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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 19th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   COP29 IN AZERBAIJAN: FOCUS TO BE ON CLIMATE FINANCE AGREEMENT  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: While countries are still struggling to come to an agreement over the quantum of finance that developed nations must mobilise in the coming years to fight climate change, Azerbaijan, the host of this year’s climate conference, has decided to launch a new fund to finance climate action. Background: – Climate finance refers to the investments that are needed to tackle climate change by way of either preventive steps to reduce emissions, known as mitigation or preparatory steps to tackle its impacts, known as adaptation. Key takeaways The Climate Finance Action Fund (CFAF) would seek “voluntary” contributions from fossil-fuel producing countries and companies, with Azerbaijan, itself a petroleum economy, making the initial contribution. The CFAF is part of a large package of proposals that Azerbaijan has prepared for inclusion in the final outcome of COP29 (29th edition of the Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change), which is to be held in the country’s capital, Baku, in November. The main agenda of COP29 is to finalise an agreement on climate finance, including the amount of money that developed countries must raise in the post-2025 period to help the developing world fight climate change. The rich and industrialised countries have been under an obligation to mobilise at least $100 billion every year from 2020. The 2015 Paris Agreement, however, mandates that this sum must be scaled up after 2025 and every five years thereafter. Negotiations on the contours of this finance agreement have been going on throughout this year, but little progress has been made. The plan for the CFAF was revealed a few months ago by Azerbaijan, the president of COP29, and now it has been formally included in the COP29 Action Agenda. Other proposals include a pledge to increase the global energy storage capacity by six times by 2030, a declaration on working towards a global market on green hydrogen, and an agreement to ensure the emissions footprint from the growth of digitisation and data centres is kept to a minimum. The CFAF would be the latest addition to the long list of existing climate funds, almost all of which are short on money. Source: Indian Express REAPING THE SILVER DIVIDEND  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: The Centre’s decision, last week, to extend the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) with a Rs 5 lakh top-up for all older adults aged above 70 years, not covered by other public health insurance schemes, is a step in the right direction. Background: – The demographic transition will change India’s age structure, disease profile, and social security needs. Promoting healthy and active ageing is essential to leverage the “silver dividend,” the economic contributions of an ageing population. Key takeaways Increasing Ageing Population & Low Health Insurance Coverage: India, now the world’s most populous country, is also among the fastest ageing nations. Life expectancy is 70 years, but the healthy life years are only 63.5. Rising burden of non-communicable diseases, disabilities, and bedridden elderly, particularly in the 70–80 and 80+ age groups. Only 1 in 5 people above 60 is covered by health insurance. High Out-of-Pocket (OOP) Expenditure & Inadequate Social Security: 92% of India’s workforce is in informal labour, making them vulnerable to financial shocks from healthcare costs. Elderly face double the OOP expenses for inpatient care compared to younger populations. Nearly half of households seeking hospitalisation or outpatient care encounter catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), leading to impoverishment for 15% of these households. India’s social security system for older adults is weak, leaving them financially vulnerable. The government’s extension of AB-PMJAY health insurance aims to support the elderly, especially in times of rising economic dependency and care poverty. Challenges with the AB-PMJAY Extension: Insufficient Budget:The government has allocated ₹3,437 crore for the extension of AB-PMJAY. Estimates show ₹14,282 crore is required to cover all eligible beneficiaries, meaning current funding is four times less than needed. Limited Coverage of Healthcare Needs: AB-PMJAY and most private schemes only cover secondary and tertiary care, excluding outpatient services (which account for 46% of health spending). Exclusion of outpatient care impacts preventive healthcare and does not address long-term care needs like palliative care for the elderly. Structural Issues in India’s Healthcare System: Low Public Health Spending: Public healthcare spending has stagnated at 0.9 to 1.35% of GDP for over seven decades. Expanding insurance coverage without increasing public health infrastructure will not solve the healthcare crisis. Need for Comprehensive Reforms: India’s healthcare system needs more integrated reforms, combining primary, secondary, and tertiary care to address the continuous needs of the ageing population. Public health spending, infrastructure, and healthcare workforce must expand in tandem with insurance schemes. International Models and Warnings: Less Effective Models: India seems to be following a US-style insurance-based system, which can inflate healthcare costs. Effective Models: Countries like Canada, Europe, and Australia view healthcare as a public service and treat health as a form of human capital. Source: Indian Express POLARIS DAWN MISSION  Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: After conducting the first-ever commercial spacewalk and traveling farther from Earth than anyone in more than half a century, the astronauts of the Polaris Dawn mission returned to Earth safely early Sunday. Background: Launched on September 10 aboard SpaceX’s Crew Dragon spacecraft, Polaris Dawn ascended to an impressive altitude of 870 miles, surpassing previous records and venturing farther from Earth than any humans have traveled on a non-lunar mission. Key takeaways The Polaris Dawn mission is a groundbreaking private spaceflight initiative led by Jared Isaacman in collaboration with Elon Musk’s SpaceX. This mission is part of the Polaris Program, which aims to push the boundaries of human spaceflight and pave the way for future missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. Objectives & Achievements First Commercial Spacewalk In a historic moment, mission commander Jared Isaacman and SpaceX engineer Sarah Gillis conducted the first-ever commercial spacewalk on September 12. The pair spent approximately 12 minutes each outside the Crew Dragon capsule, testing SpaceX’s newly developed extravehicular activity (EVA) suits. This demonstrates the potential for private companies to perform complex space operations. Record-Breaking Orbital Altitude The Polaris Dawn crew reached an orbital altitude of 1,400 kilometers above Earth. This achievement made Sarah Gillis and Anna Menon the first women to travel so far from Earth, and marked the highest Earth orbit reached by humans since the Apollo missions. Radiation Belt Research By venturing into the lower Van Allen radiation belt, the crew conducted valuable research on the effects of space radiation on human health. This data will be crucial for planning future long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars, as astronauts will need to pass through these radiation belts. Science Experiments Throughout their mission, the four-person crew performed approximately 40 scientific experiments. These studies focused on the effects of microgravity and space radiation on the human body, contributing to our understanding of long-term space travel’s impact on astronaut health. The mission also tested new technologies, including laser-based communications between the Crew Dragon capsule and SpaceX’s Starlink satellite constellation. Source: India Today INDIA’S FIRST CO2-TO-METHANOL PILOT PLANT  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: In a significant step, Abhay Karandikar, Secretary to the Department of Science and Technology (DST), laid the foundation stone for India’s first CO2-to-methanol pilot plant at Thermax Limited in Pune, Maharashtra. Background: – With a capacity of 1.4 tons per day (TPD), the plant marks a pioneering effort in carbon reduction and conversion technology. Key takeaways The project is being implemented under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) between the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi, and Thermax Limited. The pilot plant will serve as a pioneering platform for the demonstration and advancement of indigenous Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) cutting-edge technologies. About Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) technologies are crucial in the fight against climate change. They involve capturing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from sources like power plants and industrial processes, and then either storing it or using it to create valuable products.Following are the steps involved: Capture The first step is to capture CO₂ from emission sources. There are three main methods: Post-combustion capture: CO₂ is captured after fossil fuels are burned. This is the most common method and involves using solvents to absorb CO₂ from flue gases. Pre-combustion capture: This involve converting the fuel into a gas mixture consisting of hydrogen and CO2 before it is burnt. Once the CO2 is separated, the remaining hydrogen-rich mixture can be used as fuel. Oxy-fuel combustion: Fossil fuels are burned in oxygen instead of air, producing a flue gas that is mainly water vapor and CO₂, which can be easily separated. Transport Once captured, CO₂ needs to be transported to a storage or utilization site. This is typically done via pipelines, but it can also be transported by ship, truck, or rail. Utilization Captured CO₂ can be used in various ways: Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR): CO₂ is injected into oil fields to increase oil recovery. Chemical production: CO₂ can be used to produce chemicals like methanol and urea. Building materials: CO₂ can be used to cure concrete, making it stronger and reducing the carbon footprint of construction. Storage If not utilized, CO₂ can be stored underground in geological formations such as depleted oil and gas fields or deep saline aquifers. This is known as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). Benefits and Challenges Benefits: CCU technologies can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, help meet climate targets, and create economic opportunities through the production of valuable products. Challenges: High costs, energy requirements, and the need for extensive infrastructure are major barriers. Additionally, the long-term storage of CO₂ needs to be carefully managed to prevent leaks. Source: Hindu Businessline JUTE  Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Jute production is expected to drop by 20% this financial year according to National Jute Board. Background: – Cultivation was affected in West Bengal and Assam because of natural calamities this year. Jute exports had the potential for ₹4,500 crore annually. About Jute Jute is a natural fiber known for its strength, durability, and eco-friendliness. It is often referred to as the golden fiber. It is primarily derived from two plant species: Corchorus capsularis (white jute) and Corchorus olitorius (tossa jute). Cultivation Conditions Jute thrives in warm, humid climates with temperatures ranging from 24°C to 35°C and requires a significant amount of water. It is typically grown in alluvial soil, which is rich in nutrients and well-drained. Production in India India is the largest producer of jute globally, accounting for about 56% of the world’s jute production. The major jute-producing states in India are: West Bengal: The leading producer, contributing around 81% of India’s jute production. Other producers are : Assam, Bihar, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh Jute is typically sown in the months of March to May and harvested from July to September. The process involves sowing seeds, growing the plant, cutting and bundling the stalks, retting (soaking the plant to extract fibers), and then stripping and drying the fiber. Economic Importance The jute industry is a significant part of India’s economy, employing around 4 lakh workers directly and many more indirectly through its forward and backward linkages. The industry is export-oriented, with jute goods being shipped to countries in Europe, the United States, and Africa. The Jute Packaging Materials Act of 1987 mandates the use of jute in packaging for commodities like sugar and grains, ensuring demand for jute-based products. Source: The Hindu INDIA AND IRAN  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Iran’s Supreme Leader listed India along with Gaza and Myanmar as one of the places where Muslims are suffering. Reacting to this, India “strongly deplored” the comments and called them “misinformed” and “unacceptable”. Background: – Although this is not the first time Iran’s spiritual leader has named India as a place where Muslims are suffering, it is unclear what provoked him to make the latest comment. In March 2020, after the north-east Delhi riots sparked criticism, Khamenei had called the riots a “massacre of Muslims” . India and Iran Relations: India-Iran relations span centuries marked by meaningful interactions as the two countries shared a border till 1947 and share several common features in their language, culture, and traditions. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were formalized in 1950, with embassies established in Tehran and New Delhi. Bilateral trade has witnessed steady growth, with both countries exploring avenues to enhance economic collaboration. India-Iran bilateral trade during the FY 2022-23 was $2.33 billion, registering a growth of 21.76% YOY. The India-Iran-Afghanistan Trilateral Agreement facilitates easier trade and connectivity. India’s development of the Chabahar Port in Iran aims to create a strategic transit route, bypassing Pakistan, and enhancing connectivity to Afghanistan and Central Asia. Both countries share concerns regarding regional security, leading to collaborative efforts in countering terrorism and extremism. India and Iran are key stakeholders in the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), a major transportation network connecting India and Iran to Europe. Efforts have been made to establish a special purpose vehicle (INSTEX-like mechanism) for facilitating trade despite international sanctions to demonstrate the resilience of economic cooperation. Issues/Concerns in India-Iran Relations: Iran has been subject to various international sanctions, particularly those related to its nuclear program. These sanctions have limited the scope of economic cooperation between India and Iran, hindering trade and investment opportunities. India’s close relations with Israel and Iran’s ties with China are also bones of contention in the bilateral relations. India’s dependency on Iranian oil has been a point of contention, especially considering the fluctuating geopolitical dynamics in the region. Balancing energy needs with geopolitical pressures, such as those from the United States, poses a challenge to India’s relationship with Iran. Iran’s tough statement on the Indian government’s abrogation of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution giving special status to Kashmir is another cause of tension. Iran’s previous regime had on a couple of occasions made statements instigating the Muslims of Kashmir against the governance which was reprimanded by India severely. The security situation in the Middle East, including conflicts in Syria, and Yemen, and the rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia, can indirectly impact India-Iran relations. Both India and Iran face threats from terrorism and extremism. The activities of terrorist groups in the region can strain the security cooperation between the two nations. India’s relationship with the United States, particularly in the context of the U.S.-Iran relationship, can impact its interactions with Iran. Striking a balance between maintaining ties with both countries amid their geopolitical differences poses a diplomatic challenge for India. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding jute production in India: Jute requires warm, humid climates and thrives best in alluvial soil, which is rich in nutrients and well-drained. West Bengal is the largest producer of jute in India, contributing more than 80% of the country’s jute production. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) technologies: Pre-combustion capture involves capturing CO₂ after fossil fuels are burned using solvents. Captured CO₂ can be used in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and in the production of chemicals like methanol and urea. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding the Polaris Dawn mission: The Polaris Dawn mission included the first-ever commercial spacewalk, which was conducted by Jared Isaacman and Sarah Gillis. The mission reached an orbital altitude of 1,400 kilometers, marking the highest Earth orbit achieved by humans since the Apollo missions. By venturing into theVan Allen radiation belt, the mission conducted research on the effects of space radiation on human health. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  19th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  18th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  b Q.2) – c Q.3) – b

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 19th September 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 18th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   PRECISION FARMING  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: The Centre is contemplating to earmark Rs 6,000 crore to promote precision farming. Background: – Apart from offering financial support, the Centre is also considering collaborating with the Netherlands and Israel, where tech-based modern farming solutions are being used, through Centres of Excellences (CoEs) Key takeaways Precision Farming (also called Precision Agriculture) refers to the use of technology to manage farming inputs (like water, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides) more accurately and efficiently. It involves technologies like Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographic Information System (GIS), remote sensing, drones, soil sensors, and data analytics to monitor crops, manage variability in the field, and optimize resource use. Benefits of Precision Farming: Increased Productivity: By applying inputs more accurately, farmers can improve crop yields and quality. Cost Reduction: It reduces the amount of fertilizers, water, and pesticides used, lowering costs for farmers. Environmental Sustainability: Reduces overuse of chemicals, promotes soil health, and limits environmental degradation. Efficient Resource Use: Optimizes the use of water, seeds, and other inputs, leading to better resource management. Impact on Sustainable Agriculture: Precision farming supports the goals of sustainable agriculture by minimizing resource wastage, reducing chemical inputs, improving soil health, and mitigating environmental damage. It helps address key challenges like climate change, water scarcity, and soil degradation by enabling better resource management and adaptive farming techniques. Source: Indian Express GST STRUCTURE — COMPLICATIONS AND THE WAY AHEAD  Syllabus Mains – ECONOMY Context: Recently, a restaurant owners complaint to Union Finance Minister regarding absurdity in get structure has gone viral. Background: – During the meeting with Finance Minister, the chairperson of a popular restaurant chain in Tamil Nadu, flagged the challenges faced by restaurateurs due to the varying GST rates on food items. Key takeaways Simplification of GST Structure: A less-complex GST structure essentially would imply a reduction in the number of tax slabs, minimal carve outs and exemptions, easier compliance mechanism and rates at a level at which both states and the Centre are able to safeguard their revenue streams. Multiplicities in Tax Rates: Issues raised over different GST rates for similar items (e.g., buns vs. cream buns). Classification (to different tax slabs) disputes often lead to legal challenges. Revenue Stability and Challenges: GST collections have stabilized around Rs 1.8 lakh crore monthly. Merging tax slabs (e.g., 12% and 18%) risks revenue loss. Around 70 per cent of the GST revenue is coming from 18 per cent tax slab. Even a 1% reduction in the 18% slab could reduce revenue by 3.5%. Concerns of States and Central Government: Any indication of a deceleration in revenue growth due to any tinkering of the GST rates, at a time when many southern states are already asking for a greater share of revenues under the Finance Commission mechanism, is not going to be easily agreeable to states. Revenue neutrality is crucial, preventing a slowdown in revenue growth. Potential Solutions for Rate Simplification: Flat rates with no exemptions (similar to Singapore/New Zealand) were considered but rejected for India’s diverse market. Standard Rate Proposal: In 2018, former F M Arun Jaitley suggested that as revenue grows, a standard GST rate between 12% and 18% should be fixed, with exemptions for luxury and sin goods. The country should eventually aim for GST slabs of zero, 5%, and a standard rate. Simplifying B2C Items: Experts suggest revisiting GST rates for simple B2C items, especially those sold by smaller manufacturers. A rejig of rates could provide relief without significant revenue loss. The equivalence principle need to be applied to similar B2C items.For eg: bakery items could be clubbed together with a valuation threshold for the premium segment products. Source: Indian Express FESTIVAL OF KARMA OR KARAM PARV  Syllabus Prelims – ART & CULTURE Context: Tribal populations in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Assam, and Odisha celebrated the harvest festival of Karma or Karam Parv last week. Background: At the heart of the Karma festival is the Karam tree — traditionally seen as a symbol of Karam Devta or Karamsani, the god of strength, youth, and vitality, and the object from which the festival takes its name. Key takeaways The Karam Parv, also known as the Karma Festival, is a harvest festival celebrated primarily in the Indian states of Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Assam, Odisha, and even in Bangladesh. This festival is dedicated to the worship of Karam-Devta, the god of power, youth, and youthfulness. The festival is popular especially among the Munda, Ho, Oraon, Baiga, Kharia, and Santhal peoples. Timing: The festival is observed on the Ekadashi tithi (eleventh day) of the lunar fortnight in the month of Bhado (August-September). Rituals: Planting Seeds: Unmarried girls plant and nurture nine types of seeds (like rice, wheat, and corn) for 7-9 days. Karam Tree Worship: On the festival day, villagers go to the forest to collect branches of the Karam tree, which are then worshipped and planted in the village center. Singing and Dancing: The festival is marked by traditional songs and dances, creating a lively atmosphere. Cultural Significance: The festival symbolizes the community’s connection to nature and their prayers for a good harvest and overall well-being. Source: Indian Express WORLD OZONE DAY  Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: September 16 is observed as the international day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer. Background: – The theme for world ozone day 2024 is “Montreal Protocol: Advancing Climate Actions,” which underscores the Montreal protoco’ls vital role in both ozone layer protection and broader climate action efforts. Key takeaways World Ozone Day, officially known as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, is observed every year on September 16th. This day was designated by the United Nations General Assembly in 1994 to commemorate the signing of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987. About ozone layer The ozone layer, also known as the ozone shield, is a region of Earth’s stratosphere that contains a relatively high concentration of ozone (O₃) molecules. This layer is crucial for life on Earth as it absorbs most of the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UV-B and UV-C rays. Structure and Location The ozone layer is primarily found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, about 15 to 35 kilometers above Earth’s surface. The concentration of ozone in this layer is about 10 parts per million, which is significantly higher than the average ozone concentration in the Earth’s atmosphere as a whole. Formation of the Ozone Layer Ozone is formed when oxygen molecules (O₂) are split by ultraviolet light into individual oxygen atoms. These atoms then combine with O₂ molecules to form ozone (O₃). Importance of the Ozone Layer The ozone layer absorbs 97-99% of the Sun’s medium-frequency ultraviolet light (200-315 nm wavelength). Without this protective layer, humans would be at a higher risk of skin cancer, cataracts, and other health issues. Additionally, increased UV radiation can harm marine ecosystems, including phytoplankton, which form the base of the oceanic food chain. Source: Times of India LEBANON  Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: The detonation of thousands of pagers targeting Hezbollah in Lebanon has left a mysterious trail from Taiwan to Hungary, while raising the prospect of another full-scale war in the Middle East between the Iran-backed group and arch-foe Israel. Background: – Israel’s Mossad spy agency, which has a long history of pulling off sophisticated attacks on foreign soil, planted explosives inside pagers imported by Hezbollah months before Tuesday’s detonations that killed nine people. About Lebanon Lebanon, officially known as the Republic of Lebanon, is a country located in the Levant region of West Asia. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Capital and Largest City: Beirut Languages: Arabic (official), with French and English widely spoken Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Arab, with Armenian and other minorities. History- Lebanon has a rich history that dates back to ancient times: Phoenician Civilization: From around 3200 to 539 BC, Lebanon was part of Phoenicia, a maritime empire known for its trade and navigation. Roman and Byzantine Periods: In 64 BC, Lebanon became part of the Roman Empire and later a major center for Christianity under the Byzantine Empire. Islamic Caliphates: After the 7th century, the region came under the rule of various Islamic caliphates, including the Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbasid caliphates. Ottoman Rule: Lebanon was part of the Ottoman Empire from the 16th century until the end of World War I. Independence: Lebanon gained independence from France on November 22, 1943. Civil War: The country experienced a devastating civil war from 1975 to 1990. Recent Conflicts: Lebanon has faced ongoing political instability and conflicts, including tensions with Israel and internal sectarian divisions. Source: Reuters WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX (WPI)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: India’s wholesale price index (WPI)-based inflation cooled to a 4-month low of 1.31% in August, down from 2.04% in July. Background: – The reduction in WPI could help maintain low retail inflation, albeit with a time lag (change in prices should be passed on from wholesale level to retail level). About Wholesale Price Index (WPI) The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) tracks changes in the price of goods that are traded in bulk or wholesale. It is used as an inflationary trend indicator WPI vs. CPI: While WPI measures inflation at the wholesale level, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures inflation at the retail level (prices paid by consumers). WPI excludes services, whereas CPI includes both goods and services. The base year for WPI is different from CPI, and the basket of goods considered also varies. In India, the WPI is published by the Office of the Economic Adviser, under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. It is released on a monthly basis. The current base year for WPI is 2011-12. The WPI basket is classified into three major groups: Primary Articles (e.g., food, non-food articles) – 22.62% weightage. Fuel and Power (e.g., coal, electricity) – 13.15% weightage. Manufactured Products (e.g., textiles, chemicals) – 64.23% weightage. Manufactured products hold the highest weightage, reflecting their significance in the economy. Limitations of WPI: WPI excludes services, which form a significant part of the economy. It is less reflective of the cost of living for consumers compared to CPI, as it only measures goods prices at the wholesale level. WPI may not capture the final burden of inflation on consumers as it deals with prices at the producer or distributor level. Source: IBEF Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements regarding the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) in India is/are correct? The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) measures the changes in the prices of goods at the retail level. The WPI in India is published by the Office of the Economic Adviser, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Manufactured products have the highest weightage in the WPI basket, followed by primary articles and fuel & power. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:  1 only  2 and 3 only 1 and 2 only  1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Which of the following statements about the geography of Lebanon, Israel, and the Levant region is/are correct? The Levant region includes countries such as Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and Syria. Lebanon’s coastline runs along the Mediterranean Sea. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:  1 only  2 only  Both 1 and 2  Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Consider the following statements about the ozone layer: The ozone layer is primarily located in the Earth’s troposphere, between 15 to 35 kilometers above the surface. The ozone layer absorbs 97-99% of the Sun’s medium-frequency ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  1 only  2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  18th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  17th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  b Q.2) – c Q.3) – c

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 18th September 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 17th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   TYPHOON YAGI  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: Millions of people in Southeast Asia continue to struggle with torrential rains, floods, and landslides triggered by Typhoon Yagi — the strongest tropical cyclone Asia has seen this year and the second most powerful storm in the world so far this year after Hurricane Beryl. Background: – While Typhoon Yagi has severely impacted multiple countries, including the Philippines, China, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand, it has hit Vietnam the hardest, where the death toll stands at around 233. Key takeaways Tropical cyclones form over warm ocean waters near the equator. When the warm, moist air from the ocean surface rises upward, a lower air pressure area is formed below. Air from surrounding areas with higher air pressure rushes into this low pressure area, eventually rising, after it also becomes warm and moist. As warm, moist air rises, it cools down, and the water in the air forms clouds and thunderstorms. This whole system of clouds and winds gains strength and momentum using the ocean’s heat, and the water that evaporates from its surface. Typhoon Yagi started as a tropical storm in the western Philippine Sea on September 1. It made landfall in the Philippines the next day and started to weaken. However, due to unusually warm waters in the South China Sea, the storm intensified again. By September 4, it strengthened into a strong typhoon with Category 3 winds. The next day, it became a Category 5 typhoon with peak maximum sustained winds of 260 kmph. The category of a tropical cyclone is determined by its sustained wind speed, as measured by the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. It is classified into five categories — Category 1 to Category 5. While Category 1 tropical cyclones bring winds of 119 to 153 kmph, Category 5 tropical cyclones, which are the strongest, have winds of 252 kmph or higher. Storms that reach Category 3 and higher are considered major tropical cyclones due to their potential to inflict significant damage. Additional information: What is the difference between a hurricane and a typhoon? Hurricanes and typhoons are the same weather phenomenon: tropical cyclones. A tropical cyclone is a generic term used by meteorologists to describe a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or subtropical waters and has closed, low-level circulation. The weakest tropical cyclones are called tropical depressions. If a depression intensifies such that its maximum sustained winds reach 63 kmph, the tropical cyclone becomes a tropical storm.  Once a tropical cyclone reaches maximum sustained winds of 119 kmph or higher, it is then classified as a hurricane, typhoon, or tropical cyclone, depending upon where the storm originates in the world. In the North Atlantic, central North Pacific, and eastern North Pacific, the term hurricane is used. The same type of disturbance in the Northwest Pacific is called a typhoon. Meanwhile, in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean, the generic term tropical cyclone is used, regardless of the strength of the wind associated with the weather system. Source: Indian Express COMMONS AND TRAGEDY OF COMMONS  Syllabus Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Delhi recently hosted a first-of-its-kind dialogue on the conservation, restoration and governance of common resources such as forests, community lands, and water bodies like lakes or rivers, all usually referred to just as Commons. Background: – Nearly one-fourth of India’s landmass, about 205 million acres, is estimated to be Commons. Key takeaways Commons is a term used to refer to resources that are not owned by any individual or group or the government, but belong to, and are shared by, the community as a whole. Forests, local ponds, grazing lands, rivers, sacred sites, parks and lakes are all Commons. Commons could be intangible too. Language, folk art or dance, local customs, and traditional knowledge are all shared resources, and thus are Commons. In the digital age, most Internet and open-source software are Commons. Digital resources with creative commons licences are meant to be used freely by everyone. At the international level, the polar regions, the Arctic and Antarctica, are considered global Commons. No country is allowed to take ownership of these areas, even though everyone can use them for certain activities. Outer space, the Moon, and other planetary bodies are also global Commons. Commons are critical for several reasons. They provide a variety of ecological and other services that are beneficial for the entire community. As these resources are accessible to all, they face a greater threat of over-exploitation and damage. Since no one owns Commons, the responsibility of maintenance and upkeep often becomes a problem. Commons have also come under increased stress due to climate change. Different kinds of governance mechanisms have evolved to manage Commons depending on the context. There are international agreements, for instance, for the use and management of polar regions, outer space, and high seas. In India, the 2006 Forest Rights Act (FRA) is considered a good template for managing common forest resources. Additional mInformation: what is the tragedy of the commons? The tragedy of the commons refers to a situation in which individuals with access to a public resource—also called a common—act in their own interest and, in doing so, ultimately deplete the resource. This economic theory was conceptualized in 1833 by British writer William Forster Lloyd. In 1968, the term “tragedy of the commons” was used for the first time by Garret Hardin in Science Magazine. This theory explains individuals’ tendency to make decisions based on their personal needs, regardless of the negative impact it may have on others. In some cases, an individual’s belief that others won’t act in the best interest of the group can lead them to justify selfish behavior. Source: Indian Express EMERGENCY PROVISIONS AND THE IMPACT ON CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context:  The recent spate of renewed violence in Manipur has once again triggered the discussion around Centre-State relations and the use of emergency provisions by the Centre. Background: Large-scale violence against innocent civilians, women and children; looting of ammunition from police armoury; drone and missile attacks targeting civilians cannot be viewed as just an ordinary breakdown of law and order. Key takeaways India operates as a federation with governments at both the Centre and State levels. The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution distributes powers between them. Maintaining law and order is primarily the responsibility of State governments. Emergency Provisions: The emergency provisions are found in Part XVIII of the Constitution. Articles 355 and 356 deal primarily with the affairs of government in a State under this part. Article 355 obliges the Centre to protect States from external aggression and internal disturbance and ensure State governments function according to the Constitution. Article 356 allows for President’s rule if a State government fails to operate in line with constitutional provisions. While similar federal roles exist in countries like the U.S., they lack provisions to remove State governments. R. Ambedkar emphasized that Article 355 ensures the Centre only intervenes under constitutional duty, preventing misuse of Article 356. Judicial Interpretations: Ambedkar had hoped that Articles 355 and 356 would remain inactive, but Article 356 has been misused in the past to remove State governments. This changed after the S.R. Bommai case (1994). The court held that Article 356 should be imposed only in the event of a breakdown of constitutional machinery, as distinguished from an ordinary breakdown of law and order. It also held that the imposition of the President’s rule is subject to judicial review and should not be misused for political reasons. On the other hand, the scope of Article 355 has broadened in cases like Naga People’s Movement of Human Rights (1998) and Sarbananda Sonowal (2005), allowing the Centre more leeway in fulfilling its duty to protect States and ensure constitutional governance. Commission Recommendations: Several commissions, including the Sarkaria Commission (1987), National Commission (2002), and Punchhi Commission (2010), recommended that Article 356 be used only as a last resort in serious crises. They emphasized that Article 355 grants the Centre both the duty and power to act as needed to ensure constitutional governance. Current Relevance (Example of Manipur): In situations like the Manipur violence, the breakdown of law and order, including civilian attacks and looting of police arms, should not be seen as ordinary unrest. While Article 356 hasn’t been invoked due to political expediency, all actions under Article 355 should be pursued to restore order. Source: The Hindu PALAMAU TIGER RESERVE  Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: Forest officials from the Palamau Tiger Reserve have informed the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) that Naxal insurgency is negatively impacting the reserve. Background: – Left-wing extremism and security personnel movements inside Palamau Tiger Reserve have reduced prey availability, causing tigers to move to neighbouring Chhattisgarh and Odisha. The reserve has faced extremism issues since the 1990s. Recruitment of staff has been pending since then, with over 60% of positions, including forest guards, vacant. About Palamau Tiger Reserve Location: Situated in the Latehar district of Jharkhand.It is the only Tiger Reserve in Jharkhand state. The reserve covers an area of approximately 1,129.93 square kilometers, including the core area of Betla National Park and the Palamau Wildlife Sanctuary. Established: It was one of the first nine tiger reserves established in India under Project Tiger in 1973. Geography: The reserve lies within the Chota Nagpur Plateau and is known for its rich biodiversity, including dry deciduous and tropical forests. Palamau Tiger Reserve is drought-prone area due to rain-shadow effect. Most of the rainfall is received from the southwest monsoon. Fauna: The keystone species are Tigers, Elephants, Leopards, Grey Wolf, Gaur, Sloth Bear, Four- horned Antelope, Indian Ratel, Indian Otter and Indian Pangolin. Source: The Tribune INTERNATIONAL DAY OF DEMOCRACY  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Karnataka on Sunday marked the ‘International Day of Democracy’ by forming a ‘historic’ 2,500-km-long human chain as a symbol of equality, unity, fraternity, and participative governance Background: – The state government has taken the lead in organising the large-scale event to mark the day in association with civil society. About International Day of Democracy The International Day of Democracy is celebrated annually on September 15th. It was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2007 to promote and uphold the principles of democracy worldwide. The idea for this observance originated from the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), which adopted a Universal Declaration on Democracy in 1997. This declaration outlines the principles of democracy and the elements of democratic governance. The first International Day of Democracy was celebrated in 2008. The day aims to: Raise public awareness about the importance of democracy. Encourage governments to strengthen and consolidate democratic institutions. Promote the values of freedom, respect for human rights, and the rule of law. This year’s theme for the International Day of Democracy is ‘Artificial Intelligence as a tool for good governance’, with a focus on ensuring effective governance of AI at all levels, including internationally, to harness its benefits while mitigating its risks. The UN Secretary-General, Antonio Guterres, underlines the potential of AI to enhance public participation, equality, security and human development but warns of its dangers if left unchecked. Source: Hindustan Times CASTE CENSUS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Opposition has been intensifying its call for a caste census, while the RSS recently expressed its support for the initiative. However, the organization emphasized that the census should not be used for political or electoral gains. Background: – The nearly century-old exercise to last count castes in a Census (1931) in India gives a good idea of the challenges the enumerators can face in any fresh effort, plus the complexities of the exercise. Caste Census: It includes caste-wise tabulation of India’s population in the Census exercise. In India, caste data has been published from 1951 to 2011. But it includes the data of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes only. It also includes data related to religions, languages, and socio-economic status. The last caste census was conducted in 1931. The caste section put the numbers of Other Backward Classes (OBC) at 52% of the total 271 million population. This figure became the basis of the Mandal Commission’s recommendation in 1980 to grant 27% reservations to OBCs in education and government jobs, which was implemented only in 1990. In the 2011 Census, the caste data was collected but the data were never made public. Significance of Caste Census: In India still, caste continues to be a foundational social construct so the caste census becomes a social imperative. Only about 5% of Indian marriages were inter-caste as of 2011-12, the use of caste surnames and caste marks, residential segregation by caste persists and even choices of candidates for elections and ministers for Cabinets continue to be dictated by caste considerations. It is a legal imperative as the constitutionally-mandated policies of social justice which include reservations in electoral constituencies, education, and public employment cannot be pursued effectively without detailed caste-wise data. It is an administrative imperative as detailed caste-wise data is necessary to avoid/correct wrongful inclusions of undeserving castes and exclusions of deserving castes, and to guard against a few dominant castes in a reserved category crowding out others. It helps in sub-categorizing castes within a reserved category and determining the income/wealth criterion for the creamy layer. It is a moral imperative as the absence of detailed caste-wise data has helped a coterie of elites, among upper castes and dominant Other Backward Classes (OBCs), to corner a disproportionate share of the nation’s assets, incomes, and positions of power. Concerns/Issues with Caste Census: It is socially divisive as India’s social divisions predate Census efforts by nearly 3,000 years. The Census counts of the SCs and STs since 1951 have not led to any conflicts among these castes or tribes. Further, India’s Census enumerates religion, language, and region which are as divisive as caste, if not more. It is an administrative nightmare, unlike race which is a fuzzy concept, but is still enumerated in many countries such as the U.S., where there is little or no ambiguity about anyone’s caste. The GOI has been able to smoothly enumerate 1,234 castes in the SC category and 698 tribes in the ST category. Therefore, it is difficult to understand why the enumeration of the 4,000-odd other castes, most of which are State-specific, should pose an intractable problem. Defining castes is a complex issue, as there are thousands of castes and sub-castes in India which could lead to confusion, disputes, and further divisions within society. It would fuel demands for increased reservations. On the contrary, the availability of caste-wise Census data would help curb arbitrary demands from caste groups and capricious decision-making by governments. Policymakers would be able to objectively debate and address the claims of, say, the Marathas, Patidars, Jats, or any other groups for reservations. However, governments prefer fuzzy data because it gives them the latitude to implement reservations arbitrarily for electoral considerations. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding the International Day of Democracy: The International Day of Democracy was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2007 based on the Universal Declaration on Democracy adopted by the United Nations. The International Day of Democracy is celebrated annually on September 15th. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding Palamau Tiger Reserve: Palamau Tiger Reserve was one of the first nine tiger reserves established in India under Project Tiger in 1973. The reserve is situated in the rain-shadow region of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, making it drought-prone. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding the emergency provisions in the Indian Constitution: Article 355 imposes a duty on the Union to protect States from external aggression and internal disturbance and ensure that the State government functions according to the Constitution. Article 356 allows the imposition of the President’s Rule in a State if the President is satisfied that the State government is not functioning according to the constitutional provisions. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  17th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  16th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  b Q.2) -a Q.3) – b

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 17th September 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 16th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL (NGT)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: A plea before the National Green Tribunal (NGT) by an advocate has raised questions of propriety and potential conflict of interest against Justice Sudhir Agarwal, one of the tribunal’s six judicial members. Background: – In his plea admitted on May 22, advocate Gaurav Bansal alleged that Justice Agarwal had heard a case in which his son, Gaurav Agarwal, was appointed as an amicus by the Tribunal. About National Green Tribunal (NGT) Establishment: The National Green Tribunal was established in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010. Objective: To provide effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection, conservation of forests, and other natural resources. It aims to enforce any legal right related to the environment and provide relief and compensation for damages caused to persons and property. The Tribunal has a presence in five zones- North, Central, East, South and West. The Principal Bench is situated in the North Zone, headquartered in Delhi. The Central zone bench is situated in Bhopal, East zone in Kolkata, South zone in Chennai and West zone in Pune. The Tribunal is headed by the Chairperson who sits in the Principal Bench and has at least ten but not more than twenty judicial members and at least ten but not more than twenty expert members. Key Features: Composition – The tribunal consists of: Chairperson & Judicial Members: A person shall not be qualified for appointment as the Chairperson or Judicial Member of the Tribunal unless he is, or has been, a Judge of the Supreme Court of India or Chief Justice of a High Court: Provided that a person who is or has been a Judge of the High Court shall also be qualified to be appointed as a Judicial Member. Expert Members: Environmental experts with professional qualifications and experience. Jurisdiction – Any person seeking relief and compensation for environmental damage involving subjects in the legislations mentioned in Schedule I of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 may approach the Tribunal. The statutes in Schedule I are: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977; The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991; The Biological Diversity Act, 2002. Principles Applied: The Tribunal is not bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, but shall be guided by principles of natural justice. Polluter Pays Principle: The party responsible for pollution should bear the costs of managing and rectifying it. Precautionary Principle: Preventive action should be taken to avoid environmental harm. Sustainable Development: Balancing environmental conservation with developmental needs. Powers: The NGT has the power to order: Compensation for environmental damage. Restoration of damaged ecosystems. Imposition of fines on entities violating environmental laws. Appeals: The Tribunal has powers to review its own decisions. If this fails, the decision can be challenged before the Supreme Court within ninety days. The Supreme Court has ruled that the NGT Act, 2010 doesn’t take away the jurisdiction of the High Court.So a decision of NGT can be appealed in high court also. Additional Information : Conflict of Interest Conflict of Interest means “any interest which could significantly prejudice an individual’s objectivity in the decision-making process, thereby creating an unfair competitive advantage for the individual or the organisation he/she represents”. Source: Indian Express MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE (MSP)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: With soyabean prices in the market falling below the minimum support price (MSP), the Centre is set to procure 13 lakh metric tonnes of the oilseed from Maharashtra, which is a major producer of the crop and is scheduled to go to Assembly polls soon. Background: – A kharif season crop, soyabean is used as feed and for oil extraction. It is sown in June-July and harvested in September-October. About Minimum Support Price (MSP) Definition: The Minimum Support Price is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices. It is the price at which the government purchases crops from the farmers, regardless of the market price. Objective: To protect farmers from distress sales and ensure them remunerative prices for their produce. To encourage higher investment in agriculture and ensure food security by guaranteeing price stability. Announcement and Implementation: The MSP is announced at the beginning of the sowing season by the Government of India, based on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). MSP is not legally enforceable; it acts as a floor price, but the government procures only a few crops under it. Crops Covered: MSP is announced for 23 crops, including: 7 cereals (such as rice, wheat, maize) 5 pulses (like gram, arhar) 7 oilseeds (including groundnut, mustard) 4 commercial crops (cotton, sugarcane, jute, copra) Factors Considered for MSP Calculation: Cost of production (both paid-out costs and imputed costs like family labor). Supply-demand situation in the market. Price trends in domestic and international markets. Inter-crop price parity (balancing the price of crops). Farmers’ input-output price parity. Terms of trade between agriculture and non-agriculture sectors. Types of Costs Considered: A2 Costs:  It covers all paid-out costs directly incurred by the farmer — in cash and kind — on seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, hired labour, leased-in land, fuel, irrigation, etc. A2+FL Costs: A2 costs + the value of unpaid family labor. C2 Costs: It is a more comprehensive cost that factors in rentals and interest forgone on owned land and fixed capital assets, on top of A2+FL. CACP Recommendation: The CACP suggests MSP based on the A2+FL formula. However, farmers’ organizations often demand the MSP to be fixed at 1.5 times the C2 cost, in line with the recommendations of the Swaminathan Commission. Significance of MSP: Price Assurance: Ensures farmers receive a fair price, reducing the risk of exploitation by middlemen. Food Security: Helps maintain buffer stocks of key food grains like rice and wheat, critical for the Public Distribution System (PDS). Economic Stability: Stabilizes agricultural income, contributing to rural development and poverty alleviation. Incentive for Diversification: MSP on diverse crops encourages farmers to grow different varieties of crops, promoting crop diversification and reducing over-reliance on water-intensive crops like rice and wheat. Challenges: Limited Reach: Only about 6% of farmers benefit from MSP, mostly in states like Punjab and Haryana, where government procurement is high. Procurement Issues: The procurement system is heavily focused on wheat and rice, neglecting other crops like pulses and oilseeds. Market Distortions: Distorts market signals, leading to overproduction of certain crops (e.g., wheat, rice) and underproduction of others, resulting in unsustainable agricultural practices. Cost for Government: Procuring at MSP leads to increased subsidies and fiscal burden on the government. Environmental Impact: Overemphasis on wheat and rice has led to depletion of water resources and soil degradation, especially in water-scarce states like Punjab. Source: Indian Express PINK BOLLWORM (PBW) ATTACK  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context:  Haryana has seen an overall fall in acreage under cotton cultivation to 4.76 lakh hectares (lh) this kharif season from 6.65 lh in 2023.  The reduction in the cotton area — also reported in neighbouring Rajasthan and Punjab — has been attributed mainly to PBW infestation. Background: The pink bollworm first appeared in north India during the 2017-18 season in a few districts in Haryana and Punjab, primarily cultivating Bt cotton, and spread to Rajasthan by 2021. The pest’s infestation has not been the only factor. In May-June this year, at the time of sowing, the price of kapas (raw unginned cotton) averaged Rs 6,700-6,800 per quintal in Haryana mandis. This was against the average Rs 11,100-11,200 per quintal two years ago. Key takeaways Pink Bollworm (PBW) is a destructive pest affecting cotton crops worldwide, including India. PBW, known among farmers as gulabi sundhi, damages the cotton crop by burrowing its larvae into the cotton bolls. This results in the lint being cut and stained, making it unfit for use. Impact on Cotton: The pest reduces cotton yield and affects fibre quality, leading to economic losses for farmers. Infestation leads to premature boll opening, lint damage, and poor seed development, which diminishes the commercial value of cotton. Geographical Spread: The pest was first detected in North India during the 2017-18 season and has since caused considerable damage in the region. The infestation has also been reported in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka. The pest has historically been a threat in both irrigated and rain-fed cotton areas. PBW primarily spreads through the air. Residue of infected crops, often left by farmers on the field to be used as fuel, can also harbour PBW larvae which can then infect future crops. Infected cotton seeds are another reason behind the pest’s spread. Source: Indian Express PM ELECTRIC DRIVE REVOLUTION IN INNOVATIVE VEHICLE ENHANCEMENT (PM E-DRIVE) SCHEME  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Under the PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) Scheme, fiscal incentives have been extended to electric two- and three-wheelers, buses, trucks, and even ambulances. However, unlike its predecessor, the FAME-2 scheme, the latest subsidy makes a significant omission–electric cars. Background: – Electric cars have been excluded from the new scheme after Minister of Road Transport and Highways, Nitin Gadkari, stated that the EV sector no longer needs subsidies. He cited falling lithium-ion battery costs and economies of scale, predicting that EV prices will match petrol and diesel vehicles within two years. About PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) The PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) Scheme is a significant initiative by the Indian government to promote electric mobility across the country. The PM E-DRIVE scheme replaces the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME India) scheme, which was in operation from April 1, 2015, till March 31, 2024, in two phases. Launch Date: September 2024 Duration: Two years Budget: ₹10,900 crore The scheme aims to: Promote the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) to reduce pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. Enhance the infrastructure for EVs, including charging stations. Support the development and deployment of various types of EVs, including two-wheelers, three-wheelers, buses, trucks, and ambulances. Key Components Subsidies and Incentives: Subsidies/Demand incentives worth Rs.3,679 crore have been provided to incentivize e-2Ws, e-3Ws, e-ambulances, e-trucks and other emerging EVs. The scheme will support 24.79 lakh e-2Ws, 3.16 lakh e-3Ws, and 14,028 e-buses. E-Vouchers: Process: At the time of purchase, an Aadhaar-authenticated e-voucher is generated for the buyer. This voucher is used to avail demand incentives and is essential for Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to claim reimbursement. Infrastructure Development: Charging Stations: Installation of 88,500 electric vehicle charging stations across major cities and highways. Testing Facilities: ₹780 crore allocated for enhancing vehicle testing infrastructure. Special Initiatives: E-Ambulances: ₹500 crore allocated for the deployment of electric ambulances to promote greener healthcare solutions. E-Buses: ₹4,391 crore for the procurement of electric buses by state transport undertakings and public transport agencies. Source: PIB GULF OF MEXICO  Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: About 42% of crude oil production and 53% of natural gas output in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico were shut last week in the wake of Hurricane Francine. Background: – Francine tore through the U.S. Gulf of Mexico’s prime oil and gas producing areas and slammed into the Louisiana coast as a Category 2 hurricane. About Gulf of Mexico The Gulf of Mexico is a large ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, bordered by the United States, Mexico, and Cuba. Geography and Size Area & Depth: Approximately 1.55 million square kilometers in area. The average depth is about 1,615 meters, with the deepest point, the Sigsbee Deep, reaching around 4,384 meters. Shape: Roughly oval, the Gulf is about 1,500 kilometers wide. Boundaries North and Northeast: Bordered by the U.S. states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. South and Southwest: Bordered by the Mexican states. Southeast: Bordered by Cuba Hydrology Major Rivers: The Mississippi River and the Rio Grande are the primary rivers draining into the Gulf. Connections: Linked to the Atlantic Ocean through the Straits of Florida and to the Caribbean Sea via the Yucatán Channel. Climate and Currents Climate: Ranges from tropical to subtropical. The Gulf Stream, a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current, originates here. Water Temperature: Surface temperatures vary from 18°C in the northern parts during winter to about 32°C in the summer. Hurricanes: The warm waters of the Gulf are a breeding ground for powerful hurricanes, particularly during the hurricane season from June to November. Ecological and Economic Importance Biodiversity: Home to diverse marine life, including fish, crustaceans, and coral reefs. Oil and Gas: One of the world’s most important offshore petroleum production regions, contributing significantly to the U.S. oil supply. Fisheries: Supports a robust fishing industry, providing shrimp, oysters, and various fish species. Environmental Concerns Pollution: Oil spills, such as the Deepwater Horizon spill in 2010, have had significant environmental impacts. Dead Zones: Areas with low oxygen levels, primarily due to agricultural runoff, affecting marine life. Source: Reuters Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs   Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding the Gulf of Mexico: The Gulf of Mexico is connected to the Caribbean Sea via the Straits of Florida and to the Atlantic Ocean through the Yucatán Channel. The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most significant regions for offshore petroleum production, contributing heavily to the U.S. oil supply. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  1 only  2 only  Both 1 and 2  Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding the Pink Bollworm (PBW): The Pink Bollworm affects cotton crops by burrowing its larvae into cotton bolls, leading to lint damage and reducing the commercial value of the cotton. The pest was first detected in India during the 2017-18 season in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  1 only  2 only Both 1 and 2  Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding the National Green Tribunal (NGT): The decisions of the National Green Tribunal can be appealed before the Supreme Court of India only. The Polluter Pays Principle and the Precautionary Principle are key guiding principles followed by the NGT in its judgments. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  1 only  2 only Both 1 and 2  Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  16th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  14th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  a Q.2) – b Q.3) – a

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 16th September 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 14th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   EXTRADITION TREATY BETWEEN INDIA AND BANGLADESH  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context:  The chief prosecutor of Bangladesh’s International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) has announced plans to seek the extradition of ousted leader Sheikh Hasina from neighbouring India. Background: – Hasina sought refuge in India in August after a mass uprising compelled her to step down. Since her departure, numerous criminal cases have been lodged against her and her aides, encompassing charges of murder, torture, abduction, crimes against humanity, and genocide. Key takeaways India and Bangladesh have a bilateral extradition treaty in place that could allow for sheikh Hasina’s return to face trial. 2013 Extradition Treaty (Amended in 2016): Originally aimed to address insurgency and terrorism along shared borders. Facilitated extradition of fugitives like two convicts in Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s assassination and ULFA leader Anup Chetia. Conditions for Extradition: Crimes must carry a minimum sentence of one year. Dual criminality required, meaning the offence must be punishable in both countries. Since the charges against Ms. Hasina are prosecutable in India, and the penalties for her alleged crimes are also substantial, she qualifies for extradition on these grounds. 2016 amendment eased extradition by only requiring an arrest warrant issued by a competent court in the requesting country for initiation of extradition process. Grounds for Refusal: Political Nature: Extradition can be refused for politically motivated offences, but crimes like murder and terrorism are excluded from this exemption. Good Faith Clause (Article 8): Extradition can be denied if the accusation is not in good faith or involves military offences not considered general crimes. India could potentially refuse extradition on the ground that the charges against Ms. Hasina have not been levelled in good faith and there is a possibility of her being subjected to political persecution or an unfair trial upon her return to Bangladesh. Implications: Extradition is not guaranteed and will depend on diplomatic negotiations. Denial of the request may only cause minor political tension without significantly impacting bilateral relations as per experts. Bangladesh is India’s largest trade partner in South Asia, with bilateral trade valued at $15.9 billion in FY 2022-23. India has pledged continued support to Bangladesh under the new interim government, despite the regime change. Source: The Hindu CHALLENGES TO ROAD SAFETY IN INDIA  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: The “India Status Report on Road Safety 2024,” prepared by the TRIP Centre at IIT Delhi, highlights India’s slow progress in meeting goal of reducing road accident fatalities. Background: – The report analyses road safety in India, using data from First Information Reports (FIRs) from six States and audits of State compliance with Supreme Court directives on road safety governance. Key takeaways from the report India is lagging in reducing road accident fatalities and is unlikely to meet the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety goal of halving traffic deaths by 2030. Public Health Challenge: Road traffic injuries were the 13th leading cause of death and the 12th leading cause of health loss in India in 2021. In some States (Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh), road injuries rank among the top 10 causes of health loss. Need for Crash Surveillance: India’s national road safety data systems are insufficient for guiding public policy. Currently, there is no national crash-level database. Road safety statistics at both State and national levels are compiled from individual police station records, which are aggregated at district, State, and national levels before being published. These tables allow only the most basic analyses, preventing effective intervention or program evaluation. Significant variance in road safety across States: Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and Chhattisgarh recorded the highest death rates, at 21.9, 19.2, and 17.6 per 1,00,000 people, respectively. In contrast, West Bengal and Bihar had the lowest rates, at 5.9 per 1,00,000 in 2021 Six States – Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu – account for nearly half of all traffic fatalities. Pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists are the most affected; trucks are the leading impacting vehicles. Traffic Safety Gaps: Helmet usage is low in rural areas, especially among motorcyclists. Only eight States have audited more than half of their National Highway lengths, and very few States have done the same for their State Highways. Basic traffic safety measures, including traffic calming, markings, and signage, are still lacking in most States. Global Comparison: India fares poorly in comparison to developed nations, with road fatalities much higher in 2021 compared to 1990, indicating worsening road safety conditions. The report questions whether better-equipped vehicles with more advanced safety features are the solution, given that two-wheeler riders, cyclists, and motorcyclists represent the majority of road fatalities. Way Forward: Central and State governments need to scale up road safety interventions. Establish a national fatal crash database with public access to improve risk understanding and intervention effectiveness. Tailored strategies are essential to address the diverse road safety challenges across different States. Source: The Hindu CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM INDIA’S TRANSPORT SECTOR  Syllabus Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context:  Carbon dioxide emissions from India’s transport sector could be reduced up to 71 per cent by 2050 if high-ambition strategies are adopted on few parameters, said a new study by World Resources Institute (WRI) India. Background: The study noted that following a high emission reduction target in the transport sector would also be pivotal in achieving India’s net-zero target by 2070. Key takeaways Emission Reduction Potential: India’s transport sector CO2 emissions could be reduced by up to 71% by 2050 with high-ambition strategies on: Electrification of vehicles. Improved fuel economy standards. Shifting to cleaner modes of transport. Current Emissions: India’s transport sector accounted for 14% of total energy-related CO2 emissions in 2020. 90% of these emissions came from road transport, with major contributors being: Two-wheelers: 16%, Cars: 25%, Buses: 9%, Freight LDVs: 8%, Freight HDVs: 45%. The study, using the energy policy simulator, found that simultaneously implementing fuel economy, electrification, and modal shift strategies at their highest levels can lead to a 71% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050 compared to the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. Adding a carbon-free electricity standard (75% renewable energy) could result in a 75% reduction by 2050. Decarbonising India’s transport sector can be achieved by implementing least-cost policies. The simulation suggests that shifting to low-carbon transport for both freight and passenger segments is the most cost-effective policy in the long term, with estimated savings of Rs. 12,118 per tCO2 (tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent) abated. The mandate of expanding electric vehicle sales is most effective in terms of CO2 emissions reduction, with an annual abatement potential of 121 MtCO2e (Metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent). The study added that the decarbonisation of electricity generation could complement the electrification targets in the transport sector. Business-as-Usual (BAU) Scenario: Without any changes, the consumption of fossil fuels is expected to quadruple over the next three decades. Such consumption will be driven by passenger travel demand, which is estimated to triple between 2020 and 2050, and freight travel demand, which is likely to increase seven times during the same period. Source: Indian Express TARDIGRADES  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Detailed 3D images of the first tardigrade fossils ever discovered have helped scientists predict when tardigrades evolved their near-indestructibility (tun state)— a trait that might have helped them survive multiple mass extinctions. Background: – Researchers have reexamined ancient fossils trapped in amber, uncovering when these tiny creatures first developed their ability to enter a “tun state.” This special state allows them to survive in harsh conditions by shutting down their bodies. About Tardigrades Tardigrades, also called “water bears” or “moss piglets,” are tiny, water-dwelling micro-animals measuring just 0.3 to 0.5 millimeters in length. Body Structure: They have a cylindrical shape with four segments, each bearing a pair of legs. Each leg ends in tiny claws or suction disks. They are known for their toughness and ability to survive in extreme environments. Unique Survival Abilities: Tun State: Tardigrades can enter a “tun state,” where they lose almost all water from their bodies and  and shrivels into a structure about one-third its original size, called a tun. In this state, their metabolism slows down drastically, helping them survive extreme conditions. A tun state is a type of cryptobiosis. Cryptobiosis is a reversible ametabolic state—the suspension of metabolism—that has inevitably been compared to death and resurrection. In the cryptobiotic state, all measurable metabolic processes stop, preventing reproduction, development, and repair. This death-like survival state could have helped tardigrades survive several major extinction events dating back to the Permian extinction, or Great Dying, around 252 million years ago, when massive volcanic explosions triggered uninhabitable changes in the Earth’s climate. Extreme Survivors: They can withstand: Temperatures from -272°C to 150°C. The vacuum of space and intense radiation (They possess a unique protein called Dsup (damage suppressor) that protects their DNA from radiation) High pressures that are several times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches. Desiccation (drying out) for decades and then revive when exposed to water. Where are they found? Tardigrades live almost everywhere on Earth, from mountaintops to ocean floors and from tropical rainforests to Antarctica. They are often found in moss, lichen, soil, and leaf litter. Diet: Tardigrades feed on plant cells, algae, and small invertebrates. Some species are even known to eat other tardigrades. Reproduction: They reproduce both sexually and asexually (parthenogenesis). Female tardigrades lay eggs, which can hatch into new tardigrades. Scientific Importance: Tardigrades are studied for their ability to repair DNA, protect cells from radiation, and survive desiccation. Understanding these mechanisms might have implications for medical research and space exploration. Source: Live Science MEXICO TO ELECT JUDGES  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRRENT EVENT Context: Mexico reformed its judicial appointment process and became the first country to allow voters to elect judges at all levels. The reform also allows cases involving organised crime to be heard by judges who do not have to reveal their identity. The idea behind “faceless” judges is to protect them from threats. Background: – Opponents — including court employees and law students — have held a series of protests against the plan, under which all judges including local, high-level and Supreme Court judges would be chosen by popular vote. Arguments raised in support of the reforms Accountability to the Public: Electing judges through popular vote ensures that they are directly accountable to the citizens, promoting transparency and responsiveness. Reduction of Elite Influence: Supporters argue that the reform will reduce the judiciary’s dependence on the elite and powerful groups, as claimed by President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who has accused the judiciary of serving white-collar crime. Strengthening Democracy: Proponents see this reform as a way to further democratize the judiciary, aligning it with the will of the people rather than allowing lifetime appointments where judges are insulated from public opinion. The introduction of anonymous judges in organized crime cases is intended to protect judges from threats, enhancing their personal security in dangerous trials. Arguments against the reforms Threat to Judicial Independence: Critics argue that the reform threatens the independence of judges, as they may prioritize popular decisions over impartial and legally sound rulings to win votes. Undermining Checks and Balances: Electing judges could weaken Mexico’s system of checks and balances, potentially giving the executive branch more influence over the judiciary, compromising the separation of powers. Risk of Politicization: Elections could make judicial positions more political, with judges campaigning for votes, which could lead to biased rulings influenced by public opinion rather than law and justice. Potential for Unfair Trials: The reform’s provision for “faceless judges” in organized crime cases has raised concerns from human rights bodies which argues that it undermines the right to a fair trial by obscuring potential conflicts of interest. Economic Impact: Investors have expressed concern about the reforms, as demonstrated by the fall in the peso (Mexican Currency) ahead of the vote, fearing the destabilization of the judicial system and its potential impact on Mexico’s economy. International Concerns: US voiced concerns that electing judges directly may pose a significant risk to Mexico’s democracy, reflecting apprehension from international observers. Additional information : About Mexico Location: Mexico is located in southern North America, bordered by the United States to the north, Guatemala and Belize to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea to the east. About 80% of Mexicans live in urban areas, with Mexico City being the largest and most populous city. Government Type: Mexico is a federal republic with a president as the head of state and government. GDP: It is one of the largest economies in Latin America, with a GDP (PPP) estimated at $3.434 trillion in 2024. Source: BBC Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding the geographical location of Mexico: Mexico is bordered by both the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The Tropic of Cancer passes through Mexico. Mexico shares its northern border with Guatemala and Belize. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only  1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding the geographical relationship between India and Bangladesh: The Brahmaputra River originates in Bangladesh and flows into India. The Sundarbans mangrove forest is located in the delta region of the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers and is shared by both India and Bangladesh. Bangladesh is bordered by the Bay of Bengal to the west and south. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only  1 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding Tardigrades: Tardigrades can enter a “tun state,” a form of cryptobiosis, where their metabolic activity is completely suspended, allowing them to survive extreme conditions. The protein Dsup found in tardigrades helps protect their DNA from radiation damage. Tardigrades are exclusively found in cold, polar regions and cannot survive in warmer climates. Which of the above statements is/are correct?  1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only  1 only 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  14th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  13th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  a Q.2) – c Q.3) – a

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 14th September 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

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