthening the infrastructure of existing weak Khadi institutions and assistance for marketing infrastructure, the Khadi Reform and Development Programme (KRDP), Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI), and Honey Mission.
Question 27 of 35
27. Question
Consider the following statements about the VIPER Rover:
It is the first mobile robotic mission to the Moon by the European Space Agency.
It navigates across the rugged terrain of the lunar South Pole.
Choose the correct code:
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Correct
Solution (b)
The Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover, or VIPER Rover is the first mobile robotic mission to the Moon by NASA. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
It will directly analyze ice on the surface and subsurface of the Moon at varying depths and temperature conditions within four main soil environments.
The data VIPER transmits back to Earth will be used to create resource maps, helping scientists determine the location and concentration of ice on the Moon and the forms it’s in, such as ice crystals or molecules chemically bound to other materials.
It navigates across the rugged terrain of the lunar South Pole and gathers valuable data that will help us better understand the history of the Moon and the environment where NASA is planning to send Artemis astronauts. Hence statement 2 is correct.
The mission duration is 100 Earth days, covering 3 cycles of lunar day and night. It will land at the South Pole of the Moon in late 2024.
Incorrect
Solution (b)
The Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover, or VIPER Rover is the first mobile robotic mission to the Moon by NASA. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
It will directly analyze ice on the surface and subsurface of the Moon at varying depths and temperature conditions within four main soil environments.
The data VIPER transmits back to Earth will be used to create resource maps, helping scientists determine the location and concentration of ice on the Moon and the forms it’s in, such as ice crystals or molecules chemically bound to other materials.
It navigates across the rugged terrain of the lunar South Pole and gathers valuable data that will help us better understand the history of the Moon and the environment where NASA is planning to send Artemis astronauts. Hence statement 2 is correct.
The mission duration is 100 Earth days, covering 3 cycles of lunar day and night. It will land at the South Pole of the Moon in late 2024.
Question 28 of 35
28. Question
Consider the following statements about the Devika River:
It originates from the hilly Suddha Mahadev temple of Jammu and Kashmir.
It flows down towards western Punjab where it merges with the Sutlej River.
Choose the correct code:
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Correct
Solution (a)
Devika River originates from the hilly Suddha Mahadev temple of Jammu and Kashmir. Hence statement 1 is correct.
It is considered the sister of the sacred river Ganga, and it has great religious significance.
It flows down towards western Punjab where it merges with the Ravi River. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
River Devika Project is built on the lines of ‘Namami Ganga’ and it is north India’s first river rejuvenation project.
Incorrect
Solution (a)
Devika River originates from the hilly Suddha Mahadev temple of Jammu and Kashmir. Hence statement 1 is correct.
It is considered the sister of the sacred river Ganga, and it has great religious significance.
It flows down towards western Punjab where it merges with the Ravi River. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
River Devika Project is built on the lines of ‘Namami Ganga’ and it is north India’s first river rejuvenation project.
Question 29 of 35
29. Question
Consider the following statements regarding the Karman Line:
It is named after Theodore von Karman, who first determined the altitude at which the atmosphere becomes too thin to support aeronautical flight.
NASA defines the Karman line as the altitude of 500 kilometres above Earth’s mean sea level.
Choose the correct code:
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Correct
Solution (a)
Karman Line is named after Theodore von Karman, who first determined the altitude at which the atmosphere becomes too thin to support aeronautical flight. Hence statement 1 is correct.
It is the internationally recognized boundary of space.
The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) defines the Kármán line as the altitude of 100 kilometres (62 miles) above Earth’s mean sea level. FAI is an international standard-setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics.
However, not all organizations recognize this definition. The US Air Force and NASA define the boundary as 50 miles (80 km) above sea level. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
But there is no international law that defines the edge of space or the limit of national airspace.
Incorrect
Solution (a)
Karman Line is named after Theodore von Karman, who first determined the altitude at which the atmosphere becomes too thin to support aeronautical flight. Hence statement 1 is correct.
It is the internationally recognized boundary of space.
The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) defines the Kármán line as the altitude of 100 kilometres (62 miles) above Earth’s mean sea level. FAI is an international standard-setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics.
However, not all organizations recognize this definition. The US Air Force and NASA define the boundary as 50 miles (80 km) above sea level. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
But there is no international law that defines the edge of space or the limit of national airspace.
Question 30 of 35
30. Question
Consider the following statements about Savitri Bai Phule:
She started the Mahila Seva Mandalto raise awareness about women’s rights.
She wrote two books, Kavya Phule in 1854 and Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar in 1892.
She wrote the famous poem ‘Go Get Education’ to encourage backward and oppressed class people to get an education.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Correct
Solution (c)
Savitri Bai Phule started the Mahila Seva Mandal to raise awareness about women’s rights. Hence statement 1 is correct.
It brought together members of all castes, challenging entrenched social hierarchies.
She was born in a small village in the Satara district of Maharashtra on January 3, 1831, Savitribai Phule was an Indian social reformer, poet, and powerful voice in the Indian freedom struggle.
She was an active participant in the women’s liberation movement.
Savitribai trained at Ms. Farar’s Institution in Ahmednagar and at Ms. Mitchell’s school in Pune to become the first female teacher in India.
Savitribai Phule and her husband, Jyotirao Phule (one of the most famous social reformers in Maharashtra), opened India’s first school for women in Pune in 1848.
They also established two educational trusts: the Native Female School, Pune, and the Society for Promoting the Education of Mahars, Mangs, and others from downtrodden castes.
She wrote two books, Kavya Phule in 1854 and Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar in 1892. They are collections of her poems. Hence statement 2 is correct.
Savitribai also fought against dowry and other oppressive social customs.
In 1863, Jyotirao and Savitribai began Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha, India’s first home prohibiting infanticide, helping pregnant Brahmin widows and rape victims.
She wrote the famous poem ‘Go Get Education’ to encourage backward and oppressed class people to get an education. Hence statement 3 is correct.
Her birth anniversary celebrated as Savitribai Phule Jayanti, is a day to commemorate her legacy and contributions to education and social equality.
Incorrect
Solution (c)
Savitri Bai Phule started the Mahila Seva Mandal to raise awareness about women’s rights. Hence statement 1 is correct.
It brought together members of all castes, challenging entrenched social hierarchies.
She was born in a small village in the Satara district of Maharashtra on January 3, 1831, Savitribai Phule was an Indian social reformer, poet, and powerful voice in the Indian freedom struggle.
She was an active participant in the women’s liberation movement.
Savitribai trained at Ms. Farar’s Institution in Ahmednagar and at Ms. Mitchell’s school in Pune to become the first female teacher in India.
Savitribai Phule and her husband, Jyotirao Phule (one of the most famous social reformers in Maharashtra), opened India’s first school for women in Pune in 1848.
They also established two educational trusts: the Native Female School, Pune, and the Society for Promoting the Education of Mahars, Mangs, and others from downtrodden castes.
She wrote two books, Kavya Phule in 1854 and Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar in 1892. They are collections of her poems. Hence statement 2 is correct.
Savitribai also fought against dowry and other oppressive social customs.
In 1863, Jyotirao and Savitribai began Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha, India’s first home prohibiting infanticide, helping pregnant Brahmin widows and rape victims.
She wrote the famous poem ‘Go Get Education’ to encourage backward and oppressed class people to get an education. Hence statement 3 is correct.
Her birth anniversary celebrated as Savitribai Phule Jayanti, is a day to commemorate her legacy and contributions to education and social equality.
Question 31 of 35
31. Question
If the length of the rectangle is increased by 50% and breadth is decreased by 20%. Then what is the percentage change in the area?
a) 20% decrease
b) 20% increase
c) 30% decrease
d) 30% increase
Correct
Solution (b)
Let the length of the rectangle be ‘l’
Let the breadth of the rectangle be ‘b’
Now, the length is increased by 50% = 1.5l
The breadth is decreased by 20% = 0.8b
As we know, the area of a rectangle = length * breadth
The new area = 1.5l * 0.8b = 1.2 times the original area = 20% increase.
Incorrect
Solution (b)
Let the length of the rectangle be ‘l’
Let the breadth of the rectangle be ‘b’
Now, the length is increased by 50% = 1.5l
The breadth is decreased by 20% = 0.8b
As we know, the area of a rectangle = length * breadth
The new area = 1.5l * 0.8b = 1.2 times the original area = 20% increase.
Question 32 of 35
32. Question
The price of wheat has increased by 30%. Chandana has decided to spend only 17% more than her earlier spend. By what percentage does she have to decrease her wheat consumption?
a) 13%
b) 12%
c) 10%
d) 15%
Correct
Solution (c)
Assume that Chandana earlier used to purchase 10 units of wheat for Rs. 100 per unit.
∴ Initial spending = 100 × 10 = Rs. 1,000.
New price of wheat = 1.3 × 100 = Rs. 130 and new spend = 1.17 × 1000 = Rs. 1,170 ∴
New consumption = 1170/130 = Rs. 9 per unit.
∴ Percentage decrease in consumption = [(10 – 9)/10] × 100 = 10%
Hence, option c.
Incorrect
Solution (c)
Assume that Chandana earlier used to purchase 10 units of wheat for Rs. 100 per unit.
∴ Initial spending = 100 × 10 = Rs. 1,000.
New price of wheat = 1.3 × 100 = Rs. 130 and new spend = 1.17 × 1000 = Rs. 1,170 ∴
New consumption = 1170/130 = Rs. 9 per unit.
∴ Percentage decrease in consumption = [(10 – 9)/10] × 100 = 10%
Hence, option c.
Question 33 of 35
33. Question
In an election between two candidates, the winner got 70% of the valid votes and loser lost by 1800 votes. Which of the following statements is false if 10% of the total votes cast were invalid?
a) The winner got 3150 votes.
b) The loser did not get more than 1500 votes.
c) The winner got more than twice the number of votes that the loser got.
d) None of the above
Correct
Solution (d)
Let the total number of votes cast be 100x.
Since 10% of the votes were invalid, total valid votes = 90x.
Since the winner got 70% of the valid votes, votes cast for the winner = (0.7)(90x) = 63x
∴ Votes received by loser = 90x – 63x = 27x
The loser lost by 1800 votes.
∴ 63x – 27x = 1800
∴ 36x = 1800 i.e. x = 50
∴ Votes obtained by winner = 63x = 3150 and votes obtained by loser = 27x = 1350
Hence, statements a and b are true.
Observe that 63x/27x = 2.33 i.e. > 2
Hence, statement c is definitely true.
Hence, none of the statements is false.
Hence, option d.
Incorrect
Solution (d)
Let the total number of votes cast be 100x.
Since 10% of the votes were invalid, total valid votes = 90x.
Since the winner got 70% of the valid votes, votes cast for the winner = (0.7)(90x) = 63x
∴ Votes received by loser = 90x – 63x = 27x
The loser lost by 1800 votes.
∴ 63x – 27x = 1800
∴ 36x = 1800 i.e. x = 50
∴ Votes obtained by winner = 63x = 3150 and votes obtained by loser = 27x = 1350
Hence, statements a and b are true.
Observe that 63x/27x = 2.33 i.e. > 2
Hence, statement c is definitely true.
Hence, none of the statements is false.
Hence, option d.
Question 34 of 35
34. Question
A number consists of three digits having their sum as 6 and the tens digit as 0. If the number formed by reversing the original number is greater than the original number by 396, what is the difference between the first and last digit?
a) 5
b) 3
c) 4
d) 2
Correct
Solution (c)
Let the original number be 100x + 10y + z.
Hence, the reversed number is 100z + 10y + x. Here, y = 0.
Hence, the numbers become (100x + z) and (100z + x)
The difference between these numbers is 396.
∴ (100z + x) – (100x + z) = 396
∴ 99z – 99x = 396
∴ z – x = 4
Hence, option c.
Incorrect
Solution (c)
Let the original number be 100x + 10y + z.
Hence, the reversed number is 100z + 10y + x. Here, y = 0.
Hence, the numbers become (100x + z) and (100z + x)
The difference between these numbers is 396.
∴ (100z + x) – (100x + z) = 396
∴ 99z – 99x = 396
∴ z – x = 4
Hence, option c.
Question 35 of 35
35. Question
Consider the following statements:
If a two-digit number is added to a number obtained by reversing the digits of the given number, then the sum is always divisible by 11.
If the digits of a two-digit number are reversed, then the difference of the reversed number and the original number is always divisible by 9.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Correct
Solution (c)
Let a two digit number be (10x + y) and reversing number be (10y + x)
Therefore, Required sum = 10x + y + 10y + x = 11x + 11y = 11 (x+y)
Hence it is divisible by 11.
Similarly, Let a two digit number be (10x + y)
And reversing number be (10y + x)
Required difference = 10x + y – 10y – x = 9x – 9y = 9 (x-y)
Hence it is divisible by 9.
Thus, both statements are correct.
Incorrect
Solution (c)
Let a two digit number be (10x + y) and reversing number be (10y + x)
Therefore, Required sum = 10x + y + 10y + x = 11x + 11y = 11 (x+y)
Hence it is divisible by 11.
Similarly, Let a two digit number be (10x + y)
And reversing number be (10y + x)
Required difference = 10x + y – 10y – x = 9x – 9y = 9 (x-y)
Hence it is divisible by 9.
Thus, both statements are correct.
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});
All the Best
IASbaba