DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 7th November 2024
Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) NEW COASTAL ZONE PLAN OF KERALA Syllabus:
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UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 7th November 2024
The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here
DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 6th November 2024
Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) WAQF Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: In a letter to Lok Sabha Speaker, some Opposition members of the Joint Committee of Parliament on the Waqf (Amendment) Bill have threatened to “disassociate” from the panel, accusing its chairperson and BJP leader Jagdambika Pal of “bulldozing the proceedings” and “stonewalling” them. Background: – In India, the history of Waqf can be traced back to the early days of the Delhi Sultanate when Sultan Muizuddin Sam Ghaor dedicated two villages in favour of the Jama Masjid of Multan. As the Delhi Sultanate and later Islamic dynasties flourished in India, the number of Waqf properties kept increasing in India. Key takeaways Waqf refers to properties dedicated exclusively for religious or charitable purposes under Islamic law, and any other use or sale of the property is prohibited. Waqf means that the ownership of the property is now taken away from the person making Waqf and transferred and detained by Allah. ‘Waqif’ is a person who creates a waqf for the beneficiary. As Waqf properties are bestowed upon Allah, in the absence of a physically tangible entity, a ‘mutawalli’ is appointed by the waqif, or by a competent authority, to manage or administer a Waqf. —Once designated as waqf, the ownership is transferred from the person making the waqf (waqif) to Allah, making it irrevocable. India has had a legal regime for the governance of Waqfs since 1913, when the Muslim Waqf Validating Act came into force. The Mussalman Wakf Act, 1923 followed. After Independence, the Central Waqf Act, 1954, was enacted, which was ultimately replaced by the Waqf Act, 1995. In 2013, the law was amended to prescribe imprisonment of up to two years for encroachment on Waqf property, and to explicitly prohibit the sale, gift, exchange, mortgage, or transfer of Waqf property. The Waqf law provides for the appointment of a survey commissioner who maintains a list of all Waqf properties by making local investigations, summoning witnesses, and requisitioning public documents. A Waqf property is managed by a mutawalli (caretaker), who acts as a superviser. Waqf properties are managed in a way that is similar to how properties under Trusts are managed under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882. The Waqf Act states that any dispute related to Waqf properties will be decided by a Waqf Tribunal. The Tribunal is constituted by the state government, and comprises three members — a chairperson who is a state judicial officer not below the rank of a District, Sessions or Civil Judge, Class I; an officer from the state civil services; and a person with knowledge of Muslim law and jurisprudence. The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024 : It changes the composition of the Central Waqf Council and Waqf Boards to include non-Muslim members. The Survey Commissioner has been replaced by the Collector, granting him powers to conduct surveys of waqf properties. Government property identified as waqf will cease to be waqf. Collector will determine ownership of such properties. Finality of the Tribunal’s decisions has been revoked. The Bill provides for direct appeal to the High Court. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL CLEAN AIR PROGRAMME - NCAP Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Delhi is among the bottom five cities in terms of fund expenditure under the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) — 68% of its funds are unutilised. Background: – Delhi’s air quality was in the ‘very poor’ category recently after diwali. Key takeaways The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) is India’s comprehensive strategy to combat air pollution across the country. Launched in January 2019 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), the NCAP aims to systematically address air quality issues through targeted interventions and collaborative efforts. Objectives: Reduction Targets: NCAP aimed for a reduction of 20-30% in PM10 concentrations by 2024-25 compared to the baseline year of 2017-18. The target has been revised to achieve up to a 40% reduction in PM10 levels or to meet national standards (60 µg/m³) by 2025-26. The programme focuses on 131 cities (non-attainment cities and Million Plus Cities) in 24 States/UTs by engaging all stakeholders. Key Features: City-Specific Action Plans: Each non-attainment city is required to develop and implement a tailored action plan addressing local sources of pollution. Sectoral Interventions: The NCAP emphasizes interventions across various sectors, including transportation, industry, power, residential, and agriculture, to mitigate pollution sources. Monitoring and Evaluation: A robust monitoring framework has been established to track progress, involving real-time air quality monitoring systems and periodic assessments. Public Participation: The programme encourages active involvement from citizens, non-governmental organizations, and academic institutions to foster community engagement and awareness. Implementation Mechanisms: Institutional Framework: The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) oversees the implementation, supported by state pollution control boards and urban local bodies. Funding: Financial assistance is provided to states and cities for implementing action plans, with provisions for capacity building and technological support. Capacity Building: Training programs and workshops are conducted to enhance the capabilities of stakeholders involved in air quality management. Recent Developments: PRANA Portal: In September 2021, the MoEFCC launched the PRANA portal (Portal for Regulation of Air-pollution in Non-Attainment cities) to monitor the implementation of NCAP and disseminate information on air quality management efforts. Source: Indian Express ST COMMISSION TO SEEK REPORT FROM NTCA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) has taken cognisance of representations sent to it against an advisory of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), asking state forest departments to submit action plans on the relocation of villages from tiger reserves. Background: According to NTCA, 591 villages, with a total of 64,801 families, are located within critical tiger habitats (core areas) across 54 tiger reserves in 19 states. NTCA has asked to state forest department to relocate them. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) The NCST was established under Article 338A of the Indian Constitution, introduced by the 89th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003. It was created to safeguard the rights of Scheduled Tribes (STs) in India, separating from the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The NCST is a multi-member body consisting of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, and three other members. Members are appointed by the President of India and hold office as specified by the President. Mandate and Functions: Monitor and evaluate the progress of development initiatives for STs under Union and State Governments. Investigate and report to the President on issues related to the socio-economic and educational advancement of STs. Safeguard ST interests in employment, protection from exploitation, and welfare schemes. Recommend measures to prevent atrocities and discrimination against STs. Powers: The NCST has powers akin to a civil court, including summoning witnesses, requesting documents, and taking evidence. It is empowered to inquire into matters on complaints about deprivation of ST rights or any failure in duty by the administration. The current issue In June, the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) sent a letter to state forest departments, urging them to prioritize and plan the relocation of villages from the core areas of tiger reserves. The NCST held a full commission meeting and decided to seek a report from NTCA on the relocation issue. The commission also decided to seek an action-taken report from the Union Environment Ministry and NTCA on its 2018 recommendations to revise the compensation package offered to villagers voluntarily opting to move out of tiger reserves. The NCST had said in 2018 that the compensation package should be provided based on the Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013. Additional Information Under the Wildlife Protection Act, areas free of human settlements can be created in the core of tiger reserves. However, this is to be done after recognising the rights of tribal communities under the Forest Rights Act, 2006, and with the informed consent of the Gram Sabha concerned. Additionally, before the voluntary relocation, the state government has to conclude, based on consultations with ecological and social scientists, that activities of the tribal communities or forest dwellers or their presence are sufficient to cause irreversible damage to tigers and their habitat. They have to also conclude that there is no other reasonable option for the community to co-exist with tigers. Source: Outlook RIVER CITY ALLIANCE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Ganga Utsav 2024 was recently inaugurated at at Chandi Ghat in Haridwar. This year’s event saw participation from several river cities under the River City Alliance. Background: – Ganga Utsav 2024 is organised by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) to mark the anniversary of declaring the Ganga River as the National River. The primary aim of this festival is to promote the conservation of the Ganga River, emphasize its cultural and spiritual importance, and raise public awareness about cleanliness. About River City Alliance The River Cities Alliance (RCA) is a collaborative platform established in India to promote sustainable management of urban rivers. Launched in November 2021 by the Ministry of Jal Shakti and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, the RCA serves as a forum for riverine cities to exchange knowledge and best practices related to river conservation and urban planning. Key Objectives: Networking: Facilitate connections among cities to share experiences and strategies for river management. Capacity Building: Enhance the skills and knowledge of urban local bodies in river conservation and sustainable development. Technical Support: Provide assistance in implementing projects aimed at rejuvenating urban rivers. Membership and Expansion: Initially comprising 30 member cities, the RCA has expanded to include 110 river cities across India. The Alliance is open to all river cities of India. Any river city can join the Alliance at any time. Global Engagement: Building on the success of the RCA, the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) launched the Global River Cities Alliance (GRCA) at COP28 in Dubai. GRCA is a unique alliance covering 275+ global river-cities in 11 countries, international funding agencies and knowledge management partners and is first of its kind in the world. The GRCA includes countries like India, Egypt, the Netherlands, Denmark, Ghana, Australia, Bhutan, Cambodia, and Japan, as well as cities such as The Hague, Adelaide, and Szolnok. This international coalition aims to foster global cooperation in river management and conservation. Source: PIB BALFOUR DECLARATION Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Balfour Declaration was made on November 2, 1917. A century later, its violent ripples are still being felt. Background: – The Declaration is often cited as a foundational document leading to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, with its repercussions still evident in contemporary Middle Eastern geopolitics. Key takeaways Arthur James Balfour (1848-1930): A prominent British statesman who held various powerful positions in the British government. He was nicknamed ‘Bloody Balfour’ for his harsh suppression of Irish revolts. However, his legacy is profoundly marked by the Balfour Declaration, which has had lasting implications in the Middle East. The Balfour Declaration: Date: November 2, 1917. Nature: A letter from Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lionel Walter Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community. Content: The British government expressed support for the establishment of a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine, with the stipulation that this should not prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine or the rights and political status of Jews in other countries. Motivations Behind the Declaration: Zionist Movement: The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of Zionism, advocating for a Jewish homeland in response to persecution in Europe. British Interests: During World War I, Britain sought to gain Jewish support, particularly from influential communities in the U.S. and Russia, to bolster the Allied war effort. Additionally, control over Palestine was strategically important for safeguarding the Suez Canal and maintaining access to British colonies, including India. Controversies and Criticisms: First, of course, is the fact that a British official made a promise to another Briton about land that belonged to a different people. Palestine then was a part of the Ottoman empire, and Britain had no legal right to promise it to anyone. Also, while the “civil and religious rights” of “non-Jewish communities” in Palestine are mentioned in the Declaration, it does not take into account the political rights of Arabs already living in Palestine. Britain had taken the consent of its Allied partners before the Declaration was issued, but no Palestinian leader was consulted. Also, the Declaration in spirit violated the promises made in the McMahon–Hussein correspondence (July 1915 to March 1916), in which the British had promised the Arabs an independent state in return for support against the Ottoman Empire in World War I. Significance and Legacy: Catalyst for Zionism: The Declaration provided political legitimacy to the Zionist movement, accelerating Jewish immigration to Palestine and laying the groundwork for the eventual establishment of the State of Israel. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) The Balfour Declaration, issued in 1917, was significant because: a) It promised independence to Arab states under Ottoman rule. b) It marked British support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. c) It ended British rule in Palestine. d) It established a Jewish state in Palestine immediately after World War I. Q2.) The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) in India aims` to: a) Achieve a 40-50% reduction in particulate matter levels by 2025 in 100 non-attainment cities. b) Establish air quality monitoring stations in all cities across India. c) achieve up to a 40% reduction in PM10 levels or to meet national standards (60 µg/m³) by 2025-26. d) Enforce mandatory use of electric vehicles in urban areas by 2025. Q3.) Which of the following statements about the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) is correct? a) The NCST was established by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992. b) The NCST is responsible for overseeing the implementation of safeguards for Scheduled Castes. c) The NCST was created under Article 338A of the Indian Constitution. d) The NCST has jurisdiction over all marginalized communities, including OBCs and Scheduled Castes. Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 5th November – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – a Q.3) – b
UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 6th November 2024
The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here
DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 5th November 2024
Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) ARTICLE 44 Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Union Home Minister Amit Shah recently said that tribals would be exempted from the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) wherever it is implemented in India Background: – At an event in Ranchi, Home Minister stated, “The BJP has introduced a model of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in Uttarakhand. In this model, we have excluded tribals, respecting their customs, rituals, and laws. Wherever we implement the UCC, tribals will be kept out of its scope.” Key takeaways A Uniform Civil Code is one that would provide for one law for the entire country, applicable to all religious communities in their personal matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption etc. Article 44 of the Constitution lays down that the state shall endeavour to secure a Uniform Civil Code for the citizens throughout the territory of India. Article 44 is one of the directive principles. These, as defined in Article 37, are not justiciable (not enforceable by any court) but the principles laid down therein are fundamental in governance. Article 44 uses the words “state shall endeavour”, other Articles in the ‘Directive Principles’ chapter use words such as “in particular strive”; “shall in particular direct its policy”; “shall be obligation of the state” etc. Article 43 mentions “state shall endeavour by suitable legislation” while the phrase “by suitable legislation” is absent in Article 44. All this implies that the duty of the state is greater in other directive principles than in Article 44. Uniform Civil Code (UCC) of Uttarakhand UCC of Uttarakhand, enacted in early 2024, aims to standardize personal laws across the state, irrespective of religious affiliations. Key features include: Marriage and Divorce: The UCC introduces uniform procedures for marriage and divorce, prohibiting practices like polygamy and child marriage. It sets a consistent minimum marriageable age for girls across all religious denominations. Inheritance and Property Rights: The code ensures equal property rights for sons and daughters, eliminating distinctions between legitimate and illegitimate children concerning inheritance. It also provides equal property rights after death, including for adopted and biological children. Live-in Relationships: The UCC regulates live-in relationships by imposing an obligation to register them. Applicability: The code applies to all residents of Uttarakhand, except the Scheduled Tribes. Source: Indian Express COMMITTEE TO ASSESS DEMANDS ON DEMARCATION OF ECO-SENSITIVE AREAS Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Union Environment Ministry-appointed expert committee, which is tasked with examining views and objections of state governments on eco-sensitive areas (ESA) in the Western Ghats, is likely to visit Goa soon to deliberate on the state’s submissions. Background: – The committee will verify along with the state government whether its demands to omit villages marked as ESA are justified. Key takeaways Early in August, the Centre had issued the sixth iteration of a draft notification declaring 56,825.7 sq. km of the Western Ghats as ecologically sensitive area. Once draft notification declaring 56,825.7 sqkm of the Western Ghats as ecologically sensitive area finalised, villages marked as ESA will see a complete ban on mining, quarrying and sand mining as well as phasing out of existing mines in five years. The demarcation of ESA has been pending for 13 years since the United Progressive Alliance first tasked an expert panel led by senior ecologist Madhav Gadgil to study the issue of protecting Western Ghats. The Gadgil panel submitted a report recommending that the entire Ghats region be tagged as ecologically sensitive and creation of an overarching ecological authority to regulate development. However, that report was never adopted and a panel led by space scientist K Kasturirangan was later formed to demarcate ESA’s using the Gadgil panel report as the foundation. The Kasturirangan committee report proposes 37 per cent of the total area of Western Ghats, which is roughly 60,000 square kilometres, to be declared as eco-sensitive area (ESA). The report recommended a blanket ban on mining, quarrying, setting up of red category industries and thermal power projects. It also stated that the impact of infrastructural projects on the forest and wildlife should be studied before permission is given for these activities. Source: Indian Express KALKA-SHIMLA RAILWAY Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Himachal Pradesh Chief Minister Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu recently urged the Ministry of Railways to explore the possibility of running trains on the Kalka-Shimla railway, a UNESCO World Heritage site, on green hydrogen. Background: Sukhu said the government aims to make Himachal Pradesh a green energy state by March 31, 2026 Key takeaways The Kalka-Shimla Railway is a narrow-gauge railway line connecting Kalka in Haryana to Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh. It is known for its scenic route through the Shivalik range of the Himalayas. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008 as part of the “Mountain Railways of India”, along with the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway and the Nilgiri Mountain Railway. Historical Significance Opened in 1903 during British rule, the railway was constructed to provide better access to Shimla, then the summer capital of British India. Built by the Delhi-Umbala-Kalka Railway Company, this 96 km line is renowned for its engineering excellence and use of the hill railway technology of the period. Engineering and Architectural Highlights The railway line features 103 tunnels and 864 bridges, demonstrating impressive engineering in a mountainous terrain. The Barog Tunnel (Tunnel No. 33) is the longest tunnel on this line, extending over 1 kilometer. Zig-zag patterns and sharp curves are unique aspects of its construction, with a gradient of 1:33, allowing the train to navigate steep ascents. Cultural and Tourist Importance The Kalka-Shimla Railway is known for its toy trains, which attract tourists from around the world and offer panoramic views of the hills, valleys, and pine forests. It is often referred to as the “crown jewel” of Himachal tourism and plays a major role in promoting local tourism. Source: Outlook PARADOX OF STAGNANT RURAL WAGES Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: The Indian economy has grown at an average annual rate of 4.6% from 2019-20 to 2023-24, and 7.8% in the last three fiscal years (April-March) alone. The farm sector’s growth has averaged 4.2% and 3.6% for these respective periods. However, these macro growth numbers are not reflected in rural wages. Background: – The average nominal year-on-year growth in rural wages during the five years ended 2023-24 worked out to 5.2%. It was higher, at 5.8%, for only agricultural wages. But in real inflation-adjusted terms, the average annual growth was -0.4% for rural and 0.2% for agricultural wages during this period. Why are real rural wages stagnant, if not negative, when the GDP has been decent? One explanation has to do with rising Labour Force Participation Rates (LFPR) among women, especially in rural India. LFPR is the percentage of the population aged 15 years and above that is working or seeking/willing to work for a relatively long part of a particular year. The all-India average female LFPR was only 24.5% in 2018-19. It rose to 30% in 2019-20, 32.5% in 2020-21, 32.8% in 2021-22, 37% in 2022-23 and 41.7% in the latest official Periodic Labour Force Survey for 2023-24 (July-June). Even more impressive has been the increase in the rural female LFPR: From 26.4% in 2018-19 to 33%, 36.5%, 36.6%, 41.5%, and 47.6% in the following five years. The Finance Ministry’s Economic Survey for 2023-24 has attributed the sharp jump in the rural female LFPR (21.2 percentage points since 2018-19) mainly to the government’s schemes such as Ujjwala, Har Ghar Jal, Saubhagya, and Swachh Bharat. These programmes have not just substantially expanded household access to clean cooking fuel, electricity, piped drinking water, and toilets. They have also freed up rural women’s time and effort that went into fetching water or collecting firewood and dung. The above freeing up of women’s time and rise in female LFPR have, however, also ended up significantly boosting the aggregate size of the rural workforce. The resultant rightward shift of the labour supply curve – more people willing to work at the same or lower rates – has then exerted downward pressure on real rural wages. A second explanation looks at not the supply, but demand side of labour. While the rural female LFPR has soared, so has agriculture’s share in the employment of this workforce. Thus, the movement is from home to field, not to factory or office. That, in turn, has probably to do with the nature of GDP growth. The economic process is becoming increasingly capital-intensive and labour-saving as well as labour-displacing. If growth is coming from sectors or industries requiring fewer workers for every unit of output, it translates into a rising share of income generated from that accruing to capital (i.e. profits of firms) as against labour (wages/compensation of employees). Therefore, that the new entrants into the labour force, specifically women, are mostly finding employment in agriculture. This is a sector where marginal productivity (output per worker) is already low; the supply of more labour would only further depress wages. The fact that rural non-agricultural wages have grown even less – actually fallen in real terms – shows a worse picture for non-farm labour demand. Source: Indian Express ORPHAN DRUGS Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: India faces considerable challenges in developing, making affordable, and ensuring access to orphan drugs, particularly when compared to countries like the United States and those in the European Union. Background: – Orphan drugs, critical in treating rare diseases, have increasingly gained attention in India following the implementation of the National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD) in 2021. Key takeaways Orphan drugs are pharmaceutical agents developed specifically to treat rare (orphan) diseases. These diseases, though affecting only a small portion of the population, often lead to life-threatening conditions. Definitions of orphan drugs vary depending on the regulatory framework. In the U.S., a disease is considered rare if it affects fewer than 2,00,000 people, while in the European Union, a disease must affect fewer than 1 in 10,000 people to be considered rare. Although there is no formal prevalence-based definition in India, the NPRD of 2021 outlines a framework for diagnosing and treating rare diseases, with a low prevalence threshold expected. The lack of a clear definition complicates the identification of orphan drugs and the addressing of needs of patients affected by these conditions. Classification of orphan drugs Under India’s NPRD, rare diseases are classified into three categories to facilitate treatment approaches. Group 1 includes disorders that are curable through one-time interventions, such as Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs) requiring Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT). Group 2 encompasses diseases that need long-term or lifelong management but have relatively lower treatment costs, such as Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD). Group 3 covers conditions like Gaucher Disease and Pompe Disease, where treatment is available but complicated by high costs and the necessity for lifelong care. For a drug to receive orphan drug designation, it must meet certain criteria that vary across countries. Once designated, orphan drugs receive several incentives to encourage their development, including market exclusivity, tax credits for research and development (R&D) expenses, and fee waivers for regulatory applications. Challenges for India Although orphan drug development has been incentivised globally, significant challenges remain, particularly in countries like India. The high cost of research and development is a barrier, as orphan drugs often target small patient populations, making it difficult for companies to justify the financial risk. Clinical trials for orphan drugs also face hurdles due to the limited number of patients available. Pricing and accessibility are additional challenges, as the high costs of orphan drugs often make them unaffordable for patients in countries like India. For instance, enzyme replacement therapies (ERTs) for diseases like Gaucher’s disease can cost several crores annually. India faces unique challenges in the development and accessibility of orphan drugs despite efforts like the NPRD. The country lacks a formal definition and comprehensive data on the prevalence of rare diseases, which hampers drug development efforts. While the NPRD provides a framework for diagnosing and treating rare diseases, it falls short in offering financial or regulatory incentives that could encourage the development and marketing of orphan drugs. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding orphan drugs Orphan drugs are designed to treat diseases that affect a large portion of the population. The National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD) was implemented in India in 2021. In the United States, a disease affecting fewer than 10,000 people qualifies for orphan drug status. Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.)With regard to the Kalka-Shimla Railway, consider the following statements: The railway line is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was built during British rule to connect Shimla, then the summer capital of British India. The Kalka-Shimla Railway is known for its broad-gauge track. Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? (a)1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Which of the following is true regarding Article 44 of the Indian Constitution? Article 44 falls under the category of Fundamental Rights. Article 44 mentions that the state shall endeavor to secure a Uniform Civil Code for all citizens. Article 44 is enforceable by any court in India. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today's Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with Tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 4th November – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – d Q.3) – b
UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 5th November 2024
The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here
UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 2nd November 2024
The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here
DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 4th November 2024
Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) GLOBAL TUBERCULOSIS REPORT Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The World Health Organization (WHO) released its Global TB Report 2024. Background: – Globally, 82 lakh people were newly diagnosed with TB in 2023 – the highest number recorded since WHO began global TB monitoring in 1995 — making it the leading infectious killer again, surpassing Covid-19 in 2023. India continues to have the highest burden of the disease, accounting for more than a quarter of the global cases. Key takeaways TB is caused by an organism called mycobacterium tuberculosis, which mainly affects the lungs, but can also impact other parts of the body. TB spreads through the air when an infected individual coughs, sneezes, or speaks. According to the Global TB Report 2024, India saw a slight decline in the estimated number of tuberculosis cases and deaths in 2023. India had an estimated 28 lakh TB cases in 2023, accounting for 26% of the global cases. And, there were estimated 3.15 lakh TB-related deaths, accounting for 29% of the deaths globally. The report also said the gap between the estimated number of cases and the number of people actually getting diagnosed has been closing. India reported 25.2 lakh cases in 2023, increasing from 24.2 lakh the previous year. India’s effort in eliminating TB Although the elimination of tuberculosis is one of the sustainable development targets to be achieved by 2030 by the world, India has set a target for 2025. The national strategic plan 2017-2025 sets the target for India to report no more than 44 new TB cases or 65 total cases per lakh population by 2025. In India, the government offers free medicines for TB treatment, which is essential as the medicines can be expensive and the therapy may continue for as long as two years. One of the big challenges with tuberculosis treatment is the long duration for which people have to take medicines. The government has been working on devising innovative ways to ensure compliance such as pill boxes that track and remind the patient to take medicine as well as introducing shorter courses of treatment. An online Ni-kshay portal has been set up to track the notified TB cases. The government also launched a community engagement program where Ni-kshay Mitras can adopt TB patients and provide them with monthly nutritional support. Newer drugs such as Bedaquiline and Delamanid for the treatment of drug-resistant TB have been included in the government’s basket of drugs provided to free TB patients. Source: Indian Express NEPAL PM OLI PICKS CHINA FOR 1ST BILATERAL VISIT Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Nepal Prime Minister K P Sharma Oli is likely to undertake an official visit to China next month, his first bilateral, four months after he took over as head of the new government replacing the Left coalition government led by Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda). Background: – Oli completed 100 days in office last week and has now directed officials to update him on the progress of projects underway in Nepal by China along with Belt and Road Initiative. Key takeaways Oli’s China visit is seen as a visible break from the ‘tradition’ of the new Nepali PM undertaking his first trip to India. Oli’s visit to China is scheduled at a time when the two biggest coalition partners in the government — Nepali Congress and Oli-led Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist Leninist— are at odds over the conditions of executing projects under China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). While the Nepali Congress is firm that BRI projects should be accepted only under grants, the CPN-UML supports projects with loans from China’s Exim bank. Nepal and India have a unique relationship. The open border, shared culture, economic interdependence and deep-rooted people-to-people relationship make bilateral ties special. India is Nepal’s largest trading partner, the top-source country for tourists, the only supplier of petroleum products and the largest source of total foreign investment. India also provides transit for almost all of Nepal’s third-country trade and accounts for a significant share of inward remittances from pensioners, professionals and labourers working in India. It has always been the first responder during disasters and emergencies in Nepal. Source: Indian Express MAJOR CHALLENGES FACED BY INDIAN CITIES Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: World Cities Day (October 31) was observed recently. Background: – The theme for this year’s World Cities Day is ‘Youth Climate Changemakers: Catalysing Local Action for Urban Sustainability’ Key takeaways India’s urbanisation trajectory differs from the cities in the Global North. In Western countries, urbanisation followed industrialisation, which created jobs that absorbed rural labour. Their urbanisation was sustained also because of massive economic transfers from colonies. Economist Utsa Patnaik has highlighted that India alone contributed over $45 trillion to England’s economy during colonial rule. In contrast, India’s urbanisation is largely driven by economic distress, resulting in “poverty-driven urbanisation,” with both rural-to-urban and urban-to-urban migration. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the strain on urban planning became apparent, as reverse migration trends highlighted gaps in infrastructure. What are urban challenges in India? The main challenges Indian cities face include inadequate spatial planning, climate change, massive migration, growing inequality and social segregation, and governance limitations. Urban planning agencies have struggled due to two main issues. First, spatial and temporal plans are outdated and fail to accommodate population growth. Since the 1980s, deindustrialisation has led to job losses in cities like Ahmedabad, Delhi, Surat, and Mumbai. Many workers displaced by this trend moved to peri-urban areas, where they live in overcrowded conditions. Currently, 40% of India’s urban population resides in slums. Second, plans often focus on capital growth rather than people’s needs, leading to a lack of local ownership and engagement in the planning process. Similarly, climate change severely impacts Indian cities. Cities face severe pollution and are increasingly subject to urban flooding and “heat island effects.” Additionally, urbanisation was once believed to be neutral regarding social and religious dynamics, but Indian cities are increasingly segregated along these lines. Inequality is widening, with exclusive developments catering to the wealthy while millions lack basic housing. For instance, DLF’s “The Dahlias” project in Gurugram offers apartments starting at ₹100 crore, a stark contrast to the two crore urban Indians without shelter. Most city jobs (around 90%) are in the informal sector. Despite the 74th Constitutional Amendment, most Indian cities remain controlled by undemocratic bodies. Though cities have elected representatives, they rarely control urban planning, which is often outsourced to parastatals and private entities. For example, less than three of the 18 functions outlined in the 12th Schedule have been universally transferred to urban governments, and cities receive a mere 0.5% of the GDP in intergovernmental transfers. Source: The Hindu ADITYA-L1 MISSION Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The first science result from the Aditya-L1 mission, India’s first scientific mission dedicated to studying the Sun, is out. Background: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched Aditya-L1 on September 2, 2023, from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. Key takeaways Scientists who developed Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) onboard Aditya-L1 precisely estimated the onset time of a coronal mass ejection that erupted on the Sun on July 16. VELC is the spacecraft’s primary payload. VELC was developed by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIAp), Bengaluru. The Sun is a very active object and often spews vast quantities of plasma in violent eruptions called coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Observation of the CMEs as they originate on the Sun and understanding their plasma characteristics is one of the major science goals for VELC. About Aditya L1 Aditya-L1 is India’s first space mission dedicated to studying the Sun. Type: It is a solar observatory mission that will orbit around the Lagrange Point 1 (L1), located approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth, between Earth and the Sun. Primary Goals: Study the Sun’s outermost layers, including the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. Observe solar phenomena like solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and solar wind to understand their impact on Earth’s space environment. Payloads: Aditya-L1 carries seven payloads, including: Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC): For studying the solar corona. Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT): Observes the photosphere and chromosphere. Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya (PAPA) and Aditya Solar Wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX): Study solar winds and particle emissions. Significance of L1 Point Constant Solar Observation: The L1 point is about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth in the direction of the Sun. It allows for continuous, uninterrupted observation of the Sun without the interference of Earth’s shadow. Stable Orbit: The L1 point is a position in space where the gravitational forces of the Earth and the Sun balance each other. This enables the spacecraft to remain in a stable orbit with minimal fuel consumption for station-keeping. Source: The Hindu SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF RURAL POVERTY Syllabus Mains – GS 1, GS 2 & GS 3 Context: With over 80 per cent of the world’s poor living in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, India is among the countries with the largest number of the world’s poor, found the 2024 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) report. Background: – The report also stated that almost 84 per cent of the world’s poor live in rural areas and they are poorer than their counterparts in the urban areas. In the case of India, rural poverty has been a persistent issue for policymakers. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) The MPI, developed by Sabina Alkire and James Foster and adopted by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2010, measures deprivation across health, education, and standard of living, and not monetary poverty. National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) in collaboration with the UNDP and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), developed a National Multidimensional Poverty Index to monitor multidimensional poverty at national, state, and district levels in the country. In January this year, NITI Aayog released a discussion paper titled Multidimensional Poverty in India since 2005-06 which claims that the country has seen a significant decline in multidimensional poverty from 29.17 per cent in 2013-14 to 11.28 per cent in 2022-23. The discussion paper sends a positive message that India is on its way to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 1.2 of “halving multidimensional poverty by 2030”. The paper also notes rural India has seen a larger decline in multidimensional poverty. Between 2015-16 and 2019-21, poverty in rural India decreased from 32.59 per cent to 19.28 per cent, while urban poverty fell from 8.65 per cent to 5.27 per cent. Rural poverty: Disparities and deprivations Rural poverty, which refers to poverty in rural areas, is characterised by factors including poor living conditions, heavy reliance on agriculture, landlessness and limited access to basic services. In addition, the rural poor are often affected by social constraints stemming from caste, gender, and ethnicity, which can limit social mobility and access to opportunities. For instance, the 2018 National Sample Survey (NSS) on education highlighted significant disparities, with rural literacy at 73.5 per cent compared to 87.7 per cent in urban areas. Also, the 76th round of the NSS underlined notable differences in access to basic services. About 29 per cent of rural households lack access to toilets, in contrast to nearly 4 per cent in urban areas; and more than 40 per cent of rural households do not have drinking water facilities within the home, compared to 20 per cent in urban areas. Around 65 per cent of India’s population lives in rural areas, but a disproportionately high percentage – about 90 per cent – of the nation’s poor reside in rural areas. The Periodic Labour Force Survey data shows that around 59 per cent of the rural workers are engaged in agriculture and allied activities. Among agricultural workers, there is a disparity in the incidence of poverty based on whether a worker is a cultivator or a casual wage worker. The incidence of poverty is much higher among agricultural labourers than cultivators. Among the rural non-agricultural workers, the type of non-agricultural work is important. Self-employment in non-farm work or precarious and casual non-farm work like in construction may not lead to poverty reduction. Another way of understanding rural poverty is by looking at access to land and land ownership. Data reveals that the small (1-2 hectares of land) and marginal (less than 1 hectare) farming households are the most affected and poor groups. India is also the only country in South Asia where poverty is significantly higher among female-headed households as compared to male-headed households. Around 19.7 per cent of female-headed households are poor in India while 15.9 per cent of male-headed households are poor. Hence, along with regional factors, gender, caste, and religion are also important determinants in understanding poverty in India. For instance, studies have found that both Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in India contribute more to multidimensional poverty than their population share. While rural poverty has been a persistent issue for Indian policymakers, the country has also seen significant rural-urban migration. As of 2020-21, about one-third of India’s total population is migrants. Migrants form 34.6% of the total population in urban areas. This has led to growing debates on “urbanisation of poverty”. Source: Indian Express COASTAL FLOODING Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: A study paper, published in the journal Frontiers in Forests and Global Change has reported that a rising sea and coastal flooding could actually enhance the resilience of some coastal tree species while being detrimental to others. Background: – Global warming is raising sea levels and making flooding more common in some areas. Researchers have held both these effects among others responsible for discouraging the growth of plants of many tree species in coastal areas. But the new study has called for a pause in this thinking. Coastal Flooding: It is a sudden and abrupt inundation of a coastal environment caused by a short-term increase in water level due to a storm surge and extreme tides. The magnitude and extension depend on the coastal topography, storm surge conditions, and broader bathymetry of the coastal area. Causes of Coastal Flooding: Rising sea levels due to global warming increase the frequency and intensity of coastal flooding. As per the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014, there is a high degree of certainty that sea levels will rise by between 28 – 98cm by 2100, with the most likely rise being 55cm by 2100. Storm surges are short-term changes in sea levels caused by events such as tsunamis and cyclones one of the leading causes for coastal flooding. Cyclones, storms, and tsunamis can exacerbate coastal flooding, leading to severe damage and loss of life and property. Construction of infrastructure, such as ports and resorts, in coastal areas can increase vulnerability to flooding. The combination of rising seas and more powerful storms accelerates erosion, causing the loss of beaches and wetlands that act as natural buffers. Deforestation and erosion of coastal ecosystems can weaken natural barriers against flooding. Impacts of Coastal Flooding: It results in significant loss of life and property damage, particularly in densely populated areas. Infrastructures like roads, bridges, etc. can be severely damaged leading to disruption of essential services. Industries such as tourism, fisheries, and agriculture suffer due to flooding, with coastal regions facing direct losses from halted operations, reduced productivity, and damaged assets. Persistent flooding can force communities to relocate leading to internal migration straining urban infrastructure and potential social conflicts in destination areas. Coastal ecosystems, such as mangroves and coral reefs, can be severely impacted by flooding, leading to a loss of biodiversity. Government Initiatives for Coastal Management: MISHTI Initiative is a government-led initiative aimed at increasing the mangrove cover along the coastline and on saltpan lands. The National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management aims to promote integrated and sustainable management of the coastal and marine areas in India for the benefit and well-being of the traditional coastal and island communities. Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan is a process for the management of the coast using an integrated approach, regarding all aspects of the coastal zone, including geographical and political boundaries, in an attempt to achieve sustainability. The Coastal Regulation Zone notification was issued in 1991 under the Environmental Protection Act of 1986, by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to regulate activities in coastal areas of India. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements is/are correct about the Aditya-L1 mission? Aditya-L1 is India’s first mission dedicated to the study of the Sun. The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC), the mission’s primary payload, is designed to study the L1 Lagrange point. Aditya-L1 aims to provide continuous observations of solar phenomena, including solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and solar wind. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Consider the following statements: India accounts for more than one-quarter of the global TB cases according to Global Tuberculosis (TB) Report 2024 India has set a target to eliminate TB by 2025, ahead of the global target of 2030. TB is caused by an organism called mycobacterium tuberculosis, which mainly affects the lungs, but can also impact other parts of the body. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) World Cities Day is observed on (a) 30th October (b) 31st October (c) 2nd November (d) 1 st November Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 4th November 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 2nd November – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – a Q.3) – c
UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 4th November 2024
The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here
DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 2nd November 2024
Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) AYUSHMAN BHARAT PRADHAN MANTRI JAN AROGYA YOJANA (AB - PMJAY) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: On October 29 (Ayurveda Day), Prime Minister Modi launched Ayushman Vaya Vandana health cards under the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) to provide health coverage to people aged 70 years and above, regardless of their income and economic status. Background: – Everyone age 70 or more will be entitled to a cover of Rs 5 lakh annually, shared within the family. This means if there are two elderly beneficiaries in the household, the cover will be split among them. Ayushman Bharat Yojana The Ayushman Bharat Yojana, also known as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY), is a health insurance scheme launched by the Government of India in 2018. Its primary aim is to provide comprehensive health coverage of up to ₹5 lakh per family per year. It connects the public and private health sectors into a one-nation, one-system. PMJAY is for inpatient secondary and tertiary care. The program goes even further by covering pre and post-hospitalization expenses, ensuring a more comprehensive healthcare experience. Outpatient services are not a part of the scheme. The scheme targets families identified through the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) data. It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme and states will have to contribute 40% to the cost of the scheme. Extension of AB-PMJAY to elderly Elderly members (age 70 and more) of families that are already covered by their economic status will get a top-up cover of Rs 5 lakh — to be used only for the elderly. Those who are already covered under other government health schemes like the Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS), Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme, etc will have the option of choosing either Ayushman Bharat or continuing with their existing coverage. People who are covered under the Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), however, will be eligible to have both their existing cover and Ayushman Bharat. This is because premiums for ESIC are paid by the insured and their employer, not the government. Significance of extending AB-PMJAY to senior citizens: With increasing lifespans and an increasing number of people ageing in the next three decades, a fifth of India is likely to be over the age of 70 by 2050. There is a need for far-reaching changes in welfare policies to tackle this demographic transition. Older Indians are much more likely to be hospitalised and to stay in hospitals for longer. According to the India Ageing Report 2023, the elderly remain largely uncovered by any health scheme. Just over 20% of India’s population above the age of 60 is currently covered by any government schemes. Women make up the larger share of the elderly population — a survey by NITI Aayog found that 58% of the elderly are women, and 54% among them are widows. It is significant for a country where out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) on health is often a reason for crushing poverty. A Niti Aayog position paper, released in January, recognised that with families becoming increasingly nuclear, ease of access and quality of care will be crucial determinants in the health-seeking behaviour of senior citizens. Source: Indian Express DANA, THE WEATHER PATTERN THAT CAUSED FLASH FLOODS IN SPAIN Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Millions have been affected in Spain due to torrential rain. Flash floods caused by the immense deluge have led to the death of at least 64 people in the eastern Spanish region of Valencia. Background: – The primary cause of the intense rain is likely an annual weather phenomenon known as a “gota fría,” or cold drop. It is also sometimes called a “DANA,” the acronym for “depresión aislada en niveles altos,” or isolated depression at high altitudes. Key takeaways DANA or cold drop takes place when cold air descends over the warm waters of the Mediterranean Sea. This results in atmospheric instability, causing hotter, moist air on the surface of the sea to rise quickly, leading to the formation of dense, towering cumulonimbus clouds in a matter of hours. These clouds then dump heavy rain in parts of Spain. The weather pattern’s occurrence is related to the polar jet stream — a fast-moving wind current at high levels of the troposphere (the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere) which circulates from west to east and separates the cold polar air from the warm tropical air. Often, a pocket of cold air gets separated from the polar jet stream and collides with the warmer air over the Mediterranean Sea, which results in DANA. The phenomenon is a common occurrence in Spain and usually coincides with the onset of autumn and spring in the western Mediterranean. Source: Indian Express LiDAR Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Scientists have detected a lost Mayan city, hidden for centuries by the dense Mexican jungle, using LiDAR. Background: – In recent years, LiDAR has also shown potential as a tool of archaeological discovery. LiDAR allows researchers to study much larger swathes of land quickly in the comfort of a home or lab. What is LiDAR? LiDAR, or Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing technology that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (or variable distances) to Earth. These light pulses—combined with other data recorded by the airborne system — generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics. Two types of lidar are topographic and bathymetric. Topographic lidar typically uses a near-infrared laser to map the land, while bathymetric lidar uses water-penetrating green light to also measure seafloor and riverbed elevations. How does LiDAR work? LiDAR instrumentation comprises a laser, a scanner, and a GPS receiver. Airplanes and helicopters are the most commonly used platforms for acquiring lidar data over broad areas. The rapidly firing laser travels to the ground where it hits vegetation, building, and various topographic features. This light is reflected or scattered, and recorded by the LiDAR sensor. The system calculates the light pulses’ two-way travel time to arrive at the distance between the terrain and the sensor. It processes this information with Global Positioning System (GPS) and Inertial Measurement System (IMS) data, to create an elevation map of Earth. LiDAR data is initially collected as a “point cloud” of all individual points reflected from everything on the surface, including structures and vegetation. But the specifics of how much light energy was returned to the sensor allows further identification of different features, such as vegetation, buildings, etc. For example, tree canopies, however dense they may be, allow some light to pass through and hit the ground. The LiDAR data can be further refined to produce what scientists call a “bare earth” Digital Elevation Model, in which structures and vegetation are stripped away. Source: Indian Express ZEROING IN ON METHANE DIPLOMACY Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: From November 11 to 22, leaders will gather in Baku, Azerbaijan, for the 29th Conference of Parties (COP29) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The host, Azerbaijan, has put forward an action agenda, which includes pledges to increase battery storage capacity six-fold, dramatically expand electricity networks, and cut methane emissions from organic waste. Background: The Baku meet is an opportunity for India to fast-track its efforts in reducing methane emissions. Key takeaways Methane’s Climate Impact: Methane accounts for approximately 30% of global warming since the pre-industrial era. Global Warming Potential: Methane is 28 times more potent than CO₂ on a 100-year timescale and 84 times more potent on a 20-year timescale, making methane reduction critical for immediate climate impact. Methane’s detrimental effects go beyond its impact on climate change. Fires at waste dumpsites, for example, can cause significant spikes in air pollution. In 2022, a two-week fire at Delhi’s Bhalswa dumpsite led to particulate matter concentrations reaching 30% to 70% above baseline levels. International Cooperation: The U.S. and China, despite geopolitical tensions, have prioritized methane mitigation as a shared concern. At COP28, held in Dubai (November-December 2023), the U.S., China, and UAE sponsored a summit focusing on methane and non-CO₂ emissions. China released its first national plan on methane emissions, focusing on capacity building without setting specific reduction targets. India’s Methane Emissions: India ranks as the third-largest emitter of anthropogenic methane globally, following China and the U.S. The 2016 Biennial Update Report to the UNFCCC estimates India’s methane emissions at 409 million tons of CO₂-equivalent, with contributions from: Agriculture (74%), Waste (14%), Energy (11%), Industrial processes (1%). Challenges for India: India’s agriculture sector, specifically rice cultivation and livestock, is the dominant source of methane emissions, making sector-wide reductions challenging. Hesitation in signing the Global Methane Pledge (targeting a 30% reduction in emissions from 2020 levels by 2030) due to agriculture’s central role in India’s economy. Technical Challenges in Data Collection: Emissions data in India, especially for methane from waste, face challenges in quality and accuracy. Satellite monitoring in cities like Delhi and Mumbai has shown that actual emissions could be 50-100% higher than estimates. Opportunities for India: India can leverage international efforts to secure sector-specific financing and capacity-building support, especially in waste management. Domestic Initiatives in Waste Management: Indore Model: Implements citywide organic waste sorting and a biomethane plant that fuels city buses. GOBARdhan Scheme: Incentivizes the use of cattle waste to produce clean energy, especially in rural areas. Agricultural Sector Initiatives: National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): Promotes climate-resilient practices, including methane reduction techniques in rice cultivation. National Livestock Mission: Implements methane-mitigation practices, such as green fodder production and chaff cutting, to reduce emissions from livestock. Source: The Hindu AI PLUS AND MINUS Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: In what has been proclaimed as a “super election year”, with 72 countries going to polls worldwide, the potential impact of AI (artificial intelligence) on democracy is a major concern. Background: – Given the rapid rise of deepfakes and AI-driven misinformation, robust and enforceable regulations are needed to ensure the safe integration of AI in electoral processes and protect democratic integrity. Key takeaways Benefits of AI in Electoral Processes: Efficiency in Administrative Processes: AI can streamline tasks like voter registration, ballot processing, and logistics, reducing errors and saving time. Fraud Detection: AI algorithms can identify patterns and anomalies, detecting potential electoral fraud, which can reinforce electoral integrity. Combating Disinformation: AI can identify and flag misleading content on social media, helping reduce the spread of false information. Enhanced Voter Engagement: Chatbots and AI tools can provide real-time information on registration, polling locations, and voting procedures, making elections more accessible and inclusive. Challenges Posed by AI in Elections: Algorithmic Bias: AI systems trained on biased data can replicate and worsen existing biases, risking disenfranchisement of vulnerable communities. Privacy Risks: AI requires access to vast personal data, creating risks around data misuse, political manipulation, and identity theft. Lack of Transparency: Complex AI algorithms often function as “black boxes,” making it difficult to understand decision-making processes, impacting accountability and trust. AI-Driven Disinformation: AI can generate sophisticated fake news and deepfakes, which can manipulate public opinion and spread misinformation. Global and Regional Efforts for AI Regulation: United Nations: The UN adopted a resolution in March 2024, backed by over 120 nations, calling for “safe, secure, and trustworthy” AI systems. European Union: The EU’s Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act, set for implementation in 2026, focuses on balancing innovation with accountability. Act complements the EU’s broader regulatory agenda, including the Code of Practice on Disinformation, which mandates political ad monitoring, and the Digital Services Act. AI Regulation in India: While the Information Technology Act, 2000, governs online platforms, the Election Commission of India (ECI) oversees communications during elections. Since India currently lacks AI-specific legislation, the rise of deepfakes has heightened demands for regulation. Reports from July 2024 suggest the Ministry of Electronics and IT is drafting AI-specific legislation, which may include requirements for labeling AI-generated content to enhance transparency. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements about Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) is/are correct? AB-PMJAY provides comprehensive health insurance coverage of up to Rs 5 lakh per family per year, covering both inpatient and outpatient services. The scheme covers families identified through the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) data. It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) The weather pattern known as DANA, which causes flash floods in Spain, occurs due to which of the following atmospheric conditions? (a) Interaction between polar air descending and warm, moist air over the Mediterranean Sea, causing rapid cloud formation (b) Sudden drop in ocean temperatures near the equator, leading to cyclonic activity in the Mediterranean region (c) High atmospheric pressure over the Atlantic Ocean, causing cold air to condense over the Iberian Peninsula (d) Presence of the Indian Ocean Dipole, resulting in abnormal rainfall across Europe Q3.) Which of the following best describes the principle on which LiDAR technology operates? (a) Emission of radio waves to measure distance and density of various surface objects (b) Use of X-rays to map sub-surface geological features (c) Transmission of pulsed laser light to measure distances and map the Earth’s surface in high detail (d) Detection of ultraviolet light to study atmospheric composition Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 2nd November 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 1st November – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – a Q.2) – a Q.3) – a