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TLP Mains Answer Writing

IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – General Studies Paper 3 Questions [4th JUNE,2021] – Day 105

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Hello Friends, Welcome to IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – General Studies Paper 3 Questions [4th JUNE,2021] – Day 105 TLP (Phase 1) just got over on 8th May (Saturday) and we are extremely thankful for your active participation to make this program a success. Well, though TLP (Phase 1) got over, ‘Picture abhi baaqi hai mere dost’. There is a surprise for you. Since prelims is bound to get delayed once again this year, its not wise to leave the writing practice just now. Hence, we are extending the TLP program  We will be posting 3 questions per day (Monday to Friday). The questions will be based on Current Affairs, so that you don’t have to invest your time separately on exclusively mains oriented topics. So, keep practicing and keep improving. To Know More about TLP  -> CLICK HERE For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Note: Click on Each Question (Link), it will open in a new tab and then Answer respective questions! 1. The technological advancement in the field of biometrics is reaching new heights with each passing day. Some of the solutions offered by biometrics are being used to improve the lives of millions of Indian citizens. Can you identify some of them? What potential do you see in the use of biometrics in further utilising it in areas that are hitherto untouched in India? Comment. (10 Marks) बायोमेट्रिक्स के क्षेत्र में तकनीकी प्रगति हर गुजरते दिन के साथ नई ऊंचाइयों पर पहुंच रही है। बायोमेट्रिक्स द्वारा पेश किए गए कुछ समाधानों का उपयोग लाखों भारतीय नागरिकों के जीवन को बेहतर बनाने के लिए किया जा रहा है। क्या आप उनमें से कुछ की पहचान कर सकते हैं? आप भारत में अब तक अछूते क्षेत्रों में बायोमेट्रिक्स के उपयोग में इसके आगे उपयोग में क्या क्षमता देखते हैं? टिप्पणी करें। 2. The number of patents registered by Indian universities and research institutes are abysmally low as compared to their international counterparts. Why? Examine. Can you suggest some measures to address this situation? (10 Marks) भारतीय विश्वविद्यालयों और अनुसंधान संस्थानों द्वारा पंजीकृत पेटेंटों की संख्या उनके अंतरराष्ट्रीय समकक्षों की तुलना में बहुत कम है। क्यों? जांच करें। क्या आप इस स्थिति से निपटने के लिए कुछ उपाय सुझा सकते हैं? 3. Quad fills important gap that has emerged in contemporary times. Do you agree? Substantiate your views. (15 Marks) क्वाड एक महत्वपूर्ण रिक्ति को भरता है जो समकालीन समय में उभरा है। क्या आप सहमत हैं? अपने विचारों की पुष्टि करें। P.S: The review from IASbaba will happen from the time the question is posted till 10 pm every day. We would also encourage peer reviews. So friends get actively involved and start reviewing each other's answers. This will keep the entire community motivated. All the Best :)

TLP Mains Answer Writing

SYNOPSIS [3rd JUNE,2021] Day 104: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE   SYNOPSIS [3rd JUNE,2021] Day 104: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)   1. What is seafloor spreading? What are those forces that cause the seafloor to spread? What are the geophysical phenomena associated with seafloor spreading? Discuss Approach  The questions asks us the basic concept of Sea floor spreading theory which can be a possible introduction. Along with the theory we also need to explain why sea floor spreads and what are its consequent events related to it. Introduction Sea floor spreading theory was given by Harry Hess. The theory states that in the middle of ocean, the oceanic plates are moving away from each other in the middle of the oceans. Whereas, at the oceanic continental plate boundary, the oceanic plate gets sub ducted under the continental plate. Body The theory of Sea Floor Spreading states that new oceanic crust is being formed continuously at mid-oceanic ridges, while the older rocks move away from the ridge. That is, it explains why the age, thickness, and density of the oceanic crust increases with distance from the mid-oceanic ridge. Forces that cause Seafloor spreading  Convectional current theory which was  was proposed by Arthur Holmes addresses the forces which cause the sea floor spreading. According to Holmes the heat which is generated from the radioactive decay of substances deep inside the Earth (the mantle) creates magma which consists of molten rocks, volatiles, dissolved gases among other material. Further this magma, heat and gases seek a path to escape which leads to the formation of convection currents in the mantle. According to the theory of Seafloor spreading, convectional cells are the force behind drifting of continents thus these conventional cells are explained by convectional current theory of Holmes These ocean plates get subducted under the continental plates (since ocean plates are denser than continental plates), when these two types of plates converge. Consequently, it was deciphered that  Due to diverging plate boundary, magma vents out resulting in volcanic eruptions in the middle of ocean and new rocks keeps forming at this plate boundary.  This new crust is pushed apart again due to magma that leads to formation of volcanic mountain in the mid of Ocean. Thus its name, sea floor spreading theory. The Oceanic plate when meets Continental plate at the edges gets sub ducted under it due to higher density. It thereby maintains balance. These plates are in constant motion and that seismic boundaries between them delineate zones where oceanic crust is created or destroyed The Geophysical phenomenon associated to sea floor spreading theory include: Earthquakes- It occurs when Divergent plates are pushed apart that shakes the existing plates. It may also occur at the convergent plate boundary when oceanic plate pushes the continental plate.Thus the Circum-Pacific belt is an active zone for earthquakes . Volcanic eruption- It occurs when divergent plates give way to magma to come to the surface. This can be violent (acidic violent eruptions).The mid oceanic ridges in artic ocean and pacific ocean are constantly active volcanic sites. Tsunami- These are formed when sea bed shakes due to any reason creating disruptions in water causing huge waves.As seafloor spreading leads to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions it provides the necessary thrust for Tsunamis.In 2004 Indian ocean was witness to such a devastating Tsunami which took toll on both human lives and economic activity of whole region. Geophysical formations- various phenomenon mentioned above causes geophysical formations on sea bed such as sea mount, guyots, etc. Also features like, young fold mountains or deep trenches are formed at the boundary of oceanic continental plates. Conclusion Geographers have combined the knowledge from Plate tectonic theory, Sea floor spreading theory as well as continental drift theory to explain the formation of various physical features and geological processes on earth.Further these theories combined with modern technological advancements have helped humankind to predict various disasters more efficiently and save lives this making lives more secure and economy resilient. 2. If you observe the map of the world, you will realise that the volcanic activity in the oceans is almost parallel to the coastlines. Why? Explain with the help of suitable examples Approach  The student should first define what is volcanic activity and what are the reasons for its occurrence.In the next part the student should explain why the most of the volcanic activity is parallel to the coastlines with help of suitable examples.  Introduction A volcano on Earth is a vent or fissure in the planet's crust through which lava, ash, rock and gases erupt. A volcano is also a mountain formed by the accumulation of these eruptive products. Volcanic activity is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth where lava, pyroclastic and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent. Body According to the plate tectonic theory, earth’s crust is divided into several major and minor rigid slabs called plates. These plates move horizontally over the underlying asthenosphere. These plate sometimes move towards each other, sometimes they move apart and other times one will sink while the other rises over it.                Fig.Volcanic activity along the coastline There are two types of plate boundaries that exist parallel to the coastlines and responsible for volcanic activity. 1. Divergent Plate Boundaries  At a divergent boundary, tectonic plates move apart from one another. They never really separate because magma continuously moves up from the mantle into this boundary, building new plate material on both sides of the plate boundary.  The Atlantic Ocean is home to a divergent plate boundary, a place called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Here, the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates are moving in opposite directions. Along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, hot magma swells upward and becomes part of the North American and Eurasian plates. The upward movement and eventual cooling of this buoyant magma creates high ridges on the ocean floor. These ridges are interconnected, forming a continuous and the longest volcanic mountain range in the world.   Another divergent plate boundary is the East Pacific Rise, which separates the massive Pacific plate from the Nazca, Cocos, and North American plates. The East African Rift is an example of a single tectonic plate being ripped in two. Along the Horn of Africa, the African plate is tearing itself into what is sometimes called the Nubian plate (to the west, including most of the current African plate) and the Somali plate (to the east, including the Horn of Africa and the western Indian Ocean). Along this divergent plate boundary are volcanoes such as Mount Nyiragongo, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Mount Kilimanjaro, in Kenya. 2. Convergent Plate Boundaries At a convergent plate boundary, tectonic plates move toward one another and collide. Oftentimes, this collision forces the denser plate edge to subduct, or sink beneath the plate edge that is less dense.  These subduction zones can create deep trenches. As the denser plate edge moves downward, the pressure and temperature surrounding it increases, which causes changes to the plate that melt the mantle above, and the melted rock rises through the plate, sometimes reaching its surface as part of a volcano. Over millions of years, the rising magma can create a series of volcanoes known as a volcanic arc.   The majority of volcanic arcs can be found in the Ring of Fire, a horseshoe-shaped string of about 425 volcanoes that edges the Pacific Ocean.  The Aleutian Islands, stretching from Alaska to Russia in the Bering Sea, for instance, run parallel to the Aleutian Trench, formed as the Pacific plate subducts under the North American plate.  The mighty Andes Mountains of South America run parallel to the Peru-Chile Trench. These mountains are continually built up as the Nazca plate subducts under the South American plate. The Andes Mountains include the world’s highest active volcano, Nevados Ojos del Salado, which rises to 6,879 meters (over 22,500 feet) along the Chile-Argentina border. Other than these two types of volcanoes there exists a third type known as Hotspot volcanoes which are far away from the tectonic activity pf the plate boundaries and therefore are not parallel to the coastline.The best example of hot spot volcanism is the Hawaiian Islands. Conclusion Therefore the volcanic activity observed parallel to the coastline across the world is mainly due to the divergent and convergent plate boundaries which is explained by the plate tectonics theory.Further these volcanoes have also been responsible for earthquakes and tsunamis and thus many nations have monitoring sites at the volcanic activity for future predictions and mitigation. 3. How are different vulnerable groups getting impacted by COVID? What measures should be put in place to assist such groups? Discuss. Approach  The question is based on the current situation of COVID pandemic.The candidate first need to introduce that how covid has led to a disastrous situation all over the world.In next part address specific issues to various vulnerable groups.At the end suggest what measure can be taken to overcome the problems being faced by the vulnerable groups. Introduction  The COVID-19 pandemic is first and foremost a public health emergency, but the ripples of its effects extend far beyond the infected individuals. A major global recession  the worst the world has seen since the Great Depression  has emerged as a result of countries being placed on coronavirus lockdown. A crisis of such proportions only serves to exacerbate pre-existing inequalities, putting vulnerable populations at even greater risk for poverty and suffering. In the context of India, the pandemic particularly endangers individuals belonging to the traditionally socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Body  The vulnerable groups which are exposed to their vulnerabilities during COVID-19 pandemic are- Women, Children, Students, Aged, Disabled, Poor migrants, unorganised sectors workers,  People living with ailments and Sexual Minorities. The COVID-19 pandemic affected these vulnerable sections of population differently:   While children’s health appears less impacted by COVID-19 than older adults, children’s education are interrupted, protective structures disrupted and their families and communities placed under stress by health and economic burdens.  COVID-19 pandemic, increased girls’ and young women’s duties caring for elderly and ill family members, as well as for siblings who are out of school.Further there have been increase in incidences of domestic violence which is hard to address due to lack of reporting. Girls, especially those from marginalised communities and with disabilities, may be particularly affected by the secondary impacts of the outbreak. It also put at women at greater risk of exploitation, child labour and gender-based violence. The poor population who were already surviving on the margins have lost whatever casual employment they had and further it has led to starvation, hunger and in longterm can lead to malnutrition. Further according to CMIE report 97 percent of population has become poorer and the unemployment rate has risen to 12 percent which will affect not only the individual earner but the whole household and could have longterm social, health and economic repercussions. The Disruptions to remittances and rural livelihoods have forced children out of education, while school closures have interrupted existing food ration and immunisation programmes. The government provided relief through cash transfers and in- kind benefits but many found them difficult to access. Some benefits were only available to those with bank accounts, ration cards, biometric ID, or a fixed address. The impact on older adults is notable. According to World Health Organisation (WHO) data from April 2020, more than 95% of COVID-19 deaths were among people over 60 years of age, and more than half of all deaths occurred in people of 80 years-plus.This has led to depression, fear and anxiety in this group.Insomnia is particularly a widespread phenomenon. Measures to provide relief to these groups: First of all an online database needs to be created to register the names and places of origin and migration of the workers e.g. An online database named as National Migrant Information System (NMIS), by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). It will help streamline the movement of the migrant workers. Setting up of relief camp, facilitating food and healthcare to the poor people, migrants should be priority for the regions where transport facility is not available. e.g. Over 500 hunger relief centres were set up by the Delhi government. One nation One ration card scheme by Union government. Relief measures also needs to be announced. For instance, Soon after the nationwide lockdown was announced in late March, Finance ministry announced a ₹1.7 lakh crore  spending plan for the poor. This consisted of cash transfers and steps to ensure food security. Short-term measures have focused on immediate relief and protection. Longer-term responses are now required, creating ways to sustain the delivery of basic needs including food, water, health, jobs, and shelter. The exodus of migrant workers presents new opportunities for rural revival. Existing rural employment schemes could be targeted to upgrade existing infrastructure and create new community assets, supporting high-value, labour-intensive activities beyond farming. Failures of government relief and social safety nets during the pandemic have shown the need for universal social protection, free from identity and residency requirements. State and local agencies should adopt a community-based model for recovery. Responses in the state of Kerala, and Dharavi, Asia’s largest urban slum, involved civil society organisations and community leaders in screening and contact tracing. Education system was totally dependent upon the spread of internet therefore there should be focused effort the bridge the digital divide which is hampering education.Further the pedagogy needs to be remoulded for the pandemic ages with sensitivity towards working parents and the rural children. There needs to be regular and free mental health counselling until the pandemic gets over to provide psychological support.NGO’s which work in this sector should be encouraged to take a lead in this. A dedicated portal at local level for women to report their issues especially related to domestic violence and a community policing model as followed in Kerala to tackle this menace. Until the economy is back on track and lost jobs are retrieved there should be monthly support to families below poverty line to sustain themselves and tide overt the pandemic. Conclusion India’s size and diversity mean blanket national responses will not always be effective.Hence a decentralised response to the specific issues of each state and vulnerable groups is necessary to make it a more targeted approach.For this it is prudent that both the Central and State governments work in tandem to come with civil society to have a cohesive response in this difficult time.COVID-19 is a once in century event and therefore response to it has to be different from traditional patterns followed until now.This will bring India back on path of growth and induce resilience for future crises.   TLP Synopsis Day 104 PDF

WEEKEND WITH BABA

[WEEKEND WITH BABA] Fifth Live Session - Optional Subjects (Public Administration and Kannada Literature) on 6th June

Dear Students Thank you for a great response to the 'Weekend With Baba' Session last week for 'Sociology' and 'Geography' Optional Subjects. For this week we are conducting a Live Zoom Session on Public Administration and Kannada Literature Optional Subjects. Details Regarding the Fourth Live Session Public Administration Optional   The session on Public Administration will be taken by Adesh sir on 6th June (Sunday) from 11 AM - 12 PM. Zoom Session Details  Topic: Public Administration Optional Weekend With Baba Time: Jun 6, 2021 11:00 AM Join Zoom Meeting - https://us06web.zoom.us/j/89006238716?pwd=K3BUTkxHeHlQdmtpTktzNGszUm45UT09 Meeting ID: 890 0623 8716 Passcode: 701244 Kannada Literature Optional The session on Kannada Literature will be taken by Kiran Kumar sir on 6th June (Sunday) from 5 PM - 6 PM. Zoom Session Details  Topic: Kannada Literature Optional Weekend with Baba Time: Jun 6, 2021 05:00 PM Join Zoom Meeting - https://us06web.zoom.us/j/87201793245?pwd=bmNFelpMVFNxaDVUUTIxdCtWN0VlUT09 Meeting ID: 872 0179 3245 Passcode: 496587 Note The Zoom link will be active only on the scheduled time and date. Students will be allowed to participate in the session on a 'first come first serve' basis. To Watch Previous 'Weekend With Baba' Sessions - CLICK HERE You can start sharing your questions/queries/doubts with #ASKBABA (related to Sociology & Geography Optional Subjects) in disqus comment box below and Upvoting can follow. Remember maximum upvotes will be given priority. Feel free to share your queries because many of the questions that you are having, will be the same as other candidates. Your questions might help others in clarifying their doubts. Waiting to talk to you soon! P.S: 'CONNECT WITH BABA' consists of the following - Hotline, #AskBaba, Phone-a-Friend, (Monday - Friday between 10 AM to 6 PM), and 'Weekend with Baba' (Every Saturday on YouTube from 6 PM - 7 PM). To get Regular Updates from IASbaba, follow- TELEGRAM Channel – CLICK HERE YOUTUBE  –  CLICK HERE FACEBOOK  – CLICK HERE

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 3rd June 2021

Archives (PRELIMS + MAINS FOCUS) PM-CARES for Children scheme Part of: GS Prelims and  GS -II - Policies and interventions  In news The Central government has announced the “PM-CARES for Children” scheme for all those children orphaned due to Covid-19. Also, the Supreme Court has ordered the district authorities to upload the details of children in need of care and protection on NCPCR (National Commission for Protection of Child Rights) portal Bal Swaraj. Salient features of the Scheme Corpus of Rs. 10 Lakh: A corpus of Rs. 10 lakh will be allocated to each of these children from the PM CARES fund. It will provide monthly stipend from 18 years of age.  On attaining 23 years, he/she will get the corpus amount. Education to the Children (under 10 years): Ensure admission to Kendriya Vidyalayas/ private schools. PM CARES will pay for the uniform text books and notebooks If the child is admitted in a private school the fees as per the RTE norms will be provided Education to the Children (11-18 years): The child will be given admission in any Central Government Residential School In case the child is to be continued under the care of guardian, he/she will be given admission in the nearest Kendriya Vidyalaya/private school Higher education: Provision of either a scholarship equivalent to the tuition fees/ educational loans.  Interest on the loan will be paid by the PM-CARES fund. Health Insurance: All children will be enrolled as a beneficiary under Ayushman Bharat Scheme  The premium amount will be paid by PM-CARES till a child turns 18. Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) 4.0 Part of: GS Prelims and GS -III - Economy  In news Government has increased the scope of the Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) for three more months.  Why was it extended?  To help businesses across several sectors affected by the second wave of COVID 19.  About ECLGS 4.0 100% guarantee cover to be provided on loans, in hospitals/nursing clinics/medical colleges/homes, up to Rs.2 crore.  Loan can be utilized to set up on-site oxygen generation plants. Additional ECLGS assistance up to 10% of outstanding as on February 2020 to borrowers who are covered under ECLGS 1.0. Ceiling of Rs. 500 Cr. of loan outstanding is removed. Assistance will be limited to 40% or Rs.200 crore, whichever is lower. Civil Aviation sector will be eligible under ECLGS 3.0.  Validity of ECLGS extended to Sept 30 2021 or till guarantees for ₹3 trillion are issues Significance of the move ECLGS 4.0 will enhance the utility and impact of ECLGS by providing additional support to MSMEs.  It will safeguard livelihoods. It will help in the resumption of business activity.  It will facilitate flow of institutional credit at reasonable terms. Important value additions  Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) ECLGS was launched under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan in May 2020.  Objective: To overcome the distress caused on economy due to lockdown.  It helped different sectors by providing credit to them.  Credit was provided to them for four years besides one year moratorium period on principled repayment. Kerala retains top rank in SDG India Index 2020-21, Bihar worst performer Part of: GS Prelims and GS -II - Development; Governance  In news Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) India Index 2020-21 was recently released.  Launched by: NITI Aayog  The SDG India Index was developed in collaboration with the Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI), Global Green Growth Institute and United Nations in India. Kerala has retained the top rank, while Bihar was ranked as the worst performer. Key takeaways  Second best performers: Himachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu  Worst performing States besides Bihar: Jharkhand and Assam Why does the index matter?  It is a primary tool for monitoring progress on the SDGs in India  It fosters competitive spirit among the states and UTs It evaluates progress of states and UTs on social, economic and environmental parameters. The index has been successful as an advocacy tool to propagate sustainability, resilience, and partnerships.  Important value additions  The Sustainable Development Goals or Global Goals  They are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals.  They are designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all".  Set up in 2015  Set up by United Nations General Assembly  Target to achieve the goals: 2030. Centre asks States to split wage payments under MGNREGA scheme into separate categories Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III - Economy  In news The Centre has asked the States to split wage payments under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) scheme into separate categories for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and others from this financial year.  Separate budget heads shall also be provided by the Government for SC and ST categories  Funds shall be allocated according to job cards provided for SC and ST beneficiaries. Issues with the order This will unnecessarily complicate the payment system, It may also lead to a reduction in scheme funding. Important value additions  About MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) was notified in 2005. Goal – To improve the livelihood security of people in rural areas. It is a universal scheme guaranteeing 100 days of wage employment in a year to every rural household that expresses a demand.  It aims to guarantee the ‘Right to Work’. Every registered households receives a Job Card (JC) to track their work completed. The scheme is implemented by the gram panchayat. The failure of provision for employment within 15 days of the receipt of job application will result in the payment of unemployment allowance to the job seekers. Employment is to be provided within 5 km of an applicant’s residence Employment under MGNREGA is a legal entitlement. Cabinet gives ex-post facto nod for SCO agreement on mass media cooperation Part of: GS Prelims and GS-II - International Relations  In news The Union Cabinet has approved the ratification of an Agreement on “Cooperation in the field of Mass Media” between all the Member States of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.  The Agreement was signed in June, 2019. About the Agreement on “Cooperation in the field of Mass Media”  Aim: To promote equal and mutually beneficial cooperation among associations in the field of mass media. It would provide an opportunity to the member states to share best practices and new innovations  The main area of cooperation is the creation of favorable conditions for wide and mutual distribution of information through mass media  It will provide mutual assistance in training media professionals  Why does the news matter? Mass media inform, educate and entertain people.  They influence the way people look at the world and make them change their views.  They help in organizing public opinion. Important value additions Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)  The SCO is a permanent intergovernmental international organisation.  It is a Eurasian political, economic, and security alliance Established in: 2001. Supreme decision-making body: Heads of State Council (HSC)  It meets once a Year .  Two permanent bodies: SCO Secretariat based in Beijing. Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) based in Tashkent. Miscellaneous Coronavirus Variant found in India to be called 'Delta' in new WHO system The World Health Organisation (WHO) has recommended a set of names to label emerging coronavirus variants that are regarded as global concern. The Indian variant which was known as B.1.617.2 will be called 'Delta'  The existing scientific nomenclature system will also continue  Four Variants of Concern (VOC) have been identified by the WHO: B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P2 and B.1.617.2.  Their public labels will be: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta respectively  (Mains Focus) ECONOMY/ INTERNATIONAL Topic: GS-3: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.  GS-2: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests Oil Price Rise Context: Crude oil prices have hit a two-year high with Brent crude rising above the $71 per barrel mark. Why are crude oil prices rising? Economic recovery: Crude oil prices have been rising steadily since the beginning of 2021 when Brent Crude was trading at about $52 per barrel buoyed both by hopes of improving demand due to economic recoveries across geographies. Supply cuts by key oil-producing countries: The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries extended supply cuts made in 2020 when crude oil prices had reached a low of under $19 per barrel through the first five months of 2021. Saudi Arabia notably made an additional voluntary production cut of 1 million barrels per day between February and April. No impact of Iran relief: A potential breakthrough in international efforts for a new Iran nuclear deal which would see international sanctions on Iranian oil removed would also not have a major impact on oil prices according to OPEC. Any increase in crude oil production from Iran would happen gradually and would not destabilise crude oil prices. How are high crude oil prices impact India? Rising Fuel Prices: Rising crude oil prices have contributed to petrol and diesel prices rising to record high levels across the country. The price of petrol has been hiked by Rs 10.8 per litre since the beginning of the year while the price of diesel has been hiked by Rs 11.5 per litre in the same time period. Inflation: The prices of petrol & diesel are set to rise further unless there is a cut on levies on autofuels or a fall in crude oil prices. These rising prices will feed into transport costs of goods & services thus causing inflation. State and central taxes account for about 58 per cent of the pump price of petrol and 52 per cent of the pump price of diesel in the national capital.  Connecting the dots: 2020 Oil Market meltdown India’s GDP fall Strategic Oil Reserves in India SCIENCE & TECH/ SCIENCE & TECH Topic: GS-3: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.  GS-3: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) technology Context: Following the successful launch of 36 satellites on May 28, OneWeb’s Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellation reached 218 in-orbit satellites The company only has one more launch to complete before it obtains the capacity to enable its ‘Five to 50’ service of offering internet connectivity to all regions north of 50 degrees latitude.  What is OneWeb? OneWeb is a global communications company that aims to deliver broadband satellite Internet around the world through its fleet of LEO satellites.  In 2010, the company declared bankruptcy but was able to resume operations following an inflow of investment from a consortium consisting of the UK Government, Hughes Communication, Sunil Mittal’s Bharti Global Limited, SoftBank and Eutelsat, a leading European satellite operator. LEO technology LEO satellites have been orbiting the planet since the 1990s, providing companies and individuals with various communication services LEO satellites are positioned around 500km-2000km from earth, compared to stationary orbit satellites which are approximately 36,000km away.  Latency, or the time needed for data to be sent and received, is contingent on proximity.  As LEO satellites orbit closer to the earth, they are able to provide stronger signals and faster speeds than traditional fixed-satellite systems.  Additionally, because signals travel faster through space than through fibre-optic cables, they also have the potential to rival if not exceed existing ground-based networks. However, LEO satellites travel at a speed of 27,000 kph and complete a full circuit of the planet in 90-120 minutes. As a result, individual satellites can only make direct contact with a land transmitter for a short period of time thus requiring massive LEO satellite fleets and consequently, a significant capital investment. Due to these costs, of the three mediums of Internet – fibre, spectrum and satellite – the latter is the most expensive. Therefore, LEO satellite broadband is only preferable in areas that cannot be reached by fibre and spectrum services. OneWeb’s target market will therefore be rural populations and military units operating away from urban areas. Did You Know? Google launched its ‘Loon’ project in 2013, using high-altitude balloons to create an aerial wireless network. After testing the service in rural Kenya, Google’s parent company, Alphabet, abandoned the project in 2021.  Taking a different track, Facebook attempted to beam internet down to earth using drones. However, after two failed test flights, it also abandoned the project in 2018. Over 70% of rural Indians do not have access to the Internet, a problem that is particularly worrisome given the increasing need for digital integration in the fields of education and banking in light of the pandemic. Concerns of Leo Technology Complexity due to multiple players: OneWeb satellites are produced in the US, its rockets are made and launched in Russia and its launches are facilitated by a company based out of France. Due to multiple stakeholders involved, the regulatory framework will be complicated  Regulation of Space activities: Also, there is confusion on who dictates activities in space. This is because, today, the balance of power has shifted from countries to companies.  There are logistical challenges with launching thousands of satellites into space as well.  Difficulties for astronomers: Satellites can sometimes be seen in the night skies which creates difficulties for astronomers as the satellites reflect sunlight to earth, leaving streaks across images.  Frequency interruption: Satellites travelling at a lower orbit can also interrupt the frequency of those orbiting above them, an accusation that has been levelled against Starlink satellites already.  Increased space junk & dangers of collision: Another worry is that there are already almost 1 million objects larger than 1cm in diameter in orbit, a byproduct of decades of space activities. Those objects, colloquially referred to as ‘space junk,’ have the potential to damage spacecrafts or collide with other satellites. High Cost: While companies like OneWeb and Starlink have marketed themselves to rural Indian consumers, given their price points it is unlikely that most rural Indians will be able to afford their services. Connecting the dots: IN-SPACe: Growing Private Role SpaceX Crew Dragon: A new era in space exploration India needs reforms in Space sector (TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) Model questions: (You can now post your answers in comment section) Note: Correct answers of today’s questions will be provided in next day’s DNA section. Kindly refer to it and update your answers. Comments Up-voted by IASbaba are also the “correct answers”. Q.1 Coronavirus Variant found in India will be called which of the following in new WHO system? Alpha Beta Gamma  Delta  Q.2 Which of the following is not a member of Shanghai Cooperation Organization? China Tajikistan India Japan  Q.3 Consider the following statements regarding Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act  It is an initiative launched for both urban and rural areas It guarantees 200 days of wage employment. Which of the above is or are correct?  1 only  2 only  Both 1 and 2  Neither 1 nor 2  ANSWERS FOR 2nd June 2021 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK) 1  A 2  C 3 C Must Read On Global Minimum Alternate Tax: The Hindu On sedition: The Hindu About fiscal situation of India: Indian Express

RSTV Video

Bioscience to Bioeconomy – The Big Picture – RSTV IAS UPSC

Archives Topic: General Studies 3: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment Biotechnology sector: At a Glance The sector is recognized as one of the key drivers for contributing to India's USD 5 Trillion economy target by 2024. Indian Biotechnology sector is poised to grow exponentially over the next decade. Policy initiatives of Government of India (GoI) such as Make in India program are aimed to develop India as a world-class Biotechnology and Bio-manufacturing hub.  India is among the top-12 destinations for biotechnology in the world, with approximately 3% share in the global Biotechnology industry. Indian Biotechnology industry's economy is valued at $70 billion in 2020 is expected to grow to 2 USD 150 Bn by 2025.  According to World Bank's Doing Business Report 2020, India is now ranked 1st among South-Asian countries compared to 6th rank in 2014. India was ranked 48th according to the Global Innovation Index Report 2020. Global Bio India 2021 Recognizing the importance of this sector, Global Bio India 2021 is going to deliberate on the opportunities and key challenges in the areas of bio-manufacturing, capacity-building, regulation & policies creating global supply chains for achieving a growth-oriented road-map for the biotechnology sector in the country –  Showcase key biotechnological innovations, products, services, technologies from national and international companies, start-ups and research institutes Identify funding and collaboration opportunities for research and development Attracting major contract projects from international companies as well as major global venture funding into India and facilitate interactions of research institutions with the industry. India: The project development cell of DBT was launched during the event, which will help significant targeted support. A total of five new technologies were also launched, which are reflective of the Atmanirbhar Bharat campaign. The technologies would help India excel in modern technology and help Indians access a better life and improved healthcare facilities. The Way Forward: Bioscience to Bioeconomy Biotechnology has emerged as the backbone of various industrial sectors in recent times. Synthetic biotechnology is estimated to be a game changer; it will facilitate the creation of cells and help produce novel medicines. Built on four core beliefs of entrepreneurship, innovation, development of local talent, and demonstrating high value-based care, India is in a unique position to transition from the biotech industry to a bio-economy. India is at the forefront of fighting the pandemic - through the development of diagnostics, vaccines and novel protection equipment, apart from scaling up diagnostic capacity and rapid regulatory response. Research and solutions in synthetic biology and bio similars will help propel India forward. The aim is to be part of the global innovative ecosystem, beginning with a startup that should be scalable for global requirements. Innovation can happen in synthetic biology and rare diseases, and this should be taken to the masses with proper regulation in place. Indian start-ups need to be encouraged to experiment and to go beyond run-of-the mill thinking Required for scientists and researchers to be always ready to combat new and emerging diseases as the COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced the need to be ever vigilant to tackle an outbreak of sudden and unforeseen epidemics and pandemics. With biotech sector's ambitious target of becoming a USD 150 billion industry by 2025 and contribute to knowledge and innovation-driven economy, the academia and the industry need to join hands and engage pro-actively in imparting training and skills to the youth. When we look at the biotech global value chains, India’s participation can increase by building a skilled biotech workforce as it is a labour-intensive industry. By 2025, the biotech industry in the country aims to reach $150bn, of which $70bn has already been achieved. India needs to engage more with rural India - leverage the huge potential of biotechnology sector to come up with new interventions to address the challenges faced by agriculture and allied sectors. Note: National Bio-Entrepreneurship Competition (NBEC) It is a national platform for bio-entrepreneurs to present their innovative business ideas with significant societal impact in the life sciences domain It is a joint initiative by BIRAC (a research assistance non-profit established by the government’s department of biotechnology) and C-CAMP (Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, India’s premier life sciences innovation hub) Ideas are encouraged from all domains of life sciences, including healthcare, agriculture, food, nutraceuticals, environment, water, and animal health. How does it help innovators? The framework of NBEC is designed such that competitors are judged solely on the merit of the idea and its societal impact. If the idea is good, supporting infrastructure is provided through a network of innovation hubs, industry, and mentorship. A big cohort of participants are invited to competition, which helps to form partnerships with industry leaders, and innovation hubs to operationalise their concepts. It thus helps idea to be translated into reality and enter the market in a sustainable manner. The value proposition lies in three broad areas— A robust framework that democratises innovation access – many NBEC ideators are women, and from tier 2-3 cities/towns of India.  Emphasis on ideas with national societal impact – Connecting innovators up the idea-to-market value chain. Connecting the Dots: Innovation and the future of India are inextricably linked. Discuss. What advances have taken place in the field of regenerative biotechnology? Examine.

AIR

Production Linked Incentive Scheme and its Implications - All India Radio (AIR) IAS UPSC

ARCHIVES Search 5th March, 2021 Spotlight here: http://www.newsonair.com/Main_Audio_Bulletins_Search.aspx TOPIC: General Studies 3 Indian Economy In News: Prime Minister Narendra Modi said production linked incentive (PLI) scheme, which is aimed at boosting domestic manufacturing and exports, is expected to increase the country’s production by USD 520 billion in the next five years. In this year’s Budget, about Rs 2 lakh crore was earmarked for the PLI scheme for the next five years and there is an expectation that the scheme would result in increasing the production by about USD 520 billion in the next five years There is also an expectation that the current workforce in the sectors, which will avail the benefits of the PLI scheme, will be doubled and job creation will also increase. The government is working to reduce compliance burden, further improve ease of doing business, reducing the compliance burden, creating multi-modal infrastructure to reduce logistics costs, and constructing district-level export hubs.. An average of 5 per cent of production is given as incentive. This means that PLI schemes will lead to production worth USD 520 billion in India in the next five years. Self-regulation, self-attesting, self-certification is being emphasized. Difference between the earlier schemes and those of the current government: the earlier industrial incentives used to be open ended input-based subsidies, now they have been made targeted and performance based through a competitive process. PLI Scheme  The scheme aims to make India self-reliant in manufacturing goods for local and export markets, positioning it as a global manufacturing hub. It also aims to make domestic manufacturing competitive and efficient, build capacity, and benefit from economies of scale, enhance exports, attract investment and create jobs. The success story of special economic zones (SEZs) only adds credence to the impact that this scheme can also have on the economy. The scheme is on the lines of ‘Made in China 2025’ which aims at enhancing competitive strength of selected sectors. Why is the production linked scheme needed? According to experts, the idea of PLI is important as the government cannot continue making investments in these capital intensive sectors as they need longer times for start giving the returns. Instead, what it can do is to invite global companies with adequate capital to set up capacities in India. The kind of ramping up of manufacturing that we need requires across the board initiatives, but the government can’t spread itself too thin. Electronics and pharmaceuticals themselves are large sectors, so, at this point, if the government can focus on labour intensive sectors like garments and leather, it would be really helpful. How will it incentivize manufacturing ops? The production-linked incentive scheme gives eligible manufacturing companies a 4-6% incentive on incremental sales over the base year of 2019-20 for a five-year period. It is a kind of subsidy being provided by direct payment from the budget for domestically manufactured goods. The incentive amount varies across sectors and savings generated from PLI of one sector can be utilized to fund other sectors, maximizing returns. The PLI scheme will incentivize large domestic and global players to boost production, build a competitive ecosystem and lead to more inclusive growth. A. For Pharmaceuticals: The Scheme will  Benefit domestic manufacturers Is expected to contribute to the availability of wider range of affordable medicines for consumers Promote the production of high value products in the country and increase the value addition in exports.  Total incremental sales of Rs.2,94,000 crore and total incremental exports of Rs.1,96,000 crore are estimated during six years from 2022-23 to 2027-28. The scheme is expected to generate employment for both skilled and un-skilled personnel, estimated at 20,000 direct and 80,000 indirect jobs as a result of growth in the sector. Promote innovation for development of complex and high-tech products including products of emerging therapies and in-vitro Diagnostic Devices as also self-reliance in important drugs.   Improve accessibility and affordability of medical products including orphan drugs to the Indian population.  The Scheme is also expected to bring in investment of Rs.15,000 crore in the pharmaceutical sector. The scheme will be part of the umbrella scheme for the Development of Pharmaceutical Industry. The objective of the scheme is to enhance India's manufacturing capabilities by increasing investment and production in the sector and contributing to product diversification to high value goods in the pharmaceutical sector. One of the further objectives of the scheme is to create global champions out of India who have the potential to grow in size and scale using cutting edge technology and thereby penetrate the global value chains. B. For IT Hardware: The scheme proposes production linked incentive to boost domestic manufacturing and attract large investments in the value chain of IT Hardware. The Target Segments under the proposed Scheme include Laptops, Tablets, All-in-One PCs and Servers. The Scheme shall, extend an incentive of 4% to 2% / 1% on net incremental sales (over base year i.e. 2019-20) of goods manufactured in India and covered under the target segment, to eligible companies, for a period of four (4) years. The scheme will enhance the development of electronics ecosystem in the country. India will be well positioned as a global hub for Electronics System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM) on account of integration with global value chains, thereby becoming a destination for IT Hardware exports. The scheme has an employment generation potential of over 1,80,000 (direct and indirect) over 4 years. The Scheme will provide impetus to Domestic Value Addition for IT Hardware which is expected to rise to 20% - 25% by 2025 C. For Telecom Sector Pursuant to the extraordinary incentive of PLI being provided by Government of India in various sectors, the Cabinet approved the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Telecom and Networking Products. This approval comes in wake of very encouraging success of PLI related to Mobile and component manufacturing, which was announced in April 2020 during the height of Covid pandemic. Cabinet decision addresses another component of Atmanirbhar Bharat to make India a global hub of manufacturing telecom equipment including core transmission equipment, 4G/5G Next Generation Radio Access Network and Wireless Equipment, Access & Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), Internet of Things (IoT) Access Devices, Other Wireless Equipment and Enterprise equipment like Switches, Routers etc. The core component of this scheme is to offset the huge import of telecom equipment worth more than Rs. 50 thousand crores and reinforce it with “Made in India” products both for domestic markets and exports. Financial Year 2019-20 shall be treated as the Base Year for computation of cumulative incremental sales of manufactured goods net of taxes. The Scheme will be operational from 1st April 2021. This scheme also addresses local manufacturing in MSME category because Government desires MSMEs to play an important role in the telecom sector and come out as national champions.  This scheme will lead to incremental production of around ₹2.4 Lakh Crores with exports of around ₹2 Lakh Crores over 5 years. It is expected that scheme will bring investment of more than ₹3,000 crore and generate huge direct and indirect employment and taxes both. D. For Large Scale Electronics Manufacturing The scheme proposes a financial incentive to boost domestic manufacturing and attract large investments in the electronics value chain including electronic components and semiconductor packaging. Under the scheme, electronics manufacturing companies will get an incentive of 4 to 6% on incremental sales (over base year) of goods manufactured in India for a period of next 5 years. The scheme shall only be applicable for target segments – mobile phones and specified electronic components. With the help of the scheme, domestic value addition for mobile phones is expected to rise to 35-40% by 2025 from 20-25%.  It shall also generate 8 lakh jobs more, both direct and indirect. Connecting the Dots: Key components of production linked incentive (PLI) scheme Discuss the need for production linked incentive (PLI) scheme in India.

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2021 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 3rd JUNE 2021

For Previous Daily Quiz (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken, and solutions. To take the Test - Click Here

TLP Mains Answer Writing

IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – General Studies Paper 1 Questions [3rd JUNE,2021] – Day 104

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Hello Friends, Welcome to IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – General Studies Paper 1 Questions [3rd JUNE,2021] – Day 104 TLP (Phase 1) just got over on 8th May (Saturday) and we are extremely thankful for your active participation to make this program a success. Well, though TLP (Phase 1) got over, ‘Picture abhi baaqi hai mere dost’. There is a surprise for you. Since prelims is bound to get delayed once again this year, its not wise to leave the writing practice just now. Hence, we are extending the TLP program  We will be posting 3 questions per day (Monday to Friday). The questions will be based on Current Affairs, so that you don’t have to invest your time separately on exclusively mains oriented topics. So, keep practicing and keep improving. To Know More about TLP  -> CLICK HERE For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Note: Click on Each Question (Link), it will open in a new tab and then Answer respective questions! 1. What is seafloor spreading? What are those forces that cause the seafloor to spread? What are the geophysical phenomena associated with seafloor spreading? Discuss (10 Marks) समुद्र तल प्रसार क्या है? वे कौन सी बल हैं जो समुद्र तल को फैलाने का कारण बनती हैं? समुद्र तल के प्रसार से जुड़ी भूभौतिकीय घटनाएं क्या हैं? चर्चा करें। 2. If you observe the map of the world, you will realise that the volcanic activity in the oceans is almost parallel to the coastlines. Why? Explain with the help of suitable examples. (10 Marks) यदि आप विश्व के मानचित्र को देखें, तो आपको पता चलेगा कि महासागरों में ज्वालामुखीय गतिविधि समुद्र तट के लगभग समानांतर है। क्यों? उपयुक्त उदाहरणों की सहायता से स्पष्ट कीजिए। 3. How are different vulnerable groups getting impacted by COVID? What measures should be put in place to assist such groups? Discuss. (15 Marks) विभिन्न भेद्य समूह कैसे COVID से प्रभावित हो रहे हैं? ऐसे समूहों की सहायता के लिए क्या उपाय किए जाने चाहिए? चर्चा करें। P.S: The review from IASbaba will happen from the time the question is posted till 10 pm every day. We would also encourage peer reviews. So friends get actively involved and start reviewing each other's answers. This will keep the entire community motivated. All the Best :)

TLP Mains Answer Writing

SYNOPSIS [2nd JUNE,2021] Day 103: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE   SYNOPSIS [2nd JUNE,2021] Day 103: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)   1. What are your views on the ongoing controversy related to the implementation of new IT Rules? Discuss. Approach This question is based on current affairs issues of implementation of new IT rule.In the first part candidate needs to briefly give an overview of new rules.In next part identity the positive and negative repercussions of these rules.At last in conclusion take a view based on the substantiation provided as the question has directive of ‘What are your view’. Introduction  The government of India had notified the ‘The Information Technology (Guidelines for Intermediaries and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021’, in February which came into effect on 26th May, 2021. According to these new rules, ‘significant’ intermediaries are required to have a chief compliance officer, a nodal contact person and a grievance officer — all three of whom are required to be residents of India.This has led to some friction between the social media companies like WhatsApp, twitter and others voicing their concerns regarding government overreach, privacy and creativity. Body New Guidelines Related to Social Media and OTT platforms. Due Diligence To Be Followed By Intermediaries:The Rules prescribe due diligence that must be followed by intermediaries.Failure to do so will lead to doing away pf safe harbour provisions. Grievance Redressal Mechanism:It asks social media intermediaries, to establish a grievance redressal mechanism for receiving and  resolving complaints from the users or victims. Ensuring Online Safety and Dignity of Users, Especially Women Users:Intermediaries shall remove or disable access within 24 hours of receipt of complaints of contents that erodes individual privacy and dignity. Enabling Identity of the Originator:Significant social media intermediaries providing services primarily in the nature of messaging shall enable identification of the first originator of the information.Required only for the purposes of prevention, detection, investigation, prosecution or punishment of an offence related to sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, or public order. Removal of Unlawful Information:An intermediary should not host or publish any information which is prohibited under any law in relation to the interest of the sovereignty and integrity of India, public order, friendly relations with foreign countries etc. Similarly OTT platforms and digital media need to adhere rules to self classification of content ,adhere to press council of India guidelines and and cable tv act for digital news media.Further there is provision for oversight mechanism by Ministry of information and broadcasting. Need for such rules in Indian context: Effective checks and balances: These rules will ensure that social media platforms have to keep better checks and balances over their platforms. This will ensure the data is not shared unlawfully. This will ensure adherence to the rule of law. Enhanced accountability: The new IT rules enhance government regulation over social and digital media. This will enhance accountability and prevent arbitrary actions by digital platforms like actions of twitter in case of banning Donald Trumps account and also flagging posts as manipulated media. Citizen empowerment: The new IT rules will lead to the empowerment of citizens. Since there is a mechanism for redressal and timely resolution of their grievances.Previously citizens had no option but to go to courts which is very exhaustive process. Maintenance of public order: Disinformation (Fake and wrong information) of data can be controlled. Since there is proper regulatory mechanism, disinformation can be removed easily. This will reduce instances of fake news incited violence. Violence linked with fake news in recent times such Muzzafarnagar 2013, Republic day violence at Red fort in 2021 can be handled more efficiently, India’s digital imprints: It will strengthen India’s position as a leader in digital policy and technological innovation. For example, China, with its larger digital population, has not been able to provide a fair and open local market for global companies in the digital space due to absence of proper IT Rules and Regulation. Issues with the new rules : No discussion with stakeholders: This has become now a norm as seen with farm laws where there was unwillingness to engage with the stakeholders that matter.The new regulation has come all of sudden in the absence of open and public discussion and without any parliamentary study and scrutiny. Concerns over the legal basis: Questions have been raised about the very validity of the rules on technical grounds.The govt has chosen to pass these rules under the requirement to outline the due diligence that Internet intermediaries have to follow in order to be able to claim their qualified legal immunity under Section 79 of the IT Act.These rules at the outset appear unlawful even with respect to whether they could have been issued under the Information Technology Act in the manner chosen by the government. Using rule making power to issue primary legislation: The ability to issue rules under a statute — i.e. to frame subordinate legislation — is by its nature a limited, constrained power.The government has made massive changes to the way the internet will work in India, but without having to take the matter to Parliament at all, by amending the rules under pre-existing sections of the law.Critics argue that, with the present Internet content and social media rules, the Union Government has done precisely that. Data privacy concerns left unaddressed: In 2019, the government tabled a Personal Data Protection Bill in Parliament. It is yet to be turned into a law.This with provisions to find originator of the content which can lead reduction in privacy needs to be dealt with legislative process especially after Supreme Court judgement in K.S Puttaswamy where it upheld ‘Right to Privacy’ as a Fundamental right. The fact that, in 2021, the government is continuing to bring in new regulations regarding the digital space without yet having passed a privacy law reflects its governance priorities. With no privacy law insight and new government rules that undermine that fundamental right, citizens ought to be concerned about the way the state is observing all online activity. Conclusion India is one of the fastest growing digital market where there has been tremendous rise in number of mobile and internet users over the last decade.In this view the newly implemented Information technology rules were necessary to tackle the negative externalities of digital world such as child pornography, harassment, drug peddling, anti-national elements to keep society safe and secure.However this should not be used by government to curb innovation, privacy, and freedom of expression of Indian citizens.Further as the Delhi high court has said that it is mandatory for social media websites to follow the law of the land therefore all the significant entities should adhere to these new guidelines for the time being. 2. Differentiate between endogenic and exogenic forces. How do these forces affect landform development? Illustrate with the help of suitable examples. Approach  The question is a straight forward one where the candidate needs to bring out the different aspects of endogenic and exogenic forces and how they affect the landform of earth’s surface with help of examples Introduction Endogenic forces (internal) and exogenic forces (external) as the two major geomorphic forces that lead to the earth’s movements and gives shape to the earth’s surface. When these internal and external changes occur continuously, chemical changes and stress are triggered on the surface of the earth, which eventually leads to the formation of uneven terrains. Body Difference between Endogenic and exogenic forces.             Endogenic Forces             Exogenic Forces These are internal forces that exist deep inside the Earth. These are external forces that operate and act above or on the surface of the Earth. These forces are as ‘constructive forces’ as they create relief features on the surface of the Earth. Thus, they are also known as land building forces. These forces are ‘destructive forces’ as they result in destruction of the existing landforms through weathering and erosional activities.  Thus they are also known as land wearing forces. Nevertheless, these forces also help in filling up (aggradation) of basins/depressions on the earth’s surface Energy emanating from within the earth is the main force behind endogenic forces. This energy is mainly generated by radioactivity, rotation & tidal friction and primordial heat from the origin of earth The exogenic forces derive their energy from atmosphere determined by the ultimate energy from the sun and also the gradient created by tectonic factors Endogenic forces can result in both slow and/or sudden movements. Exogenic forces leads mainly to slow movements as compared to endogenic forces. Examples: mountain building forces, continent building forces, earthquakes, volcanism etc. Examples: Winds, rivers, glaciers etc.  Landforms formed due to endogenic forces : 1.Landforms due to Upliftment : Raised beaches, elevated wave-cut terraces, sea caves and fossiliferous beds above sea level are evidence of upliftment. In India, raised beaches occur at several places along the Kathiawar, Nellore, and Tirunelveli coasts. Several places which were on the sea some centuries ago are now a few miles inland due to upliftment. For example, Coringa near the mouth of the Godavari, Kaveripattinam in the Kaveri delta and Korkai on the coast of Tirunelveli, were all flourishing seaports about 1,000 to 2,000 years ago. 2.Subsidence : Submerged forests and valleys, as well as buildings, are evidence of          subsidence. In 1819, a part of the Rann of Kachchh was submerged as a result of an earthquake. Presence of peat and lignite beds below the sea level in Tirunelveli and the Sundarbans is an example of subsidence. The Andamans and Nicobar’s have been isolated from the Arakan coast by submergence of the intervening land. A large part of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Strait is very shallow and has been submerged in geologically recent times. A part of the former town of Mahabalipuram near Chennai is submerged in the sea. 3.Volcanism: Volcanism includes the movement of molten rock (magma) onto or towards the earth’s surface through narrow volcanic vents or fissures. The most obvious landforms created by lava are volcanoes, most commonly as cinder cones, composite volcanoes, and shield volcanoes. Eruptions also take place through other types of vents, commonly from fissures . The eruptions that created the entire ocean floor are essentially fissure eruptions For example: Deccan traps of India,Cinder cones of European volcanoes etc. Landforms formed due to exogenic forces Weathering: It is the in-situ breakdown or loosening of surface minerals of rocks after they are exposed to weathering agents such as water, oxygen (air), organic and inorganic chemicals and temperature. Weathering is the event that comes before erosion sets in. Weathering can be further classified as – physical, chemical and biological. Example: In Australia, great natural icons such as Uluru (Ayers Rock), the Twelve Apostles and Karlwekarlwe (The Devil’s Marbles), as well as the Grand Canyon in the USA, glacial landscapes in Europe and the huge dune fields of the Sahara Desert in Africa are all examples of weathering and erosion in action Erosion and Deposition: is the acquisition and transportation of rock debris by geomorphic agents like running water, the wind, waves, glaciers etc. Valleys, Gorges, Canyon are formed due to erosional activity of running water.The picturesque Gorge of Narmada river in peninsula region is prime example. Alluvial fans, Flood plains, Oxbow lakes are depositional landforms of surface running water.All these features are visible in the course of Himalayan rivers for example Ganga,  Yamuna. Stalactites and stalagmites are depositional landforms of ground water which are visible in Ajanta mad Ellora caves. Coastal landforms are created by waves and include stacks, stumps, caves, arches, bays, coves, beaches and cliffs visible at beach in Raigad. Mass Movements: These movements transfer the mass of rock debris down the slope under the direct influence of gravity. Also called as mass wasting, they are classified into slow movements (creep and solifluction) and rapid movements (mudflow, debris avalanche, landslides). Conclusion Therefore Endogenic and Exogenic forces both work relatively in tandem and are responsible for both the creative elements such as beaches, gorges, plateaus and also the destructive elements of earthquake and tsunamis.Thus Both are responsible for the dynamic topography on earth surface 3.What are hot springs? How do hot springs get created? Discuss their global distribution. Approach  The answer needs to define hot spring and then elaborate on how it is formed. It should then mention about the areas where hot spring are generally formed around the world by quoting examples and also focus on hot springs in India to contextualise it. Introduction  A hot spring is a spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater that rises from the Earth's crust. While some of these springs contain water that is a safe temperature for bathing, others are so hot that immersion can result in injury or death .Hot springs have immense value from the aspect of tourism and also the future potential to produce geothermal energy. Body Mechanism behind hot springs : Hot springs commonly occur when rainwater or groundwater is heated by magma underneath Earth's surface.  Cracks or faults in the Earth's surface allow water to flow deeper towards the mantle, where it comes in contact with hot rocks that heat the water. Underground pressure then forces the hot water upwards, back to the Earth's surface through the same cracks or faults. This type of hot spring usually forms in areas with volcanic activity. Hot springs can also be formed when absorbed rainwater is heated underground by the radioactive decay of elements present in the rock.  If the water becomes so hot that it builds steam pressure and erupts in a jet above the surface of the Earth, it is called a geyser. Hot Springs are generally found around volcanoes where the crust of earth is thin which allows underground heated water to rise up. Popular Hot springs in world: K Grand Prismatic Spring. This hot spring is located in Yellowstone National Park. It is the largest hot spring in the world – it is 300 feet (91 meters) wide and 160 feet (49 meters) deep. The spring is called prismatic because it seems to display all the colours of the rainbow. This coloration is caused by the presence of algae and thermophile bacteria. Blood Pond. This spring is located in Japan, and the water is bright red in color, resembling blood. The redness is caused literally by rust, as there are high concentrations of iron in the water. Jigokudani. Located in Japan’s Nagano Prefecture, this spring is nestled in an area of volcanic activity. It is famous for the snow monkeys that bathe in the hot springs. Pamukkale. The word pamukkale means “cotton castle” in the Turkish language. It describes the white, cascading deposits of travertine that beautify this hot spring. Hammam Debagh. Located in Algeria, the water from this spring cascades over a cliff. White mineral deposits along the cliff face resemble waterfalls.  Hot Springs, Arkansas This city in southwest Arkansas was built around a number of hot springs, where bath houses were built to provide supposed health benefits.  Popular Hot springs in India : Panamik in Nubra valley: It is the most northern hot spring present in Panamik, a small village near siachen glacier, located at 150 m from town Leh. It is a sulphur hot spring and present at the height 10,442 feet above sea level. It is known for its medicinal properties. Kheer Ganga hot water spring:Located at Akhara Bazar, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh 175101, it is one of the most picturesque hot spring. Manikaran Sahib:It is considered the most sacred hot spring and is a major attraction for several pilgrimage. Like any other hot spring, the hot water which comes deep from the earth core carries away lot of minerals mainly sulfur.Sulfur has a distinct smell which is caused by sulfur dioxide or hydrogen sulfide gas escaping into the air. It is good for curing skin diseases that is why people take bath in Manikaran's hot water. Tattapani: hot water spring:On the bank of river Satluj, this Himalayan town is famous for the hot sulphur springs that erupt near the bank. For years the locals have believed that the water of these springs have miraculous properties and provides relief from joint pains, fatigue and stress. Gaurikund: It is located at 2040 mts above sea level and is located on the banks of Mandakini river. On the trek to Kedarnath, Gaurikund is a village situated almost 2000 mts above sea level.Gaurikund is also popular owing to the natural thermal spring in this village which was destroyed after the recent earthquake in the area but a small stream still flow through the village. Yumthang : Sikkim is full of amazing hot springs, known for their therapeutic value. High in sulphur content, the waters are believed to have great medicinal properties with the average temperature of the water in these hot springs close to 50c. Reshi: Reshi is located on the bank of river Rangeet in Sikkim. It is not very popular among tourists but it is a daily spot for locals. Close to the spot of the hot springs is also Kah-do Sang Phu which is believed to be a sacred cave of the occult fairies. Conclusion Thus, Hot Springs are created by peculiar geological reasons and therefore are distributed all over the world were these reasons are favourable.Further these springs have important role in promoting tourism and supporting local economies.Thus Hot springs have both economic and aesthetic importance all over the world. TLP Synopsis Day 103 PDF

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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 2nd June 2021

Archives (PRELIMS + MAINS FOCUS) Launch of Revamped Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS) Part of: GS Prelims and GS -II - Health  In news Revamped Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS), Umbrella schemes of Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi (RAN) and Discretionary Grant (HMDG) on National Health Authority (NHA)’s IT platform were recently launched.  Ministry: Ministry of Health Objective: For providing cashless, paperless and citizen-centric services. Key takeaways  Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS): It is a comprehensive Health Scheme for Serving Employees, Pensioners, Members of Parliament, ex-MPs, etc., and their dependent family members. During the last 7 years it has expanded to 72 Cities.  E-referral module developed by NIC has enabled CGHS dispensaries and wellness centres to issue online referral to empanelled hospitals. Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi (RAN) Under RAN, financial assistance up to Rs 15 lakhs is provided to poor patients suffering from major life-threatening diseases for treatment at Government hospitals. The eligibility criteria to avail services under RAN had been based on State/UT-wise BPL threshold.  Health Minister’s Discretionary Grant (HMDG) Under HMDG a maximum amount of Rs.1.25 lakhs is provided to patients whose annual income is less than Rs.1.25 lakhs.  Beneficiaries can apply for financial assistance under both schemes by providing their Ration card number  World Milk Day observed  Part of: GS Prelims and GS -III - Economy  In news A virtual program organised on the occasion of World Milk Day was chaired by Union Minister for Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying. 1st June is observed as World Milk Day every year. Key takeaways  On the occasion, the launch of Gopal Ratna Awards were announced.  E-Gopala App will be integrated with UMANG platform and users of Umang platform will get access to App. e-GOPALA app (Generation of wealth through Productive Livestock) is a comprehensive breed improvement marketplace and information portal for direct use of farmers.  Important value additions Milk sector in India India is the world’s largest milk producer and accounts for over one-fifth of the global milk production.  Other major producers: USA, China, Pakistan and Brazil. Value of output of milk is more than the value of output of wheat and paddy together Initiatives launched to provide major fillip to the SATAT initiative Part of: GS Prelims and GS -III - Economy  In news Union Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas launched a number of initiatives to provide major fillip to the SATAT initiative in a virtual ceremony. Important value additions  Aim of SATAT scheme: To set up Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) production plants and make CBG available in the market for use as a green fuel. 'SATAT’ aims to target production of 15 MMT of CBG from 5000 plants by 2023. It has the potential to boost availability of affordable transport fuels, better use of agricultural residue, cattle dung and municipal solid waste.  It will also provide an investment of 1.75 lakh crore, an additional revenue source to farmers, and 75,000 direct job opportunities and lakhs of indirect jobs. RDSO becomes first Institution to be declared SDO Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III - Economy  In news RDSO (Research Design & Standards Organization) of Indian Railways has become the FIRST Institution to be declared Standard Development Organisation (SDO) under "One Nation One Standard" mission of BIS ( Bureau of Indian Standards)  Key takeaways  Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), which is the National Standards Body, has launched a scheme which provides for “Recognition of SDO” to attain “One Nation One Standard” vision of Government of India.  Aim of the scheme: Aggregating and integrating the existing capabilities and dedicated domain specific expertise of various organizations in India which are engaged in standards development in their specific sectors.  It will also enable convergence of all standard development activities resulting in “One National Standard for One Subject”. Research Designs & Standards Organization (RDSO), Lucknow, is the only Research & Development Wing of Ministry of Railways.  Species in news: Litoria Mira  Part of: GS Prelims and GS -III – Environment; Biodiversity In news A species of frog lives in the rainforests of New Guinea that appears to be made from chocolate. The cocoa-coloured frogs have turned out to be a new species. It is called Litoria Mira.  It is an undescribed member of the Australian Litoria genus of tree frogs. Litoria mira can be distinguished from all other Litoria by its unique combination of moderately large size, webbing on hand, short limbs, and small violet patch of skin on the edge of its eyes. The island of New Guinea is separated from the ‘horn’ of Queensland by the Torres Strait. (Mains Focus) ECONOMY/ SOCIETY Topic: GS-3: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment. India’s GDP fall Context: India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contracted by 7.3% in 2020-21. Between the early 1990s until the pandemic hit the country, India grew at an average of around 7% every year. There are two ways to view this contraction in GDP. One is to look at this as an outlier — after all, India, like most other countries, is facing a once-in-a-century pandemic. The other way would be to look at this contraction in the context of what has been happening to the Indian economy over the last decade — and more precisely over the last seven years Perhaps the best way to arrive at such a conclusion is to look at the so-called fundamentals of the economy. Gross Domestic Product After the decline in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis, the Indian economy started its recovery in March 2013 This recovery turned into a secular deceleration of growth since the third quarter (October to December) of 2016-17. The GDP growth rate steadily fell from over 8% in FY17 to about 4% in FY20, just before Covid-19 hit the country. Demonetisation on November 8, 2016 is seen by many experts as the trigger that set India’s growth into a downward spiral. India’s GDP growth pattern resembled an “inverted V” even before Covid-19 hit the economy. GDP per capita (GDP divided by the total population) As the red curve in Chart 3 (above) shows, at a level of Rs 99,700, India’s GDP per capita is now what it used to be in 2016-17 — the year when the slide started.  As a result, India has been losing out to other countries. A case in point is how even Bangladesh has overtaken India in per-capita-GDP terms Unemployment rate This is the metric on which India has possibly performed the worst. Unemployment was at a 45-year high in 2017-18 — the year after demonetisation and the one that saw the introduction of GST.  Then in 2019 came the news that between 2012 and 2018, the total number of employed people fell by 9 million — the first such instance of total employment declining in independent India’s history. As against the norm of an unemployment rate of 2%-3%, India started routinely witnessing unemployment rates close to 6%-7% in the years leading up to Covid-19. The pandemic, of course, made matters considerably worse. Inflation rate After staying close to the $110-a-barrel mark throughout 2011 to 2014, oil prices (India basket) fell rapidly to just $85 in 2015 and further to below (or around) $50 in 2017 and 2018. This fall allowed government to tame the high retail inflation in the country. But since the last quarter of 2019, India has been facing persistently high retail inflation. Even the demand destruction due to lockdowns induced by Covid-19 in 2020 could not extinguish the inflationary surge Going forward, inflation is a big worry for India.  Fiscal deficit On paper, India’s fiscal deficit levels were just a tad more than the norms set, but, in reality, even before Covid-19 In the Union Budget for the current financial year, the government conceded that it had been underreporting the fiscal deficit by almost 2% of India’s GDP. Rupee vs dollar A US dollar was worth Rs 59 in 2014. Seven years later, it is closer to Rs 73.  The relative weakness of the rupee reflects the reduced purchasing power of the Indian currency. What’s the outlook on growth? The biggest engine for growth in India is the expenditure by common people in their private capacity. This “demand” for goods accounts for 55% of all GDP.  In Chart 3, the blue curve shows the per capita level of this private consumption expenditure, which has fallen to levels last seen in 2016-17. This means if the government does not help, India’s GDP may not revert to the pre-Covid trajectory for several years to come.  It is for this reason that the latest GDP should not be viewed as an exception Connecting the dots: India needs a Fiscal Council ECONOMY/ SCIENCE & TECH Topic: GS-3: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment. GS-3: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.  Cryptocurrency and RBI Context: Days after some leading banks cautioned people against dealing in cryptocurrencies, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) said banks cannot cite its April 2018 order on virtual currencies – that had banned them - as it has been set aside by the Supreme Court of India in 2020. How do Cryptocurrencies work? Cryptocurrencies work using a technology called blockchain. Blockchain is a decentralized technology spread across many computers that manages and records transactions. So, instead of relying on traditional financial institutions like RBI who verify and guarantee your transactions, cryptocurrency transactions are verified by the user's computers logged into the currency's network. Cryptocurrency mining is the process in which transactions between users are verified and added to the blockchain public ledger.  The process of mining is also responsible for introducing new coins into the existing circulating supply and is one of the key elements that allow cryptocurrencies to work as a peer-to-peer decentralized network, without the need for a third party central authority. Concerns with Cryptocurrencies Extreme volatility  It isn’t backed up by a sovereign state and a public institution like a central bank Regulatory authorities have expressed concerns of these being used as instruments for illicit activities, including money laundering and terror funding.  Anxiety among investors about the regulatory uncertainties plaguing India’s position on cryptocurrency. Indian investors are said to hold some Rs 10,000 crore in digital currency already. Implication of RBI’s clarification: Relief to investors of cryptocurrencies As many Indians have invested in cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, the RBI move will be a big respite for them and their money – estimated to be around Rs 10,000 crore — won’t be blocked.  Also, banks can’t take action against investors in virtual currencies following the court and RBI directives. What’s the RBI’s position? The RBI’s 2018 position was more restrictive. The RBI had said regulated entities which already provide such services should exit the relationship within three months from the date of the circular. However, the RBI which is against other virtual cryptocurrencies has warned people against such currencies several times in the past.  RBI has indicated it’s very much in the game, and getting ready to launch its own digital currency.  RBI Governor said recently that “Central bank digital currency is a work in progress. The RBI team is working on it, technology side and procedural side… how it will be launched and rolled out,” Connecting the dots: Blockchain Technology China’s Digital Currency (TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) Model questions: (You can now post your answers in comment section) Note: Correct answers of today’s questions will be provided in next day’s DNA section. Kindly refer to it and update your answers. Comments Up-voted by IASbaba are also the “correct answers”. Q.1 Litoria Mira is a A species of which of the following that lives in the rainforests of New Guinea? Frog Snake Tortoise  Lizard  Q.2 Which of the following has launched a scheme which provides for “Recognition of SDO” to attain “One Nation One Standard” vision of Government of India.  NITI Aayog  Ministry of Health  Bureau of Indian Standards  Central Pollution Control Board  Q.3 Consider the following statements regarding Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) initiative:  It is an initiative aimed at setting up of Compressed Bio-Gas production plants  The initiative was launched by the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas Which of the above is or are correct?  1 only  2 only  Both 1 and 2  Neither 1 nor 2  ANSWERS FOR 1st June 2021 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK) 1  B 2  D 3 A Must Read On Child Labour: The Hindu On economic recovery: Indian Express About strengthening healthcare system: Hindustan Times

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