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Aug 6, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 6th August 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) FIVE YEARS OF ABROGATION OF ARTICLE 370 Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: On August 5, 2019, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the abrogation of Article 370, ending the special status of Jammu and Kashmir. Subsequently, Parliament exercised its powers under Article 3 of the Constitution to withdraw statehood from Jammu and Kashmir, creating two Union Territories. Background:- “With the abrogation came security, dignity, and opportunity for women, youth, backward, tribal, and marginalized communities who were previously deprived of the benefits of development. At the same time, it has ensured that corruption, which plagued Jammu and Kashmir for decades, has been kept at bay,” Prime Minister remarked recently. Key takeaways Five years later, after the Supreme Court affirmed the constitutionality of the process, two questions loom: Did the abrogation achieve its intended goals? What is the way forward to bridge the democratic deficit in the Union Territory? On the economic and governance fronts, there have been gains. Last-mile delivery of services has improved, with over 1,000 public utility services digitized. Major projects under the Prime Minister’s development package are either completed or nearing completion, and investments worth an estimated Rs 6,000 crore have been realized. Tourist visits to the Union Territory increased from 3.4 million in 2020 to 21.1 million in 2023, with the first half of 2024 witnessing a 20 percent increase over the previous year. On the security front, peace has largely prevailed in the Valley, though it has been maintained more through strong-arm tactics than by winning hearts and minds. Recently, however, the nature and focus of the conflict are shifting, with infiltrators from across the border becoming more active in the Jammu region. Despite the detention of several elected leaders in August 2019, the people of Jammu and Kashmir have demonstrated their faith in the democratic process. In the 2024 general election, voter turnout reached 58.6 percent— the highest in 35 years—during an incident-free poll. Nevertheless, politics remains the most significant work in progress. Way forward Too often, the security situation has been cited as a roadblock to restoring statehood. It is crucial to recognize that viewing democracy and security as mutually exclusive is narrow and limiting. While restoring statehood undoubtedly requires a calibrated approach, it is a process that must commence swiftly, with clear timelines. The Supreme Court’s September deadline to hold elections could serve as a starting point. Only through active involvement of the people in the governance process can alienation be effectively addressed. Source: Indian Express SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY AND THE QUOTA QUESTION Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity Context: The Supreme Court’s recent verdict on sub-classification of the Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) quota marked a milestone in equality jurisprudence. CJI D.Y. Chandrachud, emphasized substantive equality in the judgment. Background: In a string of rulings given over the last seven years, CJI Chandrachud has referred to substantive equality to stress that reservation is a facet of merit, and not an exception to the merit rule. The State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh (2024) , the latest judgement allowing sub classification, stands as a testimony to the evolved understanding of judiciary with respect to reservations. What is substantive equality Substantive equality is a principle in law that goes beyond formal equality, which simply means treating everyone the same. Instead, substantive equality focuses on addressing the actual disparities and disadvantages that different individuals or groups face due to their unique circumstances or historical injustices. It aims to ensure that everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed by recognizing and addressing the different needs and barriers that affect them. In essence, while formal equality treats everyone the same, substantive equality seeks to level the playing field by providing support and adjustments based on specific needs and historical contexts. Supreme Court’s view on reservation over the years As Limiting Equality: Initially, the Supreme Court took a formal and restrictive approach to reservations, viewing them as exceptions to the principle of equal opportunity. In The State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan (1951), the Court ruled that reserving seats in educational institutions was unconstitutional, as there was no explicit provision for it, unlike Article 16(4) which allows reservations in public employment. Parliament enacted the First Amendment to the Constitution, adding Article 15(4) to allow reservations in educational institutions, despite Article 29 prohibiting discrimination against any citizen on grounds of religion, race, caste, language, or any of them with respect to admission into educational institutions. This formalistic view persisted in the Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (1992) (Mandal judgment), where the Court saw Articles 15(4) and 16(4) as special provisions or in other words, an exception to the principle of equality and imposed a 50% cap on reservations. As a Facet of Equality: The Court’s decision in State of Kerala v. N.M. Thomas (1975) marked a shift towards an expansive and substantive reading of equality, upholding a Kerala law that relaxed qualifying criteria for SC and ST candidates in government jobs, without viewing it as an exception to equality of opportunity. As Limiting Efficiency: Article 335 of the Constitution mandates that reservations for SCs and STs in services must be consistent with administrative efficiency. The Supreme Court’s discourse on reservations emphasized maintaining “efficiency,” often equating merit with efficiency. This view led to rulings against reservations in promotions, as seen in the 1992 Indra Sawhney judgment, where SC held that reservations in promotions would dilute efficiency in administration. In 1995, the Constitution (Seventy-seventh) Amendment Act introduced Article 16(4A), allowing “consequential seniority,” which lets reserved-category candidates retain seniority gained through earlier promotions. This amendment was upheld in 2006, on the ground that the efficiency of administration was only relaxed, not obliterated. Repudiation of the Reservation-Versus-Merit Binary: Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud has reframed the quota-versus-efficiency debate through his rulings. He argues that reservations should be seen as embodying substantive equality, rather than as concessions. Chandrachud contends that the stereotype linking reservation to inefficiency prevents SC/ST candidates from accessing promotions, which was precisely why reservations were introduced. He views constitutional amendments as a repudiation of the binary between reservation and merit. Source: Indian Express NIGERIA Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Nigeria’s president called for end to protests against economic hardship. Background: Amnesty International has said at least 13 people were killed in clashes with security forces on the first day of protests in Nigeria. About Nigeria Nigeria, officially known as the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. Abuja serves as the capital, while Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria and one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world. The economy faces challenges, and the country is in the midst of a severe economic downturn. Nigeria experiences high levels of poverty and youth unemployment. It is situated between theSahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea to the south in the Atlantic Ocean. Nigeria is bordered by: Niger (north), Chad (northeast), Cameroon (east), and Benin (west). The country has a population of over 200 million people, with more than 250 ethnic groups, and over 500 languages spoken.It isAfrica’s most populous country. Nigeria is a founding member of theAfrican Union and a member of many international organizations, including the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, NAM, the Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and OPEC. Nigeria is Africa’s top oil producer. But it faces many challenges such as; Political instability and corruption Economic inequality and poverty Security concerns, including Boko Haram insurgency Environmental degradation and pollution Healthcare and education challenges Source: Reuters FASTag Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The National Payments Corporation of India implemented new FASTag regulations effective August 1, 2024, aimed at improving toll collection efficiency. Background: As part of the new rules, FASTag service providers are required to complete Know Your Customer (KYC) updates for all FASTags issued between three to five years ago by October 31, 2024. Furthermore, the NPCI mandates that any FASTag older than five years must be replaced. About National Electronic Toll Collection (NETC) : National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) has developed the National Electronic Toll Collection (NETC) program to meet the electronic tolling requirements of the India. It offers an interoperable nationwide toll payment solution including clearing house services for settlement and dispute management. Interoperability, as it applies to National Electronic Toll Collection (NETC) system, encompasses a common set of processes, business rules and technical specifications which enable a customer to use their FASTag as payment mode on any of the toll plazas irrespective of who has acquired the toll plaza. What is FASTag? FASTag is a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) passive tag used for making toll payments directly from the customers linked prepaid or savings/current account. It is affixed on the windscreen of the vehicle and enables the customer to drive through toll plazas, without stopping for any toll payments. The toll fare is directly deducted from the linked account of the customer. FASTag is also vehicle specific and once it is affixed to a vehicle, it cannot be transferred to another vehicle. FASTag can be purchased from any of the NETC Member Banks. If a FASTag is linked to the prepaid account, then it needs to be recharged/ topped-up as per the usage of the customer. Source: Economic Times WESTERN GHATS Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: Karnataka Forest Minister Eshwar Khandre recently announced the formation of a task force aimed at addressing encroachments in the Western Ghats. Background: This task force, led by the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests and Head of Forest Force, will focus on clearing illegal resorts, homestays, and other encroachments in the ghat regions. The urgency of this action is underscored by recent landslides in Shirur, where over 10 people lost their lives. About Western Ghats The Western Ghats, also known as the Sahyadri, is mountain range that stretches 1,600 km along the western coast of the Indian peninsula. The Western Ghats traverse several Indian states: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. These mountains form an almost continuous chain along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau, from the Tapti River to Swamithoppe in Kanyakumari district at the southern tip of India. The range meets with the Eastern Ghats at Nilgiris before continuing south. Anamudi is the highest peak in Western Ghats. Features: Biodiversity Hotspot: These mountains harbour an incredible array of plant and animal species. Over 5,000 flowering plants, 139 mammal species, 508 bird species, and countless insects call the Ghats home. Endemic Species: Many species found here are unique to the region. For instance, the Nilgiri tahr (a mountain goat), the Malabar giant squirrel, and the lion-tailed macaque are endemic to the Western Ghats. Rainfall Patterns: The Ghats intercept monsoon winds, leading to heavy rainfall on the windward side (western slopes) and a rain shadow effect on the leeward side (eastern slopes). This influences India’s overall climate. Water Source: Numerous rivers originate in the Western Ghats, including the Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery. These rivers play a vital role in supporting agriculture and ecosystems downstream. UNESCO World Heritage Site: Recognized for its ecological significance, the Western Ghats are a designated World Heritage Site, emphasizing their importance for global conservation efforts. Source: Hindu Ol Doinyo Lengai Volcano Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Ol Doinyo Lengai Volcano has been steadily sinking into the ground for the past 10 years, a new study shows, and the cause could be a deflating reservoir directly beneath one of the volcano’s two craters. Background: The research reveals that the ground around the summit of Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano, which sits along an active rift zone in East Africa, subsided at a rate of 1.4 inches (3.6 centimeters) per year between 2013 and 2023. About Ol Doinyo Lengai Volcano : Ol Doinyo Lengai, meaning “Mountain of God” in the Maasai language, is a unique and active stratovolcano located in the Gregory Rift, south of Lake Natron in Tanzania. Geography and Structure Location: Situated in the Arusha Region of Tanzania. Elevation: The volcano rises to an elevation of approximately 2,962 meters (9,718 feet). Crater: It has two main craters, with the northern crater being the active one. Unique Lava: Ol Doinyo Lengai is the only known volcano on Earth that is actively erupting carbonatite magma — extremely runny magma that is saturated with alkali elements, such as calcium and sodium, and poor in silica. Most terrestrial magmas are rich in silica, a compound made from bonded chains of silicon and oxygen that binds molten rock together and gives it a viscous consistency. But unlike those other magmas, whose weight is between 45 and 70% silica, the magma that feeds Ol Doinyo Lengai contains less than 25% silica by weight. Appearance: Although the lava is black or dark gray when it erupts, it quickly turns white once it dries. It is because carbonatite lava weathers differently than silicate lava due to its chemical makeup. Source: Livescience Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to the Western Ghats, consider the following statements: The Western Ghats is a mountain range that stretches 5,600 km along the western coast of the Indian peninsula. The Western Ghats was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012. Anamudi is the highest peak in Western Ghats. Which of the statements given above is/are correct 1 only 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1,2 and 3 Q2.) Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano, recently seen in news, is located in Tanzania Mozambique Kenya Indonesia Q3.) Consider the following countries: Niger Chad Cameroon Benin How many of the above-mentioned countries share border with Nigeria? Only one Only two Only three All four Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 6th August 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 5th August – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – d Q.2) – b Q.3) – c

Aug 6, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 6th August 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. To take the Test Click Here

Aug 6, 2024 TLP Mains Answer Writing

IASbaba’s TLP 2024 (Phase 2): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – GS3 Questions [6th August, 2024] – Day 44

Hello Students TLP has been an integral ingredient of success for many toppers and is no secret. In the ‘must do’ list for the civil services exam, TLP is by far the most popular initiative. The popularity stems from the unparalleled quality of questions and synopsis posted in TLP. We strive hard to ensure that you get the real feel of UPSC standards before you write the Mains. You already know the features of TLP. Just to reiterate briefly, in the TLP initiative, we post 5 questions daily for a certain number of weeks (9 for this one). We follow a micro plan that is designed to give you daily targets. The questions are from the day’s syllabus and also from current affairs and you are expected to write the answers and post them on the portal. This year onwards TLP will have a Dedicated Portal for Focused Preparation (tlpmains.iasbaba.com). There will be a separate dedicated portal similar to (The RaRe Series) which students loved and appreciated. The Portal will help you stay focused and keep your preparation streamlined. The Registration link for the dedicated portal is given at the end of the post. We are charging a token amount of 10/- for registration to the dedicated portal. We are doing it because we want to create a community of sincere aspirants who are focused and motivated till the Mains Examination. Please don’t take it otherwise. It is our honest effort to give you the best and at the same time expect students to come with the same energy and dedication to the dedicated platform specially designed for YOU! Join our bandwagon, you won’t regret it. UPSC 2025 Aspirants are encouraged to participate as well. Register Here – CLICK HERE To Know More About TLP 2024 (Phase 2) – CLICK HERE To Access Day 44 Questions – CLICK HERE P.S: We would encourage peer reviews. So friends get actively involved and start reviewing each other’s answers. This will keep the entire community motivated. All the Best

Aug 5, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 5th August 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) SOUTH AFRICA’S NEW LAW ON CLIMATE CHANGE Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: Recently, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa has signed into law a broad climate change act. Background:- The Climate Change Bill aims to enable South Africa to meet its emissions reduction commitments under the Paris climate agreement. South Africa, is the world’s most carbon-intensive major economy. What is the significance of this law? South Africa relies on coal as its primary fuel source for electricity generation and is one of the world’s top 15 greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters. The energy sector represents roughly 80% of gross emissions, with energy industries ~60% and transport ~12%. As an economy which is dependent on agriculture and tourism, South Africa has faced increasing Western pressure to accelerate its transition away from fossil fuel. New law impose mandatory curbs on the emissions from large, fossil-fuel heavy industries and, require climate-adaptation plans from towns and villages. What about India? India does not have a comprehensive legislation on climate change. Priyanka Chaturvedi, Rajya Sabha MP, had moved a Private Member’s Bill, called the Council on Climate Change Bill, most recently in 2022. This proposed setting up a Council, chaired by the Prime Minister, for advising the Union government on all matters related to climate change but there has been no significant movement on this so far. However, climate change features in multiple Acts and subordinate legislation. These include the Environmental Protection Act, Forest Conservation Act, Energy Conservation Act, Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act among others. Supreme Court recently ruled that citizens have a right against the adverse effects of climate change, and referred to the fact that India did not have an omnibus legislation on climate change. Despite Constitutional guarantees that give the citizens equality before the law and right to life and personal liberty, it was now necessary, in the Court’s view, to explicitly link the impact of climate change as something which impedes rights of liberty, life and equality. Source: Hindu CAR-T CELL Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLGY Context: A blood cancer patient recently got cured with the help of special treatment called Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy. Background: This advanced method helps fightcancer by using the patient’s own immune system. Key takeaways CAR-T cell therapy, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, is an immunotherapy-based cancer treatment that uses the power of a patient’s own immune system to fight cancer. The immune system is the body’s defence network against infections and diseases. White blood cells (WBCs) play a pivotal role in the immune system. How does the immune system work The immune system protects the body from infections using two main strategies: innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific defence through barriers (skin, mucous membranes), phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages), and inflammatory responses. Adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes – a type of white blood cells. Adaptive immune responses are carried out by different classes of lymphocytes called B-cells and T-cells. B-cells (originate and mature in the bone marrow) produce antibodies targeting specific pathogens (antigens), while T-cells (originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus) destroy infected cells. Upon pathogen entry, the immune system recognises antigens, activates immune cells, eliminates the threat, and forms memory cells for faster future responses. Why T-Cells T-cells are primarily used in CAR-T cell therapy because of their pivotal role in the immune system’s response to pathogens. These cells can be genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which are specifically designed to recognise and bind to antigens on the surface of cancer cells. Once bound, these modified T-cells can efficiently kill cancer cells. Other cells like B cells also play roles in immunity but don’t have the same adaptability and memory capabilities as T cells. Procedure The CAR-T cell therapy starts by collecting a patient’s T-cells through a process called apheresis, which separates these cells from the blood. These T-cells are then sent to a lab where scientists modify them to add special receptors called chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). These receptors help the T-cells find and kill cancer cells. The modified T-cells are grown in large numbers before they are given back to the patient’s bloodstream. It represents a form of personalised medicine, as the therapy is tailored to each individual’s specific cancer. CAR-T cell therapies are also called “living drugs” because they use a patient’s own living T-cells, genetically engineered to target and destroy cancer cells. These cells actively seek out, proliferate, and persist in the body, providing a dynamic and personalised defence against cancer, unlike traditional static drugs. Source: Indian Express LANDSLIDES IN THE WESTERN GHATS Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: In the past few days, Wayanad district of Kerala has been in the news for a devastating landslide that claimed hundreds of lives. Background: Over the past decade, Kerala has witnessed numerous climate-induced disasters, underscoring the urgent need for climate-resilient infrastructure. Key causes & takeaways Landslide Trigger: Extremely heavy rainfall triggered by the warming of the Arabian Sea caused the landslide. The southeast Arabian Sea is becoming warmer, leading to atmospheric instability over large parts of the Western Ghats, including Kerala. Ecologically Sensitive Area: In 2011, the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel, headed by ecologist Madhav Gadgil, designated the region as an ecologically sensitive area (ESA). The Gadgil Committee recommended banning construction, mining, and quarrying activities in large parts of the Western Ghats, one of the world’s eight hottest biodiversity hotspots. Recurring Disasters: A similar tragedy struck Kerala’s hilly regions in 2019. Despite clear warnings from experts, unchecked construction and tourism-related activities have continued unabated. Construction of roads and other infrastructure in such regions should be undertaken with scientific precision, considering the environmental impact. Landslide-Prone Areas: Nearly half of Kerala comprises hills and mountainous regions with slopes exceeding 20 degrees, making these areas particularly prone to landslides during heavy rains. Evaluating land use changes and development activities in landslide-prone areas is crucial for climate resilience. Impact of Depleting Forests: A 2022 study on depleting forests in Wayanad revealed that 62% of the district’s green cover disappeared between 1950 and 2018, while plantation cover rose by around 1,800%. The Wayanad tragedy is a stark reminder of the delicate balance between nature and human activity. It highlights the dire consequences of neglecting ecological warnings and the pressing need to adopt sustainable development practices to safeguard the environment and the lives that depend on it. Source: Indian Express DARK TOURISM Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: As the rescue operations continue in Wayanad following the catastrophic landslides, the Kerala Police have issued a stern warning, urging people to avoid “dark tourism” in the disaster-stricken areas. Background: The warning was posted on social media to prevent disruptions in the ongoing rescue efforts About Dark tourism : Dark tourism, also known as black tourism, thanatourism or grief tourism, is tourism that is associated with death, suffering and tragedy. Dark tourism encompasses travel to sites linked to events such as genocide, assassination, incarceration, ethnic cleansing, war, or natural disasters. Visitors are drawn to these locations for various reasons, including historical value and curiosity. While some view dark tourism as an act of respect, others consider it controversial. Dark tourism sites Examples: Chernobyl, Ukraine – Known for the 1986 nuclear disaster, Chernobyl has become a prominent dark tourism destination with guided tours available. Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poland – The largest Nazi concentration and extermination camp of World War II, Auschwitz-Birkenau attracts numerous visitors annually who come to learn about the Holocaust. Pompeii, Italy – The ancient city of Pompeii, buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79, provides a preserved glimpse into life and death in the Roman Empire. Source: NDTV BANDHAVGARH TIGER RESERVE Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: Alarming cases of tiger deaths and hunting incidents in Madhya Pradesh’s Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve and its surrounding forest divisions have been reported by a top official. Background: The report highlights severe negligence in handling tiger cases and raises serious concerns about wildlife conservation in the region. Madhya Pradesh, known as the ‘Tiger State,’ is home to some of the highest concentrations of tigers in the country. About BANDHAVGARH TIGER RESERVE The Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve is located in the Umaria district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It lies in the heart of India, between the Vindhya Range and the eastern flanks of the Satpura hill ranges. Bandhavgarh boasts one of the highest tiger densities globally. The core area of the Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve covers a total of 716 km². Apart from tigers, the reserve is home to various other wildlife species, including leopards, deer, langurs, and numerous bird species. Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve was declared a national park in 1968 and later in 1993, it was declared a tiger reserve under the Project Tiger initiative. The reserve is also crisscrossed by several small rivers and streams, including the Charanganga River, the Dammer River, and the Johilla River. Conservation Challenges: Mining Activities: Rising mining activities around the park pose a threat to the tigers. Human-Wildlife Conflict: Historically, villagers and their cattle faced danger from tigers. Source: NDTV PLASTIC POLLUTION Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: According to a 2020-21 report by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India generates four million tonnes of plastic waste annually. Background: Unfortunately, only a quarter of this waste is recycled or treated, with the rest ending up in landfills or being disposed of unsustainably. About Plastic Pollution: Plastic pollution refers to the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment, leading to negative impacts on ecosystems, wildlife, human health, and overall ecological balance. Challenges/Issues associated with plastic waste in India: Like much of the world, India is struggling to dispose of its growing quantities of plastic waste given how ubiquitous it has become- from our toothbrushes to debit cards. A little over 10,000 tonnes a day of plastic waste remains uncollected. India’s packaging industry is the biggest consumer of plastics. A 2020 study on packaging in India projects a loss of almost 133 billion dollars’ worth of plastic material value over the next decade due to unsustainable packaging. Unsustainable packaging involves general packaging through single-use plastic. The popularity of online retail and food delivery apps is contributing to the rise in plastic waste in cities. India’s biggest online delivery start-ups Swiggy and Zomato are each reportedly delivering about 28 million orders a month. Polluting plastics can affect the world’s tiniest organisms, such as plankton. When these organisms become poisoned due to plastic ingestion, this causes problems for the larger animals that depend on them for food. Larger items, such as plastic bags and straws, can choke and starve marine life, while smaller fragments (microplastics) can cause liver, reproductive, and gastrointestinal damage and can directly impact the blue economy as well. The World Health Organisation published shocking research in 2018 that exposed the presence of microplastics in 90% of bottled water. Plastic toxicity in humans can lead to hormonal disruption and adverse reproductive and birth outcomes. Efforts/Initiatives by India to tackle Plastic Pollution: India launched a nationwide awareness campaign on single-use plastics on World Environment Day in June 2022. A mobile app for Single Use Plastics Grievance Redressal was also launched to empower citizens to check the sale/usage/manufacturing of SUP in their area and tackle the plastic menace. Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules of 2022 prohibits the manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale, and use of several single-use plastic items as of July 1, 2022. It has also mandated Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) that incorporates circularity by making manufacturers of products responsible for collecting and processing their products upon the end of the product’s lifetime. India Plastics Pact is the first of its kind in Asia. The Plastics Pact is an ambitious and collaborative initiative to bring stakeholders together to reduce, reuse, and recycle plastics within the material’s value chain. Project REPLAN (stands for REducing PLastic in Nature) launched by the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) aims to reduce the consumption of plastic bags by providing a more sustainable alternative. Way Forward: Plastic Leakage Hotspots : Identify key hotspots of plastic leakage in the production, consumption, and disposal phases to help governments create effective policies addressing the plastic problem. Plastic-Eating Bacteria: Highlight the discovery of plastic-eating bacteria in Japan that have been modified to digest polyester plastics, such as food packaging and plastic bottles. Alternative Materials: Identify plastic items that can be replaced with non-plastic, recyclable, or biodegradable materials. Promote alternatives to single-use plastics and reusable designs, including oxo-biodegradable plastics that degrade faster through ultraviolet radiation and heat. Zero-Waste Efforts: Encourage investment in sustainable, ocean-friendly products like reusable coffee mugs, water bottles, and food wraps to champion zero-waste initiatives. Plastic Recycling Value Chain: Emphasize the value of waste, particularly plastic, as a resource. Note that recycling creates a value chain, with examples like Thiagarajar College of Engineering in Madurai, which patented a process for making tiles and blocks from waste plastic. Circular Economy: Advocate for a circular economy to reduce material use, redesign materials to be less resource-intensive, and recapture waste as a resource for manufacturing new materials and products, contributing to sustainable development goals. Collaborative Policy Development: Stress the importance of collaboration among government ministries at national and local levels, along with industrial firms, NGOs, and volunteer organizations, for developing, implementing, and overseeing effective policies. Source: Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to the Dark tourism, consider the following statements: Dark tourism is associated with death, suffering and tragedy. Dark tourism encompasses travel to sites linked to events such as genocide, assassination, incarceration, ethnic cleansing, war, or natural disasters. Chernobyl has become a prominent dark tourism destination with guided tours available. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1,2 and 3 Q2.) The Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, recently seen news is located in Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu Assam Q3.) Consider the following statements about Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy CAR-T cell therapies are also called living drugs. Its a form of personalised treatment. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 5th August 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 3rd August – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – d Q.2) – a Q.3) – a

Aug 5, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 5th August 2024

Aug 3, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 3rd August 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) SUB-CLASSIFICATION OF SC, ST Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: In a landmark judgement, a seven-judge Bench of the Supreme Court on August 1 reframed how the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) quota may operate. The Bench headed by Chief Justice of India permitted states to create sub-classifications within the SC and ST categories for the purpose of according wider protections — through sub-quotas — to the most backward communities within these categories. Background:- This overturns the apex court’s 2004 decision in E V Chinnaiah v State of Andhra Pradesh, in which it had held that the SC/ST list is a “homogenous group” that cannot be divided or sub-classified further. Key takeaways Article 341 of the Constitution allows the President, through a notification, to list as SC “castes, races or tribes” that suffered from untouchability. SC groups are jointly accorded 15% reservation in education and public employment. Over time, some groups within the SC list have been underrepresented compared to others, prompting states to try extending more protections to these groups. These attempts have faced judicial scrutiny. In 1975, Punjab issued a notification giving first preference in SC reservations to the Balmiki and Mazhabi Sikh communities. This was challenged following the Supreme Court’s 2004 decision in E V Chinnaiah, which struck down a similar law in Andhra Pradesh. V Chinnaiah judgement: The court held that any attempts to create a differentiation within the SC list would essentially amount to tinkering with it, for which the Constitution did not empower states. Article 341 only empowers the President to issue such a notification, and Parliament to make additions or deletions to the list. The court also said that sub-classifying SCs violates the right to equality under Article 14. In 2006, the Punjab & Haryana High Court struck down Punjab’s 1975 notification in Dr. Kishan Pal v State of Punjab. Despite this, Punjab reintroduced the first preference in the Punjab Scheduled Caste and Backward Classes (Reservation in Services) Act, 2006. This Act was challenged, leading to the High Court striking it down in 2010, and an appeal to the Supreme Court. In 2014, the case was referred to a five-judge Constitution Bench to determine if the E V Chinnaiah decision had to be reconsidered. In 2020, Constitution Bench in Davinder Singh v State of Punjab held that the 2004 E V Chinnaiah decision required reconsideration, noting that SCs are not a homogeneous group and that there are unequals within SC’s, ST’s, and socially and educationally backward classes. But since this Bench, like in E V Chinnaiah, comprised five judges, a seven-judge Bench heard the issue in February 2024. Key issues before the Bench included: Are all castes in the SC list to be treated similarly?: Article 341(1) allows the President to specify SCs in a state. Article 341(2) states that only Parliament can modify this list. E V Chinnaiah decision held that SCs must be treated identically. However, CJI Chandrachud rejected this, stating that the Presidential list is a “legal fiction” and does not imply uniformity within the SCs. Can states ‘tinker’ with or sub-classify the Presidential list?: The court, in E V Chinnaiah, had held that the power under articles 15(4) & 16 (4) was limited to providing quotas in education and public employment and once reservations have been provided to SCs as a whole, it is not open to the State to sub-classify. The majority opinion in the present case held that states in exercise of its power under Articles 15 & 16 can identify varying degrees of social backwardness and provide special provisions, including sub-quotas. What is the yardstick for sub-classification?: States must demonstrate the need for wider protections, provide empirical evidence, and have a reasonable rationale for classifying sub-groups. This reasoning can be tested in court. Representation must be “effective” rather than merely “numerical,” and states must prove the disadvantaged status of sub-groups based on quantifiable data. Does the creamy layer principle apply to Scheduled Castes?: Justice Gavai supported introducing the ‘creamy layer’ principle for SCs, as applied to OBCs, to ensure that only the most disadvantaged benefit from reservations. Four of the seven judges agreed with this opinion. In conclusion, the Supreme Court’s decision reflects a nuanced approach to SC reservations, recognizing internal disparities within SCs and allowing states to address them with appropriate measures backed by evidence. Source: Indian Express CLOUDBURSTS Syllabus Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: Several cloudbursts occurred in Himachal Pradesh recently. Five people have died and around 50 are missing. Background: The cloudbursts also triggered flash floods that washed away several buildings, bridges, and roads cutting off several areas. About cloudbursts A cloudburst is a localised but intense rainfall activity. Not all instances of very heavy rainfall, however, are cloudbursts. A cloudburst has a very specific definition: Rainfall of 10 cm or more in an hour over a roughly 10 km x 10-km area is classified as a cloudburst event. By this definition, 5 cm of rainfall in a half- hour period over the same area would also be categorized as a cloudburst. Causes Orographic Lift: Cloudbursts frequently occur in mountainous regions where moist air is forced to rise over a mountain, cooling and condensing rapidly. Convective Clouds: They can also result from convective clouds, such as cumulonimbus clouds, which can extend up to 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) above the ground. Sudden Condensation: When warm air mixes with cooler air, it can lead to rapid condensation and precipitation. Effects Flooding: The intense rainfall can lead to flash floods, causing significant damage to infrastructure and posing risks to life. Disasters: Cloudbursts can result in landslides, especially in hilly areas, further exacerbating the damage. Detection and Forecasting Challenges: Detecting cloudbursts is challenging due to their small scale. Satellite precipitation radars often miss them, and weather models struggle to simulate them accurately. Forecasting: Predicting cloudbursts remains difficult, particularly in hilly regions where the interaction between moisture and terrain is complex. Source: Down To Earth NIRBHAYA FUND Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Under the Nirbhaya Fund, upto the financial year 2023-24, a total amount of Rs.7212.85 Crore has been allocated. Background: Since the inception of the Nirbhaya Fund, approximately ₹5,000 crore has been released and utilized by various Ministries and Departments. This amount represents nearly 76% of the total allocation. About Nirbhaya Fund TheNirbhaya Fund was established by the Government of India in 2013, following the tragic 2012 Delhi gang rape incident. It is a non-lapsable corpus fund. Purpose and Establishment Objective: The fund aims to support initiatives that enhance the safety and security of women in India. Initial Corpus: It was announced with an initial corpus of ₹1,000 crore in the 2013 Union Budget. Administration Managing Body: The fund is administered by the Department of Economic Affairs under the Ministry of Finance. Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) is the nodal Ministry to appraise/recommend proposals and schemes to be funded under Nirbhaya Fund. An empowered committee was set up for appraising and recommending proposals. MWCD further has the responsibility to review and monitor the progress of sanctioned schemes in conjunction with the line Ministries/Departments. Key Initiatives and Projects One Stop Centres (OSCs): Also known as “Sakhi Centres,” these provide integrated support and assistance to women affected by violence, including medical aid, police assistance, legal aid, and counseling. Safe City Projects: Implemented in various cities to enhance women’s safety through better infrastructure, increased police presence, and technology-based solutions like CCTV surveillance. Emergency Response Support System (ERSS): A pan-India single emergency number (112) for all kinds of emergencies, including those related to women’s safety Source: News On Air PUMPED STORAGE HYDROPOWER Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Budget 2024-25 promised that a policy for promoting pumped storage projects will be brought out for electricity storage and facilitating smooth integration of the growing share of renewable energy with its variable and intermittent nature. Background: As the world focused on renewable energy and the challenge of variable power generation, many solutions for energy storage were proposed. The most widely adopted method globally is pumped storage.These are like super large batteries but natural and use water. About Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH) : Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH) is a type of hydroelectric energy storage that plays a crucial role in balancing electricity supply and demand. How It Works PSH involves two water reservoirs at different elevations: Upper Reservoir: Positioned at a higher elevation. Lower Reservoir: Positioned at a lower elevation. During periods of low electricity demand, excess energy from the grid is used to pump water from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir. This process stores energy in the form of gravitational potential energy. When electricity demand is high, the stored water is released back into the lower reservoir through turbines, generating electricity in the process. Types of PSH Open-Loop PSH: This system has a continuous connection to a natural water source, such as a river. Closed-Loop PSH: This system operates independently of natural water bodies, using only the two reservoirs. Advantages Energy Storage: PSH acts like a giant battery, storing energy for later use. Grid Stability: It helps balance supply and demand, ensuring a stable electricity grid. Renewable Integration: PSH supports the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources like wind and solar by storing excess energy. India’s experience India has 3.3 GW of pumped storage. Main ones are Nagarjunasagar, Kadana, Kadamparai, Panchet and Bhira. Some four are under construction and two in advanced levels of planning. How the Kadamparai Plant Operates : In Tamil Nadu, wind and solar power can generate half of the state’s electricity at noon, particularly in July. On a typical summer day, solar plants generate around 5,000 MW at noon, but this drops to zero by sunset. Wind power varies seasonally, with its peak from May to September. Tamil Nadu has peaks of around 17,000 MW to 20,000 MW on a daily basis. This year in July, maximum wind power generated reached 5,499 MW and maximum solar reached 5,512 MW. Wind and solar have Must Run Status in the State which means whatever they produce must be taken. The Kadamparai plant in Tamil Nadu helps balance the grid. It features an upper and lower reservoir, with a height difference of around 380 meters. The plant’s turbine generator can produce electricity when water flows from the upper to the lower reservoir and can also function as a pump, consuming electricity to move water back up. Power managers in Tamil Nadu plan daily operations based on expected demand and weather forecasts. Excess solar power during the day is used to pump water to the upper reservoir at Kadamparai. When solar power generation ceases in the evening, the Kadamparai plant switches to generating mode, providing 400 MW of power for three to four hours to support evening peak loads. The upper reservoir holds around 1 TMC feet of water, with minimal leakage, often replenished by rainfall. During peak solar generation, hydro power (approximately 1,000 MW) is conserved for peak demand times or emergencies. Hydro power can be quickly activated if there’s a sudden drop in other power sources. Source: Hindu WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROGRAM (WEP) Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Recently, the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) unveiled the Women Entrepreneurship Program to empower women entrepreneurs and spurring economic growth. Background: WEP aims to create a supportive ecosystem for women entrepreneurs, enabling them to thrive and contribute significantly to India’s economic growth. About Women Entrepreneurship Program The program is designed to address the distinct challenges that women face when starting and growing businesses. It aims to empower approximately 25 lakh women across India by providing them with essential skills, knowledge, and resources. The initiative is in partnership with Britannia Industries Limited, reflecting a commitment to fostering an inclusive environment for women entrepreneurs. Divided into two phases, NSDC, with support from the National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD), will offer free online self-learning entrepreneurship courses through the Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH). These courses, available in multiple languages, will cover crucial topics such as entrepreneurial skills, enterprise setup, finance basics, digital skills, and market analysis. In the next phase, NSDC extends robust incubation support to 10,000 shortlisted contestants across 100 business models. Additionally, participants’ products and services will be highlighted on SIDH’s e-commerce platform, UdhyamKart and Britannia’s digital ecosystem for women entrepreneurship. NSDC will conduct periodic impact assessments to evaluate the success and sustainability of the supported businesses, ensuring the program’s long-term effectiveness. About National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC): Establishment: The National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) was established on July 31, 2008, as a not-for-profit public limited company under section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956. Unique Model: NSDC operates as a unique Public Private Partnership (PPP) model under the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) Source: PIB INDO-PACIFIC ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK (IPEF) Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: India has been elected as the Vice-Chair of the Supply Chain Council under the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF). Background: Alongside the USA, which serves as the Chair, India will play a crucial role in enhancing supply chain resilience across the Indo-Pacific region. About Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) is a strategic blueprint aimed at promoting economic integration, connectivity, and cooperation among countries in the Indo-Pacific region. It envisions a comprehensive and inclusive approach to harness the region’s economic potential while fostering stability, development, and shared prosperity. It was launched by U.S. President Joe Biden on May 23, 2022. The IPEF has four pillars: Trade: Enhancing trade relations and facilitating economic exchanges. Supply Chains: Strengthening supply chain resilience and coordination. Clean Economy: Promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. Fair Economy: Fostering fairness, competitiveness, and inclusiveness among member economies. Source: News On Air Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to the Women Entrepreneurship Program (WEP), consider the following statements: It aims to empower approximately 25 lakh women across India by providing them with essential skills, knowledge, and resources. WEP is designed to address the unique challenges faced by women when starting and growing businesses. WEP offers financial grants to women entrepreneurs. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 3 only 1,2 and 3 Q2.) With reference to the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF), consider the following statements: The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework is a multilateral initiative aimed at enhancing economic cooperation and connectivity in the Indo-Pacific region. It was launched by India during the G20 summit. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Consider the following statements about cloudbursts All instances of very heavy rainfall are considered cloudbursts. Cloudbursts frequently occur in mountainous regions Which of the statements given above is/are not correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 3rd August 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 2nd August – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – d Q.3) – b

Aug 3, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 3rd August 2024

Aug 2, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 2nd August 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) PRIVILEGE MOTION Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Congress moved a Privilege Motion against Prime Minister for posting on social media a portion of remarks which were expunged from the proceedings of the House by the Chair. Background:- The notice for the motion was moved by Charanjit Singh Channi under rule 222 which gives a member the power, with the consent of the Speaker, to raise a question involving a breach of privilege either of a member or of the House or of a Committee. What are Parliamentary Privileges? Parliamentary privileges are special rights, immunities, and exemptions enjoyed by the members of Parliament. The aim of this is to ensure legislators and house can perform duties effectively . Parliamentary privileges in India are divided into collective and individual privileges. Collective privileges The Indian Parliament can decide if its reports, debates, and proceedings should be published or not. The Parliament has the right to exclude outsiders from its proceedings. It can conduct secret sessions if needed. The Parliament can make rules for regulating its procedures, business conduct, and work adjudication. It can suspend or expel members for violating privileges. The Parliament can reprimand, admonish, or even imprison individuals who breach privileges. The Parliament is informed about the arrest, detention, conviction, imprisonment, and release of its members. The Parliament can initiate inquiries and call witnesses. The proceedings of the Parliament and its committees cannot be questioned in court. No arrests or legal processes can occur within the House precincts without the presiding officer’s permission. Individual Privileges Members of Parliament cannot be arrested during sessions, 40 days before and after sessions. This privilege is only available for civil cases and not in criminal and preventive detention cases. They have the freedom of speech in the houses and are immune from court proceedings for their speech in Parliament. They are exempt from jury service and can refuse to give evidence or appear as witnesses during sessions. What is a Privilege Motion? A privilege motion is moved by a member when they believe that a minister or another member has breached these privileges. The motion aims to censure the concerned member or minister for their actions. Conditions for Raising a Privilege Motion To raise a privilege motion, two conditions must be met: Specific Matter of Recent Occurrence: The issue must be a specific incident that has occurred recently. Need for Intervention: The matter should require the intervention of the House. Process of a Privilege Motion Raising the Motion: A member submits the motion to the Speaker (Lok Sabha) or Chairman (Rajya Sabha). Initial Examination: The Speaker/Chairman examines the motion and decides whether to admit or reject it.The Speaker/RS chairperson is the first level of scrutiny of a privilege motion. The Speaker/Chair can decide on the privilege motion himself or herself or refer it to the privileges committee of Parliament. Committee of Privileges: If the motion is referred to the Committee of Privileges, it investigates the matter. Committee Report: The committee examines the case, calls relevant persons, reviews documents, and submits a report with recommendations. House Consideration: The House considers the committee’s report and decides on the action to be taken. Common Causes for Privilege Motions Misconduct by Members: Actions by MPs that are deemed dishonorable or contrary to the dignity of the House. Publication of Expunged Remarks: Publishing remarks that have been ordered to be expunged from the official records. Obstructing Members in the Discharge of their Duties: Any action that hinders MPs from performing their parliamentary duties. Disrespectful Conduct: Actions by any individual or authority that show disrespect to the House or its members. Source: Indian Express STURGEONS Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: According to a new report, poaching and trafficking are endangering the survival of four sturgeon species in one of their last strongholds—the lower Danube River in southeastern Europe. These species are among the most endangered fish globally. Background: Sturgeons are iconic fish of ancient origin, present already in the time of dinosaurs. They award a cultural, economic and natural value to many rivers of the Northern hemisphere and have become symbols for healthy and free flowing river systems. About Sturgeons Ancient Origins: Sturgeons have been around for millions of years, with fossils dating back to the Late Cretaceous period. Primitive Fish: They are considered “primitive” because they have retained many characteristics from their early ancestors. Physical Characteristics Distinctive Features: Sturgeons are long-lived, late-maturing fishes with distinctive characteristics, such as a heterocercal caudal fin similar to those of sharks, and an elongated, spindle-like body that is smooth-skinned, scaleless, and armored with lateral rows of bony plates called scutes. Size: Several species can grow quite large, typically ranging from 2 to 3.5 meters in length. Habitat and Behavior Habitat: Sturgeons are found in subtropical, temperate, and sub-Arctic rivers, lakes, and coastlines of Eurasia and North America. Migratory Patterns: Many sturgeon species are anadromous, meaning they migrate upstream to spawn but spend most of their lives in river deltas and estuaries. Additional Information Sturgeons are heavily exploited globally for their roe/eggs (caviar) and meat. This has led to a steep decline in populations worldwide. Due to overfishing for their roe (caviar) and habitat destruction, most sturgeon species are critically endangered Since 1998, international trade in all species of sturgeons has been regulated under CITES owing to concerns over the impact of unsustainable harvesting of and illegal trade in sturgeon populations in the wild. Source: Down To Earth INDO-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP FOR MARITIME DOMAIN AWARENESS Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: The Quad countries recently announced that the Indo-Pacific Partnership for Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA) will be extended to the Indian Ocean, utilizing the Indian Navy’s Information Fusion Centre in Gurugram. Background: IPMDA is a technology and training initiative to enhance maritime domain awareness in the Indo-Pacific region and to bring increased transparency to its critical waterways. About Indo-Pacific Partnership for Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA) TheIndo-Pacific Partnership for Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA) is an initiative launched by the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) countries—Australia, India, Japan, and the United States—in May 2022. The primary goal of the IPMDA is to enhance maritime security and domain awareness across the Indo-Pacific region by leveraging emerging technologies and providing training support to regional partners. Key Objectives and Features Maritime Security and Awareness: The IPMDA aims to providenear-real-time, integrated, and cost-effective maritime domain awareness to its partners1. This includes monitoring regional maritime spaces and securing open sea lines of communication (SLOCs). It focuses on combating various challenges such as natural disasters, human and weapons trafficking, illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and dark shipping (vessels operating with their AIS transponders turned off). Technological Integration: The initiative employs commercial satellite-based tracking services to enhance vessel identification and counter dark shipping.This technology aims to provide a faster, wider, and sharper maritime picture of regional partners’ exclusive economic zones. Capacity Building: The IPMDA provides capacity-building measures for regional partners, helping them improve their maritime situational awareness and protect their waters and resources. Inclusivity and Regional Cooperation: While the initiative implicitly aims to curb Chinese belligerence in the region, especially in the South China Sea, it emphasizes inclusivity.The Quad countries aim to reassure other regional states that the IPMDA is not solely focused on deterring China but is meant to be a collaborative effort to enhance overall maritime security Challenges Perception Issues: Some regional states are concerned that the initiative is primarily anti-China, which could hinder broader participation. Implementation Hurdles: Effective implementation requires overcoming data management and information-sharing obstacles, as well as ensuring that smaller allies in the Indo-Pacific are not strained by the initiative. Source: Hindustan times NATIONAL APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING SCHEME (NATS) Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Recently, the Union Education Minister launched the National Apprenticeship Training Scheme (NATS) 2.0 Portal and disbursed Rs 100 crore stipends to apprentices through the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) mode. Background: NATS 2.0 Portal facilitates registration and application for apprenticeships. It allows industries to manage vacancies and contracts, providing essential employability skills and a guaranteed monthly stipend to young graduates and diploma holders. About National Apprenticeship Training Scheme (NATS) : The National Apprenticeship Training Scheme (NATS) is a flagship program of the Government of India aimed at skilling Indian youth in trade disciplines. Key points about NATS: Objective: NATS encourages skill development among young people by providing practical, hands-on On-the-Job Training (OJT) opportunities. It bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Eligibility: It offers training to graduate, diploma students, and vocational certificate holders. The duration of apprenticeships ranges from 6 months to 1 year. Stipend: During the apprenticeship period, apprentices receive a stipend. Fifty percent of this stipend is reimbursable to the employer by the Government of India. Certificate of Proficiency: At the end of the training, apprentices receive a Certificate of Proficiency issued by the Government of India. This certificate can be registered at all employment exchanges across India as valid employment experience. Source: India Today GOBI DESERT Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: China is set to build the world’s first nuclear power plant using molten thorium salt in the Gobi Desert, aiming for operation by 2025. Background: Thorium-based nuclear power station utilizes thorium instead of uranium as fuel. Currently, the only operational thorium reactor is located in the Gobi Desert (120km northwest of Wuwei, Gansu province). About Gobi Desert The Gobi Desert is a large, cold desert and grassland region in northern China and southern Mongolia. It is the sixth largest desert in the world. Its boundaries extend from the foothills of the Pamirs in the west to the Greater Khingan Mountains in the east, the Altai and Hangayn mountain ranges in the north and the Pei Mountains in the south. Formation: The Gobi is a rain shadow desert formed by the Himalayas, which prevent rain-carrying clouds from reaching the region. Terrain: Unlike typical sandy deserts, much of the Gobi resembles exposed bare rock. Sand dunes, grasslands, and rocky outcrops characterize its landscape. Biodiversity : Despite its extreme conditions, the Gobi Desert hosts a variety of life forms adapted to desert survival. Notable wildlife includes the Bactrian camel, Gobi bear (one of the rarest bears globally), snow leopards, and various bird species. While vegetation is sparse, hardy plants manage to thrive in these challenging surroundings Source: South China Morning Post PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL OFFENCES (POCSO) ACT Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: The Karnataka High Court has quashed proceedings under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO) Act against a 23-year-old accused after he married the alleged victim in the case, with the caveat that the proceedings can be revived if he abandons the victim and their child. Background: The incident occurred on February 2, 2023, when the accused took the school-going girl to an isolated location and allegedly sexually assaulted her.The girl subsequently gave birth to their child. Both parties’ — accused and victim — through their legal representatives submitted that they were in love, but faced parental opposition. About Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act It aims to address offences of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse of children, which were either not specifically defined or adequately penalised. It was enacted as a consequence of India’s ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1992. Key features of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act: It is a gender-neutral legislation as it defines a child as “any person” under the age of 18. It considers non-reporting a crime so any person in charge of an institution (excluding children) who fails to report the commission of a sexual offense involving a subordinate, faces punishment. It does not specify any time limit for reporting abuse so a victim may report an offence at any time, even years after the abuse has occurred. It keeps the victim’s identity confidential as the Act forbids the disclosure of the victim’s identity in any form of media unless authorized by the special courts established by the Act. Key Provisions of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act: It defines a child as any person below the age of 18 years. The Act provides punishment as per the gravity of the offence. It mandates that investigation in the cases is to be completed in two months (from the date of registration of FIR) and trial in six months. It states a sexual assault is to be considered aggravated if – the abused child is mentally ill or, when the abuse is committed by a member of the armed forces or security forces, a public servant, or a person in a position of trust or authority of the child, like a family member, police officer, teacher, or doctor or a person-management or staff of a hospital, whether Government or private. It prescribes rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life and also a fine as punishment for aggravated penetrative sexual assault. It makes provisions for avoiding the re-victimization of the child at the hands of the judicial system. It makes it mandatory to report such cases as it makes it the legal duty of a person aware of the offence to report the sexual abuse. In case he fails to do so, the person can be punished with six months’ imprisonment or a fine. It prescribes punishment to the people who traffic children for sexual purposes. It provides for punishment against false complaints or untrue information. It was amended in 2019 to increase the minimum punishment from seven years to ten years. It further adds that if a person commits penetrative sexual assault on a child below the age of 16 years, he will be punished with imprisonment between 20 years to life, with a fine. Source: Economic Times Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements about parliamentary privileges: Parliamentary privileges are special rights, immunities, and exemptions enjoyed by the members of Parliament. Speaker/chairman has no role in admitting a privilege motion as it is directly dealt by privileges committee. Which of the statements given above is/are not correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) With reference to the National Apprenticeship Training Scheme (NATS), consider the following statements: NATS aims to skill Indian youth in various trade disciplines through practical, hands-on On-the-Job Training (OJT). It caters to graduate, diploma students, and vocational certificate holders. During this period, apprentices receive a stipend, with 50% reimbursable to the employer by the Government of India. Upon completion, apprentices receive a Certificate of Proficiency issued by the Government of India. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q3.) With reference to the Gobi Desert, consider the following statements: The Gobi Desert is a hot desert and grassland region in northern China and southern Mongolia. The Gobi is a rain shadow desert formed by the Himalayas, which prevent rain-carrying clouds from reaching the region. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 2nd August 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 1st August – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – c Q.2) – d Q.3) – c

Aug 2, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 2nd August 2024

Aug 1, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 1st August 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) NO BUYERS FOR J&K’S LITHIUM Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Ministry of Mines was forced to scrap the auction for the lithium block in Jammu and Kashmir’s (J&K’s) Reasi district for the second time, following weak investor response. Background:- This comes nearly 18 months after former Mines Secretary revealed the discovery of an inferred lithium ore deposit of 5.9 million tonnes in Reasi, last February. Key takeaways The first auction was annulled on March 13 because fewer than the required minimum of three bidders cleared the first round. The very next day, the Mines Ministry put the block for auction again. The second attempt was also annulled last week, after failing to clear the first round despite the minimum bidder requirement being waved off this time around, as per auction rules. The second attempt saw no qualified bidders at all. Challenges in extracting and processing lithium from hard rock pegmatite deposits, such as those in Reasi, coupled with underdeveloped mineral reporting standards used in the tender documents, significantly deterred investors. Some other reasons cited for lack of investors are: Bid document had limited information of the block block in auction is too small to apply modern mineral systems-based tools. No beneficiation study conducted to assess feasibility of extracting and processing lithium from the resources identified. According to experts, India’s current resource classification rules largely based on the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC) do not provide sufficient information to determine the economic viability of mining a mineral block. Clarity on the economic viability of mining lithium is crucial due to the high costs of the extraction process. With global lithium prices having fallen significantly in recent months, miners are increasingly focused on maintaining their margins. Most mining companies, stock exchanges, and regulatory bodies worldwide follow the Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards (CRIRSCO) template. Unlike the UNFC system, the CRIRSCO template requires the reporting of economically viable reserves with high geological confidence confirmed through studies to at least a pre-feasibility level. Experts say that to attract private investment, India should adopt CRIRSCO-aligned internationally-compliant mineral reporting standards. Source: Indian Express NATURAL FARMING Syllabus Prelims & Mains – AGRICULTURE Context: In her Budget proposals for 2024-25, Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced that over the next two years, one crore farmers nationwide will be introduced to natural farming, supported by certification and branding initiatives. Background: Among states,Andhra Pradesh is a front runner in adopting natural farming but studies have raised concerns about the sustainability and yield (productivity) potential of this farming method. National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) Government through the mission intends to motivate farmers to adopt chemical-free farming. The natural farming scheme under the ‘Bharatiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati’ has a total outlay of ₹4,645.69 crore for six years (2019-20 to 2024-25). Government believes that the success requires a behavioural shift from chemical-based to cow-based, locally-produced inputs. What are the features and benefits of Natural Farming? No chemical fertilizers and pesticides used. Promotes traditional indigenous practices. Emphasizes on-farm biomass recycling, biomass mulching, cow dung-urine formulations, botanical pest control, and exclusion of synthetic chemicals. Improves natural nutrient cycling and soil organic matter. It is a a diversified farming system integrating crops, trees, and livestock allowing the optimum use of functional biodiversity. Potential benefits: increased farmer income, restored soil fertility, improved environmental health, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Challenges and Concerns: Large-scale transition is a matter of concern due to India’s large population and food security needs. Divergent results from studies on Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF): CESS Study (Andhra Pradesh): Lower costs of biological inputs, improved yields and incomes for farmers. ICAR-IIFSR Study: Significant decline in wheat (59%) and basmati rice (32%) yields, raising concerns about sustainability and productivity. Lessons from Sri Lanka: Complete shift to organic farming led to economic and political turmoil in Srilanka. Ban on chemical fertilizers resulted in fertilizer shortages, reduced crop yields, food security risks, price escalations, and protests. Way Forward: Extensive studies and scientific assessments needed before large-scale adoption. Natural farming could be beneficial locally but may not be viable nationwide due to food security concerns. Noted economist M.S. Sidhu recommends rigorous scientific tests, especially on crop yields, before nationwide implementation. Suggests using natural farming for supplementary foodstuffs rather than staple cereals like wheat and rice. Source: Hindu HUMAYUNS TOMB Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ART & CULTURE Context: Union Minister of Culture and Tourism recently inaugurated the sprawling 100,000 square feet state of the art – Humayun’s Tomb World Heritage Site Museum at the Humayun’s Tomb, a UNESCO World Heritage site in New Delhi. Background: Inspired from the ancient ‘Baolis’ or stepped wells of Delhi, this underground museum is designed to retain the visual integrity of the monuments located in the complex, as per the UNESCO recommendation that site museums be provided at World Heritage Sites to provide the cultural context of the heritage edifice. About Humayuns tomb Humayun’s tomb is the tomb ofMughal emperor, Mirza Nasir al-Din Muhammad commonly known as Humayun situated in Delhi, India. Commissioned by: The tomb was commissioned by Humayun’s first wife and chief consort, Empress Bega Begum, in 1558. Architects: It was designed by Persian architects Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and his son, Sayyid Muhammad. Architecture: Humayun’s Tomb is notable for being the first garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent and the first structure to use red sandstone at such a scale.It features high arches and double domes, showing considerable Persian influence. UNESCO World Heritage Site: The tomb was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993. Location: It is situated in Nizamuddin East, Delhi, near the Dina-panah Citadel, also known as Purana Qila. Significance The complex encompasses the main tomb of the Emperor Humayun, which houses the graves of EmpressBega Begum and also Dara Shikoh, great-great-grandson of Humayun and son of the later Emperor Shah Jahan, as well as numerous other subsequent Mughals. It represented a significant advancement in Mughal architecture. Along with its expertly designed Charbagh garden, which was characteristic of Persian gardens but unprecedented in India, it set a new standard for subsequent Mughal architecture. The site was chosen on the banks of the Yamuna River due to its proximity to Nizamuddin Dargah, the mausoleum of the celebrated Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya, who was revered by the rulers of Delhi. His residence, Chilla Nizamuddin Auliya, is located just northeast of the tomb. Source: PIB HOOLLONGAPAR GIBBON WILDLIFE SANCTUARY Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: The Union environment ministry’s approval for exploratory oil and gas drilling in parts of Assam could further endanger the hoolock gibbon. Cairn India, part of Vedanta Ltd, seeks to use around 5 hectares of reserved forest land for drilling within the eco-sensitive zone of the Hoollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, according to official documents. Background: While the area may seem small, experts cite that the gibbon is a canopy dweller, and that any break, however small, in the existing canopy in its habitat could be a risk. About Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary : TheHollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, formerly known as the Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary is an isolated protected area of evergreen forest located in Assam, The sanctuary was officially constituted and renamed in 1997. Set aside initially in 1881, its forests used to extend to the foothills of thePatkai mountain range. Since then, the forest has been fragmented and surrounded bytea gardens and small villages. In the early 1900s, artificial regeneration was used to a develop well-stocked forest, resulting in the site’s rich The Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary contains India’s only ape and gibbon specie – thehoolock gibbons and Northeastern India’s only nocturnal primate – the Bengal slow loris. The habitat is threatened byillegal logging, encroachment of human settlements, and habitat fragmentation. Source: Hindustan Times IDEAS4LIFE INITIATIVE Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Recently, the Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change Bhupender Yadav launched Ideas4LiFE at IIT Delhi. Background: The portal ‘Ideas4Life.nic.in’ will allow participants to submit their ideas and innovations online. About Ideas4LiFE initiative The Ideas4LiFE initiative aims to collect innovative ideas that encourage environmentally friendly behaviours. The Ideas4LiFE Ideathon covers seven themes of Mission LiFE- Save Water, Save Energy, Reduce Waste, Reduce E-Waste, Say No to Single-Use Plastics, Adopt Sustainable Food Systems, and Adopt Healthy Lifestyles. Winning ideas under each of the seven themes of Mission LiFE will be recognized and awarded with attractive prizes for individuals as well as for institutions. Purpose of Ideas4LiFE: Inspiration for Sustainability: Ideas4LiFE is set up to gather creative ideas and innovations online, inspiring people to live more sustainably. Resource Wisdom: It aligns with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of using resources wisely. Inclusive Participation: Students, researchers, teachers, and innovators are invited to share their ideas, fostering a culture of innovation focused on protecting the environment. Global Movement: Mission LiFE: Ideas4LiFE is part of a larger global movement called Mission LiFE, which promotes environmental sustainability. Participants worldwide are encouraged to think creatively and contribute to this vital effort. Source: PIB ACT EAST POLICY (AEP) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: 2024 is the tenth anniversary year of the Act East Policy (AEP). Background: The AEP, which replaced the Look East Policy (LEP) in 2014, has laid the foundations for India’s engagements with the East. About Act East policy India’s Act East policy is a diplomatic initiative aimed at promoting economic, strategic, and cultural relations with the vast Asia-Pacific region. It serves as a modern version of the Look East Policy, which was launched in 1991 by then Prime Minister V. Narasimha Rao. While the Look East Policy primarily focused on economic integration with Southeast Asian countries, the Act East Policy expands its scope to include both economic and security integration. The Act East Policy was announced in November 2014 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Objectives: Economic Cooperation: The policy aims to enhance economic cooperation with countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Cultural Ties: It seeks to strengthen cultural ties and foster people-to-people connections. Strategic Relationships: The Act East Policy aims to develop strategic relationships with neighbouring countries, including those in Southeast Asia and East Asia. Connectivity: Enhanced connectivity is a key focus, especially for the North Eastern Region of India, including Arunachal Pradesh. Countering China: By cultivating extensive economic and strategic ties with Southeast Asian nations, India aims to bolster its regional standing and act as a counterweight to China’s influence in the region. Interface with ASEAN: The Act East Policy provides an interface between North-Eastern India (including Arunachal Pradesh) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region. This interface facilitates economic, cultural, and strategic cooperation. Source: India Mission to ASEAN Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements Humans tomb The tomb was commissioned by Humayun’s wife Empress Bega Begum. Humayun’s Tomb is notable for being the first garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent Which of the statements given above are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) With reference to the Act East Policy (AEP), consider the following statements: The Act East Policy is a diplomatic initiative aimed at promoting economic, strategic, and cultural relations with the vast Asia-Pacific region. It serves as a modern version of the Look East Policy. By cultivating extensive economic and strategic ties with Southeast Asian nations, India aims to bolster its regional standing and act as a counterweight to China’s influence in the region. How many of the statements given above are not correct? Only one Only two All three None Q3.) With reference to the Ideas4LiFE initiative, consider the following statements: The Ideas4LiFE initiative to collect innovative ideas that encourage environmentally friendly behaviours. Ideas4LiFE is part of a larger global movement called Mission LiFE, which promotes environmental sustainability. Which of the statements given above are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 1st August 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 31st July – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – c Q.2) – c Q.3) – d

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