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Dec 9, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 9th December 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) COPYRIGHT ACT Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Recently, Dhanush sent a legal notice to Nayanthara, demanding Rs. 10 crore for allegedly infringing the copyright over a movie. Background: – The Copyright Act, 1957 is a comprehensive legal framework in India that governs copyright protection and enforcement. The Act has been amended multiple times, with significant amendments in 1983, 1984, 1992, 1994, 1999, and 2012. Key provisions of the Copyright Act Copyright grants exclusive rights to the creator of original works such as literary, artistic, musical, or dramatic works, including films, computer programs, and sound recordings. The Act provides the owner with economic and moral rights: Economic Rights: Right to reproduce, distribute, communicate to the public, and adapt the work. Moral Rights: Right to claim authorship and object to distortion or mutilation of the work. Duration of Copyright Protection: Literary, Artistic, Dramatic, and Musical Works: Life of the author + 60 years. Cinematograph Films, Sound Recordings, and Anonymous Works: 60 years from the year of publication. The law provides protection to the transformative work which is a creative/ artistic work that takes existing material (text, music, art) and significantly modifies, reinterprets, or builds upon it to create something new and distinct. For example, the comedy group AIB’s 2015 spoof video ‘Every Bollywood Party song’ starring the late actor Irrfan, was a parody of rapper Yo Yo Honey Singh’s ‘Party all night’, and it would not amount to infringement as it can be termed as inspired work. According to the copyright law, no exclusive intellectual property rights apply to creative works in the public domain. So, the Old Testament and New Testament, or the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible, one of the most widely used translations of the Bible, are not protected by copyright. Similarly, the Ramayana and Mahabharata are not protected by copyright, but the television series Ramayana created by Ramanand Sagar or B R Chopra’s Mahabharata are “transformative works” that are protected. Copyright infringement: A copyrighted work will be considered “infringed” only if a substantial part is made use of without authorisation. Section 52 lists acts that don’t constitute infringement, even in cases where one has a copyright over the work. Section 52(1)(a) exempts “a fair dealing with any work” from being termed “infringement” if it’s for private or personal use, like research, criticism or review, or reporting of current events and affairs. Source: Indian Express MARBURG VIRUS DISEASE (MVD) Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The World Health Organisation (WHO) has issued a warning for the Marburg virus disease. Background: – An outbreak of deadly Marburg virus disease (MVD), often referred to as the ‘bleeding eye virus’, has killed at least 15 people, and infected at least 66 in Rwanda. Key takeaways The Marburg virus is a highly infectious pathogen that causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. Causative Agents: The Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV) are the causative agents of Marburg virus disease (MVD). Family: Both viruses belong to the Filoviridae family, which also includes the Ebola virus. First Detection: The virus was first identified in 1967 in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany, and in Belgrade, Serbia, during laboratory work with African green monkeys imported from Uganda. Transmission: Natural Host: The natural host of the Marburg virus is the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Animal to Human: Direct contact with bat feces, saliva, or tissues of infected animals. Human-to-Human Transmission: The virus spreads among humans through direct contact with the blood, secretions, organs, or other bodily fluids of infected individuals. High-Risk Activities: Transmission can occur through close contact with infected individuals, contaminated objects, and during burial ceremonies involving direct contact with the body of the deceased. Symptoms: Initial Symptoms: High fever, severe headache, chills, muscle aches, and a rash with flat and raised bumps. Severe Symptoms: As the disease progresses, symptoms can include liver failure, delirium, shock, bleeding (hemorrhaging), and multi-organ dysfunction. Fatality Rate: The average case fatality rate is around 50%, but it can vary from 24% to 88% depending on the virus strain and case management. Diagnosis and Treatment: Diagnosis: MVD is diagnosed through blood tests such as ELISA or RT-PCR. Treatment: There is no specific antiviral treatment for MVD. Supportive care, including rehydration therapy and symptomatic management, improves survival. Preventive Measures: Preventive measures include avoiding contact with bats in mines or caves, using protective clothing, and isolating infected individuals. Source: Hindustan Times PM SURYA GHAR MUFT BIJLI YOJANA Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Around 1.45 crore registrations have been made under the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana and 6.34 lakh installations completed, Parliament was informed recently. Background: As per official data, Gujarat has seen the maximum solar installations under the scheme at 2,86,545, followed by Maharashtra with 1,26,344 installations and Uttar Pradesh at 53,423. Key takeaways The PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana is a Central Sector Scheme. Launch Date: February 15, 2024. Objective: PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana targets to achieve 1 crore rooftop solar installations in residential sector by FY27 with an outlay of Rs 75,021 crore. Key Features: Subsidy: The scheme offers a subsidy of 60% for systems up to 2 kW capacity and 40% for systems between 2 to 3 kW capacity. Free Electricity: Eligible households will receive up to 300 units of free electricity every month. Eligibility: Indian citizens who own a house with a suitable roof and have a valid electricity connection. Application Process: Interested households can register on the national portal, select their state and electricity distribution company, and apply for the rooftop solar system. Benefits: Financial Relief: Reduces electricity costs for households. Sustainable Energy: Promotes the use of renewable energy and reduces carbon emissions. Energy Independence: Enhances energy security by reducing reliance on traditional power sources. Model Solar Village Under the “Model Solar Village” component of the scheme, the focus is on establishing one Model Solar Village per district throughout India. This initiative aims to promote solar energy adoption and empower village communities to achieve energy self-reliance. An allocation of ₹800 crore has been designated for this component, with ₹1 crore provided to each selected Model Solar Village. To qualify as a candidate village, it must be a revenue village with a population of over 5,000 (or 2,000 in special category states). Villages are selected through a competitive process. Source: Economic Times SYRIA Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Syrian rebels declared President Bashar al-Assad’s ouster after seizing control of Damascus on Sunday (December 8, 2024), ending his family’s iron-fisted rule after more than 13 years of civil war in a seismic moment for West Asia. Background: – The Islamist rebels also dealt a major blow to the influence of Russia and Iran in the region, key allies who propped up Assad during critical moments in the civil war. Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), which spearheaded the rebel advances, was formerly an al Qaeda affiliate known as the Nusra Front until its leader Abu Mohammed al-Golani, severed ties with the global jihadist movement in 2016. HTS is Syria’s strongest rebel group and some Syrians remain fearful it will impose draconian Islamist rule. Key takeaways Syria is a country located in West Asia, in the region known as the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. Location: Bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east and southeast, Jordan to the south, and Israel and Lebanon to the southwest. Capital: Damascus, which is also the largest city. History: Ottoman Rule: The region was part of the Ottoman Empire until the end of World War I. French Mandate: After World War I, Syria came under French mandate until it gained independence in 1946. Modern State: The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century, with Damascus as its capital. Culture and Religion: Ethnic Groups: The population is predominantly Arab, with significant Kurdish, Armenian, Assyrian, and other minority groups. Religion: The majority of the population follows Islam (87%), with Sunni Islam being the largest group (74%), followed by Alawism and other Shia Islam (13%), and Christianity (10%). Cultural Significance: Cities like Damascus and Aleppo hold great cultural significance, with Damascus being the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate during Islamic rule. Economy: GDP: The GDP (PPP) is approximately $50.28 billion, with a per capita GDP of around $2,900. Currency: Syrian pound (SYP). Economic Challenges: The ongoing conflict has severely impacted the economy, leading to significant challenges in infrastructure and development. Source: The Hindu MULEHUNTER.AI Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The RBI recently asked banks to collaborate with its initiative MuleHunter.AI to weed out mule accounts which are used to commit financial fraud. Background: – RBI has been taking various measures in coordination with banks and other stakeholders to prevent and mitigate digital fraud in the financial sector. Key takeaways MuleHunter.ai is an advanced artificial intelligence tool developed by the Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH) to combat financial fraud, particularly focusing on detecting and flagging mule accounts. The Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), established to foster innovation and technology in the financial sector Purpose of MuleHunter.AI : To detect and prevent the misuse of mule accounts for money laundering and other illicit financial activities. Key Features: AI/ML-Based Detection: Utilizes artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to analyze transaction data and account details. Pattern Recognition: Identifies patterns of mule account behavior with greater precision and speed compared to traditional rule-based systems. Near-Real-Time Monitoring: Provides near-real-time monitoring of accounts to quickly detect suspicious activities. What is a mule bank account? A mule account is a bank account that is used by criminals for illegal activities, including the laundering of illicit funds. A mule account is typically bought over by the criminals from their original users, individuals who are often from lower income groups, or have low levels of technical literacy. The related term “money mule” is used to describe the innocent victims who are used by the criminals to launder stolen or illegal money via their bank accounts. When such incidents are reported, the money mule becomes the target of police investigations, while the actual criminals remain undetectable. Source: Business Standard Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to MuleHunter.AI, which of the following statements is/are correct? (Type: True/False style question) MuleHunter.AI is an initiative by the Reserve Bank Innovation Hub to detect and prevent financial fraud. It relies exclusively on Aadhar database to detect mule account behavior. Mule accounts are primarily used for illegal activities like money laundering. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Which of the following states has seen the highest number of solar rooftop installations under the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana, as of recent data? Maharashtra B. Uttar Pradesh C. Gujarat D. Rajasthan Q3.) Consider the following statements about Syria: Syria is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the west and Iraq to the east. Damascus, the capital of Syria, is the largest city in the country. The Euphrates River flows through Syria, playing a significant role in its agriculture. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 7th December – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – c Q.2) – b Q.3) – d

Dec 9, 2024 Important Articles

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Dec 7, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 7th December 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) OILFIELDS (REGULATION AND DEVELOPMENT) AMENDMENT BILL, 2024 Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: Rajya Sabha recently passed the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill, 2024. Background: – The Bill amends the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act of 1948. It draws a clear line between the law governing the mining of “minerals” — defined under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 — and the Oilfields Act. What is the Oilfields Bill? When the Oilfields Act was first passed it was known as the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948. This sole legislation governed and regulated oilfields, mines and minerals until 1957, when the present-day Mines and Minerals Act came into force. To demarcate the spheres in which the two Acts would operate, the 1948 legislation was renamed the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948, and its language was amended to replace references to “minerals” with “mineral oils”. However, the Act does not define “mineral oil”, an oversight that the current Oilfields Bill aims to correct. Key provisions of the bill Expanded Definition of Mineral Oils: Includes unconventional hydrocarbons: coal bed methane, oil shale, shale gas, shale oil, tight gas, tight oil, and gas hydrates. Excludes coal, lignite, and helium occurring in the petroleum process. Petroleum Lease: It has been defined as a lease granted for “prospecting, exploration, development, production, making merchantable, carrying away or disposing of mineral oils”. Expanded Regulatory Powers of the Centre: Includes emission reduction, oilfield usage for green technologies (e.g., hydrogen production, carbon capture), lease mergers, and dispute resolution. Decriminalization of Offences: Shifts focus from criminal penalties to administrative fines for lease-related infractions. Raises fines to ensure compliance. Opening No-Go Areas for Exploration: Allows exploration in previously restricted areas, such as near missile testing sites. Significance and Impact Boost to Domestic Output: Enhances exploration and production of both conventional and unconventional resources. Reduces reliance on oil imports, which currently outpace exports by threefold. Policy Stability for Producers: Enables efficient operations by reducing redundant approvals and providing a predictable regulatory environment. Green Energy Integration: Encourages use of oilfields for green initiatives like hydrogen production and carbon capture. Lays groundwork for future incentives to make decarbonization projects viable. Economic Implications: Streamlined processes improve private sector participation. Supports long-term goals of energy security and reduced import dependency. Source: Indian Express LAKE EFFECT SNOW Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Recently, parts of US north-east saw substantial snowfall thanks to a phenomenon known as “lake-effect snow”. Background: – Western New York state was hit particularly hard, with nearly 4ft (1.22m) of snow accumulating in just four days. In response to the heavy snowfall, New York and Pennsylvania declared states of emergency. Key takeaways Lake-effect snow is a weather phenomenon that occurs when cold air moves over relatively warmer lake waters. This process can lead to significant snowfall, especially in regions downwind of the lakes. Formation: Cold Air: Cold air moves over the warmer waters of large lakes. Moisture Uplift: The warm lake water heats the lower layer of air, causing it to rise. As the moist air rises, it cools and condenses, forming clouds. Snowfall: These clouds can produce heavy snowfall, often in narrow bands. The snowfall rates can exceed several inches per hour. Key Factors: Temperature Difference: A significant temperature difference between the lake surface and the air above is crucial for lake-effect snow formation. Wind Direction: The direction and speed of the wind determine where the snow bands will form and how far they will travel inland. Lake Size: Larger lakes, like the Great Lakes in North America, can produce more intense lake-effect snow. Examples: Great Lakes Region: The areas around the Great Lakes, such as Buffalo, New York, and parts of Michigan, often experience significant lake-effect snow. Other Locations: Similar phenomena can occur near other large lakes, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah and Lake Baikal in Russia. Source: Guardian MAHAPARINIRVAN DIWAS Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY Context: Mahaparinirvan Diwas is observed annually on December 6 to commemorate the death anniversary of Bharat Ratna Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar. Background: According to Buddhist texts, Lord Buddha’s death is considered to be Mahaparinirvan, the Sanskrit term for ‘nirvana after death’. Parinirvan is considered liberation from Samara, karma, and the cycle of death and birth. Ambedkar’s followers believe he was as influential as Lord Buddha, which is why his death anniversary is observed as Mahaparinirvan Divas. Key takeaways Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, born on April 14, 1891, in Mhow, Madhya Pradesh, dedicated his life to uplifting marginalized communities who faced systemic social discrimination. He proposed revolutionary steps to empower the oppressed, including reservations in education, employment, and politics. He launched the newspaper Mooknayaka (Leader of the Silent) to amplify the voices of the downtrodden. He established the Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha (Outcastes Welfare Association) in 1923 to spread education, improve economic conditions, and address societal inequalities. His leadership in historic movements such as the Mahad March (1927) for access to public water and the temple entry movement at Kalaram Temple (1930) challenged caste hierarchies and priestly dominance. Dr. B R Ambedkar’s pivotal role in the Poona Pact of 1932, which replaced separate electorates with reserved seats for Dalits, marked a turning point in India’s fight for social justice. Ambedkar’s doctoral thesis inspired the establishment of the Finance Commission of India. At the same time, his ideas were instrumental in framing the guidelines for the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Act, 1934. He was one of the founders of Employment Exchanges in our country. He championed systemic advancements such as the foundation of Employment Exchanges, the establishment of the National Power Grid System, and pivotal projects like the Damodar Valley Project, Hirakud Dam Project, and Sone River Project, showcasing his foresight in infrastructure and resource management. As Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, Ambedkar played a pivotal role in crafting the Indian Constitution, presenting a draft in 1948 that was adopted with minimal changes. Dr. BR Ambedkar’s multifaceted contributions from economic policy and infrastructure to constitutional law cemented his legacy as a nation-builder, committed to fostering a just and equitable India. Source: PIB PROBA 3 Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launched the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Proba-3 mission aboard the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)-C59 rocket. Background: – The PSLV-C59/PROBA-3 Mission is the 61st flight of PSLV and the 26th using PSLV-XL configuration. Key takeaways PROBA-3, a European Space Agency (ESA) mission consisting of two satellites, is designed to study the solar corona—the outer layer of the Sun’s atmosphere. The mission is designed with two satellites that fly in tandem. This will be the first-ever attempt at “precision formation flying”, where two satellites will fly together and maintain a fixed configuration in space. The two satellites — Occulter Spacecraft (weighing 200 kg) and the Coronagraph Spacecraft (weighing 340 kg) — will mimic a natural solar eclipse. They will manoeuvre precisely in Earth’s orbit so that one satellite casts a shadow onto the other. A naturally occurring solar eclipse allows solar physicists to observe and study the Sun’s corona for 10 minutes, across an average of about 1.5 eclipse events per year. Proba-3 will give six hours, equivalent to 50 such events annually, which will help deepen understanding of the Sun’s corona like never before. Both the Occulter and the Coronagraph will face the Sun at all times. They will maintain a formation of a few millimetres and then move to a position where they will be 150 metres apart for six hours at a time. One satellite will act as a viewing telescope, kept at the centre of a shadow cast by the other satellite positioned 150 metres away. This positioning will facilitate observing the Sun’s corona and will be autonomously achieved through precise flight formation. If done successfully, the Occulter will create an artificial yet stable eclipse, by masking large parts of the Sun. As a result, the Sun’s blinding light will get blocked and only the solar corona will be visible to the coronagraph, which will photograph and facilitate studies of the lesser-known features. Source: Indian Express POTATO CRISIS Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Odisha food supplies and consumer welfare minister accused the West Bengal government of creating an artificial scarcity of potatoes to “tarnish the reputation” of the Odisha government. Background: – Odisha has been grappling with high prices of Potato for months. Recently, the government of Bengal, a major potato supplier to Odisha, restricted the shipment of the tuber as prices rose in its own markets. Key takeaways India is the second largest producer of potato in the world, after China. Between 1991-92 and 2020-21, potato area has doubled from 11 to 22 lakh hectares, and production tripled— from 181.95 to 561.72 lakh metric tonnes. Productivity increased by over 50 per cent—from 16 to 25 metric tonnes per hectare. In India, potatoes are grown during the rabi (winter-spring) season, mainly in Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Assam, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. A small quantity of potato is also grown during the kharif (monsoon) season in Uttarakhand, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. Uttar Pradesh was the biggest producer of potato in the country in 2021-22. It was followed by West Bengal. These two states accounted for almost half of the country’s total potato production during 2021-22. Potato is a temperate climate crop, requiring low temperatures from 15°C to 25°C, and Odisha’s agro-climatic conditions are not conducive for potato cultivation. Thus, the state is dependent on supply from other states, particularly from West Bengal, to meet its demand. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) What is the primary objective of the European Space Agency’s PROBA-3 Mission? To study the Moon’s surface in detail. To map the Earth’s magnetic field variations. To study the Sun’s corona for extended periods through precision formation flying. To explore asteroids in the asteroid belt. Q2.) Which of the following is NOT true about potato cultivation in India? India is the second-largest producer of potatoes globally, after China. Potatoes are primarily grown in the kharif season across all states. Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal are the largest producers of potatoes in India. Odisha depends on inter-state supply of potatoes due to unsuitable agro-climatic conditions. Q3.) Which of the following contributions is associated with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar? Launching the newspaper Mooknayaka to amplify the voices of marginalized communities. Signing the Poona Pact of 1932 to replace separate electorates with reserved seats for Dalits. Established the Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha. All of the above. Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 6th December – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – a Q.2) – b Q.3) – c

Dec 7, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 7th December 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Dec 6, 2024 IASbaba's Monthly Magazine

[CURRENT AFFAIRS] IAS UPSC REVAMPED Current Affairs Magazine October 2024

Archives Hello Friends, This is October 2024 of IASbaba’s REVAMPED Current Affairs Monthly Magazine. Current Affairs for UPSC Civil Services Examination is an important factor in this preparation. An effort towards making your Current Affairs for IAS UPSC Preparation qualitative. We hope you make the best use of it! This edition covers all Important current affairs issues that were in the news for the month of October 2024. Kindly leave your feedback in the comment section below on the new design and presentation of the magazine. We would love to hear from you! Download The Magazine - October 2024 Important Topics Covered In The Magazine Includes: Remembering The ‘iron Man Of India’ Special Provisions for Tribals U.S. President Election Digital Personal Data Protection Act India and The Science Nobels And Much More..... Download The Magazine - October 2024 To get Regular Updates from IASbaba, follow- TELEGRAM Channel – https://t.me/IASbabaOfficialAccount YOUTUBE – https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChvbVdio9Wgj7Z3nQz1Q0ZQ FACEBOOK – https://www.facebook.com/iasbaba/ Also, SUBSCRIBE to the WEBSITE Below, so that you don’t miss out on important posts! Thank You IASbaba

Dec 6, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 6th December 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) AFRICA IN THE SPOTLIGHT Syllabus: Mains – GS 1 & GS 2 Context: During his recent visit to Nigeria, Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasised India’s increasing engagement with the African continent. Background: – The Prime Minister highlighted Nigeria’s potential as a major hub for Africa’s development. He also noted that in the last five years, India has opened 18 new embassies across Africa, reflecting its commitment to fostering deeper ties. Key takeaways Africa is the world’s second-largest continent, covering about 20 per cent of Earth’s land area and 6 per cent of its total surface area. As the second-most-populous continent, Africa’s population of approximately 1.52 billion accounts for about 18 per cent of the world’s population. Algeria is Africa’s largest country by area, and Nigeria is its largest by population. Notably, Africa’s population is the youngest, with a median age of 19.2 years, in comparison to the global average of 30.6 years. Moreover, urbanisation is occurring at a rapid rate in Africa, reflecting on the trend of urban migration driven by economic opportunities and population growth. Several factors such as geographic challenges, climate change, colonialism, the Cold War’s lingering impacts, neocolonialism and corruption contribute to Africa’s economic miseries. Despite challenges, Africa hosts some of the fastest-growing economies such as Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Ghana. Economic expansion, vast natural resources (like oil, gas, minerals, and arable land), and the young population make Africa a vital region for the world. Africa is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world. However, this rich biodiversity is under threat due to various environmental issues such as desertification, deforestation, water scarcity, and pollution. Climate change further amplifies these concerns. The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has identified Africa as the most vulnerable continent due to its low adaptive capacity, economic reliance on climate-sensitive sectors, and widespread poverty. Scramble for Africa The transatlantic slave trade between 15th and 19th centuries transported an estimated 7–12 million Africans to the New World (the Americas). Africans were primarily transported to work as laborers in mines or fields or on plantations (sugar, tobacco, and cotton). Driven largely by the economic demands of the Second Industrial Revolution during the 19th and 20th centuries, rapid conquest and colonisation of most of the African continent by seven Western European powers occurred, often referred to as the “Scramble for Africa”. The phenomenon resulted in nearly 90 per cent of Africa falling under European control by 1914, drastically reshaping the continent’s political, economic, and social landscapes. In 1870, only about 10 per cent of the continent was formally under European control (primarily coastal regions). The 1884 Berlin Conference, organised by Otto von Bismarck, regulated European colonisation and resulted in the “scramble” by dividing African territories among European powers and drawing arbitrary borders. Current challenges The continent currently faces multiple challenges like poverty, deprivation, epidemics, control of natural resources, conflict, civil strife and insurgencies. It is also becoming a battleground for global power struggle. Almost every global and emerging power has established institutional mechanisms to regularly engage the continent, like FOCOC (Forum on China-Africa Cooperation) by China, TICAD (Tokyo International Conference on African Development) by Japan and IAFS (India-Africa Forum Summit) by India. Source: Indian Express MAURYAN EMPIRE Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY Context: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has resumed excavations at Kumhrar Park in Patna. It hides an ancient architectural marvel – stumps and pits where 80 sandstone pillars once stood, holding up what was possibly a Buddhist assembly hall from the Mauryan era. Background: – In 2004-2005, ASI had covered up the area with soil after the rising water table submerged the pillar stumps. Now, 20 years later, the ASI has decided to uncover the pillars that are a key part of the evidence linking Pataliputra, the seat of the Mauryan empire, to present-day Patna. Historians believe that it was here, in this open-air hall, with its 80 pillars standing on a wooden floor and holding up a wooden ceiling, that Emperor Ashoka, who ruled between 268 and 280 BCE, called a decisive meeting of the third Buddhist Council to unify the faction-ridden Buddhist sangha. Key Milestones and Rulers of Mauryan Empire Chandragupta Maurya (322 BCE – 297 BCE) Established the Mauryan Empire after overthrowing the Nanda Dynasty with the help of Chanakya (Kautilya). United most of India under one centralized administration, creating the first pan-Indian empire. Defeated Seleucus Nicator (305 BCE) in the northwest and signed a treaty, receiving territories like Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Retired and became a Jain monk in his later years. Bindusara (297 BCE – 273 BCE) Expanded the empire further into southern India (except Tamil Nadu and Kerala). Maintained diplomatic relations with the Hellenistic world. Known as Amitraghata (Slayer of Enemies) in Greek accounts. Ashoka the Great (268 BCE – 232 BCE) Consolidated and expanded the empire to its greatest extent, covering almost all of the Indian subcontinent. Famous for the Kalinga War (261 BCE), after which he embraced Buddhism due to its horrors. Promoted Buddhism across Asia and sent missionaries to Sri Lanka, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia. Convened the Third Buddhist Council at Pataliputra. Issued Edicts of Ashoka inscribed on pillars and rocks, spreading messages of Dhamma (righteousness). Administrative and Economic Features Capital: Pataliputra (modern-day Patna). Centralized Administration: A highly organized bureaucracy with provincial governors. Revenue System: Land revenue as the main source of income. Army: A large standing army and a well-organized spy system. Economic Growth: Encouraged trade and commerce; the empire had a well-maintained road system like the Grand Trunk Road. Decline of the Mauryan Empire Weak successors after Ashoka led to decentralization. The empire collapsed in 185 BCE after the assassination of the last ruler, Brihadratha, by his general Pushyamitra Shunga, who established the Shunga Dynasty. Source: Indian Express AKAL TAKHT Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY Context: President of the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) Sukhbir Singh Badal faced an attempt on life at the entrance of the Golden Temple where he was on guard duty (as punishment). Background: The former Deputy Chief Minister of Punjab has been awarded religious punishment by the Akal Takht, for the alleged misrule of the SAD government from 2007 to 2017. Key takeaways The Akal Takht, situated within the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar, was established by the sixth Sikh Guru Hargobind in 1606 following the execution of his father, Guru Arjan Dev, by the Mughals. Guru Hargobind used this platform for governance, and is believed to have issued the first directive (Hukamnama) from here, urging Sikh congregations to contribute horses and weapons to the Panth. The Akal Takht was also a symbol of the Sikh defiance of Mughal authority. The 12-foot-high platform of the Akal Takht symbolised a challenge to the Mughal government in Agra (and later Delhi), where Emperor Jahangir, on whose order Guru Arjan Dev was executed, sat on an 11-foot-high throne. The Akal Takht became the focal point for Sikhs during the period following the execution of Banda Singh Bahadur, the general of the Khalsa army, in 1716. Members of the community would gather at the Akal Takht on Baisakhi and Diwali for Sarbat Khalsa (assembly of all Sikhs) where crucial decisions would be made. Initially, the Sarbat Khalsa appointed the Jathedar (head) of Akal Takht during the annual congregations. After the British established control, the appointment of the Jathedar came under the influence of the Darbar Sahib committee, which was dominated by leaders who were loyal to the regime. Following the enactment of the Sikh Gurdwaras Act in 1925, the Jathedar began to be appointed by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC), a body formed in 1920 to manage Sikh shrines and free them from British-supported mahants. The SGPC is currently the apex governing body of all Sikh gurdwaras in the states of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. How does the Akal Takht hand out religious punishment? As the head of the highest seat of temporal power of the Sikhs, the Jathedar of the Akal Takht is the supreme temporal and religious authority of the Sikhs, and the final word on the affairs of the community. Any person who identifies as a Sikh can be summoned to the Akal Takht, tried, and sentenced. The Akal Takht’s justice applies only to those who voluntarily submit to its authority. Among the prominent Jathedars of the Akal Takht was Akali Phoola Singh, who summoned Maharaja Ranjit Singh for a moral transgression, resulting in the Maharaja receiving punishment of a public flogging at the Akal Takht. Source: Indian Express CASH RESERVE RATIO (CRR) Syllabus: Prelims – ECONOMY Context: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) governor Shaktikanta Das announced a 50 basis point reduction in the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) to 4 per cent during the monetary policy (MPC) address on December 6. Background: – This marks the first CRR cut in over 4.5 years. Key takeaways The Cash Reserve Ratio is a key monetary policy tool that requires banks to maintain a certain percentage of their total deposits as liquid reserves with the RBI. Currently set at 4.5 per cent of a bank’s Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL), this means that for every Rs 100 in deposits, banks must keep Rs 4.50 with the RBI. The primary objectives of the CRR include liquidity management, ensuring that banks can meet depositor demands and maintain stability in the financial system. By adjusting the CRR, the RBI influences the amount of money available for lending, which can help control inflation or stimulate economic growth. How will a CRR cut impact customers? The 50 basis point reduction in CRR is expected to inject Rs 1.16 trillion into the banking system. This surplus liquidity could enable banks to extend more loans, which may help spur economic growth. The decision comes amid tight liquidity conditions in the banking system and a decline in GDP growth, which slowed to 5.4 per cent in the July-September quarter of 2024 — a seven-quarter low. Source: Business Standard BRAIN ROT Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Oxford University Press (OUP) has announced ‘brain rot’ as the Oxford Word of the Year for 2024. Background: – The selection process for the word of the year 2024 involved over 37,000 public votes from a shortlist of six words compiled by Oxford University Key takeaways The word ‘Brain Rot’ highlights the growing concerns around the effects of consuming trivial social media content on mental health. Brain Rot’ describes the cognitive decline attributed to excessive exposure to mindless social media content. The term gained momentum alongside the rise of trends like ‘digital detoxes,’ where individuals consciously take breaks from screens to counteract feelings of burnout or mental stagnation. According to OUP, ‘Brain Rot’ reflects the increasing concern over how technology is shaping human thought processes and habits. Its usage surged in recent years, particularly among younger demographics, to describe the mental fatigue caused by binge-watching videos, doomscrolling, or engaging with low-quality online content. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements about the Mauryan Empire is/are correct? Chandragupta Maurya defeated Seleucus Nicator. Ashoka embraced Buddhism after the Kalinga War and convened the Second Buddhist Council at Pataliputra. Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) Which of the following statements about the Akal Takht is/are correct? The Akal Takht was established by Guru Arjan Dev to symbolize the unity of spiritual and temporal power in Sikhism. The Sarbat Khalsa held at the Akal Takht historically played a crucial role in making decisions for the Sikh community. Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): The CRR is the portion of a bank’s Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL) that must be maintained with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). A reduction in the CRR increases the liquidity in the banking system, enabling banks to lend more. Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 5th December – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – c Q.3) – b

Dec 6, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 6th December 2024

Dec 5, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 5th December 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) PRODUCTION-LINKED INCENTIVE (PLI) AND JOB CREATION Syllabus: Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Government’s flagship Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to boost domestic manufacturing has been a mixed bag so far in terms of job creation. Background: – Data obtained through RTI reveals that sectors such as textiles and advanced chemical cells are yet to make a mark, some others such as mobile phones, food processing and pharma have done very well, and some like auto, IT hardware and specialty steel are slow to gain momentum. Key takeaways The PLI scheme aims to boost domestic manufacturing and generate employment across 14 sectors, including textiles, advanced chemical cells (ACC), solar modules, auto and auto components, IT hardware, specialty steel, mobile phones, telecom, medical devices, white goods, pharmaceuticals, food processing, drones, and drug intermediates. Job Creation under PLI Scheme Overall Performance: The scheme has created 5.84 lakh direct jobs till June 2024. This constitutes 36% of the total 16.2 lakh direct jobs targeted over the next five years or so across the 14 sectors. Sector-Wise Contribution: Just three sectors – food processing, pharmaceuticals, and mobile phones (large-scale electronics manufacturing) – accounted for over 75% (4.47 lakh) of the total jobs created. Performance of sectors under PLI: Mobile Phones (Large-Scale Electronics Manufacturing): Created 1.22 lakh jobs, establishing a strong assembly base in India. Companies like Apple have contributed significantly via contract assemblers such as Foxconn, shifting production from China to India. Food Processing Sector: Created 2.45 lakh jobs (against a target of 2.5 lakh jobs by 2026-27). Pharmaceuticals Sector: Performed well, contributing significantly to job creation. Underperforming Sectors an slow moving sectors: Automobiles and Auto Components: Created 32,081 jobs against a five-year target of 1.45 lakh jobs. Solar Modules: Created 9,521 jobs against a target of 1.95 lakh over five years. Textiles: Target: 2.5 lakh jobs by 2026. Actual: Only 12,607 jobs created over two years and three months till June 2024. Stakeholders cite difficult eligibility criteria for smaller entities. Advanced Chemical Cell (ACC) Battery Storage: Aims to establish giga-scale battery facilities. Actual: Only 802 jobs created as production has not yet commenced. Selected Bidders: Ola, Reliance Industries, etc. Specialty Steel and IT Hardware: Progress is slow, with employment targets yet to be met. Source: Indian Express ICJ BEGINS HEARING ON CLIMATE CHANGE CASE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) began hearings in a landmark climate change case, examining what countries worldwide are legally required to do to combat climate change and help vulnerable nations fight its devastating impact. Background: – Lawyers and representatives from more than 100 countries and organisations will make submissions before the ICJ in The Hague. What are the hearings about? The two central questions asked of the Court are as follows: What are the obligations of States under international law to ensure the protection of the climate system and other parts of the environment from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases for States and for present and future generations; What are the legal consequences under these obligations for States where they, by their acts and omissions, have caused significant harm to the climate system and other parts of the environment, with respect to: States, including, in particular, small island developing States, which due to their geographical circumstances and level of development, are injured or specifically affected by, or are particularly vulnerable to, the adverse effects of climate change? Peoples and individuals of the present and future generations affected by the adverse effects of climate change? How did this case come to the ICJ? In September 2021, the Pacific island of Vanuatu announced its intention to seek an advisory opinion from the ICJ on climate change. Vanuatu then lobbied other countries and formed the core group of UN Member States to take the initiative forward. The discussions within the core group led to resolution A/RES/77/276, which was adopted by the General Assembly on 29 March 2023. The resolution drew upon “particular regard” to the UN Charter, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Paris Agreement, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and rights recognised in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, “the principle of prevention of significant harm to the environment and the duty to protect and preserve the marine environment”. Who is authorised to request advisory opinions ? Advisory proceedings are only open to five organs of the United Nations and 16 specialised agencies of the UN. While the UN General Assembly and Security Council may request advisory opinions on “any legal question”, the other UN organs and specialised agencies can only do so with respect to “legal questions arising within the scope of their activities”.  Why is this case so significant? This case is the largest ever seen by the world court. Significantly, they are taking place a week after developing nations criticised a deal at COP29 to provide $300 billion a year in climate finance by 2035, calling the agreement “insulting” and arguing it did not give them the resources they require to address the climate crisis. With small island developing states already facing impacts of climate change, these hearings are vital to establish a stronger framework of accountability that sets clear international legal obligations for climate action. What effect can an advisory opinion have? Court’s advisory opinions are not binding. They clarify legal questions. The requesting organ, agency or organization – the General Assembly in this particular case – remains free to decide, as it sees fit, what effect to give to these opinions. Advisory opinions carry great moral authority by what is considered the world’s highest court and the principal judicial body of the UN. This opinion on climate change can help inform subsequent judicial proceedings such as domestic cases, influence the diplomatic process and will likely be cited in thousands of climate-driven lawsuits around the world. Source: UN News ARAVALI GREEN WALL PROJECT (AGWP) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: At United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) CoP16, India showcased its ambitious ‘Aravali Green Wall’ project to the global community. Background: AGWP, launched in 2023, is a major initiative to green the 5 km buffer area around the Aravalli range in four states. Key takeaways The Aravalli Green Wall Project is part of the Union Environment Ministry’s vision to create green corridor to combat land degradation and desertification. The project covers states of Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Delhi – where the Aravalli hills landscape span over 6 million hectares of land. The project will involve planting native species of trees and shrubs on scrubland, wasteland and degraded forest land, along with rejuvenating and restoring surface water bodies such as ponds, lakes and streams. The project will also focus on agroforestry and pasture development to enhance the livelihoods of local communities. The major objectives of Aravalli Green Wall Project are: Improving the ecological health of the Aravalli range. To prevent eastward expansion of Thar Desert and to reduce land degradation by creating green barriers that will prevent soil erosion, desertification and dust storms. Promote sustainable development and livelihood opportunities by involving local communities in afforestation, agro-forestry and water conservation activities that will generate income, employment, food security and social benefits. Contribute to India’s commitments under various international conventions such as UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) and UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). Source: Times Of India ASHTAMUDI LAKE Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: The State Level Monitoring Committee (SLMC) appointed by the National Green Tribunal, has recommended implementation of projects in a time-bound manner to check the illegal discharge of waste into Ashtamudi Lake. Background: – A preliminary examination indicates the presence of excessive ‘algae bloom’, which is the direct result of discharge of biowaste, including septage into the waterbody, SLMC said in its report on the mass fish kill reported in Ashtamudi Lake on October 27. Key takeaways Location: Ashtamudi Lake is situated in the southern part of Kerala, near the city of Kollam. Shape: The lake is palm-shaped (also described as octopus-shaped) with multiple branches, hence the name “Ashtamudi,” which means “eight-hills” in Malayalam. Size: It is the second-largest lake in Kerala, covering an area of 61.4 square kilometers. Ecological Significance: Ramsar Wetland: Ashtamudi Lake is designated as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance, recognizing its ecological significance. Biodiversity: The lake supports a rich variety of flora and fauna, including mangroves, marshy vegetation, and various fish species. Water Source: The primary inflow to the lake is the Kallada River, and it connects to the Arabian Sea through the Neendakara estuary. Cultural and Historical Importance: Historical Port: Kollam, located on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake, was an important port city in ancient times, known as Quilon. Trade Hub: The lake has historical significance dating back to the 14th century, serving as a major trading center. Houseboats: Ashtamudi Lake is famous for its houseboat cruises, offering a serene experience through the backwaters. Source: The Hindu SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE (PREVENTION, PROHIBITION AND REDRESSAL) ACT, 2013 (POSH ACT) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Supreme Court issued detailed directions to ensure effective implementation of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (POSH Act), for implementation across the states and union territories. Background: – The apex court in a May 2023 judgment, had expressed its discontent that even a decade after the enactment of POSH Act, serious lapses continue to exist in its effective enforcement. Key takeaways Enacted in 2013 to provide protection against sexual harassment of women at the workplace and ensure their right to work with dignity. Definition of Sexual Harassment – As per the Act, sexual harassment includes: Physical contact and advances. A demand or request for sexual favors. Making sexually colored remarks. Showing pornography. Any other unwelcome physical, verbal, or non-verbal conduct of a sexual nature. Scope of the Act Covers women working in both the organized and unorganized sectors. Includes regular, temporary, ad hoc, or daily wage employees, trainees, apprentices, and women working through a contract or consultant. Workplace Definition Extends to private and public offices, government institutions, NGOs, and even the premises of employers such as vehicles or any place visited by the employee during work. Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) Every employer is required to constitute an Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) at each office or branch with 10 or more employees. The ICC is responsible for receiving and addressing complaints of sexual harassment. ICC Composition: Presiding Officer: A senior woman employee. At least two members committed to women’s issues or having legal knowledge. One external member from an NGO or legal background. ICC’s Role: Inquire into complaints. Recommend actions such as warnings, salary deductions, termination, or other disciplinary measures. Local Complaints Committee (LCC) For establishments with fewer than 10 employees or when the employer is the respondent, complaints are directed to an LCC set up by the District Officer. Complaint Mechanism: Complaints must be submitted in writing to the IC or LC within 3 months from the date of the incident. IC/LC can extend this period by 3 months for valid reasons. The IC/LC must complete the inquiry within 90 days. Punishment and Compensation: Disciplinary actions include written apologies, warnings, reprimands, suspension, or termination of employment. Compensation can be awarded to the aggrieved woman, considering the severity of the harassment and its impact. Duties of Employers: Employers are required to provide a safe working environment, display notices about the penal consequences of sexual harassment, organize workshops and awareness programs, and assist in securing the attendance of the respondent and witnesses during the inquiry. Penalties: The Act prescribes penalties for non-compliance, including fines and cancellation of business licenses. It also provides for punishment for false or malicious complaints. Source: Livelaw Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements about Ashtamudi Lake: It is the largest lake in Kerala. The primary inflow to the lake is the Kallada River. It is designated as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Which of the following is NOT a provision under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013? (a) Constitution of an Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) in every organization with 10 or more employees. (b) Complaints must be submitted in writing within 90 days of the incident. (c) The Act applies only to women working in the organized sector. (d) The ICC must complete the inquiry process within 90 days. Q3.) The Aravalli Green Wall Project aims to achieve which of the following objectives? Prevent the eastward expansion of the Thar Desert. Promote agroforestry and pasture development to enhance local livelihoods. Rejuvenate rivers flowing through the Maikal hills. Contribute to India’s commitments under international conventions like UNCCD and UNFCCC. Select the correct answer using the code below: (a) 1 and 4 only (b) 1, 2, and 4 only (c) 1, 2, and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3, and 4 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 3rd December – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – a Q.3) – a

Dec 5, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 5th December 2024

Dec 4, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 3rd December 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) TRUMP THREAT TO BRICS: GIVE UP IDEA OF REPLACING DOLLAR OR FACE 100% TARIFFS Syllabus: Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Setting the stage to counter any challenge to the dollar’s domination in global trade, US President-elect Donald Trump has threatened the BRICS grouping with “100 per cent tariffs” if they moved to create a new currency or back any other option as the world’s reserve. Background: – BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, the original five members. This year, the group admitted four new members — Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and UAE — and now represents almost half the world’s population and almost one quarter of its economy. Key takeaways USD accounts for over 90 per cent of global transactions. Trump’s latest remarks come amid divergent views on the issue at the BRICS summit in October. Russian President Vladimir Putin had warned that the “dollar is being used as a weapon”. But Prime Minister Modi had cautioned that the grouping should not acquire the image of one that is trying to replace global institutions. Several countries have been looking at other “mechanisms” after the US “weaponised the global financial infrastructure” by throwing Iran and Russia out of the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), which is the key to international transactions. IMF’s Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER) has pointed to a gradual decline in the dollar’s share of central bank and government foreign reserves. But the reduced role of the US dollar over the past two decades has not been matched by corresponding increases in the shares of the other “big four” currencies, the euro, yen and pound. Rather, this has been accompanied by a rise in the share of what we refer to as non-traditional reserve currencies, including the Australian dollar, Canadian dollar, Chinese renminbi, South Korean won, Singaporean dollar, and the Nordic currencies. Significantly, the IMF also said that one non-traditional reserve currency gaining market share is the Chinese renminbi, whose gains match a quarter of the decline in the dollar’s share. The Chinese government has been advancing policies on multiple fronts to promote renminbi internationalization, including the development of a cross-border payment system, the extension of swap lines, and piloting a central bank digital currency. In India, an effort to reduce reliance on the US dollar and internationalise the rupee saw the RBI allowing invoicing and payments for global trade in rupees in 2022 after sanctions were imposed on Russia amid the Ukraine war. According to the BIS Triennial Central Bank Survey 2022, foreign exchange market turnover — daily averages — shows that the US dollar accounted for 88 per cent of the global forex turnover while the rupee accounted for 1.6 per cent. The survey stated that if rupee turnover rises to equal the share of non-US, non-Euro currencies in global forex turnover of 4 per cent, it will be regarded as an international currency. Source: Indian Express THE TOXINS OF THE BHOPAL DISASTER Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Forty years after the Bhopal disaster on December 2-3, 1984, several hundred tonnes of toxic waste still remain around the ill-fated Union Carbide plant. Background: – Despite pleas from locals and activists — bolstered over the years by orders from the National Green Tribunal and the Supreme Court — to dispose of the waste, the Madhya Pradesh government has only been able to get rid of a small fraction. Key takeaways Union Carbide India, Ltd. (UCIL) built the Bhopal plant in the 1960s to manufacture an insecticide called carbaryl using a reaction of methyl isocyanate (MIC) with 1-naphthol. MIC is a highly toxic compound. It reacts with water at high temperatures and its reaction with water also releases heat. On the night of December 2, 1984, a large quantity of water entered a tank storing MIC at the plant such that the MIC was soon boiling. Facilities at the plant to cool the tank were otherwise diverted, leaving MIC vapours to escape to the environment and spread. MIC doesn’t have a particular smell at concentrations at which other gases may become noticeable but it can irritate the eyes. However, given the hours, most of the people exposed to the gas were asleep. The Union Carbide Corporation has never officially specified which gases were leaked from the plant, including MIC. This decision also compromised health workers’ ability to respond effectively to the hordes of people who showed up in clinics and hospitals in Bhopal that night and the next day. Some visual cues, including the blood-red colour of the viscera of those who died, also raised concerns that hydrogen cyanide was present in the fumes. What are the toxins at the plant? A report by Greenpeace released in 1999, based on analyses of samples collected at the site reported the presence of mercury, chromium, copper, nickel, and lead. The report also noted the presence of hexachlorobutadiene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and trichlorobenzene, among other compounds. How toxic are heavy metals? Chromium, copper, lead, mercury, and nickel are classified as heavy metals because their density is at least 5x that of water. Mercury has been known to damage multiple organs even at low concentrations by accumulating in soft tissue and preventing normal cellular function. There is evidence for arsenic and its compounds being able to cause cancers of the urinary bladder and the lungs; for hexavalent chromium to cause cancers of the lungs; and for nickel and its mixtures to cause cancers of the lungs, nose, nasal cavity, and the paranasal sinuses. Chromium is an essential nutrient required by the human body to promote the action of insulin for the utilisation of sugars, proteins and fats. But high doses of chromium and long exposure can give rise to various cytotoxic and genotoxic reactions that affect the immune system of the body. Lead is capable of damaging chlorophyll and disrupting photosynthesis in plants and rendering structural damage to cells and hampering their ability to produce energy in animals. How are organic compounds harmful? Hexachlorobutadiene is a possible carcinogen. When inhaled, ingested, or brought in contact with skin, this compound can cause the liver to store too much fat (hepatic steatosis), destroy cells in the kidneys involved in producing urine, and inhibit brain activity, among other effects. Chloroform by another name is trichloromethane, and is infamous for its effects on the central nervous system. At a sufficient concentration, it can cause an adult to faint, but at even higher ones it can cause death. Carbon tetrachloride, a.k.a. carbon tet, is classified as an “acute toxin” and a “health hazard”. According to at least one review, ingesting 1 ml of carbon tet can also blur vision, damage nerves, and/or cause heartbeat to become irregular. Trichlorobenzene is volatile and spread easily through the air, although they have also been found in groundwater and in surface water bodies like lakes. These compounds build up in the body’s fatty tissues and at high concentrations can damage the liver and the kidneys. Source: The Hindu ANTHRAX Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: A female elephant died due to suspected anthrax at the at the Bandipur Tiger Reserve. Background: The incident came to light during the regular patrolling of the forest department staff in the area. Key takeaways Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The bacteria produce spores that can live in the ground for years. Wild animals like deer, and livestock such as cattle or sheep, can inhale or ingest the dormant (inactive) spores while grazing. After mixing with bodily fluids, anthrax bacteria activate, multiply and spread throughout body. The bacteria cause a toxic, potentially deadly reaction. The same process happens to people who inhale, ingest or come into skin contact with the spores. Anthrax isn’t contagious like chickenpox or the flu. Rarely, people develop cutaneous anthrax after coming into direct contact with another person’s infected skin lesion. Antibiotics are the first line of treatment for this potentially deadly infection. There are other treatments, including a vaccine. Types of anthrax: The types of anthrax reflect the different ways the bacteria enter your body. Anthrax types include – Cutaneous (skin): Bacteria infect your body through a wound in your skin. Cutaneous anthrax is the most common and least deadly form. Gastrointestinal: This type affects people who eat undercooked or raw meat from an infected animal. Inhalation: People who breathe in anthrax spores can develop this deadly form of anthrax. Injection: People who inject heroin can get injection anthrax. Anthrax is found all over the world. Disease outbreaks tend to occur in developing countries that don’t vaccinate livestock against the infection. Is anthrax a biological weapon? A bioterrorism anthrax attack using anthrax spores is a possibility. In 2001, a U.S. military researcher mailed envelopes containing anthrax powder to members of Congress and the media. Five of the 22 people who developed cutaneous or inhalation anthrax died. Source: Times Of India UGANDA Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Fifteen people have died and at least 100 more are missing after a landslide buried dozens of homes across several villages in eastern Uganda. Background: – The landslides happened after heavy rains in the mountainous district of Bulambuli, where landslides are common. The district is about 280 kilometers (173miles) east of the capital, Kampala. Key takeaways Uganda, officially known as the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country located in East Africa. Independence: Uganda gained independence from the United Kingdom on October 9, 1962. Colonial Period: Before independence, Uganda was a British protectorate established in 1894. Historical Events: The country has experienced significant political turmoil, including the brutal regime of Idi Amin in the 1970s and subsequent periods of instability. Location: Uganda is bordered by Kenya to the east, South Sudan to the north, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, Rwanda to the southwest, and Tanzania to the south. Lake Victoria: A significant portion of Uganda’s southern border is formed by Lake Victoria, the largest freshwater lake in Africa. Climate: Uganda has a varied equatorial climate, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons. Population: As of 2024, Uganda has a population of around 49 million people. Capital City: The capital and largest city is Kampala, which is home to about 8.5 million people. Ethnic Groups: Uganda is home to dozens of ethnic groups, with the Baganda being the largest at 16.5% of the population. Official Languages: English and Swahili are the official languages. Source: Indian Express NAFITHROMYCIN Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, the government announced the soft launch of Nafithromycin, India’s first indigenously developed antibiotic designed to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Background: – This development brings hope for treating drug-resistant pneumonia, which is responsible for over two million deaths globally each year. Key takeaways Nafithromycin is designed for the treatment of Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia (CABP), a serious illness caused by drug-resistant bacteria that affects vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals such as patients with diabetes and cancer. India currently has 23 per cent of the world’s community pneumonia burden. Nafithromycin is marketed as “Miqnaf” by the pharmaceutical company Wolkardt. It has been developed with support from the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), which is a unit of the Department of Biotechnology. Nafithromycin targets both typical and atypical pathogens, providing a strong solution in a time when no new antibiotics in this class have been developed globally for over thirty years. Pneumonia Pneumonia is a disease that affects the lungs. The lungs have small air sacs called alveoli, which fill with air when you breathe in. When an individual has pneumonia, the alveoli are filled with pus and fluid, which makes breathing painful and limits oxygen intake. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or mycoplasma. The most common bacterial cause is Streptococcus pneumoniae, while common viral causes include influenza and COVID-19. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to anthrax, consider the following statements: Anthrax is caused by a virus and primarily affects humans. Inhalation anthrax is more fatal than cutaneous anthrax. Vaccination of livestock can help prevent its spread. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) With reference to Uganda, consider the following statements: Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa. Lake Victoria, the largest freshwater lake in Africa, forms a significant portion of Uganda’s western border. Swahili is one of the official languages of Uganda. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) With reference to Nafithromycin, consider the following statements: It is the first indigenously developed antibiotic in India. It specifically targets only typical bacterial pathogens causing pneumonia. It was developed with support from the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC). Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 2nd December – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – a Q.2) – a Q.3) – a

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