Jan 12, 2021 Important Articles

UPSC MAINS PAPER 2020 (GS 3): ANALYSIS, APPROACH and REFERENCES - How IASbaba was Helpful? GENERAL STUDIES PAPER 3

Dear Aspirants, What do you think real happiness is? For us, it is the sense of achievement which one receives after putting in efforts to get something and then reaping the desired results. Today we would like to share our happiness with you. For the past 6 years, we have been doing one thing with great passion and dedication. Yes! We love to guide the Civil Service aspirants. We have channelised all our energies and dedicated all our efforts into creating an ecosystem that gives every aspirant a chance to crack the prestigious civil services examination with Rank-1, even if he/she is in the remotest corner of the country. In this process, we have developed, designed, and dedicated a series of initiatives for Civil Services Exam preparation. The quality of these initiatives has been proven time and again. It has become a norm to have high Hit Ratios in Prelims and Mains from the initiatives of IASbaba, namely Integrated Learning Programme (ILP) and Think Learn and Perform (TLP). For the last 6 years, we have managed to hit the bull’s eye when it comes to GS Mains papers. This article is not to boast about the Hit Ratio of our initiatives in any case. It would not be right to say that these many questions, directly or indirectly came from our initiatives just by using keywords of the UPSC questions. In that way, if we frame questions over the year on all keywords in the UPSC syllabus our hit ratio will be 100%. However, you are smart enough to analyse the importance of our initiatives and its very close resemblance to actual UPSC papers. Rather than focusing on the numbers try to focus on the significance of these initiatives and make them a part of your preparation. Hard work should be done smartly to have a better Input-Output ratio of efforts and results. Below we have come up with the Analysis and Approach for each question of General Studies (GS) Paper 3 that was asked by UPSC along with the links and references of IASbaba questions/ articles. After going through this article, you will realise that just by sincerely following the initiatives on our platform, your chances of success in the Mains stage would have increased dramatically. [QUESTION PAPER] GENERAL STUDIES PAPER 3 (GS3) – UPSC CIVIL SERVICES (CSE) MAINS EXAMINATION 2020 - CLICK HERE NOTE: PDF of Analysis is provided at the end of the post. [VIDEO] GS1 GS2, GS3, GS4 & ESSAY ANALYSIS - UPSC MAINS 2020 by IASbaba -> CLICK HERE   OVERVIEW of GENERAL STUDIES (GS) PAPER 3:  Overall, the General Studies Paper 3 this year was moderate considering last year’s paper, except for three-four technical questions which an aspirant would have found it difficult to answer in those 3 hours. Also, the questions are not lengthy, which is an added advantage to finish this paper in three hours. Indian Economy (1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, and 14): Questions 13 & 14 are based on agriculture which are easy to moderate. Questions 1, 2, 11, and 12 are based on the economic situation of the country and are more on the analytical side. Questions 3 and 4 are based on food grain distribution and food processing. Both these questions are about the steps taken and policy measures by the Government. These questions are easy in nature. Science and Technology (5, 6, 15, and 16): Question 16 is on the easier side, whereas question 15 is a difficult question because of its specificity. Question number 6 can be considered an easy to moderate level question. Environment (7, 8, and 17): Three questions have been asked from this part. While one of them is based on a static concept, the other two are based on one of the current threats (Jal Shakti & Air Program) to the environment. These questions can be easily answered by the aspirants. Disaster Management (18): Only one question has been asked from this part. The question on Disaster Management is a specific question. Internal Security (9, 10, 19, and 20): Four questions have been asked from this part. One of them on Cyber-crimes can be considered as a difficult question as it is very specific and one can answer only if they have prior knowledge about that question. The other three questions are of moderate level. Q.1) Explain intergenerational and intragenerational issues of equity from the perspective of inclusive growth and sustainable growth. (Answer in 150 words.) LINE OF THOUGHT / APPROACH: This question demands clarity of concepts like equity, inclusive growth. The introduction can be with definitions of the above concepts. Need to write issues of intergenerational, intragenerational like access and use of resources, opportunity, etc. Also here you need to write what needs to be done in this direction and measures taken so far. The conclusion can be optimistic that disparity is reducing with the above steps IASBABA REFERENCE: https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2018/12/day-29-q-1-what-do-you-understand-by-inclusive-growth-what-are-its-dimensions-discuss/ https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2019/10/day-11-q-3-inclusive-growth-has-always-been-a-key-priority-for-the-government-however-the-difference-today-is-not-in-the-objective-but-the-manner-in-which-inclusive-growth-is-sought-to-be-achieved/ Q.2) Define potential GDP and its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (Answer in 150 words.) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: It is a direct question. Students here need to address all demands. Write what potential GDP, Determinants are. Also, with equal weightage to an answer write the last part - inhibiting factor. Here clarity in thoughts, concepts should reflect in an answer. The conclusion can be done with measures needed for achieving potential GDP. Q.3) What are the main constraints in transports and marketing of agricultural produce in India? (Answer in 150 words.) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: Students need to apply here the application of content/ knowledge they have. Introduce an answer by writing important factors in good agricultural production or supply chain in agriculture. Constraints in transportation and marketing specifically need to be written. The conclusion can be in short, any recent measures by the government in this regard. IASBABA APPROACH: https://iasbaba.com/2020/07/day-29-q-1-what-are-the-major-bottlenecks-in-creating-an-efficient-nation-wide-agricultural-market-discuss-what-recent-measures-have-been-taken-to-address-these-bottlenecks/ Q.4) What are the challenges and opportunities in food processing sector in the country? How can income of the farmers can sustainably be increased by encouraging food processing? (Answer in 150 words.) LINE OF THOUGHT / APPROACH: Students are expected to write all parts distinctly. Write challenges- infrastructure, skilling, etc. Opportunities- India is the leading producer of many agricultural produces. Also need to write- ways of encouraging food processing- Initiative like SAMPADA can be mentioned. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2019/01/day-48-q-2-do-you-think-the-food-processing-industry-has-enough-potential-to-create-jobs-for-the-burgeoning-labour-force-in-india-critically-comment/ Q.5) What do you understand by nanotechnology?  And how its helping in health sector? (Answer in 150 words.) LINE OF THOUGHT/ APPROACH: Again, a very direct question where students need to write about nanotechnology. The introduction can be defining or briefly writing about nano technology. Distinctly write benefits in the health sector. Here specific application/points are expected, like - diagnosis, medications, etc. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2019/07/day-33-q-3-what-are-the-applications-of-nano-technology-in-the-medical-field/ Q.6) How is science interwoven deeply with our lives? What are the striking changes in agriculture triggered off by the science-based technologies? (Answer in 150 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: This is a direct question on how science & technology is shaping our lives. In the first part of answer, one can elaborate on technology is playing a crucial role in all aspects of lives – Political (e-governance), Economical (digital payments simplified transactions), Social (interactions via email, social media), health (diagnostics), education (MOOCs), transport (driverless cars), communication (satellite technology) and Culture (usage of green crackers) The second half of the answer has to specifically deal with technology’s intervention with agriculture. Here you can use how technology is being used at all three stages of agricultural activity – Input stage (GM seeds, Soil Health Card, Kisan Credit cards, digitisation of land records), farming stage (weather forecasting using satellite technology, usage of modern equipments, drip irrigation, fertigation) and Post-harvest Stages (e-NAM, price prediction technologies, smart warehouse management etc.) Conclude by mentioning, in brief, the pitfalls of technology (affordability, accessibility, corporate capture) and mention that Indian agriculture still has a long way in fully embracing technology. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/2020/07/day-29-q-2-how-is-technology-adoption-transforming-agricultural-efficiency-in-rural-india-illustrate/ Q.7) How does the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2020 differ from the existing EIA Notification, 2006? (Answer in 150 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: This is a straightforward question directly sourced from Current Affairs. First, mention what is EIA and the significance of having it. Then, mention about the changes that were brought in EIA,2020 notification (you can find it in below links) Conclude the answer by mentioning the criticism of 2020 notifications and steps that can be taken to overcome it. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/2020/06/environment-impact-assessmenteia-part-2/ https://iasbaba.com/2020/08/eia-notification-2020-what-are-the-key-changes/  Q.8) What are the salient features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan launched by the Government of India for water conservation and water security? (Answer in 150 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: This is also a direct question about government schemes & policies. Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA) was launched in mid-2019 that aims at making water conservation a Jan Andolan through asset creation and extensive communication. Jal Shakti Abhiyan strives for water conservation and water resource management by focusing on the accelerated implementation of five target interventions. Water Conservation and rainwater harvesting Renovation of traditional and other water bodies/tanks Reuse and Recharge structures Watershed development Intensive afforestation Along with these targeted areas, it also has Special area intervention areas like Block and district water conservation plan Krishi Vigyan Kendra Mela Urban Wastewater reuse 3D Village Contour mapping Use of Scientists and India’s premier Institutes The answer can also mention in brief about the water problems faced by India (using flowchart) before beginning with the elaboration of the JSA. Finally, conclude by saying that implementation by authorities and civic participation is the key to achieve success IASBABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/2019/07/all-india-radio-air-ias-upsc-significance-of-jal-shakti-abhiyan/ Q.9) Discuss different types of Cybercrimes and measures required to be taken to fight the menace. (Answer in 150 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: This question in the light of increased cybercrimes across the world including that in India (ex: Pegasus attack) Start your answer by mentioning the various types of Cybercrimes like Phishing, spamming, virus dissemination, credit card hacking, software piracy, cyberstalking, cyber terrorism, identity theft, hacking, pornography, denial of service etc. Later you can mention in brief (maybe using flowchart) about challenges in India’s cybersecurity strategy- lack of coordination, delay in National Cyber Security Strategy, lack of proactiveness, inadequate modernization of computer systems, dependency on foreign players for cybersecurity tools i.e. capabilities issue, lack of awareness etc. In the second half of the answer mention the steps that need to be taken to fight the menace – regulatory (legislation), administrative (effective monitoring & oversight), federal (dedicated cadre, training of personnel & smooth coordination between different levels), infrastructural (modernisation of cyberinfrastructure), economic measures (incentives for cybersecurity players), public awareness (about cybercrimes) etc. Conclude by mentioning the significance of Cybersecurity for India’s dream of achieving a $5 trillion economy. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2019/08/day-54-q-1-what-are-the-most-potent-cyber-security-threats-in-the-age-of-digital-economy-discuss-also-comment-upon-indias-preparedness-to-avert-cyber-security-threats/ Q.10) For effective border area management, discuss the steps required to be taken to deny local support to militants and also suggest ways to manage favourable perception among locals. (Answer in 150 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: This is a question about the interlinkage of society and security. First mention the reasons as to why local people support militants: Historical -Kashmir militancy, Naga issue economic factors: lack of jobs, poverty, imbalance in regional development, inequality in society Political - lack of local people representatives in decision making of management of border areas, vote bank politics Social factors - feeling of alienation due to weak integration with mainstream India ex North East Insurgency Inefficient Governance: Corruption at local level leading to feeling of looting of resources, also lack of effective communication with locals by those in Power (failure to interact regularly) The second half of answer should deal with measure to overcome negative perception among locals Political- Grassroots democracy i.e. involving locals to decision making; exposing the identity politics that try to reap benefit of anti-national sentiments Economic- Providing jobs and bridging developmental gap in the region Public Diplomacy – persuading celebrities and apolitical social leaders to convey the message & policies of government Crackdown on corruption at local level Regular interaction with mainstream India (Ek bharat Shrest Bharat campaign) Conclude by saying that managing locals will go a long way in managing border areas as intelligence network will be strengthened and issues of militancy will be nipped in the beginning stage itself by community support. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2020/02/day-94-q-3-examine-the-significance-of-border-infrastructure-for-managing-security-challenges-in-the-border-regions/ Q.11) Explain the meaning of investment in an economy in terms of capital formation. Discuss the factors to be considered while designing a concession agreement between a public entity and private entity. (Answer in 250 words) LINE OF THOUGHT / APPROACH: Students here needs sound understanding of investment and capital formation. Link is Gross Capital Formation. In the second half of the answer write what the concession agreement is. Factors in it - Terms of the agreement, dispute resolution, Risk-sharing, etc. Q.12) Explain the rationale behind Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to states) act of 2017. How has COVID-19 impacted the GST compensation fund and created new federal tensions? (Answer in 250 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/ APPROACH: Briefly introduce GST - rationalized one nation one tax. With a distinct heading write rationale. Application-based addressing of the second part is required. New federal tensions- central failed or lacked in giving GST compensations to states. Federal strains in financial fields surfaced. The conclusion can be done in an optimistic way, yes the central government has taken measures with the world bank and came up with a dedicated fund. IAS BABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/2020/10/centre-to-borrow-on-behalf-of-states-to-meet-the-gst-shortfall/ Q.13) What are the major factors responsible for making the rice-wheat system a success? In spite of this success, how has this system become a bane in India? (Answer in 250 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/ APPROACH: In the introduction, students need to briefly write about what is the rice-wheat system. It’s a highly practiced cropping pattern. Factors being - climate, result, and easy practicing of this cropping pattern. Shortcomings of this system can be more water requirements among others. The conclusion can be how to improve this particular system- diversifying cropping pattern on a sustainable basis. IASBABA REFERENCE: Question asked in TLP test 13 2020 Question 9 Q.14) Suggest measures to improve water storage and irrigation system to make its judicious use under depleting scenario. (Answer in 250 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/ APPROACH: It is again a direct question with possibly open-ended dimensions. Here students have to make specific analysis with content, facts and case studies. The introduction can be what is the status of the depleting scenario. By 2025 India can be a water-stressed country from water-scarce status. In this regard need of reforming the water storage and irrigation system. Irrigation measures like precision irrigation can be suggested. Conclusion - SDG goal can be mentioned here. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/2020/07/day-29-q-3-what-are-various-decentralised-irrigation-techniques-why-are-they-beneficial-for-indias-agro-climatic-conditions-explain/ Q.15) COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crises. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid the management of the Pandemic. (Answer in 250 words) LINE OF THOUGHT / APPROACH: Good application-based question is asked. Many and diversified examples can be given. Technology aid during a pandemic- Video summit (international, national)- saving government expenditure unnecessary. Telemedicine. Etc. Conclusion - The good changes technology brought should be continued in the future which will definitely ensure sustainability in many ways. IASBABA REFERENCE: Q.16) Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our government for this purpose? (Answer in 250 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/ APPROACH: There are two parts in the question; the first part asks to provide the advantages of deriving electric power from solar energy. Second part is a direct one it demands to provide the government initiatives for the effective harness of solar-electric power. For the first part we can bring in facts like the amount of solar power incident in India, and the cost saved in manufacturing solar cells over hydel or thermal power plants so on. We can also mention the advantages for the environment i.e. reduction in pollution etc. In the second part we can provide National Solar Mission, encouragement by the government to the assemblage of solar cells and panels in India, KUSUM project, Rooftop solar projects,etc. Further, we can provide some examples like Naramda canal top solar power plant, setting up of largest solar power plant in Karnataka and others. Lastly, we can conclude with the Government of India’s target in the solar energy sector and the International solar alliance. IASBABA REFERENCE: IASbaba TLP PLUS Test 16 Q.15. India’s energy future is highly dependent on renewables. In this light, examine, the progress made and current impediments towards the realization of an entry secure future. https://iasbaba.com/2020/08/indias-solar-energy-push-the-big-picture-rstv-ias-upsc/ https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2020/01/day-65-q-2-how-is-india-placed-globally-in-terms-of-renewables-what-initiatives-have-been-taken-recently-to-tap-the-potential-on-this-front-examine/ Q.17) What are the features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the government of India? (Answer in 250 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/ APPROACH: A direct question, it asks to list out the features of the National Clean Air Programme, here we need to provide precise features with specific targets and statistics in order to get the maximum marks. Examples like: the program aims to attain 20 to 30% reduction in particulate matter by 2024, by taking 2017 as the base year. We can conclude by mentioning some initiatives like the SAFAR, Water sprayers in Delhi, etc. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/2020/09/national-clean-air-programme-to-be-modified/ https://iasbaba.com/2019/02/daily-current-affairs-ias-upsc-prelims-and-mains-exam-30th-january-2019/ IASbaba TLP PLUS Test 18  Should air pollution be considered a ‘disaster’? Comment. What mitigative measures would you suggest to address the problem of worsening air quality in Indian cities? Q.18) Discuss the recent measures initiated in the disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (Answer in 250 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/ APPROACH: The question puts forth a demand to provide those measures of the Government of India regarding the disaster management which is different from earlier conventional measures. In other words, the earlier disaster management strategy of India involved rescue, relief and rehabilitation; how the recent measures propound the ethos of prediction, prevention and protection. Here we can include some of the measures like: Amending the National Disaster Response Framework to include mitigation as one of the strategies. Finance Commission’s recommendation of National Disaster Mitigation Fund. We can also include the seismic zoning map in Assam. Involvement of home guards and civilians rather than depending on the military personnel can also be quoted. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2020/01/day-74-q-2-what-are-the-most-essential-components-of-disaster-preparedness-explain-with-the-help-of-suitable-examples/ Q.19) What are the determinants of left -wing extremism in Eastern part of India? What strategy should the Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas? (Answer in 250 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/ APPROACH: There are two parts in the question, the first part asks to bring out the determining factors for the rise of left-wing extremism in the Eastern part of India. Here we can mention failure of land reforms - Naxalbari incident, underdevelopment, tyranny by the military personnel - AFSPA, etc. In the second part we need to suggest strategies of action for the given 3 bodies of governance. Government of India - proper funding and implementation of National Policy on Left Wing Extremism -2007 Civil Administration - profound percolation of government benefits under Integrated Action Plan, to come up with innovative schemes like MITANIN, etc. Security: to use powers with restraint, come up with battalions like Greyhounds, CoBRA, etc. IASBABA REFERENCE: IASbaba TLP PLUS test 6  Regional connectivity and cultural identification are imperative for assuaging the feeling of alienation in the Northeast. Analyse. https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2019/08/day-52-q-1-what-strategies-do-left-wing-extremists-adopt-to-destabilise-the-democracy-what-has-been-the-governments-strategy-to-thwart-such-threats-examine/ https://iasbaba.com/2020/12/day-62-q-1-is-lack-of-development-the-real-cause-for-the-spread-of-left-wing-extremism-lwe-critically-comment/ Q.20) Analyse internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also, discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (Answer in 250 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/ APPROACH: There are two parts to the question; Structure the 1st part into 3 sections - Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Pakistan; and provide transborder threats and crimes specific to those regions. Here we need to provide good statistics and examples. Ex: increase in the counterfeit currencies at the borders after the oncoming of new currency notes, etc. In the second part, we need to mention examples of CIBMS, Bold QUIT, Integrated Check posts, Operation Meghdoot, etc. IASBABA REFERENCE: IASbaba TLP PLUS test 2  India has to walk the diplomatic tightrope for balancing its domestic priorities with the need to have stable relations with the neighbours. IASbaba TLP PLUS test 8  Expansion of physical infrastructure in the Northeast has huge local and regional (in terms of India’s cross border ties) significance. Comment. In this light, examine the initiatives taken by the central government. https://iasbaba.com/2020/12/day-64-q-3-how-do-cross-border-linkages-amongst-terrorist-and-insurgent-organisations-create-security-threats-examine/ https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2020/02/day-94-q-1-how-is-illegal-movement-of-goods-and-people-across-the-border-a-security-threat-illustrate-with-the-help-of-suitable-examples/ Download the PDF of GS 3 Analysis here -> CLICK HERE [VIDEO] GS1 GS2, GS3, GS4 & ESSAY ANALYSIS - UPSC MAINS 2020 by IASbaba -> CLICK HERE Thank You IASbaba

Jan 12, 2021 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 12th January 2021

Archives (PRELIMS + MAINS FOCUS) First direct flight between Kalaburagi to Tirupati flagged off under UDAN Part of: GS Prelims and GS-II – Policies and Interventions & GS-III – Infrastructure In news  Star Air has commenced the direct daily flight operations from Kalaburagi, Karnataka to Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh under the RCS-UDAN (Regional Connectivity Scheme – Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik). Important value additions  Tirupati city It is also called as the ‘Spiritual Capital of Andra Pradesh’. It is home to the most famous Sri Venkateshwara Swamy Temple popularly called ‘Tirupati Balaji Temple’ which has its name in the most-visited shrine across the globe.  Apart from the Tirupati Balaji temple, the place is also famous for other historical temples, Sri Venkateshwara National Park, Deer Park, Tirupati, & Talakona Waterfalls.  The Tirumala Hills in Tirupati is the second oldest rock mountain hills in the world. Tirupati Laddu received Geographical indication tag which entitles that only Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams can make and sell it. UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik)  It is a regional airport development and "Regional Connectivity Scheme" (RCS) of Government of India Objective: Letting the common citizen of the country fly Aim: (1) Making air travel affordable and widespread; (2) To boost inclusive national economic development, job growth and air transport infrastructure development of all regions and states of India. Ministry: Ministry of Civil Aviation  Do you know? Inaugurated under the UDAN scheme, Kalaburagi airport recently completed a successful 1 year of service.  The airport has become the fastest growing airport in the country. Risk Based Internal Audit (RBIA) Framework Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Economy In news  RBI has issued Risk Based Internal Audit (RBIA) Framework for Strengthening Governance arrangements of banks. Key takeaways In order to bring uniformity in approach followed by the banks and to align the expectations on Internal Audit Function with the best practices, banks are advised as under: Authority, Stature and Independence: The Head of Internal Audit (HIA) shall be a senior executive of the bank who shall have the ability to exercise independent judgement. Tenor for appointment of HIA: The HIA shall be appointed for a reasonably long period, preferably for a minimum of three years. Reporting Line: The HIA shall directly report to either the Audit Committee of the Board (ACB) / MD & CEO or Whole Time Director (WTD). Staff Rotation: Except for the entities where the internal audit function is a specialised function and managed by career internal auditors, the Board should prescribe a minimum period of service for staff in the Internal Audit function. The internal audit function shall not be outsourced.  However, where required, experts, including former employees, could be hired on contractual basis subject to the ACB being assured that such expertise does not exist within the audit function of the bank. Payment Infrastructure Development Fund (PIDF) scheme Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Economy In news  The RBI recently announced the operationalisation of the payment infrastructure development fund (PIDF) scheme. Key takeaways Objective: To subsidise deployment of payment acceptance infrastructure in tier-3 to tier-6 cities, with a special focus on the north-eastern states of the country. An advisory council (AC) under the chairmanship of RBI deputy governor BP Kanungo has been constituted for managing the PIDF. The fund will be operational for three years effective from January 1, 2021 and may be extended for two more years. The implementation of targets shall be monitored by the RBI with assistance from card networks, the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) and the Payments Council of India (PCI). Do you know? The PIDF presently has a corpus of Rs 345 crore, with Rs 250 crore contributed by the RBI and Rs 95 crore by the major authorised card networks in the country. The authorised card networks shall contribute in all Rs 100 crore. The card issuing banks shall also contribute to the corpus based on the card issuance volume. Besides, the PIDF shall also receive annual contributions from card networks and card issuing banks. Academic advisory council for College Of Supervisors (COS) set up Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Economy In news  The RBI has set up an academic advisory council with former deputy governor N S Vishwanathan as the chairperson to advise the full-time director of the central bank’s College of Supervisors (CoS). Functions: (1) Identify areas where skill building/up-skilling is required; (2) Plan and develop curricula of all programmes; (3) Benchmark the programmes with international standards/best practices; (4) Develop appropriate teaching methods, etc. Important value additions  College of Supervisors (CoS) Set up by: RBI It was set up as part of the measures to further strengthen Supervision over regulated entities. Objective: To augment and reinforce supervisory skills among its regulatory and supervisory staff both at entry level and on a continuous basis. While the CoS was functioning in a limited way in virtual mode since May 2020, it is now being fully operationalised.  This will further contribute to effective oversight of the regulated entities by augmenting and ensuring a consistent quality of supervisory resources pool. The CoS will have a full-time Director supported by an Academic Advisory Council (AAC). Rabi Narayan Mishra, former Executive Director, RBI has been appointed as the Director of CoS. Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) Introduced Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Economy In news  The RBI has introduced the Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) for Large Value Transactions in Centralised Payment Systems. Key takeaways The LEI is a 20-digit number used to uniquely identify parties to financial transactions worldwide. Objective: To improve the quality and accuracy of financial data systems for better risk management post the Global Financial Crisis. The RBI has now decided to introduce the LEI system for all payment transactions of value Rs.50 crore and above undertaken by entities (non-individuals) using RBI-run Centralised Payment Systems viz. Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) and National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT). The LEI has been introduced by the RBI in a phased manner for participants in the over the counter (OTC) derivative and non-derivative markets as also for large corporate borrowers. In India, LEI can be obtained from Legal Entity Identifier India Ltd. (LEIL), which is also recognised as an issuer of LEI by the Reserve Bank under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007. Period Room Set Up For Menstruating Women in Thane district, Maharashtra Part of: GS Prelims and GS-I – Society In news  In a bid to help the women residing in congested slums during their menstruation days, a ‘period room’ has been set up at a public toilet in Maharashtra's Thane city. Key takeaways Equipped with several basic facilities, the period room aims to facilitate menstrual hygiene among women dwelling in slums. The facility is set up keeping in mind the women living in small houses, who do not have a separate bathing section.  Many times they find it difficult to change during periods.  This facility will be a boon for such women and go a long way in promoting good hygiene. Claimed to be the first-of-its-kind initiative, the much-needed facility has been set up by the Thane Municipal Corporation in collaboration with an NGO, at a slum in Shanti Nagar locality of Wagle Estate area in Thane. The 45,000 rupees low-cost facility will be replicated in all 120 community toilets in the city. Related articles: Menstruation and associated stigma: Click here Period Products (Free Provision) Scotland Bill: Click here Miscellaneous World Hindi Day World Hindi Day was recently observed on 10th January. The day is commemorated every year with the objective to promote use of Hindi language abroad. On this day in 2006, the First World Hindi Conference was held in Nagpur. Since then, every year 10th January is being observed as the World Hindi Day. (Mains Focus) ECONOMY/ GOVERNANCE Topic: General Studies 3: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment. Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. K-shaped economic recovery Context: Economists states the prospects of a K-shaped recovery from COVID are increasing both in India and across the world. India’s economic recovery is being characterised by three distinct forces that need to be disentangled Controlling COVID-19 has led to better recovery Successful Controlling of Virus Spread: India has broken the link between virus proliferation and mobility earlier and more successfully than many countries. Rising mobility and normalising economic activity, rather than sparking another wave of infections, have coincided with COVID cases falling by 80 per cent since September.  Recovery much sooner than expected: Consequently, the progressive return towards pre-COVID activity levels has occurred much sooner than expected. Activity jumped back up to 95 per cent of pre-COVID levels by October, and has been inching up since Supportive actions by Government: Sooner than expected recovery is being complemented by the much-awaited pick-up in central government spending, which surged in November and is expected to remain strong for the rest of the year Recovery not led by labour and wages Lingering Unemployment Problem: CMIE’s labour market survey still reveals 18 million fewer employed (about 5% of the total employed) compared to pre-pandemic levels. The employment rate gradually improved till September but has weakened since then, even as the economy has progressively opened up. This also shows up in the PMI surveys where employment is lagging activity, and in demand for MGNREGA jobs which are still 50 per cent higher than the previous year Impacts recovery prospects: These labour market pressures increase risks of medium-term economic scarring, and are not incompatible with a sharper near-term rebound because the recovery appears to be led by capital and profits, not labour and wages. Differential Impact on Labourers: Even within labour, blue-collar workers are likely to have been disproportionately impacted vis-à-vis their white-collar counterparts. Greater Scale and Formalisation  Weak Resilience of Smaller Firms: A third phenomenon is large firms have endured the crisis better and are gaining market share at the expense of smaller firms. It’s, therefore, important to interpret the data carefully because some variables will reflect this substitution effect as much as the pace of the recovery.  Benefits of having larger firms: To the extent there is a migration of activity from the informal/SME firms to larger firms, tax collections and Sensex/Nifty earnings should get a boost, even holding the economic pie constant.  Associated Risks: Greater scale and formalisation undoubtedly augur well for medium-term productivity but could increase near-term labour market frictions and boost pricing power. All this, therefore, increases prospects of a K-shaped recovery from COVID, a phenomenon playing out globally. What is a K-shaped recovery? A K-shaped recovery happens when different sections of an economy recover at starkly different rates. Households at the top of the pyramid are likely to have seen their incomes largely protected, and savings rates forced up during the lockdown, increasing “fuel in the tank” to drive future consumption.  Meanwhile, households at the bottom are likely to have witnessed permanent hits to jobs and incomes. Example: Passenger vehicle registrations (proxying upper-end consumption) have grown about 4 per cent since October while two-wheelers have contracted 15 per cent. What are the macro implications of a K-shaped recovery? Recurring drag on the demand if labour market doesn’t heal faster With the top 10% of India’s households responsible for 25-30% of total consumption, one could argue consumption would get a boost as this pent-up demand expresses itself. But it’s important not to conflate stocks with flows, and levels with changes. Upper-income households have benefitted from higher savings for two quarters. What we are currently witnessing is a sugar rush from those savings being spent. This is, however, a one-time effect.  To the extent that households at the bottom have experienced a permanent loss of income in the forms of jobs and wage cuts, this will be a recurring drag on demand, if the labour market does not heal faster. Marginal Propensity to consume if high at bottom To the extent that COVID has triggered an effective income transfer from the poor to the rich, this will be demand-impeding because the poor have a higher marginal propensity to consume i.e. they tend to spend (instead of saving) a much higher proportion of their income. Inequality and impact on productivity Third, if COVID-19 reduces competition or increases the inequality of incomes and opportunities, it could impinge on trend growth in developing economies by hurting productivity and tightening political economy constraints. Way Ahead Plan ahead by incentivising Private Investment: Policy will, therefore, need to look beyond the next few quarters and anticipate the state of the macro economy post the sugar rush. The key, of course, is to incentivize the private sector to start re-investing and re-hiring, thereby setting the economy onto a more virtuous path. Manufacturing can benefit from export led growth: With manufacturing utilisation rates below 70 per cent pre-COVID, an investment revival, in turn, will depend crucially on the demand dynamics. Exports should benefit from strengthening global growth as the world gets progressively vaccinated Seize the Opportunity: It’s against this backdrop that the upcoming budget presents India with its New Deal moment. An unprecedented infrastructure push under the New Deal in 1935 created millions of jobs and regenerated regional economic development in the US. India must seek inspiration from this. Conclusion India’s faster-than-expected rebound is very encouraging. But given labour market pressures and prospects of a K-shaped recovery around the world, the economy will need to be carefully nurtured and stoked.  INTERNATIONAL/ SECURITY Topic: General Studies 2: International Events  Bridging the Gulf: On Gulf reconciliation summit Context: The Gulf reconciliation summit, in Al-Ula, Saudi Arabia, where the kingdom and its allies decided to end their blockade of Qatar, has brought to an end, for now, their long feud. What was the feud between Qatar and Saudi allies? Accusation of Qatar funding Terrorism: In 2017, Saudi Arabia, under the leadership of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MBS), the UAE, Bahrain and Egypt imposed the blockade and severed diplomatic ties, accusing the tiny Gulf country of supporting terrorism.  List of Demands for Normalisation: They also issued 13 demands for it to be lifted, which included shutting down the Qatar-funded TV network, Al Jazeera, closing a Turkish military base and reducing diplomatic relations with Iran. Did Qatar submit to the coercive tactics of Saudi Arabia & its allies? Qatar did not budge despite the heavy economic cost.  When the Saudi and Emirati airspaces were closed, Iran offered Qatar global connectivity.  Al Jazeera is still live.  Qatar has invited more Turkish troops, bolstering its ties with Ankara, which is eager to play a bigger role in West Asia.  Moreover, it played an important role in the U.S.-Taliban deal and continued to host talks between Taliban representatives and the Afghan government.  If the original Saudi plan was to isolate Qatar and make it kneel, it has backfired.  And in the last weeks of the Trump administration, MBS and his allies seem to have realised their strategic folly. What steps were announced by both sides in reconciliation summit to end the feud? Qatar has made few concessions to reach the reconciliation.  The 13 specific demands were replaced by a broad agreement on non-intervention in other countries’ internal affairs and cooperating to ensure regional stability and security, which can be open to different interpretations for different sides.  After the summit, Qatar’s Foreign Ministry has said that the country had no intention of altering ties with Iran and Turkey.  In practice, the Saudi side stepped down from its demands and made amends with an unshaken Qatar. What are the reasons for Saudi Arabia stepping down from its demands? The Saudi U-turn could be the result of a genuine tactical rethink.  The rift in the Gulf helped Iran and Turkey, Riyadh’s main rivals, while it failed to scuttle Qatar’s standing. Iran, reeling under U.S. sanctions, also got some financial relief from Qatari payouts for using its airspace.  By lifting the air and sea blockades, the Saudis and the Emiratis could deny Iran of those funds and also try to put economic pressure on Iran. Saudi Arabia also tries to up a united Arab regional front as Joe Biden is preparing to renegotiate the Iran nuclear deal.  The Saudis may also be hoping that bridging the Gulf between two American allies (Saudi Arabia & Qatar) would help them warm up to the Biden administration.  Conclusion While ending the feud is welcome, it cannot be overlooked that this unnecessary crisis was born out of an ill-thought-out Saudi-Emirati strategy of coercion. It reflects poorly on them.  Saudi & its allies should learn from the mistakes and build ties based on mutual interests and cooperation, not on threats and coercion. (TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) Model questions: (You can now post your answers in comment section) Note:  Correct answers of today’s questions will be provided in next day’s DNA section. Kindly refer to it and update your answers.  Comments Up-voted by IASbaba are also the “correct answers”. Q.1 Which of the following is the second oldest rock mountain hills in the world? Tirumala Hills Anantagiri Hills Parvati Hill Susunia Hills Q.2 Which of the following is responsible for UDAN scheme? NITI Aayog Ministry of Civil Aviation National Highway Authority of India Ministry of External Affairs Q.3 College of Supervisors (CoS) has been set up with which of the following objective? Strengthening Supervision over regulated entities in the banking sector. Strengthening Supervision over Central universities. Strengthening Supervision over trading sector Strengthening Supervision over IAS and IFS officers. ANSWERS FOR 11th January 2021 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK) 1 C 2 D 3 C 4 A Must Read About how deliberations with Civil Society reduced NREGA wages rejections: The Hindu On wages for housework and its limitations: The Hindu About reframing India’s foreign Policy priorities: The Hindu

Jan 12, 2021 TLP Mains Answer Writing

IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1 – ENGLISH & हिंदी): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – General Studies Paper 1 Questions [12th JANUARY,2021] – Day 2

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Hello Friends, Welcome to IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1- ENGLISH & हिंदी): UPSC Mains Answer Writing – General Studies 1 Questions [12th January 2020] – Day 2 We will make sure, in the next 100 days not a single day is wasted and your mains preparation is solidified. All your energies are channelized in the right direction. Trust us! This will make a huge difference in your results this time, provided that you follow this plan sincerely every day without fail. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. We are giving 5 Mains Questions on a daily basis so that every student can actively participate and keep your preparation focused. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” To Know More about the Initiative -> CLICK HERE SCHEDULE/DETAILED PLAN – > CLICK HERE Note: Click on Each Question (Link), it will open in a new tab and then Answer respective questions! 1. What are the key features of the Hindustani music? What are the most recurring themes in this style? Discuss.  हिंदुस्तानी संगीत की प्रमुख विशेषताएं क्या हैं? इस शैली में सबसे आवर्ती विषय क्या हैं? चर्चा करें। 2. Examine the contribution of Satyajit Ray to Indian cinema. सत्यजीत रे के भारतीय सिनेमा में योगदान की जाँच करें। 3. Comment upon the socio-economic significance of fairs in the context of India’s past.  भारत के अतीत के संदर्भ में मेलों के सामाजिक-आर्थिक महत्व पर टिप्पणी करें। 4. Do you think unbridled freedom on social media platforms can undermine democracy? Critically comment.  क्या आपको लगता है कि सोशल मीडिया प्लेटफॉर्म पर बेलगाम स्वतंत्रता लोकतंत्र को कमजोर कर सकती है? समालोचनात्मक टिप्पणी करें। 5. What role does a predictable tax policy play in ease of doing business? Discuss. In this light, examine the critical issues affecting the sentiments of investors and businesses in India.   व्यापार करने में आसानी के लिए एक अनुमानित कर नीति क्या भूमिका निभाती है? चर्चा करें। इस प्रकाश में, भारत में निवेशकों और व्यवसायों की भावनाओं को प्रभावित करने वाले महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दों की जांच करें। P.S: The review from IASbaba will happen from the time the question is posted till 10 pm everyday. We would also encourage peer reviews. So friends get actively involved and start reviewing each others answers. This will keep the entire community motivated. All the Best :)

Jan 12, 2021 Ace The Prelims (ATP)

Ace The Prelims (ATP) – 2021– PRELIMS – [12th Jan, 2021] – Day 8

ARCHIVES Hello Friends, Welcome to IASbaba’s Ace The Prelims (ATP) – 2021 – PRELIMS & MAINS – [12th Jan, 2021] – Day 8   UPSC Quiz - 2021 : IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs Quiz 12th January 2021 UPSC CSAT Quiz – 2021: IASbaba’s Daily CSAT Practice Test – 12th January 2021 UPSC Static Quiz – 2021: IASbaba’s Daily Static Quiz (PYQs) – ECONOMICS [Day 8]   The way ATP molecules provide energy to every single cell of our body and help us in achieving our day to day tasks, similarly, the ‘Ace the Prelims (ATP) 2021’ Programme will help in providing energy and direction to your prelims preparation and push you beyond the cutoff of Prelims 2021. Ace the Prelims (ATP) – 2021 will include Daily Static Quiz (PYQs) Daily CSAT Practice Test Daily Current Affair Quiz 60 Days Plan (starts from 2nd week of March) To Know More about Ace the Prelims (ATP) 2021 - CLICK HERE   Thank You IASbaba

Jan 12, 2021 Daily Static Quiz

UPSC Static Quiz – 2021: IASbaba’s Daily Static Quiz (PYQs) – ECONOMICS [Day 8]

ARCHIVES DAILY STATIC QUIZ (PYQs) It will cover PYQs all the topics of static subjects – Polity, History, Geography, Economics, Environment and Science and technology. Daily 5 questions (Monday to Saturday) will be posted from static topics (PYQs) The questions will be in the quiz format so you will be able to answer them directly on the portal. Schedule Week 1 – Polity Week 2 – Economics Week 3 – History and Art & Culture Week 4 – Geography Week 5 – Environment and Science & Technology Same cycle will be repeated from Week 6. Make the best use of the initiative. All the best! To Know More about Ace the Prelims (ATP) 2021 - CLICK HERE Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken and solutions. To take the Test - Click Here

Jan 12, 2021 IASbaba’s Daily CSAT Quiz

UPSC CSAT Quiz – 2021: IASbaba’s Daily CSAT Practice Test – 12th January 2021

ARCHIVES Daily CSAT Practice Test Everyday 5 Questions from Aptitude, Logical Reasoning, and Reading Comprehension will be covered from Monday to Saturday. Make the best use of the initiative. All the best! To Know More about Ace the Prelims (ATP) 2021 - CLICK HERE Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken and solutions. To take the Test - Click Here

Jan 12, 2021 TLP Mains Answer Writing

SYNOPSIS [11th JANUARY,2021] Day 1: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE SYNOPSIS [11th JANUARY,2021] Day 1: IASbaba’s TLP (Phase 1): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies) Q1. What are the key features and themes of Sangam literature? Discuss. In the context of Sangam literature, what do you understand by ‘akam’ and ‘puram’?  Approach Students are expected to write about sangam literature first and then it’s key features and themes. And also highlight upon what is Akam and Puram in sangam literature. Introduction  Sangam period is the period in the history of ancient southern India (known as the Tamilakam) spanning from c. 3rd century BC to c. 4th century AD. It is named after the famous Sangam academies of poets and scholars centred in the city of Madurai. Sangam literature is the name given to the earliest available Tamil literature. It is dated between 400 BCE and 300 CE, although most of the work is believed to have been composed between 100 CE and 250 CE. The word ‘Sangam’ literally means association. Here, it implies an association of Tamil poets that flourished in ancient southern India. Body Key features of sangam literature: Sangam literature which combines idealism with realism and classic grace with indigenous industry and strength is rightly regarded as constituting the Augustan age of Tamil literature. It deals with secular matter relating to public and social activity like government, war charity, trade, worship, agriculture etc. The earliest script that the Tamils used was the Brahmi script. It was only from the late ancient and early medieval period, that they started evolving a new angular script, called the Grantha script, from which the modern Tamil is derived. Some of the contents of the Sangam literature are corrobo­rated by the writings of some Greek and Roman classical writers of the first and second century A. D, leading us to fix the period of Sangam age roughly between third century B.C. to third century A.D. So most of the Sangam literature also must have been produced during this period. The Sangam literature was finally compiled in its present form in circa A.D. 300-600. Sangam writings are possibly unique in early Indian literature, which is almost entirely religious. Many of the poems, especially on heroism, display great freshness and vigour and are singularly free from the literary conceits of much of the other early and medieval literatures of India.  The Sangam literature themes includes: Tolkappiyam authored by Tolkappiyar is the earliest of the Tamil literature. It is a work on Tamil grammar but it provides information on the political and socio-economic conditions of the Sangam period. The Ettutogai or Eight Anthologies consist of eight works – Aingurunooru, Narrinai, Aganaooru, Purananooru, Kuruntogai, Kalittogai, Paripadal and Padirruppattu. The Pattuppattu or Ten Idylls consist of ten works – Thirumurugarruppadai, Porunararruppadai, Sirupanarruppadai, Perumpanarruppadai, Mullaippattu, Nedunalvadai, Maduraikkanji, Kurinjippatttu, Pattinappalai and Malaipadukadam. Pathinenkilkanakku contains eighteen works mostly dealing with ethics and morals. The most important among them is Tirukkural authored by Thiruvalluvar. Silappathigaram written by Elango Adigal and Manimegalai by Sittalai Sattanar also provides valuable information on the Sangam polity and society. Both Ettutogai and Pattuppattu were divided into two main groups – Aham and Puram. Akam (Inner and love): Abstract discussion on human aspects such as love, sexual relations, etc. Akam deals purely with the subjective emotions of the lover. Puram (outer and valour): Human experiences such as heroism, customs, social life, ethics, philanthropy, etc. Puram deals with all kinds of emotions, mainly the valour and glory of kings, and about good and evil. Conclusion Thus, the Sangam Literature can also be regarded as a source of history of kings and culture of the period during which it was created. The claims mentioned in Sangam literature are highly exaggerated specially about the kings and should be used as a source of information with caution. However the sangam literature is very valuable with respect to the social and cultural life of the people at that time. Q2. India’s ancient sculpture leaves many clues to understand the social and economic status of women? Do you agree? Substantiate with the help of suitable examples.  Approach Candidate is required to give a brief overview of architectural diversity across India and connect that with the knowledge it offers of that period. Making a comment on status of women with the help of examples answer can be concluded.  Introduction  An understanding of culture in its broadest sense is indispensable in comprehending the development processes of a society, culture is the quality of mind, life, and civilization. Our ancient monuments represents our culture and rich heritage. Also they tell us a condition of society in ancient India and in a way status of a women.  Body One of the earliest examples of sculpture of women is Mohenjo-Daro dancing girl where her pose portray confidence and self-contentment rather than being a timid product of suppression  Some of the earliest sculptures show women as yogini i.e. female master practitioner of yoga. Depiction of female as divine aspect related to mythology and spirituality.  In mauryan period worship of Yaksha and mother goddess was prominent. Yakshini figure of Didargunj reflects elegance and shows sensitivity towards human physique.  In ancient times primary social role of a women in reproductive qualities was highlighted in characters like “lajjagauri" and “dugdhadharini" but they were not reduced  to reproductive functions only, she had equal access to resources  In ellora caves sculpture of shiva and parvati represents “Purush" and “prakriti" where she is seated on lap of Shiva and taking part in daily proceedings at shiva's court, this tells us that parvati is equally important when it comes to consultation on various matters.  Ardhanarishwara sculpture of elephanta caves represents highest ideal of conjugal attachment. This form of shiva is considered most sacred because he is incomplete without parvati. Khajuraho complex of temples is yet another excellent example of sculptures representing women in different roles. For example on Kandariya laxmana temple we can see a women with a purse in hand purchasing stuff from market showcases economic independence and her ability to make choice. Also Khajuraho is famous for erotic sculptures, where we can see women are supremely confident when it comes to exploring their sexuality. Practice of polyandry is evident on temple walls In Assam, Kamakhya temple architecture reproductive parts of goddess are worshipped, genital parts are shown as symbol of fertility and menstrual cycle is not considered as impure. Above examples gives us a glimpse of societal and economic condition of women where they were not subjected to taboos and stigmas of modern day society. They were empowered enough to take their decisions and their role extended beyond clutches of household.  Conclusion Sculptures are gateway to comprehensive understanding of particular period. From ancient times, modern day gendered constructs of Indian women can be seen challenged in these sculptures. From sexuality to concepts of beauty are confidently portrayed in this art form and they tell us a story of women free from stigmas and taboos.  Q3. In terms of themes and style, what are the main differences between the paintings of north and south India? Illustrate. Approach  As the derivative is illustrate therefore the answer will generally involve the use of many examples, such as tables, figures, graphs, or concrete research statistics and evidence. The aim is to use these examples to demonstrate knowledge of the subject of the question and to further explain or clarify your answer. Introduction  India had always been known as the land that portrayed cultural and traditional vibrancy through its conventional arts and crafts. The 35 states and union territories sprawled across the country have their own distinct cultural and traditional identities, and are displayed through various forms of art prevalent there. Every region in India has its own style and pattern of art, which is known as folk art. Painting is one such form of folk art. Depending on the medium on which the art is done, paintings are of different types. Paintings that are done on walls and ceilings are called murals. While the ones that are done on wet plaster are called fresco. Paintings that can be easily carried around and are made on canvas, paper or wood are called miniature paintings.  Every region in India can be associated with a particular form of art, ranging from Mithila paintings of North to Tanjore paintings of the South. Body Main differences between the theme of paintings of north and south India Paintings of North India  Paintings of South India The themes of paintings of north India are famous for portrayal of landscapes, natural scenes, animal and birds on wood. The earliest miniature paintings in India were found on palm leaves. Example: These early miniatures, regarded as Pala and Jain, were followed later by different schools of art such as Rajasthani, Mughal, Pahari and Deccan miniatures, each of which have their own characteristic style and uniqueness. The paintings of south India are famous for their mythological themes, especially the depiction of episodes from Hindu Puranas, Sthala-Puranas and other religious texts.  Example: Tanjore style of painting which is a colourful panel painting done on a wood plank with a deity as the main theme of the composition. Though the Mughal era is known mostly for the miniatures, the enthralling murals embellished on the walls of forts and palaces of Akbar and Jahangir quietly speaks of the influence of Persian styles. Murals of south India are present in rich amount as large works executed on the walls of solid structures directly and they mainly depict religious themes of Buddhist, Jain and Hindu. These paintings successfully depict the religious beliefs of the people of that time as well as it portrays the insights of the social life of the people at the time of medieval period. Therefore, reflecting the deep insights of the life of commoners and royals. Example Rajasthani paintings. These paintings are famous for the elegant and majestic portrayal of Hindu gods and goddesses. Also, mythological, religious stories and folklore depiction as theme. Example: Mysore painting and PattaChitra painting. Examples of Hindu painting are hardly known in north India until the late sixteenth century, and then in a quite different guise. Religious painting remained at a consequently lowly level. Examples include items such as the paintings made for the Nag Panchami festival. The themes for most of these paintings are Hindu Gods and Goddesses and scenes from Hindu Mythology. In modern times, these paintings have become a much sought-after souvenir during festive occasions in South India. Example Tanjore painting.  Characterized by Mineral colours, precious stones, conch shells, gold and silver are used in the paintings of north India.  Example: The Mughal Miniatures  Characterized by vivacious imagery, bold strokes, and vivid colours. Example: ochre-red, yellow- ochre, bluish- green, white and pure colours are predominantly used in Kerala mural painting. These paintings are known for strenuous, bold and imaginative artistic skills. Example: Basholi These paintings are known for strong connect with motifs and use of the stylized animal forms, floral motifs and designs. Example: Kalamkari Paintings Involve use of fine brushwork, intricacy, detailing and stylization are the unique attributes of miniature painting. Involve high skill technique. Example: A gilded and gem-set technique, which uses gold leaves and sparkling stones (artificial stones are used today) to highlight specific aspects of the Thanjavur paintings Conclusion Traditionally, most of the Indian painting styles existed as wall paintings or murals. In due course of time, urbanization brought these painting forms on paper, canvas, and cloth etc. Indian painting styles are not just a reflection of the indigenous lifestyle but a perfect example of artistic expression through simple yet distinct compositions. These simple art forms can transport you back in time and leave you in awe and admiration of their rustic charm. Q4. India is going to have a new parliament. Where does the proposed design of the building take inspiration from? Discuss. Approach As the directive here is discuss it is necessary to write in detail all aspects of the proposed design of the new parliament building also there should be a brief mention of the importance of the parliament in a democracy like India and the role parliament has played in making a largest successful democracy of the world also how this new building will fulfil country’s aspirations. Introduction Parliament is a central feature of a successful democracy. It is a place where people’s aspirations are given a shape. Old parliament building gave India a direction where millions were taken out of poverty and rights and dignity was ensured. Old Parliament building gave a new direction to India after independence. New building will be a witness to building of Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Body Need for a new parliamentary building: The idea of a new structure for Parliament is not a recent one — two former Speakers highlighted this need as the number of parliamentary staff, security personnel, media visitors, and parliamentary activities have seen a steep rise. During a Joint Session, the Central Hall is jam-packed and a few MPs have to sit on additionally-arranged chairs. Since Parliament is a heritage building, there are severe limitations to the structural repair, alteration and modifications that can be made. The existing Parliament building lacks several safety features such as earthquake-proofing, a standard fireproofing system and also has inadequate office space. Article 81 of the Indian Constitution provides for the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies. Since the last delimitation exercise was conducted based on the 1971 census, the ongoing freeze on increasing the state-wise distribution of seats will end in 2026. Subsequently, the number of MPs will undoubtedly increase, which poses an urgent demand for appropriate arrangements for the upcoming legislators Proposed design and inspiration: Under the Central Vista redevelopment project, the new Parliament building is an indigenous design compared to the old building which was designed by Edwin Lutyens and Hebert Baker who were both British. The new parliament building will have a triangular shape to reflect the importance of triangles being a sacred geometry in various religions signifying India’s multireligious and secular traditions. The interiors will have three national symbols as their main themes-Lotus, peacock, and Banyan tree. The ceiling of the parliament has fresco paintings like that in Rashtrapati Bhawan taking inspiration from the traditional temples and designs. The interior walls will have shlokas inspired from the old parliament building. Dholpur stone will be used which again oozes traditional design along with the artistry of our multicultural society. Also, the new building will be a state-of-the-art structural design with all the new technological features which will withstand the aspirations for another 150 years. The new building will be environment friendly with 30% its energy needs to be fulfilled from renewable sources. Concerns: Central Vista has been accorded the highest Grade 1 heritage status by the Unified Building Bye-Laws of Delhi. Grade 1 classified buildings cannot be changed, and “no intervention can be made unless it is in the interest of strengthening and prolonging the life of the buildings.” The Opposition, environmentalists, architects and citizens have raised many concerns even before the pandemic brought in extra issues. They have questioned the lack of studies to ascertain the need for the project and its impact on the environment, traffic and pollution. But, several key approvals for the proposed Parliament building have been pushed during the lockdown. This led to allegations of a lack of transparency. They have questioned the lack of studies to ascertain the need for the project and its impact on the environment, traffic and pollution. Conclusion India has imbibed democratic values and these are a part of our cultural ethos —be it the 12th-century Anubhava Mandapa of Bhagwan Basava or Buddhism from the sixth century BCE onwards, which taught liberty, equality and fraternity to the world. B R Ambedkar, chairman of the Constitution’s draft committee, lucidly elaborated these facts during the Constituent Assembly debates. The US’s present parliamentary building was constructed within 25 years of its independence; it took 70 years to build its parliament. In 1988, Australia proudly dedicated its new parliament building in Canberra. Thus, it is imperative to undertake this historical exercise to develop our post-colonial people’s Parliament. This glorious project will depict India’s democratic tradition and represent India as the mother of democracy in a real sense. Q5. Do you agree with the assertion that building heritage is an ongoing process? In this context, share your views on the proposal to build statues of historical personalities like Shivaji Maharaj. Approach You need to provide your view with regards to efforts for building heritage as being an ongoing process in the first part while in the second part, you need to share your views on the proposals to build statues of historical personalities like Shivaji Maharaj. Also, views should be properly substantiated rather than just being comments. Introduction The Indian sub-continent is endowed with the richest and the most diverse stock of cultural and architectural heritage, with a significant proportion of them constituting living monuments. Traditional construction materials and practices are still used in renovation of heritage structures along with a recent focus towards constructing new heritage structure’s to fulfil the needs and aspirations of present times, some of which are reflected in construction of grand statues. Body Yes, building heritage is an ongoing process as –  The modern understanding of heritage is fluid and dynamic. At its core, it represents a holistic understanding that perceives heritage as “a social and political construct encompassing all those places, artefacts and cultural expressions inherited from the past.” They are seen to reflect and validate our identity as nations, communities, families and even individuals, and thus are worthy of respect and protection as well as new efforts towards rejuvenating these ideas. Today heritage is perceived far more broadly than was the case by previous generations —including the pioneers of the preservation movement — as is its protection and safeguarding for future generations which also necessitates new heritage structures for the future generations to highlight our age. Further, building heritage doesn’t necessarily mean they won’t serve public utility or be a wasteful expenditure as every heritage structure of past served some practical function in its days and same will be the case in present times with aesthetic considerations of its times. Every society decides what is and isn’t heritage. Since every collective decision involves politics, the construction of heritage too is deeply political. Political considerations also involve prioritising competing interests, which need to be balanced, where –  Limited resources need to be allotted to safeguard and conserve present heritage structures rather than constructing new ones. Socio-economic condition of vast section of our population in present times also raises questions on allocation function in terms of monetary costs for building new heritage. In this context, the proposal to build statues of historical personalities like Shivaji Maharaj can be understood from the following points –  People care for heritage like statues because it contributes to and enhances our collective self-understanding. Further, it helps in focusing on personalities which embody our civilizational heritage as well as virtuous human conduct. Statues affirm our collective identity, is a source of pride. It is that part of history which is continuously brought to life by artefacts, integrated with our lived collective experience. And because it directly touches identity, it evokes strong feelings. Statue construction involves ethics too. It is the valued past of societies: intangible, preserved say, in narratives, music or performances but also tangible, materially embodied in statues where a grander scale helps in identifying with the noble virtues of the historical personality involved. Integral to the construction of statue then is an assessment of what must be remembered and forgotten, what calls for respect and celebration and what is a ‘stain’ remembered only to be prevented in future. Raj Ghat is not only a place where we remember Gandhi but also where we mourn his assassination by one of his own countrymen.  Heritage is a way of addressing and rectifying past wrongs. The Holocaust memorial in Berlin and Washington’s Vietnam memorial are both gestures towards reparation, monuments of public apology. But at the same time, there are multiple concerns with regards to recent spree of announcements to build statues across India, some of these concerns are –  The major problem is recouping the investment from tourism. The Taj Mahal, India’s most famous moment, draws in millions of dollars in revenue each year, but even should the Shivaji Maharaj statue achieve the same benchmark, it will take decades to break even.  Aside from the cost of construction, the expenditure for ongoing maintenance will be a vacuum on government revenue. Funding for the project will aggravate the already troubled debt situation.  Public display of the heritage of only a few is a source of profound estrangement and exclusion for others. Heritage is often linked to cultural domination that invites resistance. It follows that heritage is that which brings comfort or unease, to which people are either attracted or repulsed.  In societies where caste hierarchies abound, the continual denial of public recognition to Dalit symbols leads to demands of greater inclusion of their heritage. And when after struggles for recognition, Ambedkar’s statues finally make their way into public spaces, many see vandalism during times of social tension. With one of the largest stocks of heritage structures in the world, lack of adequate quality and quantity of manpower is a serious bottleneck in India in addressing the task of understanding and protecting heritage structures from natural hazards, ageing and weathering effects. Thus, focus should be on conservation of existing heritage structures and statues. Also, our persistent obsession with political power, begs the question of why is there no movement to erect statues of M.S. Subbulakshmi, Kumar Gandharva, or Begum Akhtar for their massive contribution to our cultural heritage?  Conclusion People must have the first priority in cultural heritage, not objects. A holistic understanding of the heritage is at stake, where the complexity of heritage should be taken into account and a balance should be brought in public discourse to ensure effective utilization of public funds as well as highlight the role of historical figures through appropriate means. TLP HOT Synopsis Day 1 PDF

Jan 12, 2021 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz - 2021 : IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs Quiz 12th January 2021

For Previous Daily Quiz (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. We will make sure, in the next 4 months not a single day is wasted. All your energies are channelized in the right direction. Trust us! This will make a huge difference in your results this time, provided that you follow this plan sincerely every day without fail. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” To Know More about Ace the Prelims (ATP) 2021 - CLICK HERE  Important Note: Don't forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today's test :) After completing the 5 questions, click on 'View Questions' to check your score, time taken and solutions. To take the Test - Click Here

Jan 11, 2021 Important Articles

UPSC MAINS PAPER 2020 (GS 1): ANALYSIS, APPROACH and REFERENCES - How IASbaba was Helpful? GENERAL STUDIES PAPER 1

Dear Aspirants, What do you think real happiness is? For us, it is the sense of achievement which one receives after putting in efforts to get something and then reaping the desired results. Today we would like to share our happiness with you. For the past 6 years, we have been doing one thing with great passion and dedication. Yes! We love to guide the Civil Service aspirants. We have channelised all our energies and dedicated all our efforts into creating an ecosystem that gives every aspirant a chance to crack the prestigious civil services examination with Rank-1, even if he/she is in the remotest corner of the country. In this process, we have developed, designed, and dedicated a series of initiatives for Civil Services Exam preparation. The quality of these initiatives has been proven time and again. It has become a norm to have high Hit Ratios in Prelims and Mains from the initiatives of IASbaba, namely Integrated Learning Programme (ILP) and Think Learn and Perform (TLP). For the last 6 years, we have managed to hit the bull’s eye when it comes to GS Mains papers. This article is not to boast about the Hit Ratio of our initiatives in any case. It would not be right to say that these many questions, directly or indirectly came from our initiatives just by using keywords of the UPSC questions. In that way, if we frame questions over the year on all keywords in the UPSC syllabus our hit ratio will be 100%. However, you are smart enough to analyse the importance of our initiatives and its very close resemblance to actual UPSC papers. Rather than focusing on the numbers try to focus on the significance of these initiatives and make them a part of your preparation. Hard work should be done smartly to have a better Input-Output ratio of efforts and results. Below we have come up with the Analysis and Approach for each question of General Studies (GS) Paper 1 that was asked by UPSC along with the links and references of IASbaba questions/ articles. After going through this article, you will realise that just by sincerely following the initiatives on our platform, your chances of success in the Mains stage would have increased dramatically. [QUESTION PAPER] GENERAL STUDIES PAPER 1 (GS1) – UPSC CIVIL SERVICES (CSE) MAINS EXAMINATION 2020 - CLICK HERE [VIDEO] GS1 GS2, GS3, GS4 & ESSAY ANALYSIS - UPSC MAINS 2020 by IASbaba -> CLICK HERE NOTE: PDF of Analysis is provided at the end of the post. OVERVIEW of GENERAL STUDIES (GS) PAPER 1:  Most of the questions were of easy to moderate level. However, questions were a mix of both static and analytical parts. To fetch good marks, one must have a comprehensive understanding of the concepts and historical events. Art and Culture (Q.1, 2, 11, 12, and 19): There are five questions in this year's paper. It is a mix of performing arts and architecture-based questions. The questions are of moderate level except for the 19th, which is slightly on the difficult side. Modern History (3, and 13): Two questions are asked from this section which are mostly analytical in nature. The questions require a holistic understanding of both events. For example, the question on the ‘Lord Curzon and its implications on the national movement’ is asking for long term implications which can be extended up to independence. The questions are of moderate level as the themes of these questions are repetitive. Geography (4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 15, 16, and 17): Eight questions have been asked from Geography. The questions are a mix of both analytical and static parts of the syllabus. The questions are from easy to moderate level. Almost all the concepts are asked by UPSC in either Prelims and Mains. Society (8, 9, 10, 18, 19, and 20): Six questions have been asked from this part. Most of the questions are analytical in nature which requires an integrated approach while studying. There won’t be a one-stop source for this. One can maximise his/her score here if he/she has a good thought process. Q.1) The rock-cut architecture represents one of the most important sources of our knowledge of early Indian art and history. Discuss. (Answer in 150 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: This is one of the application based questions. You need to write what rock-cut architecture is in 2-3 lines briefly in the introduction. In the body you have to substantiate with exact examples how it is a source of knowledge of ancient indian art and history. Dimensions can be - Society, economy, religion etc. You can locate the famous rock-cut architecture monuments on the map and write two -three points (Eg. Ajanta & Ellora Caves etc) And conclude an answer with a summary statement. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2018/07/day-23-q-1-rock-cut-architecture-find-an-important-place-in-ancient-indian-history-comment/ Q.2) Pala period is the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India. Enumerate. (Answer in 150 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: It's a direct and question which requires sufficient/basic knowledge about the Pala period, its achievements in terms of art, architecture, literature, and paintings, etc. Very importantly, you need to show how the above enriched/flourished Buddhist traditions. Without justification through examples, illustrations the answer would be shallow and not up to the mark. So you need to give exact examples here too. You can conclude an answer with ‘Buddhism knowledge would be incomplete without taking Pala's contribution into account.’ IASBABA REFERENCE: ILP VAN Q.3) Evaluate the policies of Lord Curzon and their long term implications on the national movement. (Answer in 150 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: It is a direct question wherein your prelims preparation for Modern History comes to the rescue. It requires thorough information on Lord Curzon's policy and its impact on national movement. The answer can be introduced by mentioning the period of Lord Curzon and names of sections on which Curzon brought policies. In body you need to explain his policies like Partition of Bengal, university education policy among others. The partition of Bengal and the highhanded behaviour of Curzon fired the national movement and the Congress. Some prejudices he had were shown through his policies, like he was deeply racist, and convinced of Britain’s “civilising mission” in India. When he left, Congress was more active and effective than at any time in its history. Same time with specific examples you need to mention impacts on or how following are the results of it. Eg. Swadeshi movement, Revolutionary movement in 1910s.  The conclusion can be simply a summary statement. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/2020/10/synopsis-14th-october2020-day-3-iasbabas-tlp-phase-2-upsc-mains-answer-writing-general-studies/ Q.4) Discuss the geophysical characteristics of the Circum-Pacific zone. (Answer in 150 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: It is a direct question based on a concept that can be found in the basic texts for the subject like NCERTs and GC Leong. In the introduction, you have to write briefly about what and where the Circum Pacific region - also known as the Pacific ring of fire is. In the body Geophysical phenomenon, Active volcanoes, O-C, O-O plates convergence. You can draw a diagram of ‘Ring of Fire’ and locate the current earthquakes and volcano eruptions like Indonesia and New Zealand. IASBABA REFERENCE: Q.5) The process of desertification does not have climatic boundaries. Justify with examples. (Answer in 150 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: It is quite a tricky question. Needs interlinking of concepts, applications of knowledge etc. The answer can be introduced with briefly describing what desertification is. You need to show unlike earlier time desertification is a global phenomenon across geography and climatic boundaries. Try to emphasize on its climate change / anthropogenic driven phenomenon now. You can use two approaches here - One India and One Rest of the world. Do show how desertification is taking place due to different factors in different regions. Here Examples and Diagrams/Maps showing exact locations will be a value addition. Geography answers are always incomplete without diagrams /maps. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/2015/11/4-explain-the-causes-and-consequences-of-desertification-in-the-sahel-region-how-this-problem-can-be-addressed/ Q.6) How will the melting of Himalayan glaciers have a far-reaching impact on the water resources of India? (Answer in 150 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: This is a direct question. It asks about the effects of Himalayan ice melting on the water resources of India. In the introduction, mention the recent glaciers melting due to anthropogenic factors along with natural factors in 2-3 lines. Then in the body, mention how the melting is impacting the water resources of India. You need to give both sides of the impacts. You can talk about Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) too. Then conclude by saying how with the use of technology we can reduce the negative impacts and increase the positive ones. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/2020/07/day-38-q-2-examine-the-distribution-of-freshwater-resources-in-asia-how-is-water-distribution-shaping-the-fate-of-this-continent-analyse/  Q.7) Account for the present location of Iron and steel industries away from the source of raw material, by giving examples. (Answer in 150 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: This is a direct question from world geography, locational factors for industries part. In this question, you need to first mention the role of the Iron & steel industry in the world for the introduction. Then in the body, start with addressing the why part i.e. why they are present away from raw material sources, then for each point you mention, you need to give examples like if you mention the example of SAIL in Salem, mention why the smelting plant is located there. Since they have not asked for any particular region you need to mention at least one point for each region. Also, do mention about Purvodaya Initiative. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/2020/01/integrated-steel-hub/ Q.8) Has caste lost its relevance in understanding the multi-cultural Indian society? Elaborate your answer with illustrations. (Answer in 150 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: This is a tricky question, at first, it looks like the question is asking about the impact of culture on Indian society, but if you spend 10-20 seconds on it you will understand the actual demand of questions. In the introduction, mention what do you mean by caste according to Indian contexts. Then in the body mention about a new form of an assertion called neo-casteism has evolved. You can talk about how the caste system and multiculturalism in India are both equally old and are interdependent. Then mention how over time the actual system of caste which was a classification of society based on the job became a status and purity symbol and it failed to assimilate all sections of society and caused irreparable damage to the fabric of diversity of the country. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2019/06/day-10-q-3-how-far-caste-based-pressure-groups-have-altered-the-polity-in-india-illustrate-with-the-help-of-suitable-examples/  Q.9) COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment (Answer in 150 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: This is a direct question that asks about the impacts of COVID-19 on the poor in India. You are expected to mention the issues faced by many population groups (women, old, orphans, homeless etc.) that got exposed due to COVID-19 pandemic. You need to mention proper data’ and facts and not just give generalized and assumed figures. Mention how the rich got richer and poor got poorer, give examples of how people trained in digital skills made most and unskilled people had to worry for one-time food. You can talk about Urban Poor and Migration. Also, in conclusion, mention, the programs by the government to mitigate the effects. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/2020/07/day-41-q-2-the-ongoing-covid-19-pandemic-has-exposed-the-vulnerabilities-of-many-population-groups-what-in-your-opinion-are-the-most-adversely-impacted-populations-what-measures-would-you-suggest/ Q.10) Do you agree that regionalism in India appears to be a consequence of rising cultural assertiveness? Argue. (Answer in 150 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: This is a direct question on regionalism and the factors that are promoting it in recent times. In the introduction, define regionalism and the origin behind it. Then in the body start with giving points to prove how due to cultural assertiveness regionalism is rising. Give 4-5 points at least. Then in the second part, mention a few more points other than those mentioned in the first part, to show how it might just be a factor but not be the sole factor, like economic disparity, etc. You can also talk about politicians trying to fuel culture assertiveness. The conclusion can be futuristic and optimistic, wherein you can provide some measures to tackle the issue that is regionalism. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2019/07/day-25-q-3-comment-upon-the-evolving-trends-of-regionalism-in-india-and-the-governments-response-to-it/ Q.11) Indian philosophy and tradition played a significant role in conceiving and shaping the monuments and art in India. Discuss (Answer in 250 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: The question has two key terms to focus upon, first is to address ‘Indian philosophy and tradition’, after addressing it a candidate needs to address the second key term ‘monuments and art’, and how Indian philosophy and tradition have influenced monuments and art. Here you can start by writing what are different Indian philosophies and traditions which includes Jainism, Buddhism, Ajivikas, Shaivism, Vaishnavism, etc and how it had an influence on different art forms such as architecture, painting, music etc. Then write about monuments such as pillars, rock-cut caves, temples and then try to diversify in different art forms of music, paintings which will include Bhakti music, while in paintings like Madhubani, Pattachitra art, Tanjore paintings, while in rock-cut caves write about Lomas Rishi, Udaygiri, etc. While writing answers try to follow a structure based on keywords from the question itself. IASBABA REFERENCE: TLP Plus Test 11 (2020), Question No. 1. https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2019/10/day-1-q-1-while-elaborating-on-the-recurrent-themes-of-the-bhakti-literary-tradition-examine-the-contribution-of-women-poets-towards-indias-bhakti-literature/ Q.12) Persian literary sources of medieval India reflect the spirit of the age. Comment? (Answer in 250 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: This is a direct question wherein it asks to write about the various Persian literary sources of medieval India and how this literature reflects the spirit of the age. This will include thought, social structure, culture, political institutions, etc. In Persian literary sources write about the chronicles called as Tawarikh, then there were travellers such Ibn Battuta and Al Beruni who wrote Rihlah and Kitab ul Hind respectively. Then further there were biographies written in the era of Mughals such as Ain i Akbari, Tuzuk e babari. Then mention poets such as Amir Khusrau and Mohammad Jayasi and also religious literature which will include Sufi literature as well. In the spirit of age, focus upon how these sources have commented upon the social structure, political institutions, religion, comparative analysis between India and Persian territories, the economy of the period. For example, Ain e Akbari delves on the topic of religion, status of women, powers of Monarch, policies by administration and specific views of Akbar on harmony such as Sulh e Kul. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/TLP-Day-2-Synopsis.pdf (Question No.2) Q.13) Since the decade of 1920’s, the national movement acquired various ideological strands and thereby expanded its social base. Discuss. (Answer in 250 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: This question has three keywords that is 1. The decade of 1920, 2. Ideological strand in the national movement and 3. expanded the social base. Therefore, each keyword needs to be emphasised on in your answers. Here you need to write about the different strands in the 1920s such as ideologies like Gandhian ideology which gained momentum in 1920 with the start of the non-cooperation movement, Socialism and Communism which started with the formations of the Communist Party of India in 1925, Revolutionary ideology which included groups like Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 1928, Communalism here Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha were the prominent associations, Subaltern ideology which will include Dalit movement, tribal and feminist participation. Then you need to focus upon how it expanded the social base, while writing this you need to compare how the earlier social base was too narrow that is when moderates were at the helm of freedom struggle from 1905 onwards and it was focused on middle class and the elite section. whereas after 1920 the base expanded to peasants, labourers, women, depressed classes, tribals, in general the struggle focused on masses which were hitherto ignored. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/TLP-2019-DAY-2-Synopsis.pdf  Question No. 3 and 4 TLP plus Test 2020, Q.3 TLP Plus Test 2020, Q.8 Q.14) The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multidimensional interrelated problems of droughts, floods and interrupted navigation. Critically examine (Answer in 250 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: In this question you need to show how interlinking of rivers can provide solutions to problems of India that is drought, floods and navigation while in the second part of the question a candidate needs to address criticism related to interlinking of rivers such as impact on ecology and human displacement. Interlinking involves the process of diverting surplus river water through a network of canals to relatively drier areas either within a state or among two or more states. In India, there is an ambitious plan to link, Himalayan rivers, rivers flowing through northeast and peninsular rivers, to balance the deficit and excess water areas. After defining address each keyword mentioned, that is solutions related to drought especially in regions such as Rajasthan, Bundelkhand, Marathwada. In the part on flood address how there are regions in Himalayan river system where the floods is recurring phenomenon such as states like Bihar and Assam are constantly under flood when the rest of India is starving for water. While in navigation write about the huge potential of linking the rivers for interstate navigation and boost to business and transportation. In criticism focus on three aspects that are 1) Ecology 2) Displacement of people and 3) Cost of the project. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2019/02/day-74-q-2-india-has-started-its-ambitious-river-interlinking-project-what-can-be-the-ecological-impacts-of-river-interlinking/ https://iasbaba.com/2020/11/day-38-q-1-do-you-think-river-interlinking-is-the-the-most-suitable-way-forward-for-water-management-in-india-critically-examine/ Q.15) Account for the huge flooding of million cities in India including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune. Suggest lasting remedial measures. (Answer in 250 words) LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: The question asks to write about urban flooding as a recurring phenomenon in India. While this was initially seen only in cities like Mumbai and Delhi now the scourge has been extended to smart cities like Hyderabad and Pune which have a high ease of living index performance. Further, after analysing the reasons for urban flood a candidate needs to write what can be the long-lasting remedial measures. Under 'Remedial Measures' focus upon measures such as. Utilising international best practices: Implementing ‘Mobile Walls’ like in Germany, and ‘sponge’ cities in line with cities in China which involves replacing concrete pavements with porous pavements to ensure better filtration. Policymaking and city planning: Each city should have their Flood mitigation plans strongly embedded within the master plan of the city. There should be prompt, well-coordinated and effective response in case of urban floods to minimize casualties and loss of property and also facilitate early recovery. Wetlands protection: Urban flooding may increase if wetlands not protected. Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) has recommended strong laws to protect urban lakes, their catchment and feeder channels IASBABA REFERENCE: https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2019/08/day-51-q-3-why-are-urban-floods-so-frequent-and-devastating-in-india-what-measures-can-be-taken-to-address-urban-flooding-in-india-discuss/ https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2019/09/day-2-q-6-urban-flooding-has-become-a-major-challenge-in-many-indian-cities-what-are-the-factors-leading-to-urban-inundations-what-is-the-way-out-suggest-short-term-and-long-term-measures-to-addr/  Q.16) India has immense potential for solar energy though there are regional variations in its development. Elaborate LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: The question is framed in a single sentence, however there are 2 keywords in here. One, the potential of India’s solar energy; two, regional variations. Hence, it is necessary to answer both the key words. Solar Potential can be explained with various reports of the Ministry of Renewable Energy About 5,000 trillion kWh per year energy is incident over India's land area with most parts receiving 4-7 kWh per sq. m per day. The National Institute of Solar Energy has assessed the Country’s solar potential of about 748 GW assuming 3% of the wasteland area to be covered by Solar PV modules. Regional Variations can be explained with help of a map showing the incidence of solar energy in India. And, explanation of climatology, durations of summers and dry winter seasons in India. We can also use Koppen climate classification. Lastly, we can conclude the answer with India’s target on solar energy and schemes like the Renewable Purchase obligations, National solar Mission, International Solar Alliance, etc. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/2020/07/day-37-q-1-discuss-the-solar-potential-of-south-asia-what-have-been-some-of-the-major-achievements-on-the-solar-front-in-india-discuss/ https://iasbaba.com/2020/08/indias-solar-energy-push-the-big-picture-rstv-ias-upsc/ Q.17) Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on climate change. LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: Here there are two demands put forth by the question. One to bring out the state of forest resources in India. Second demand the impact of current status of Indian forests on Indian climate change. For the status of forests, we can use the State of Forest report of Government of India -2019 The Total Forest cover is 7,12,249 sq km which is 21.67% of the geographical area of the country. The Tree cover is 2.89% of the geographical area of the country. Also, we need to provide some of the status of decreasing forest resources in India so that it links with the second demand of the question. National Forest Policy of India, 1988 envisages a goal of achieving 33% of the geographical area of the country under forest and tree cover. India is yet to reach the target. In the impact part we can provide examples of unseasonal rains, increased forest fires, recent floods in Hyderabad, summer temperatures hitting record high in many places of India, etc. Thus, a good rendering of facts can fetch maximum marks. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/2020/01/india-state-of-forest-report-2019-vishesh-rstv-ias-upsc/ https://iasbaba.com/2020/01/what-is-the-state-of-forests-in-india/ Q.18) Is diversity and pluralism in India under threat due to globalisation? Justify your answer. LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: In this question there are 3 keywords Viz, diversity, pluralism, globalization. If we consider diversity and pluralism as synonymous, the number of keywords reduces to two. And the demand of the question is to explain how this diversity is jeopardised by globalization. As this is a sociology question avoid hardcore economic and political terms related to globalization here. We can explain by giving examples like: Our food, clothing, language, means of recreation, etc. Use statistics on the dying number of tribal & indigenous languages in India. We can also balance the answer by providing examples of Yoga, Google’s fashion week - wherein Indian traditional fashion was exposed to the world. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/2017/02/3-discuss-impacts-globalization-popular-art-forms-india-take-suitable-examples/ https://iasbaba.com/2015/11/1-globalization-has-affected-indian-art-to-a-larger-extent-as-it-has-affected-india-economy-discuss-the-pros-and-cons-of-globalization-on-indian-arts/ https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2019/07/day-24-q-4-has-globalisation-led-to-enhanced-secularisation-in-india-critically-comment/  Q.19) Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree? LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: The question simply means that customs and traditions curb society’s rationalism and reasonability, thus leading to obscurantism or the state where science and facts take a back seat. Here some of the latest examples of Indian Science Congress - papers presented on invention of flights by Indian, thesis on medicinal power of GO-MOOTHRA, Seminar in IIT on Astrology can be quoted. However, some of the customs and traditions which come with scientific reason can be quoted here, like - applying Kumkuma on the forehead which is a converging point of several nerves etc. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2019/02/day-73-q-1-science-and-technology-has-always-been-an-integral-part-of-our-culture-comment/ https://iasbaba.com/2015/09/2-science-and-religion-are-they-compatible-1000-words/ Q.20) How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate your answer. LINE OF THOUGHT/APPROACH: This is an analytical question, here we need to connect two domains, the digital initiatives in India and the education system in India. Initially we can provide some of the examples and reports of how many rural children failed to access online classes during the pandemic times in India this year. However, in the major part we need to bring in various initiatives of the government of India regarding digitalization of the education sector. Ex: SMART Board initiative, E-Pathshala, National Digital Library, SWAYAM, SWAYAM Prabha Free personal computers and laptops distributed by many state governments, classes aired in the government media channels, furnishing government schools with computers and compulsory computer education for all. However, some thoughts on limitations can be provided after this. Later, we can conclude by giving way ahead - that includes PMGDISHA, Common service centres, PM WANI etc. IASBABA REFERENCE: https://iasbaba.com/2020/04/online-education/ https://iasbaba.com/2020/09/digital-education/   Download the PDF of GS 1 Analysis here -> CLICK HERE [VIDEO] GS1 GS2, GS3, GS4 & ESSAY ANALYSIS - UPSC MAINS 2020 by IASbaba -> CLICK HERE Thank You IASbaba

Jan 11, 2021 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 11th January 2021

Archives (PRELIMS + MAINS FOCUS) Place in news: Thousand Islands Part of: GS Prelims and GS-II – International relations In news  On 9 January 2021, a Boeing 737-500 (PK-CLC) operating Sriwijaya Air Flight 182 went missing after taking off from Jakarta Soekarno–Hatta Airport on route to Pontianak Supadio Airport.  The aircraft crashed near the Thousand Islands. Important value additions The Thousand Islands (officially Kepulauan Seribu) are a chain of islands to the north of Jakarta's coast. It forms the only regency of Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia. It consists of a string of 342 islands stretching 45 km (28 mi) north into the Java Sea at West Jakarta Bay and in fact north of Banten Province. Arunachal Pradesh likely to become India’s prime producer of Vanadium  Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Economy; Sci & Tech In news  Arunachal Pradesh is likely to become India’s prime producer of vanadium. Key takeaways The largest deposits of vanadium in the world are in China, followed by Russia and South Africa. China, which produces 57% of the world’s vanadium, consumed 44% of the metal in 2017. India is a significant consumer of vanadium, but is not a primary producer of the strategic metal. According to data provided by the GSI, India consumed 4% of about 84,000 tonnes of vanadium produced across the globe in 2017. The Geological Survey of India (GSI) found promising concentrations of vanadium in the palaeo-proterozoic carbonaceous phyllite rocks in the Depo and Tamang areas of Papum Pare district in Arunachal Pradesh. This was the first report of a primary deposit of vanadium in India, with an average grade of 0.76% V2O5 [vanadium pentoxide]. Vanadium mineralisation in Arunachal Pradesh is geologically similar to the “stone coal” vanadium deposits of China hosted in carbonaceous shale.  This high vanadium content is associated with graphite, with a fixed carbon content of up to 16%. Important value additions Vanadium is a chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery-grey, malleable transition metal. The elemental metal is rarely found in nature. It is recovered as a by-product from the slag collected from the processing of vanadiferous magnetite ores (iron ore). Vanadium is a high-value metal used in strengthening steel and titanium. High Speed Rail work gathers momentum for Delhi - Varanasi High Speed Rail Corridor with the start of LiDAR (Aerial Ground) Survey Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Economy; Sci & Tech In news  With the start of LiDAR (Aerial Ground) Survey, High Speed Rail work gathered momentum for Delhi - Varanasi High Speed Rail Corridor. Key takeaways The LiDAR survey for Delhi-Varanasi High Speed Rail Corridor started from Greater NOIDA where a Helicopter fitted with state of art Aerial LiDAR and Imagery sensors took the first flight and captured the data related to ground survey. National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited is adopting Light Detection and Ranging Survey (LiDAR) technology which provides all the ground details and data in 3-4 months wherein this process normally takes 10-12 months. The ground survey is a crucial activity for any linear infrastructure project as the survey provides accurate details of areas around the alignment. Important value additions LiDAR Lidar, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth. These light pulses—combined with other data recorded by the airborne system— generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics. A LiDAR instrument principally consists of a laser, a scanner, and a specialized GPS receiver. This technology is mostly used for ground-based surveys. LiDAR was first used on a spacecraft during the Apollo 15 mission in 1971, when astronauts mapped the surface of the moon. Apart from aerial surveys, the LiDAR sensor is the most important component in self-driving cars. The LiDAR sensor provides continuous 360 degrees of visibility and accurate depth information. Do you know? Airplanes and helicopters are the most commonly used platforms for acquiring the data. It can be used to examine both natural and manmade environments with accuracy, precision, and flexibility. Two types of LiDAR are: Topographic typically uses a near-infrared laser to map the land Bathymetric uses water-penetrating green light to measure seafloor and riverbed elevations. Related articles: About LiDAR: Click here Prehistoric settlements discovered through Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data: Click here Supermassive Black Hole seems to go missing  Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III –Sci & Tech In news  A supermassive black hole, which is estimated to weigh up to 100 billion times the mass of the Sun, is seemingly missing which has left astronomers perplexed. Key takeaways  Scientists have been looking for the black hole using NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and Hubble Space Telescope.  However, so far, they have found no evidence of its existence.  The black hole is supposed to be located in Abell 2261, an enormous galaxy cluster that is about 2.7 billion light-years away from the Earth. At 2.7 billion light-years away, the Abell galaxy is at an overwhelmingly large distance away from us. Do you know?  Every large galaxy in the universe has a supermassive black hole at its centre, whose mass is millions or billions of times that of the Sun. The black hole at the centre of our galaxy– the Milky Way– is called Sagittarius A*, and is 26,000 light-years away from Earth. Eri Silk to be provided to Grade IV employees in Assam Part of: GS Prelims and GS-I – Geography & GS-III – Agriculture In news  The Assam government will provide khadi shirts, eri shawl and eri stole to Grade IV employees in a phased manner, in a move to pay tributes to Mahatma Gandhi and his movement for Khadi. Important value additions  Eri silk comes from the caterpillar of Samia ricini.  It is found in northeast India and some parts of China, Japan. The name "eri" is derived from the Assamese word "era", which means "castor", as the silkworm feeds on castor plants. Eri silk is also known as endi or errandi in India. The woolly white silk is often referred to as the fabric of peace when it is processed without killing the silkworm. This process results in a silk called Ahimsa silk. Moths leave the cocoon and then the cocoons are harvested to be spun. The eri silkworm is the only completely domesticated silkworm other than Bombyx mori. Do you know? India has the distinction of being the only country in the world producing all Five major types of silk broadly divided into two categories: Mulberry silk: Mainly in Karnataka Non-mulberry Silk: Temperate tussar silk in Maharashtra,WB, Odisha, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh; Tropical tussar silk in sub –himalayan belt ( Manipur, Assam, Meghalaya,etc); Muga Silk in Assam and Eri silk in Assam, Odisha, Bihar Related articles: Types of silk and challenges of India’s silk industry: Click here Bagasara Prant: A new district to be created in Gujarat Part of: GS Prelims and GS-II – Policies and Interventions In news  Gujarat Chief Minister has decided to create a new Bagasara Prant in Amreli district. Key takeaways  This will take the state’s revenue services nearer to the people and provide services faster. The newly created Bagasara Prant would come into effect on 26th January, which includes Bagasara and Vadiya talukas in it. Since the districts with larger geographical areas cause inconvenience to the people, the state government has been reorganizing smaller districts and talukas for administrative convenience, faster development, reducing workload as well as saving the people's time. Do you know?  Prants are traditional names for parts of historical regions, such as the original ten regions of Kathiawad on Saurashtra peninsula in Gujarat. Freight Business Development Portal Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Infrastructure In news  Freight Business Development Portal was recently launched as one stop solution for all the needs of freight customers. Ministry: Ministry of Railways Key takeaways  The portal is designed to replace physical processes with online ones to minimise the need of human-to-human interaction.  it will help them use rail mode seamlessly. The personalised dashboard of freight business portal provides customers a view with their business in railways, outstanding indents, on-run consignments, status of various interactions and facility to apply for various services and raising concerns. Customers also get to know about discount schemes, diversion, rebooking, demurrage and wharfage waivers, stacking permissions. Maximum speed of Golden Quadrilateral - Golden Diagonal (GQ-GD) route enhanced Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – Infrastructure In news  Indian Railway has started the New Year by achieving a landmark achievement by drastically enhancing the maximum speed to 130 kmph for 1,280 km length out of 1,612 Km in Golden Quadrilateral - Golden Diagonal (GQ-GD) route. Key takeaways This covers the entire GQ-GD route over South Central Railway, except Vijayawada - Duvvada section, where signalling up-gradation work is in progress. The enhanced speed limits could be achieved due to the systematic and planned strengthening of track & its infrastructure by removing bottlenecks in these sections on a fast pace. This included heavier rails, laying of 260 meters Long welded rail panels, improvement of curves and gradients among others. Already, the maximum speed limits in the High-Density Network (HDN) between Secunderabad – Kazipet (132 Kms distance) had been enhanced to 130 kmph. Important value additions  The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) is a national highway network connecting most of the major industrial, agricultural and cultural centres of India.  It forms a quadrilateral connecting the four major metro cities of India, viz., Delhi (north), Kolkata (east), Mumbai (west) and Chennai (south).  It is the largest highway project in India and the fifth longest in the world.  It is the first phase of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP), and consists of four- and six-lane express highways, built at a cost of ₹600 billion. Planned in: 1999; Launched in: 2001; Completed in: 2012 The Golden Quadrilateral project is managed by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) under the Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways. Miscellaneous Cherry Blossom Mao Festival In Manipur, the Cherry Blossom Mao Festival was held at Senapati district marking the beginning of pink season in the district. The Mao area of Senapati district in Manipur is known for Cherry Blossom, a plant which is popularly known as Sakura in Japan. The festival features the picturesque landscape of Mao town adorned with beautiful Cherry Blossom flowers. A cherry blossom is a flower of many trees of genus Prunus. Prunus cerasoides, called wild Himalayan cherry, Indian wild cherry, and sour cherry, is known in Hindi as padam, pajja, or padmakashtha. (Mains Focus) ECONOMY/ GOVERNANCE Topic: General Studies 3: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment. Monetary Policy of RBI Planning an exit out of the easy money regime Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) embarked on an extraordinary expansionary policy to manage the financial pressures unleashed by COVID-19, some of which are: It slashed policy interest rates aggressively Flooded the market with an unprecedented amount of liquidity  Instituted a slew of measures for targeted assistance to especially distressed sectors. As we sight springshoots in the economy, the RBI must be planning for a non-disruptive exit out of the easy money regime. What are the challenges that the RBI will confront on the way out? It should be deliberative process: When the economy is in crisis, central banks go for expansionary policy often shedding their characteristic deliberation. In contrast, reversing a crisis-driven expansionary policy has to be a deliberative process, with the timing and sequencing carefully planned.  Learning from 2008 Financial Crisis: Indeed, one of the big lessons of the global financial crisis is that any missteps on the exit path by way of commission, omission, or importantly communication, can be costly in macroeconomic terms. The lesson from the taper tantrums of US is that the RBI will have to manage its communication as carefully as it does the liquidity withdrawal. Absorption capacity of system: Banks are routinely depositing trillions of rupees with the RBI every day, evidencing that all the money that the central bank unleashed into the system is not doing much good anymore Dangers of easy money to Financial Stability: Mispricing of risk is the result when there is too much liquidity sloshing around the system for too long. It will drive investors into dodgy ventures and threaten financial stability. Restrain the rupee from appreciating out of line with fundamentals: Here, the RBI is confronted with a classic case of ‘the impossible trinity’ — of keeping doors open for capital flows while simultaneously maintaining a stable exchange rate and restraining inflation. Maintaining a policy balance across all three conflicting objectives can be tricky. Policy dilemma for RBI: The biggest challenge for RBI while planning an exit strategy will be to manage the tension between restraining inflation and supporting the recovery.  Plight of Savers: Quite apart from the upside risks to inflation and downside risks to growth, the RBI should also be concerned about the plight of savers who are being shortchanged by low interest rates at a time of high inflation. All these concerns taken together make a complex cocktail of dilemmas for the RBI as it seeks to normalise the policy rates. Dilemma for RBI between Inflation Vs Recovery Inflation above Target Band: Inflation remained above the RBI’s target band for the past several months, and according to the RBI’s own estimates, is expected to remain above the band for the next several months.  Recovery concern of RBI: Despite inflation concerns, the Monetary Policy Committee of RBI decided against any rate action out of concerns for growth and financial stability.  RBI’s expectation of Inflation Softening: The MPC expects inflation to soften on its own in the weeks ahead as supply chains, disrupted by the lockdown, normalise, and the bumper winter crop comes into the market. Concerns with RBI’s expectation of Inflation Softening: Excessive margins, among the factors cited by the MPC as one of the causes of high inflation, may not disappear if firms, regaining pricing power amid demand recovery, raise prices to mend their balance sheets. Risk of Inflation Persisting: There is the risk that persistent high inflation expectations would result in food inflation getting more generalised. Core inflation could firm up because of rising input prices. Recovery Concerns: Equally, there are concerns that the recovery, for all the positive signals, is still fragile. It has also been uneven and unequal, with large industries finding their foothold while small and medium enterprises and the entire informal sector continue to be in distress.  Conclusion It is better to be rough right, as Keynes said, than be precisely wrong. That should be the guiding principle for RBI as it navigates its way out of the crisis driven easy money policy. Connecting the dots: The problem with liquidity push: Click here INTERNATIONAL/ SECURITY Topic: General Studies 2: India and its neighborhood- relations.  Security challenges and their management in border areas Political Crisis in Nepal Context: Nepal has drifted into a political crisis following its Prime Minister (PM) KP Sharma Oli’s decision to dissolve Parliament, a move promptly approved by President Bidhya Devi Bhandari. Oli also announced general elections would be held in April and May 2021, more than a year ahead of schedule A brief background of Nepal’s Political Parties Three major parties dominate Nepal’s politics: Nepali Congress Party; Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist Leninist led by Oli, and Nepal Communist Party (Maoist) led by Prachanda  Prachanda led the Maoist insurgency for a decade (1996-2006) before joining mainstream politics. Oli was a fierce critic of the politics of violence that caused more than 17,000 deaths. But Oli approached the Maoists in 2017 for a merger between their parties, pre-empting the possibility of an alliance between the Maoists and the Nepali Congress that may have come in the way of Oli’s prime ministerial ambitions. Following the merger, the two leaders agreed that they would lead the government by turn, a promise that Oli did not honour at the end of his two-and-a-half years, thus sowing the seeds of separation.  Now, as a split appears inevitable, Oli is hoping to continue in power with those following him. Critical Analysis of the Dissolution of Parliament Reasons for Oli’s decision: Oli took the step when he realised that a factional feud within the party had reached the point of no return and he faced possible expulsion both as party chief and as Prime Minister End of Coalition: Dissolution of Parliament effectively ended the unity forced among the left forces that had led to the creation of the single, grand Nepal Communist Party three years ago Uncertainty over Nepal’s new Constitution: Dissolution of the House is not new in Nepal, but this is the first such instance after the new Constitution of 2015 that places safeguards against dissolution. The new constitution does not envisage such a step without exploring formation of an alternative government Accountability of caretaker government: The dissolution came hours before a Standing Committee meeting that was expected to order a probe into corruption charges levelled against him by party co-chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal Prachanda. With Parliament dissolved and with a President seen as favourable to him, Oli will have the power to rule without being accountable to none. The Army: The Nepal Army has made it clear that it will remain neutral in the ongoing political developments. This implies that if Oli tries to rule with the help of security forces to maintain law and order and contain protests, it is uncertain how far the Army will play along. The China Factor: China has been a big factor in Nepal’s internal politics since 2006. It is seen as having lobbied, visible or secret, to prevent the split. China has also invested in crucial sectors like trade and Investment, energy, tourism and post-earthquake reconstruction, and is Nepal’s biggest FDI contributor Judiciary’s decision awaited: Since dissolution, a dozen petitions have been filed in the Supreme Court challenging the dissolution with two years left of the present House’s tenure. The constitutional validity of Oli’s move has been questioned, and is awaiting decision by the Supreme Court. How India handled this Political Crisis? Ire not directed at India: Unlike on previous occasions, Oli has refrained from blaming India for destabilising his regime. The PM’s ire has been directed at his senior party colleagues for not allowing him to govern smoothly.  India’s subtle support to Oli: Anti-Oli forces were quietly cheered to dump him, but when they failed, India subtly extended a helping hand to a desperate Oli struggling for survival. PM Modi positively responded to Oli’s telephonic greetings on India’s Independence Day. A series of important visits from India followed.  Continuing bilateral relationship: Energy and trade officials from the two countries have met each other, border talks are on board, and Nepal’s foreign minister is visiting India for the joint commission India has achieved its tactical goals: Through these moves, India has achieved its immediate tactical goals. Oli has been emboldened to stick to power even by breaking the party. In the process, the shallowness of Oli’s opportunistic and politically driven anti-Indian nationalism has been exposed.  Embarrassment to China: India has played its cards cautiously and craftily. With an assiduously cultivated façade of non-interference, it let China smear itself into the mud of micromanaging the ruling party’s internal conflicts. The unity and dominance of the ruling Nepal Communist Party (NCP) has been shattered, and China, as its patron, has been embarrassed. Support for elections: On the sidelines of these developments, India has also fuelled and fed Hindutva forces under the leadership of a discarded monarchy, possibly as a ploy in the unfolding realignment of political forces in Nepal. Towards that end, India has now come out openly in favour of fresh elections. Critical Analysis of India’s moves in Nepal Political Crisis All this puts India on the side of undemocratic, unconstitutional and opportunistic players in Nepal, which South Block strategists think is a small price to be paid for the significant gains otherwise made. Seeking a friendly regime in the neighbourhood is a recognised norm in the realist world of international relations. India is no exception. It has often invested heavily in Nepal to have a friendly, even a pliant, regime.  But in the long-term, this approach has largely resulted in the erosion, rather than consolidation, of India’s vital security and economic interests.  With China deeply pitched in the regime change business in Nepal, prospects of this approach in coming years seem expensive and uncertain. Way Ahead for India Let Nepal deal with its internal mess: Irrespective of whether Nepal has elections or witnesses the restoration of Parliament, a prudent course for India would be to let Nepal cope with its internal political mess.  Improve its own popular profile: As no major development in bilateral relations appears likely during the prevailing uncertainty, India must encourage consolidation of a people-driven polity, and improve its own popular profile. Resolve Controversial Issues: India can pick up pending controversial issues such as the 1950 treaty, the Kalapani border dispute, and trade and investment matters, and categorical state its position, drawing red lines that Nepal should not cross. New Indo-Nepal Treaty: Nepal has asked for a revision of the 1950 treaty, and this has been accepted by India. But the issue remains stuck because Nepal does not clarify how to strike a proper balance between India’s security concerns and Nepal’s developmental aspirations. Without this balance, no new treaty is possible, and Nepal, seemingly, is not prepared to abrogate the old treaty. India’s Stand should be made clear: India’s policy towards immediate neighbours has never been driven by territorial nationalism. This has been evident in the case of Sri Lanka (Katchatheevu), Bangladesh (territorial waters), and even Pakistan and China. Bridge trade imbalance: On trade and investment issues, India needs to be more accommodative. Nepal sells less than $1billion worth of products to India while importing nearly $8 billion of them. This is unsustainable, despite the fact that trade deficits are governed by the nature of economies. India can and must move to remove structural and procedural impediments to the entry of genuine Nepali goods into Indian markets China Factor: In redefining India’s approach to Nepal, India also needs to shed a great deal of its Sinophobia. China is no doubt politically assertive and financially spread out in Nepal, but most of its promises, such as transit through Chinese ports and railroad connections, are politically driven. Connecting the dots: India- Nepal Border dispute at Kalapani and Lipulekh: Click here (TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) Model questions: (You can now post your answers in comment section) Note:  Correct answers of today’s questions will be provided in next day’s DNA section. Kindly refer to it and update your answers.  Comments Up-voted by IASbaba are also the “correct answers”. Q.1 Consider the following statements regarding Vanadium: The elemental metal is rarely found in nature. The metal is used in strengthening steel and titanium. Which of the above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2 Which of the following state is likely to become India’s prime producer of vanadium? Assam Maharashtra Gujarat Arunachal Pradesh Q.3 Consider the following statements regarding LiDAR is a remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges to the Earth. It generates precise, three-dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics. Which of the above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.4 Which of the following country is the only country in the world producing all Five major types of silk? India China Japan USA ANSWERS FOR 9th January 2021 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK) 1 A 2 D 3 A 4 D 5 A Must Read On electric mobility and India: The Hindu On vaccines and Public Trust: The Hindu About ongoing farmers protests and need for resolution: Indian Express