Sep 5, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 4th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   JUDICIAL DELAY  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Flagging the culture of adjournment in deciding cases, President Droupadi Murmu recently said that the poor from the villages are still anxious to approach courts as they feel that fighting for justice will make their lives even more difficult, and termed it the ‘Black Coat Syndrome’. Background: – According to information available on the National Judicial Data Grid, over five crore cases are pending across different levels of the system Case Pendency Statistics: Over five crore cases are pending across various courts in India. Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of pending cases, exceeding 1.18 crore in subordinate courts. Pending cases are distributed as follows: Supreme Court: 84,045 cases High Courts: 60,11,678 cases District and subordinate courts: 4,53,51,913 cases Factors Contributing to Case Pendency: Infrastructure and Staffing: Inadequate physical infrastructure and court staff. Case Complexity: Complexity of facts, nature of evidence, and cooperation of stakeholders including the bar, investigation agencies, witnesses and litigants. lack of prescribed time frame by courts for disposal of various kinds of cases, frequent adjournments and lack of adequate arrangement to monitor, track and bunch cases for hearing Judge Shortage: India has 15 judges per 10 lakh people, significantly below the 50 judges per 10 lakh recommended by the Law Commission’s 120th report in 1987. Recent Case Highlights: Ajmer Case: On August 20, a POCSO court convicted six individuals to life imprisonment, 32 years after a blackmail and sexual abuse case involving hundreds of girls was exposed. Delhi High Court: On August 29, a complainant was allowed to withdraw a case due to “litigation fatigue” caused by frequent court appearances impacting her work. These two cases, in two different courts, illustrate the problem that President Droupadi Murmu sought to highlight in her address at the National Conference of the District Judiciary — “Black Coat Syndrome”. Reform Needs: Long-term Planning: A comprehensive plan is needed to address systemic issues causing prolonged case pendency. Balancing Act: Reforms should aim to speed up case resolution while ensuring due process and maintaining judicial integrity. Source: Indian Express WINDFALL TAX  Syllabus Prelims : ECONOMY Context: The Centre has cut windfall tax on domestically produced crude oil to one thousand 850 rupees per tonne from two thousand 100 rupees per tonne. Background: – Windfall tax, a relatively new taxation policy, was introduced in India in 2022 About Windfall tax Windfall tax is a special tax imposed by the government on companies that experience unexpected and above-average profits due to external events. In India, this tax was introduced in 2022, primarily targeting the oil and gas sector, which saw significant profit increases due to global events like the Russia-Ukraine war. Key Points About Windfall Tax in India: Purpose: The main aim is to redistribute unexpected profits that companies gain due to external factors, ensuring that these profits benefit society as a whole. How It Works: Windfall tax is levied as an additional tax over the regular corporate tax. It is typically calculated as a percentage of the excess profits that exceed a certain threshold. Impact on Industries: Oil and Gas: Companies like ONGC, Oil India, and GAIL have been significantly affected. The tax aims to curb excessive profits and ensure fair distribution. Other Sectors: While primarily focused on oil and gas, the windfall tax can also apply to other sectors like mining and telecommunications if they experience similar profit surges. Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages: Increased government revenue, fair distribution of wealth, and contribution to sustainable development. Disadvantages: Market uncertainty, reduced business profits, and potential deterrence for investors. Source: News on AIR PM MODI IN BRUNEI  Syllabus Mains : GS 2 Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi landed in Bandar Seri Begawan, the capital of Brunei Darussalam, on Tuesday (September 3) for his official visit to the country. Background: Narendra Modi is the first Indian PM to visit the Southeast Asian nation. His trip also marks 40 years since India and Brunei officially established diplomatic ties. Brunei’s population and Indian diaspora As of 2023, Brunei has an estimated population of 450,500. Brunei citizens make up approximately 76% of the population, while the rest are permanent or temporary residents. Ethnically, over 80% of the population is Malay or Chinese. Indian migration to Brunei began in the 1920s, coinciding with the discovery of oil. Currently, around 14,000 Indians reside in Brunei. The significant contributions of Indian doctors and teachers to the development of Brunei’s healthcare and education sectors have been widely recognized. Strategic Importance of Brunei Brunei holds strategic significance within India’s ‘Act East’ Policy and Indo-Pacific Vision. The ‘Act East’ Policy evolved from the ‘Look East’ Policy, which was initiated in the 1990s. In the post-Cold War era, following the dissolution of the USSR — India sought to deepen its relationships with countries in Southeast Asia. The northeastern states of India, due to their geographic proximity, were envisioned as key players in this engagement. In 2014, the policy was revitalized as ‘Act East,’ emphasizing more proactive efforts to strengthen these connections. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has identified ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) as the “central pillar” of this policy, with Brunei being one of the ASEAN members. Economic growth in Southeast Asia over the past few decades has made commerce a central focus of India’s ties with the region. Brunei, as one of the largest oil and gas producers in Southeast Asia, plays a significant role in this economic engagement. The emphasis on Southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific also gains importance in light of China’s rising global influence. Under President Xi Jinping, China has adopted a more authoritarian stance, and while its economic power enables it to finance numerous projects and provide loans to other countries, its actions—such as its conduct in the South China Sea—have caused friction in the region. India’s engagement in Southeast Asia, including its relationship with Brunei, serves as a counterbalance to China’s growing influence. Source: Indian Express Digital Agriculture Mission  Syllabus Prelims & Mains: ECONOMY Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet Committee chaired by the Prime Minister of India approved the Digital Agriculture Mission with an outlay of Rs. 2817 Crore, including the central share of Rs. 1940 Crore. Background: – This initiative is part of the broader vision of Viksit Bharat@2047, aiming to transform the agriculture sector through digital solutions. About Digital Agriculture Mission The Digital Agriculture Mission is an initiative by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare. The mission aims to create a robust Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for the agriculture sector. This includes initiatives like the Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES) and other IT projects by various government bodies. Objectives: Enhance Farmers’ Income: By providing timely and reliable information, the mission aims to improve the income of farmers. Digital IDs for Farmers: Farmers will receive digital identities similar to Aadhaar, known as Farmer IDs. Nationwide Crop Surveys: Implementing comprehensive crop surveys to gather accurate data on agricultural production. Job Creation: The mission is expected to create around 2.5 lakh jobs. Development of AgriStack: This will include a Krishi Decision Support System and Soil Profile Mapping, providing essential data to farmers. Benefits: Improved Service Delivery: By leveraging data analytics, AI, and remote sensing, the mission aims to make service delivery mechanisms more efficient and transparent. Enhanced Decision-Making: Farmers will have access to timely and accurate information, aiding in better decision-making. Increased Productivity: With better access to information and resources, farmers can increase their productivity and profitability. Sustainable Agriculture: The mission promotes sustainable agricultural practices by providing data on soil health, crop patterns, and more. Economic Growth: By boosting the agriculture sector, the mission contributes to the overall economic growth of the country. Source: PIB MISSION POSHAN 2.0  Syllabus Prelims : CURRENT EVENT Context: The Ministry of Women and Child Development recently launched the 7th Rashtriya Poshan Maah 2024. This initiative, part of Mission Poshan 2.0. Background: – The campaign emphasizes themes such as Anaemia, Growth Monitoring, Complementary Feeding, Poshan Bhi Padhai Bhi (Nutrition and Education), Technology for Better Governance, and Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam (One Tree for the Mother). About Mission Poshan 2.0 Mission Poshan 2.0 is a significant initiative by the Government of India aimed at addressing malnutrition and promoting nutritional well-being across the country. It was launched by the Ministry of Women and Child Development. Mission Poshan 2.0 aims to: Integrate Nutrition Schemes: Merge various nutrition-related schemes to create a comprehensive approach to tackling malnutrition. Enhance Nutritional Content: Improve the quality and delivery of nutritional services. Objectives: Reduce Malnutrition: Address issues of stunting, undernutrition, anaemia, and low birth weight among children, adolescent girls, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. Promote Health and Wellness: Develop practices that nurture health, wellness, and immunity. Leverage Technology: Use tools like the ‘Poshan Tracker’ for better supervision and management of services. Community Engagement: Foster social and behavioural change communication (SBCC) to promote better nutrition practices. Benefits: Nutritional Support: Provides supplementary nutrition through hot cooked meals and take-home rations. Diet Diversity: Encourages the consumption of micronutrient-rich foods and fortified foods. Improved Infrastructure: Strengthens and modernizes Anganwadi centers to provide better services. Sustainable Practices: Promotes the establishment of nutrition gardens in Anganwadis, schools, and gram panchayats. Source: DD News LAW COMMISSION OF INDIA  Syllabus Prelims: POLITY Context: The Central Government has recently notified the constitution of the 23rd Law Commission, which will function from September 1, 2024, to August 31, 2027. Background: – This move is part of the government’s ongoing efforts to ensure that India’s legal framework remains relevant and effective. About Law Commission A Law Commission is an independent body established to review and recommend reforms to the legal system of a country. The new commission will advise the government on complex legal issues and review existing laws to ensure they align with current economic and social needs. Origins and History: First Law Commission: Established in 1834 under the Charter Act of 1833, chaired by Lord Macaulay. It recommended the codification of the Penal Code and the Criminal Procedure Code. Post-Independence: The first Law Commission of independent India was established in 1955, chaired by M.C. Setalvad, the then Attorney-General of India. Structure and Functioning: Non-Statutory Body: The Law Commission is neither a constitutional nor a statutory body. It is an executive body established by an order of the Government of India. Advisory Role: It works as an advisory body to the Ministry of Law and Justice, primarily comprising legal experts. Tenure: Each commission is established for a fixed tenure, usually three years. Functions: Legal Reforms: The primary function is to work for legal reforms by reviewing existing laws and suggesting new ones. Research and Studies: Undertakes research in law and studies for bringing reforms in the justice delivery system, eliminating delays, and reducing litigation costs. Recommendations: Makes recommendations to the government in the form of reports, which are laid in Parliament and forwarded to concerned departments for implementation. 23rd Law Commission: Structure: The commission will have a full-time Chairperson, four full-time Members, including a Member-Secretary, and several ex-officio and part-time Members. Appointments: For the first time, serving judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts can be appointed as Chairperson and Members. Focus Areas: The commission will work on reviewing obsolete laws, developing Standard Operating Procedures (SoPs) for periodic reviews, and addressing legislative references from various departments. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to the Digital Agriculture Mission, consider the following statements: The Digital Agriculture Mission is an initiative by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare. The mission aims to create a robust Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for the agriculture sector. This initiative is part of the broader vision of Viksit Bharat@2047 that aiming to transform the agriculture sector through digital solutions. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 3 only 2 and 3 only 1,2 and 3 Q2.) With reference to the Mission Poshan 2.0, consider the following statements: It aimed at addressing malnutrition and promoting nutritional well-being across the country. It was launched by the Ministry of Women and Child Development. It addresses issues of stunting, undernutrition, anaemia, and low birth weight among children, adolescent girls, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 3 only 2 and 3 only 1,2 and 3 Q3.) Consider the following statements about the Law Commission of India: It is an executive body established by an order of the Government of India. It works as an advisory body to the Ministry of Law and Justice. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 4th  September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  3rd September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  d Q.2) – b Q.3) – a

Sep 4, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 3rd September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   NAMIBIA PLANS TO KILL HUNDREDS WILD ANIMALS FOR MEAT  Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: Namibia plans to cull hundreds of wild animals, including dozens of elephants and hippopotamuses, to provide meat for its 1.4 million people  who are reeling under the worst drought in a century. Background: – Namibia, located in drought-prone southern Africa, frequently experiences severe droughts, having declared national emergencies in 2013, 2016, and 2019. Key takeaways The drought, which began in Botswana in October 2023, has spread and intensified across Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Namibia, affecting most of southern Africa. The severity of the situation is largely attributed to El Niño. Numerous studies have shown that rising global temperatures due to climate change are making extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, more frequent and intense. Food availability in Namibia, typically low from July through September, has been further strained by the drought. Staple crops like maize have withered, large numbers of livestock have perished, and nearly 84% of the country’s food reserves are depleted. As food stocks dwindle, prices have soared, severely limiting access to food for many people. The Namibian government is considering culling wild animals, not just for meat, but to prevent them from migrating in search of food and water, which could lead to conflicts with humans. Namibia is home to a significant number of wild animals, including approximately 24,000 elephants, one of the largest populations in the world. About Namibia: Namibia is located on the southwestern coast of Africa. Geography Bordered by Angola to the north, Zambia to the northeast, Botswana to the east, South Africa to the southeast and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Known for its diverse landscapes, including the Namib Desert along the coast, the Kalahari Desert in the east, and savannas and mountains. Climate: Mostly arid to semi-arid, with the coastal areas being cooler due to the Benguela Current. Additional Information Colonial Era: Formerly known as South West Africa, it was colonized by Germany in the late 19th century and later administered by South Africa after World War . Independence: Gained independence from South Africa on March 21, 1990. Government Type: Republic with a semi-presidential system. Capital: Windhoek. Main Industries: Mining (diamonds, uranium, gold), agriculture, and tourism2. Source: Down To Earth ASEAN  Syllabus Prelims : Polity Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi set out Tuesday on a three-day visit to Brunei Darussalam and Singapore in a bid to boost ties and celebrate diplomatic milestones. The Prime Minister’s visit aims to strengthen these relationships and expand India’s engagement with the broader ASEAN region. Background: – ASEAN is central to India’s Act East policy, which focuses on the extended neighbourhood in the Asia-Pacific region. About ASEAN The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten Southeast Asian countries. Formation and Purpose Established: August 8, 1967, with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Purpose: To promote economic growth, social progress, cultural development, regional peace, and stability. Its  official motto is “One Vision, One Identity, One Community”. Member States ASEAN currently has ten member states: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam. Structure and Leadership Secretariat: Located in Jakarta, Indonesia. Chairmanship: Rotates annually among member states. Laos holds the chairmanship for 2024. Key Pillars ASEAN operates through three main pillars: Political-Security Community: Aims to ensure regional peace and stability. Economic Community: Focuses on creating a single market and production base, enhancing economic integration. Socio-Cultural Community: Promotes social development and cultural exchange. Economic Impact Population: Over 683 million people. GDP: Combined GDP (PPP) of approximately $12 trillion in 2024. Trade: ASEAN is a significant global trading bloc, engaging in numerous free trade agreements with countries and regions worldwide. Initiatives and Partnerships ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA): Established to increase ASEAN’s competitive edge as a production base in the global market. ASEAN Plus Three: Includes China, Japan, and South Korea, focusing on East Asian cooperation. ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF): A platform for security dialogue in the Asia-Pacific region. Source: Indian Express CABINET COMMITTEE ON SECURITY  Syllabus Prelims: POLITY Context: The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) recently approved an important proposal to procure 240 aero-engines for the Su-30 MKI aircraft of the Indian Air Force (IAF) at a cost of over Rs 26,000 crore. Background: The engines will be sourced from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), furthering the nation’s self-reliance in military technology. About Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) is led by the Prime Minister and includes the Ministers for Finance, Defence, Home Affairs, and External Affairs. The CCS is tasked with making major decisions regarding national security, significant appointments in security bodies, and defence expenditure. In addition to defence matters, the CCS addresses issues related to law and order, internal security, and security-related foreign policy matters. It also considers matters concerning atomic energy. About Cabinet committees After the Union Cabinet is sworn in and ministerial portfolios are allocated, the Prime Minister forms various high-profile Cabinet committees with selected Cabinet members, assigning specific functions to each. The Prime Minister has the authority to create, modify, or dissolve committees and adjust their functions. Membership typically ranges from three to eight members, predominantly Cabinet ministers, though non-Cabinet ministers or special invitees may also be included. When the Prime Minister is a member of a committee, he serves as the committee’s head. These committees resolve issues, propose solutions for Cabinet consideration, and make decisions on assigned matters, with the Cabinet having the power to review these decisions. During the Manmohan Singh government, there were 12 Cabinet committees, in addition to numerous Groups of Ministers (GoMs) and Empowered Groups of Ministers (EGoMs). Currently, there are eight Cabinet committees: Appointments Committee of the Cabinet Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth Cabinet Committee on Security Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs Cabinet Committee on Employment & Skill Development Cabinet Committee on Accommodation The Modi government introduced the Cabinet Committee on Investment and the Cabinet Committee on Employment & Skill Development in 2019. All committees, except the Cabinet Committee on Accommodation and the Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs, are headed by the Prime Minister. Source: Indian Express CREATION OF FIVE NEW DISTRICTS IN LADAKH  Syllabus Prelims & Mains: POLITY Context: Recently, the Ministry of Home Affairs has granted “in-principle approval” for the creation of five new districts in Ladakh. Background: – This will increase the total number of districts in the Union Territory from two to seven. The move is aimed at improving governance and development in the region. About Ladakh Ladakh is a Union Territory in northern India, situated between the Karakoram Mountain range in the north and the main Himalayas to the south. It is bordered by the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east, the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh to the south, the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the west, and the southwest corner of Xinjiang across the Karakoram Pass in the far north. New Districts in Ladakh: The Ministry of Home Affairs has granted “in-principle approval” for the creation of five new districts in Ladakh. The new districts are: Zanskar, Drass, Sham, Nubra and Changthang. Who has the Authority to Declare New Districts? The authority to declare new districts in a state or Union Territory in India lies with the respective state government or the central government, depending on the region: States: The state government has the authority to create new districts. This is typically done through a notification in the official gazette after approval from the state legislature. Union Territories: The central government, specifically the Ministry of Home Affairs, has the authority to create new districts in Union Territories. This is done through an official notification after considering various administrative and logistical factors. How will the creation of new districts impact the local governance and administration? Improved Accessibility Closer Administrative Services: With more districts, administrative offices and services will be closer to the residents, reducing travel time and making it easier for people to access government services. Better Implementation of Schemes: Localized administration can ensure more effective implementation of government schemes and programs, tailored to the specific needs of each district. Enhanced Governance Focused Development: Each district can focus on its unique developmental needs, leading to more balanced and inclusive growth across the Union Territory. Efficient Resource Allocation: Resources can be allocated more efficiently, addressing the specific challenges and opportunities of each district. Increased Representation Local Representation: More districts mean better representation of local communities in governance, ensuring that their voices and concerns are heard and addressed. Community Engagement: Smaller administrative units can foster greater community engagement and participation in local governance. Economic and Social Benefits Economic Growth: Improved infrastructure and services can stimulate local economies, creating jobs and boosting economic activities. Social Development: Enhanced access to education, healthcare, and other essential services can improve the overall quality of life for residents. Source: Indian Express PROJECT NAMAN  Syllabus Prelims : CURRENT EVENT Context:  The Indian Army recently launched the first phase of Project NAMAN. Background: – In the first phase, 14 Common Service Centres (CSCs) have been established in key locations across India, including New Delhi, Jalandhar, Leh, Dehradun, Lucknow, Jodhpur, Bengdubi, Gorakhpur, Jhansi, Secunderabad, Saugor, Guntur, Ahmedabad, and Bangalore. About Project NAMAN Project NAMAN is an initiative under the Ministry of Defence. It aimed at providing dedicated support and services to Defence Pensioners, Veterans, and their families. It focuses on implementing the SPARSH (System for Pension Administration Raksha) digital pension system to streamline pension-related processes. Components: SPARSH Digital Pension System: Streamlines pension-related processes for Defence Pensioners. Common Service Centres (CSCs): Established at key locations to offer various services. Tripartite MoU: Between the Indian Army’s Directorate of Indian Army Veterans, CSC e-Governance India Limited, and HDFC Bank Limited. Village Level Entrepreneurs (VLEs): Manage the CSCs, selected from veterans or Next of Kin (NOKs). Purpose: Streamline Pension Processes: Implement the SPARSH system to make pension-related processes more efficient and accessible. Provide Accessible Facilitation Points: Establish CSCs to offer SPARSH-enabled pension services, Government to Citizen (G2C) services, and Business to Consumer (B2C) services. Support Veterans and Families: Offer essential care and support to veterans, pensioners, war widows, and NOKs. Benefits: Convenience: All services are available at a single, convenient location. Financial Assistance: HDFC Bank provides a monthly grant of ₹20,000 for the first 12 months to VLEs to help stabilize and sustain the centres. Comprehensive Training: VLEs receive training to deliver the required services effectively. Community Support: Extends services to the entire resident population of military stations and surrounding localities. Source: PIB PACIFIC POLICING INITIATIVE  Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) recently endorsed the Australia-funded Pacific Policing Initiative (PPI). Background: – The PPI represents a significant investment in the security and stability of the Pacific region, reflecting Australia’s commitment to supporting its Pacific neighbours. About Pacific Policing Initiative (PPI) The Pacific Policing Initiative (PPI) is a comprehensive program funded by Australia. It aimed at enhancing policing capabilities across the Pacific region. This initiative, with a budget of approximately AU$400 million over five years, aims to reshape policing across the Pacific region. The PPI focuses on three main areas: Regional Training Centres of Excellence: These will be located throughout the Pacific to enhance police training. Pacific Police Support Group: A multinational force that can respond to regional emergencies, such as natural disasters and transnational crime. Central Coordination Hub: Based in Brisbane, Australia, this hub will support the regional centres and the Pacific Police Support Group. Objectives: Strengthen Regional Security: By enhancing the capabilities of local police forces, the PPI aims to improve overall security in the Pacific region. Promote Cooperation: The initiative encourages collaboration among Pacific nations, fostering a united approach to common security challenges. Build Resilience: Through training and support, the PPI seeks to build resilience against various threats, including natural disasters, transnational crime, and geopolitical tensions. Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) is an inter-governmental organization that aims to enhance cooperation among countries and territories in the Pacific region. It was established in 1971 (originally as the South Pacific Forum, renamed in 1999 to be more inclusive of all Pacific nations). PIF members include 18 countries and territories, including Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, and several smaller island nations. PIF Headquarters is in Suva, Fiji. Source: News on AIR Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Pacific Policing Initiative (PPI), recently seen in news is funded by USA UN IMF Australia Q2.) With reference to the Project NAMAN, consider the following statements: Project NAMAN is an initiative under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It aimed at providing dedicated support and services to Defence Pensioners, Veterans, and their families. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Who has the Authority to declare new districts in a state of India? State government Governor of the state Central government President of India Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  3rd September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  2nd September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  b Q.2) – b Q.3) – d

Sep 4, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 4th September 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Sep 3, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 3rd September 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Sep 2, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 2nd September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   VANDE BHARAT TRAINS  Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: Prime Minister flags off 3 Vande Bharat trains. Background: – The trains flagged off by PM through video conferencing connect Meerut with Lucknow, Madurai with Bengaluru, and Chennai with Nagercoil, taking the number of Vande Bharat trains above 100. Key takeaways The Vande Bharat Express, also known as Train 18, is a significant project by Indian Railways aimed at modernizing and speeding up rail travel in India. Launch: The first Vande Bharat Express was launched in 2019. Purpose: It is designed to provide a high-speed, comfortable, and efficient travel experience. Features Speed: The train can reach speeds up to 180 km/h, although it typically operates at around 130 km/h due to track conditions. Design: It features a sleek, aerodynamic design with fully air-conditioned chair car coaches. Vande Bharat sleeper coaches will be available soon. The Integral Coach Factory (ICF) in Chennai, designs and manufactures the Vande Bharat Express trainsets. The ICF is the largest rail coach manufacturer in the world and is owned and operated by the Indian Railways. Comfort: The train offers modern amenities such as onboard Wi-Fi, GPS-based passenger information systems, and bio-vacuum toilets. Self-Propelled: Unlike traditional trains, the Vande Bharat Express is self-propelled, meaning it doesn’t require a separate locomotive. This is called a distributed traction power system. Distributed power gives the train higher acceleration and deceleration compared to loco-hauled trains, which take a much longer time to reach top speed or to gradually come to a halt. Energy Efficiency: It is equipped with regenerative braking systems that save energy by converting kinetic energy into electrical energy during braking. Source: Indian Express CENSOR BOARD YET TO CLEAR KANGANA’S FILM  Syllabus Prelims : Polity Context: The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) has not yet given certification to the film Emergency, starring actor and Lok Sabha member Kangana Ranaut. Additional Solicitor General (ASG) stated that the Board will consider the feelings of all communities, including the Sikh community, when making its decision. Background: – ASG represented the Union Government and the CBFC before the Punjab and Haryana High Court, during a hearing on a petition filed by Mohali residents challenging the certification of the film. The ASG informed the court that the certification process is still ongoing and that anyone with concerns can submit their views to the Board. About Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC), commonly known as the Censor Board, is a statutory body under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in India. It was established under the Cinematograph Act of 19521. Key Functions and Responsibilities: Film Certification: The CBFC certifies films, trailers, documentaries, and advertisements for public exhibition. Films can only be publicly exhibited in India after receiving certification from the CBFC. Categories of Certification: U (Universal): Suitable for all age groups. UA (Parental Guidance): Suitable for children above 12, but parental guidance is advised for those under 12. A (Adult): Restricted to adult audiences (18 years and above). S (Special): Restricted to specialized audiences, such as doctors or scientists. Legal Framework: The CBFC operates under the Cinematograph Act, 1952, which outlines the guidelines for film certification. The Act allows for reasonable restrictions on the freedom of speech and expression in films, in the interests of sovereignty, integrity, security of the state, public order, decency, or morality. Certification process When a filmmaker applies for certification, the Regional Officer appoints an Examining Committee. For short films, the committee includes an advisory panel member and an examining officer, with at least one being a woman. For other films, the committee has four members from the advisory panel and an examiningofficer, with at least two women. The Regional Officer decides the film’s certification—U, U/A, A, or S—based on the Examining Committee’s unanimous or majority report. If the committee is divided, the chairperson makes the final decision. If a filmmaker is dissatisfied with the certification, they can request a second viewing by a Revising Committee. This committee must exclude members from the initial review and must include at least one Board member, whose involvement is mandatory only at this stage. A Board member can participate in the initial review, but their presence is required only during the revising stage. Recent Initiatives: Accessibility Standards: The CBFC has introduced guidelines to make films accessible to persons with hearing and visual impairments. Digital Transformation: The CBFC has launched a revamped website and a mobile app (e-cine app) to streamline the certification process. Source: Indian Express RETIRED SPORTSPERSON EMPOWERMENT TRAINING (RESET) PROGRAMME  Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: Union Minister of Youth Affairs & Sports and Labour & Employment, Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya launched “Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training” (RESET) Programme recently. Background: RESET Programme represents a significant step towards recognizing and utilizing the invaluable experience and expertise of our retired athletes. About Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training (RESET) Programme The Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training (RESET) Programme is an initiative launched by the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports in India to support retired athletes. Launch Date: August 29, 2024, on National Sports Day. Objective: To empower retired sportspersons with career skills and knowledge, enhancing their employability and enabling them to contribute to the sports ecosystem. Eligibility Criteria Age: Retired athletes aged between 20 and 50 years. Achievements: Winners of an International Medal/participants in international events or have been National medallists/State medallists/participants in competitions recognized by National Sports Federations/Indian Olympic Association/Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports are eligible to apply for courses under RESET Programme. Initially, the programmes will be of two levels based on educational qualifications viz., Class 12th and above and Class 11th and below. Mode of Learning: Hybrid mode, combining self-paced online learning with on-ground training. Lead Institute: Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education (LNIPE) is the lead institute for implementing the programme. Support and Opportunities Placement Assistance: Guidance and support for job placements. Entrepreneurial Guidance: Support for starting entrepreneurial ventures. Internships: Opportunities for internships in sports organizations, competitions, training camps, and leagues. Implementation and Benefits Self-Paced Learning: Participants can learn at their own pace through a dedicated online portal. On-Ground Training: Practical training sessions to enhance skills. Evaluation and Certification: Participants will be evaluated and certified upon successful completion of the programme. Source: PIB 2G BIO-ETHANOL  Syllabus Prelims & Mains: CURRENT EVENT Context: The Indian government is planning to set up dedicated enzyme manufacturing facilities to boost ethanol production. Background: – The first plant is expected to be established in Manesar, Haryana. This facility will likely supply enzymes to proposed 2G bio-ethanol plants in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and an existing plant in Haryana. This initiative is part of the BioE3 policy, which aims to enhance biotechnology-driven manufacturing in India. About 2G (second-generation) bio-ethanol 2G (second-generation) bio-ethanol is produced from non-food biomass, such as agricultural residues, wood chips, and other lignocellulosic materials. Unlike first-generation bio-ethanol, which is made from food crops like corn and sugarcane, 2G bio-ethanol uses feedstocks that are not part of the human food chain. This makes it a more sustainable and environmentally friendly option. The process involves breaking down the complex carbohydrates in the biomass into simple sugars, which are then fermented to produce ethanol. This typically requires specialized enzymes to convert the lignocellulosic materials into fermentable sugars. Key benefits of 2G bio-ethanol: Reduces waste: Utilizes agricultural residues that would otherwise be discarded or burned. Lower greenhouse gas emissions: Produces fewer emissions compared to fossil fuels and first-generation bio-ethanol. Energy security: Reduces dependence on imported fossil fuels by providing a renewable energy source. Ethanol Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a clear, colourless liquid that is flammable and has a characteristic odour. It is produced through the fermentation of sugars by yeast or through chemical processes like the hydration of ethylene. Ethanol can be derived from both biological and chemical sources, while bioethanol is exclusively produced from biological sources. Uses of Ethanol Beverages: Ethanol is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, and spirits. Fuel: It is used as a biofuel and is often blended with gasoline to produce ethanol-blended fuels. This helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. Industrial Solvent: Due to its ability to dissolve a wide range of substances, ethanol is used as a solvent in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, perfumes, and other products. Medical and Laboratory Uses: Ethanol is used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and preservative in medical and laboratory settings. Chemical Feedstock: It serves as a feedstock for the production of various chemicals. Source: The Hindu ANTI-DUMPING DUTY  Syllabus Prelims : ECONOMY Context: Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) has recommended imposing an anti-dumping duty on aluminium foils imported from China. Background: – This recommendation follows a complaint by domestic producers, who argued that the influx of cheap Chinese aluminium foils was harming the local industry. The proposed duty ranges between $619 and $873 per tonne. About Anti-dumping duty Anti-dumping duty is a protectionist tariff that a domestic government imposes on foreign imports believed to be priced below fair market value. This practice, known as “dumping,” can harm domestic industries by undercutting local businesses and distorting market competition. The Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR), under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, is responsible for investigating and recommending the imposition of anti-dumping duties in India. Decision-Making Process: Investigation: The DGTR conducts an investigation to determine if dumping has occurred and its impact on the domestic industry. Recommendation: Based on the findings, the DGTR makes a recommendation to the Ministry of Finance. Imposition: The Ministry of Finance makes the final decision to impose the anti-dumping duty. Purpose of imposing anti-dumping duties in India are to: Protecting Domestic Industries: Anti-dumping duties shield domestic industries from unfair competition by preventing foreign companies from flooding the market with underpriced goods. Preserving Job: By safeguarding domestic industries from the adverse effects of dumping, anti-dumping duties help prevent job losses that may occur if local companies are unable to compete with cheaper imports. Maintaining Fair Competition: Anti-dumping duties promote fair competition by ensuring that imported goods are priced at levels comparable to their fair market value. This prevents foreign companies from gaining an unfair advantage. Supporting Fair Trade Practices: Imposing anti-dumping duties discourages unethical trade practices such as predatory pricing and dumping. By penalizing such practices, anti-dumping measures encourage adherence to fair trade principles and discourage market manipulation. Protecting Intellectual Property: Anti-dumping duties can also help protect intellectual property rights by discouraging the importation of counterfeit or infringing goods. By deterring the influx of low-priced counterfeit products, these duties help safeguard the interests of innovators and creators. Stimulating Domestic Production: Anti-dumping duties incentivize domestic production by reducing the competitive disadvantage faced by local manufacturers. Promoting Economic Stability: By safeguarding domestic industries and preserving jobs, anti-dumping duties contribute to economic stability and resilience. By preventing disruptions caused by unfair trade practices, these measures support sustainable growth and development in the long term. Source: Indian Express LA NINA  Syllabus Prelims & Mains : GEOGRAPHY Context: India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecasted a rainy September for several parts of north India due to the expected La Nina conditions. Background: – La Niña has several notable effects on India, primarily due to its influence on the monsoon season and overall weather patterns. About La Niña La Niña is a climate pattern characterized by the cooling of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. This phenomenon is part of the larger El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, which also includes El Niño (the warming phase) and a neutral phase. Key features of La Niña: Cooler Ocean Temperatures: The central and eastern Pacific Ocean experiences cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures. Weather Impacts: La Niña typically brings wetter-than-normal conditions to Southeast Asia, Australia, and parts of India, while causing drier conditions in the southwestern United States and parts of South America. Monsoon Influence: In India, La Niña is often associated with stronger monsoon seasons, leading to above-average rainfall. Global Effects: It can influence global weather patterns, including increased hurricane activity in the Atlantic and cooler, wetter winters in the northern United States. Effects of La Niña on India Enhanced Monsoon Rains: La Niña typically brings above-average rainfall during the monsoon season (June to September). This can be beneficial for agriculture, as it improves water availability. Flooding Risks: While increased rainfall can be beneficial, it also raises the risk of flooding, particularly in low-lying areas and regions with poor drainage systems. Agricultural Productivity: The increased rainfall can lead to better crop yields for rain-fed crops like rice, sugarcane, and pulses. However, excessive rain can also damage crops and lead to waterlogging. Water Resources: La Niña can improve the water levels in reservoirs, rivers, and groundwater, which is crucial for irrigation and drinking water supplies. Temperature Variations: La Niña can lead to cooler-than-normal temperatures in some parts of India, especially during the winter months. Pest and Disease Outbreaks: The wetter conditions can create a favourable environment for pests and diseases, which can harm crops and reduce yields. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements: La Niña is a climate pattern characterized by the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. La Niña typically brings wetter-than-normal conditions to Southeast Asia, Australia, and parts of India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) With reference to the Anti-dumping duty, consider the following statements: Anti-dumping duty is a protectionist tariff that a domestic government imposes on foreign imports believed to be priced below fair market value. The primary purpose of anti-dumping duties is to protect domestic industries from unfair competition. In India the Directorate General of Trade Remedies makes the final decision to impose the anti-dumping duty. Which of the statements given above is/are not correct? 1 and 2 only 3 only 2 and 3 only 1,2 and 3 Q3.) Consider the following statements with references to the bio-ethanol production: Produces fewer emissions compared to fossil fuels. Reduces dependence on imported fossil fuels. Provides additional income for farmers. How many of the above given statements are not correct? Only one Only two All three None Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  2nd September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  31st  August – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  c Q.2) – c Q.3) – d

Sep 2, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 2nd September 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Aug 31, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 31st August 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   INS ARIGHAAT  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: India bolstered its deterrence capability on Thursday with the commissioning of its second nuclear submarine, INS Arighaat, into the Navy. Background: – The discreet commissioning ceremony of the Arihant-class vessel in Visakhapatnam was attended by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh. Key takeaways INS Arighaat will join its predecessor INS Arihant strengthening the country’s nuclear triad — the ability to fire nuclear missiles from platforms in the air, land and sea. The 6,000-tonne nuclear-propelled submarine will be armed with indigenously made K-15 missiles which have a range of over 700 km, and have undergone extensive trials over the last few months. Like INS Arihant, it is powered by 83 MW pressurised light-water reactors which allows it to remain submerged for longer periods when compared to conventional submarines. INS Arihant Project The INS Arihant project was initiated over three decades ago, involving Russian assistance, private companies and the research establishment. The lead vessel of the Arihant class, INS Arihant, was laid down in 2004, launched in 2009, and commissioned into the Navy in 2016. It was the first ballistic missile submarine built by a country outside the United Nations Security Council’s five. Additional Information A robust, survivable and assured retaliatory capability is in line with India’s policy to have a credible minimum deterrence capacity to underpin its ‘no first use’ commitment. In 2003, India declared its nuclear doctrine, reserving the right of massive retaliation if it is struck with nuclear weapons. Source: Indian Express SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION (SCO)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL Context: Pakistan on Thursday said that it has invited India and Prime Minister Modi to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation’s Council of Heads of Government meeting to be held in October. Background: Pakistan holds the rotating chairmanship of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Council of Heads of Government (CHG) and in that capacity, will host the two-day in-person SCO Heads of Governments Meeting in October. About Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)  The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a significant permanent intergovernmental organization that focuses on political, economic, and security-related cooperation across Eurasia. Formation and Evolution Origins: The SCO evolved from the “Shanghai Five” group, which was established in 1996 by China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. With the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 into 15 independent countries, there were concerns in the region about extremist religious groups and ethnic tensions. It was to manage these issues, the group was created. Establishment: The SCO was officially founded on June 15, 2001, in Shanghai, China, with the addition of Uzbekistan. Expansion: India and Pakistan joined as full members in 2017, Iran in 2023, and Belarus in 2024. Member States and Structure Members: The SCO currently includes China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India, Pakistan, Iran, and Belarus. Observers and Dialogue Partners: The organization also has several observer states and dialogue partners, including Afghanistan, Mongolia, and Turkey. Headquarters: The SCO Secretariat is based in Beijing, China. The goals of the SCO are: to strengthen mutual trust, friendship and good-neighborliness between the Member States; to encourage the effective cooperation between the Member States in such spheres as politics, trade, economy, science and technology, culture, education, energy, transport, tourism, environmental protection, etc; to jointly ensure and maintain peace, security and stability in the region; and to promote a new democratic, fair and rational international political and economic international order. Key Initiatives and Activities Annual Summits: The Heads of State Council (HSC) is the supreme decision-making body of the SCO, meeting annually to discuss and decide on major issues. The SCO council of heads of government level is the second-highest body in the grouping. Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS): This body coordinates efforts to combat terrorism, separatism, and extremism within the member states. RATS is headquartered in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Economic Projects: The SCO has initiated various projects to enhance regional connectivity, including the Digital Silk Road and infrastructure development programs. Significance and Impact Geopolitical Influence: The SCO is the world’s largest regional organization in terms of geographic scope and population, covering approximately 80% of Eurasia and 40% of the world’s population. Strategic Balance: The organization plays a crucial role in maintaining regional stability and fostering a multipolar world order. Source: Hindu NORTHERN BALD IBIS  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: After being extinct in Central Europe for 300 years, the northern bald ibis has made a comeback. Now, scientists acting as “foster parents” are guiding the birds to relearn their long-lost migration routes, leading them aboard a tiny plane. Background: Thirty-six of these endangered birds are now following an ultralight aircraft on a 2,800 km journey from Austria to Spain, a trip that could take up to 50 days. During the flight, human foster parents sit at the back of the microlight, waving and shouting encouragement to the birds as they fly. About Northern Bald Ibis  The Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita), also known as the Hermit Ibis or Waldrapp, is an endangered bird species. Description Appearance: The Northern Bald Ibis is a large bird, measuring about 70–80 cm in length with a wingspan of 125–135 cm. It has glossy black plumage with bronze-green and violet iridescence. One of its most distinctive features is its unfeathered red face and head, along with a long, curved red bill. Behavior: Unlike many other ibises, the Northern Bald Ibis is non-wading and prefers open areas such as grasslands, rocky mountains, and semi-deserts. Habitat and Distribution Historical Range: Historically, this species was widespread across the Middle East, northern Africa, and southern and central Europe. Current Range: Today, the majority of the remaining wild population is found in southern Morocco, with smaller numbers in Syria and Turkey. Breeding: The Northern Bald Ibis breeds colonially on coastal or mountain cliff ledges, where it typically lays two to three eggs in a stick nest. Conservation Status Threats: The species has faced significant threats from hunting, habitat loss, and slow reproduction rates. Conservation Efforts: Thanks to international reintroduction programs and natural population growth in Morocco, the Northern Bald Ibis was downlisted from Critically Endangered to Endangered on the IUCN Red List in 2018. Breeding efforts to increase their population over the past two decades have been successful, but without guidance from wild ancestors, the birds no longer had any knowledge of which direction to fly for winter. Early reintroduction attempts were largely unsuccessful – instead of returning to suitable wintering grounds such as Tuscany, Italy, the birds flew in different directions and died. To prepare them for migration, chicks were removed from their breeding colonies at Rosegg Zoo in Austria just days after hatching, taken to an aviary and looked after by a human foster parent to “imprint”. Once this happens, the birds trust the human enough to follow them along the migration route. Source: The Guardian This is box title  Syllabus Prelims – ECONOMY Context: Reliance Industries, led by Chairman Mukesh Ambani, announced a 1:1 bonus share issue during their 47th annual general meeting. Background: This is the first bonus issue by Reliance Industries since 2017. The announcement has already positively impacted the company’s stock price, reflecting investor confidence. About bonus share issue A bonus share issue, also known as a scrip issue or capitalization issue, occurs when a company offers free additional shares to its existing shareholders. Key Points: Free Additional Shares: Shareholders receive extra shares without any cost. Proportional Allocation: The number of bonus shares received is proportional to the shares already held. For example, a 1:1 bonus issue means you get one additional share for every share you own. Increased Share Capital: The total number of shares increases, which raises the company’s share capital. No Change in Market Capitalization: The market capitalization remains the same because the share price adjusts proportionally. If the number of shares doubles, the share price halves. Shareholders’ Equity: The relative equity of each shareholder remains unchanged, meaning their ownership percentage in the company stays the same. Funding: Bonus shares are typically funded from the company’s profits or reserves. Benefits of Issuing bonus shares for the Company: Enhanced Liquidity: By increasing the number of shares in the market, trading activity can rise, making the shares more liquid. Positive Market Perception: Announcing a bonus issue can signal the company’s strong financial health, boosting investor confidence. Rewarding Shareholders: It serves as a reward to loyal shareholders without impacting the company’s cash reserves. Improved Shareholder Base: It can attract new investors who perceive the bonus issue as a sign of growth and stability. Utilization of Reserves: It allows the company to utilize its accumulated reserves effectively. Benefits of Issuing bonus shares for Shareholders: Increased Shareholding: Shareholders receive additional shares without any cost, increasing their total shareholding. No Immediate Tax Liability: Bonus shares are not taxed at the time of issuance, though capital gains tax applies upon sale. Improved Liquidity: More shares in the market can make it easier for shareholders to buy or sell shares. Psychological Benefit: Shareholders may feel more positive about their investment as they receive additional shares. Proportional Ownership Maintained: The issuance of bonus shares does not dilute the ownership percentage of existing shareholders. Source: Business Standard FINTER NET  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: At the recent Global Fintech Fest (GFF) in Mumbai, the ex-chairman of UIDAI introduced the concept of “Finternet”. Background: The Global Fintech Fest (GFF) is an annual fintech conference organized by the Payments Council of India (PCI), the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), and the Fintech Convergence Council (FCC). Key takeaways Finternet is a concept introduced to describe a network of interconnected financial ecosystems, similar to the internet. It aims to unify various financial services and systems, making transactions cheaper, more secure, and nearly instantaneous. Central banks remain central to the system, ensuring trust in money, while collaborating closely with commercial banks. Finternet aims to create a more inclusive and efficient financial ecosystem, enabling anyone to transfer any financial asset, in any amount, at any time, using any device, to anyone else, anywhere in the world. Key features: Unified Ledgers: Bringing together multiple financial markets (e.g., tokenized assets, shares, bonds, real estate) on a single programmable platform. Interoperability: Ensuring seamless transfer of assets and funds across different platforms and services. Accessibility: Making financial services more accessible, especially for people in remote or underserved areas. Cost Efficiency: Reducing transaction costs to make financial services more affordable. Security: Enhancing security measures to protect users from fraud and cyber threats. Source: Economic Times SEXUAL HARASSMENT ELECTRONIC BOX (SHE-BOX) PORTAL  Syllabus Prelims & Mains : CURRENT EVENT Context: Union Ministry of Women and Child Development recently launched the new SHe-Box portal. Background: This initiative is a critical step towards creating a safer and more inclusive working environment for women in India. About Sexual Harassment electronic Box (SHe-Box) Sexual Harassment electronic Box (SHe-Box) is an effort of Government of India to provide a single window access to every woman, irrespective of her work status, whether working in organised or unorganised, private or public sector, to facilitate the registration of complaint related to sexual harassment. Any woman facing sexual harassment at workplace can register their complaint through this portal. Once a complaint is submitted to the ‘SHe-Box’, it will be directly sent to the concerned authority having jurisdiction to take action into the matter. Key Features: Centralized Platform: It provides a single window for women to register and monitor complaints of sexual harassment, regardless of their work status (organized or unorganized, public or private sectors). Repository of Information: The portal serves as a centralized repository for information related to Internal Committees (ICs) and Local Committees (LCs) formed across the country. Complaint Filing and Tracking: Women can file complaints, track their status, and ensure time-bound processing by ICs. The portal ensures that complaints are processed efficiently and transparently. Assured Redressal: The portal offers a streamlined process for all stakeholders, ensuring that complaints are addressed promptly and effectively. Real-Time Monitoring: A designated nodal officer monitors the complaints and their investigation progress in real-time, ensuring accountability and timely action. Privacy Protection: Complaints can be registered safely without personal information being publicly accessible, ensuring the complainant’s privacy and security. Access and Usage: The SHe-Box portal can be accessed at https://shebox.wcd.gov.in/. To register a complaint, a valid email ID and mobile number are required. The Sexual Harassment at Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 The Government of India (GoI) has enacted the Sexual Harassment at Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 with the objective to create a safe and secure workplace for women free from sexual harassment. This Act is unique in its broad coverage which includes all women irrespective of their work status, whether working in organised or unorganised, public or private sectors, regardless of hierarchy. The domestic workers are also included within its ambit. It defines sexual harassment at the workplace in a comprehensive manner, to cover circumstances of implied or explicit promise or threat to a woman employment prospects or creation of hostile work environment or humiliating treatment, which can affect her health or safety. Source: Times of India Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to the Finternet, consider the following statements: Finternet is a concept introduced to describe a network of interconnected financial ecosystems, similar to the internet. It aims to unify various financial services and systems, making transactions cheaper, more secure, and nearly instantaneous. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) With reference to the Sexual Harassment electronic Box (SHe-Box), consider the following statements: It provides a single window access to every woman, irrespective of her work status, whether working in organised or unorganised, private or public sector, to facilitate the registration of complaint related to sexual harassment. It is launched by the Union Ministry of Women and Child Development. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) With reference to the bonus share issue, consider the following statements: A bonus issue occurs when a company decides to offer free additional shares to the existing shareholders. It serves as a reward to loyal shareholders without impacting the company’s cash reserves. Bonus shares are not taxed at the time of issuance, though capital gains tax applies upon sale. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 only 1 and 3 only 1,2 and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  31st August 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  30th August – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  c Q.2) – a Q.3) – c

Aug 31, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 31st August 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Aug 30, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 30th August 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   SPACEFLIGHT AND THE HUMAN BODY  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: On August 24, NASA announced that Boeing’s Starliner crew capsule, which took astronauts Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore to the International Space Station (ISS) on its first crewed test flight, was deemed unsafe for their return. Background: – Williams and Wilmore will stay on the ISS until February 2025 and return in a SpaceX crew capsule launching in September 2024. The Starliner meanwhile will undock and return uncrewed. What is Space? Defining Space: Space is easier to identify far from Earth than near it due to the gradual transition from ‘earth-like’ to ‘space-like’ conditions. In aeronautics, space begins at the Karman line, 100 km above sea level. Gravity in Space: While gravity diminishes over distance, it never entirely disappears. Astronauts on the ISS experience microgravity, not zero gravity. Varying Conditions: Different parts of space expose astronauts to different conditions. For example, the Van Allen radiation belts, located from 640 km to 58,000 km above Earth, contain charged particles trapped by Earth’s magnetic field. Effects of Space on the Human Body: Research Limitations: Although hundreds of astronauts have flown to space, their numbers are too small to fully understand all the effects of spaceflight on the human body. However, broad trends have been observed. Bone and Muscle Loss: In microgravity, bones weaken, which might force the body to deposit the ‘excess’ mineral content in the kidneys leading to kidney stones. Because of the body’s weightless experience, the heart is required to do less work and could shrink. Similarly, other parts of the musculature could shed muscle mass and strength. Digestive Changes: Food may move more slowly through the gut, leading to weight gain. Vision Issues: Around 20% of astronauts, and 70% of those on long missions, develop spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS), where fluids build up in the head and affect eyesight. Blood Changes: Astronauts lose more red blood cells in space, requiring dietary adjustments to produce more cells. Balance and Orientation: The brain works harder in space to maintain balance and orientation due to altered signals from the body. Causes and Countermeasures: Key Causes: Radiation, confined environments, distance from Earth, and microgravity are major factors affecting astronauts’ health. Exercise and Routines: Astronauts follow strict exercise regimes and routines to maintain physical health and reduce stress. Technological Solutions: Proposals include portable devices to monitor SANS and countermeasures like lower body negative pressure and artificial gravity. Human Time in Space: Increased Duration: The average time an astronaut spends in space has increased from one month in the 1960s to six months in the 2020s. Future Challenges: With plans for permanent lunar stations and missions to Mars, new long-duration missions will bring additional safety challenges. Source: Hindu SANCTION FOR PROSECUTION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The issue of granting sanction to prosecute a public servant has resurfaced after the Karnataka Governors approval to open an investigation and to prosecute Chief Minister Siddaramaiah over alleged irregularities in allotting compensatory plots to his wife, following the acquisition of her land by the Mysore Urban Development Authority. Background: – The law relating to a Governor granting sanction for a serving CM’s prosecution is governed not by statutory provisions alone, but also a string of court judgments. Why is Sanction Required to Prosecute a Public Servant? Sanction for prosecuting a public servant has been a mandatory feature of anti-corruption law. Protection from Vexatious Prosecution: It is required to protect them from malicious or vexatious prosecutions for actions taken during official duties. Legal Provisions: Section 197, CrPC: No court can take cognisance of a case against a public servant without sanction from an authority competent to remove them. Applies to those currently or formerly public servants. Similar to CrPC, Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947, has provision for sanction. Under both the CrPC and the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA), the State and Central governments had the authority to sanction prosecution of their respective employees. Latest Provisions on Granting Sanction Section 218 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), the procedure code that has replaced the CrPC, retains the sanction provisions. Prevention of Corruption Act (2018 Amendment): Section 17A: Government approval is required even to begin an investigation. Section 19: Sanction is a prerequisite for any court to take cognisance of a charge sheet or complaint of corruption. Applies to Current and Former Public Servants: The amendment covers those who are and were public servants. Governor’s Role in Cases Against a Chief Minister Authority to Grant Sanction: The Governor, who has the power to dismiss a Chief Minister, is considered the authority to grant sanction for prosecuting a Chief Minister. Governor’s Discretion: According to the Supreme Court (A.R. Antulay case), the Governor should act in his discretion and not on the advice of the Council of Ministers when granting sanction to prosecute a Chief Minister. Court Rulings on Sanction Madhya Pradesh Special Police Establishment vs. State of MP and others (2004): The Supreme Court upheld the Governor’s decision to grant sanction against two Ministers despite the Council of Ministers’ decision to the contrary. The Court found the Council’s decision irrational and emphasized that the Governor can act in his discretion when there is apparent bias or irrationality in the Council’s decision. Source: Hindu CHILE  Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: On a three-day visit to India, Chile’s Foreign Minister  held a meeting with External Affairs minister S Jaishankar on Wednesday and discussed bilateral cooperation in trade and investment, agriculture, critical minerals, defence and space among other issues. Background: Chile is a key partner of India in the Latin American region. About Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica. The capital and largest city of Chile is Santiago. Geography Location: Chile stretches over 4,300 km (2,700 miles) from north to south, making it one of the longest countries in the world. It is bordered by Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Landscape: The country is known for its diverse landscapes, including the Atacama Desert in the north, the fertile Central Valley, and the rugged Andes mountains. It also includes Easter Island and several other Pacific islands. Climate Variety: Due to its length, Chile experiences a wide range of climates, from the arid desert in the north to a Mediterranean climate in the central region, and a temperate climate in the south. Natural Events: Chile is prone to natural events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis due to its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire. Population and Culture Population: As of 2024, Chile has an estimated population of around 20 million people. Language: Spanish is the official language. Culture: Chilean culture is a blend of indigenous and European influences. The country is also known for its wine production and cuisine. Government and Economy Government: Chile is a multiparty republic with a president as the head of state and government. The current president is Gabriel Boric. Economy: Chile has a mixed economy with a strong emphasis on mining, particularly copper, which is a major export. Other important sectors include agriculture, fishing, and manufacturing. Natural Beauty: The country is home to stunning natural landscapes, including the Torres del Paine National Park, the Lake District, and the fjords of Patagonia Source: Indian Express PERPETUAL BONDS  Syllabus Prelims – ECONOMY Context: Canara Bank issued India’s first Additional Tier I perpetual bonds since recent rule changes, attracting strong investor interest with a lower-than-expected coupon of 8.27%. Background: This marks a revival in demand for these bonds, which had declined due to regulatory challenges. The Securities and Exchange Board of India’s (SEBI) recent valuation tweak, allowing mutual funds to value these bonds based on the call option, has made them more attractive. About Perpetual Bonds Perpetual bonds, also known as perpetual notes or perps, are a type of bond that has no maturity date. They are issued by companies or organizations to raise capital, and the issuer is not required to repay the principal amount. Characteristics: No maturity date: Perpetual bonds do not have a fixed maturity date, and the issuer is not obligated to repay the principal. Interest payments: Investors receive regular interest payments, usually semi-annually or annually, but the principal amount remains outstanding. High credit risk: Perpetual bonds are considered high-risk investments since the issuer may not repay the principal, and the investor may face credit risk. Subordinated debt: Perpetual bonds are often subordinated to other debt obligations, meaning they have a lower claim on assets and earnings. Callable: Some perpetual bonds may be callable, allowing the issuer to redeem the bonds at a specified price. Types of perpetual bonds: Fixed-Rate Perpetual Bonds: Offer a fixed interest rate throughout their existence. Floating-Rate Perpetual Bonds: Interest rates adjust periodically based on a reference rate (e.g., LIBOR). Convertible Perpetual Bonds: Can be converted into equity shares after a specified period. Hybrid Perpetual Bonds: Combine features of different bond types. Common Issuers: Financial Institutions: Banks and other financial entities use perps for capital management. Corporations: Especially those seeking long-term financing. Governments: To fund infrastructure projects or manage debt. Infrastructure Projects: Funding large-scale developments. Source: Business Standard NATIONAL COUNCIL OF APPLIED ECONOMIC RESEARCH (NCAER)  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Monthly Economic Review of the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) for August acknowledges that the domestic economy remains resilient. Background: However, it highlighted moderation in certain high-frequency indicators, such as industrial output and core sectors’ performance in June. Key takeaways The National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) is India’s oldest and largest independent, non-profit economic policy research think tank. NCAER was established in 1956 in New Delhi. Its mission is to provide research-based policy solutions that help understand India’s rapid economic and social transformation as new and complex challenges emerge. Research Themes: National Growth and Macroeconomic Center: Analyzing growth trends and macro policies. Human Development and Data Innovation: Focusing on education, health, and data-driven insights. Investor Education and Protection Fund Chair Unit: Enhancing financial literacy and investor protection. Trade, Technology, and Skills: Addressing trade dynamics and skill development. Agriculture and Rural Development: Supporting sustainable rural growth. Centre for Health Policy and Systems: Advancing health policy research. NCAER’s contributions to Indian Economy: Rich Data and Evidence: NCAER gathers evidence through scientific surveys, panel surveys, and data collection. This rich data serves as a foundation for informed policy decisions, enabling evidence-based reforms and targeted interventions. Economic Analysis and Modelling: NCAER estimates demand, supply, income, investment, savings, and conducts macroeconomic modelling and forecasting. These analyses provide insights into economic trends, growth drivers, and potential policy impacts. Policy Research and Forums: NCAER hosts unique platforms for discussions, bringing together policymakers, industry leaders, and experts. These forums facilitate dialogue on critical economic issues, fostering evidence-based decision-making. Source: Money Control BUREAU OF POLICE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (BPR&D)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains : POLITY Context: The Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) recently celebrated its 54th Foundation Day at its headquarters in New Delhi. Background: BPR&D plays a pivotal role in shaping policing practices and law enforcement strategies in India. About Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) The Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) is a premier research and development organization in the field of policing and law enforcement in India. It was established in 1970 under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. It was established with a mandate to: Identify the needs and problems of the police in the country. Undertake research projects and studies, and suggest modalities to overcome problems and challenges and meet the needs and requirements of the police. Objectives: To promote excellence in policing and law enforcement To identify areas of improvement and develop strategies for modernization To conduct research and studies on policing and related issues To develop and disseminate best practices and standards To provide training and capacity-building programs for police personnel Functions: Research and studies on policing, crime, and law enforcement Development of training programs and materials Modernization of police forces and equipment International cooperation and collaboration Publication of journals, reports, and other resources Key areas of focus: Police reforms and modernization Crime prevention and control Cybercrime and digital forensics Counter-terrorism and internal security Human rights and police accountability Source: PIB Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to the Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D), consider the following statements: The Bureau of Police Research and Development is a premier research and development organization in the field of policing and law enforcement in India. It was established under the Ministry of Home Affairs. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) With reference to the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), consider the following statements? The National Council of Applied Economic Research is a statutory body. Its mission is to provide research-based policy solutions that help understand India’s rapid economic and social transformation NCAER estimates demand, supply, income, investment, savings, and conducts macroeconomic modelling and forecasting. Which of the statements given above is/are not correct? 1 only 1 and 2 only 3 only 1,2 and 3 Q3.) With reference to the Perpetual bonds, consider the following statements: Perpetual bonds are a type of bond that has no maturity date. They are issued by companies or organizations to raise capital. The issuers of perpetual bond are not required to repay the principal amount. How many of the above given statements are correct? Only one Only two All three None Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  30th August 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  29th August – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  c Q.2) – c Q.3) – d

Aug 30, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 29th August 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   COMBINATION DRUGS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The government has banned 156 fixed-dose combination (FDC) drugs, including popular medicines such as Cheston Cold and Foracet, used for cold and fever and pain respectively. Background: – The ban is the most sweeping crackdown on FDCs since 2018, when 328 such drugs were banned. A total 499 FDCs have been banned since 2014. About Fixed-Dose Combination (FDC) drugs Definition: FDCs are medications that combine two or more active ingredients (chemical compounds in medicines that have an effect on the body) into a single pill, capsule, or injection. Purpose: Designed to simplify treatment for conditions like tuberculosis and diabetes, FDCs reduce the number of pills a patient needs, aiming to improve adherence to medication regimens. Examples: For instance, Cheston Cold combines paracetamol (for fever), cetirizine (for allergies), and phenylephrine (for nasal congestion). While this may be beneficial for allergy-related symptoms, it is unnecessary and potentially harmful for bacterial infections. Potential Risks: FDCs may include unnecessary drugs or components, leading to ineffective treatment or adverse effects. Excessive use of certain FDCs, particularly those containing antibiotics, can contribute to antibiotic resistance, making future infections harder to treat. Regulatory Actions: Reason for Ban: The ban targets irrational FDCs containing combinations that either do not work well together or are not needed. A significant concern is the misuse of antibiotics, which can lead to increased resistance. Market Impact: Despite previous bans, a 2023 study showed that the proportion of FDCs among antibiotics sold in India rose from 32.9% in 2008 to 37.3% in 2020. India has one of the highest numbers of FDCs globally, with many considered inappropriate. Pricing Issues: Companies sometimes use FDCs to bypass government price controls on essential medicines. Recent Government Action: The government is addressing irrational FDCs that were approved without comprehensive trials. Banned drugs were initially approved by various state licensing authorities without any trials for combinations because the ingredients were individually approved. New regulations from the 2019 Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules classify FDCs as new drugs, requiring approval from the central drug regulator, thereby reducing the presence of irrational combinations in the market. Source: Indian Express HIMACHAL PRADESH’S BILL RAISING WOMEN’S MINIMUM MARRIAGE AGE  Syllabus Mains GS-2 Context: The Himachal Pradesh Assembly on August 27, passed a Bill raising the minimum marriageable age for women from 18 to 21 years Background: – The Prohibition of Child Marriage (Himachal Pradesh Amendment) Bill, 2024, was passed by voice vote. It seeks to amend the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 (2006 Act) to advance gender equality and encourage higher education among women. Why was the Bill passed? Commitment to Women’s Welfare: Chief Minister Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu stated that the Bill reflects government’s dedication to improving the welfare of women. Himachal Pradesh is the first state in India to legislate the increase of the minimum marriage age for girls to 21 years. Educational and Health Concerns: Health Minister emphasized that early marriage hinders girls’ education and career progress, negatively impacts their physical development, and leads to early pregnancies, affecting women’s health. Gender Equality and Opportunities: The Bill aims to provide gender equality and enhance opportunities for higher education by increasing the minimum marriageable age for girls. Key Provisions: Redefinition of “Child”: Section Section 2(a) of the 2006 Act defines a “child” as someone “who, if male, has not completed twenty-one years of age, and if female, has not completed eighteen years of age.” The Bill removes this gender-based distinction, redefining a “child” as a male or female who has not completed 21 years of age. Extended Petition Period: Bill extends the time period for filing a petition to annul a marriage. Under Section 3 of the 2006 Act, an individual who was a minor at the time of marriage can file for annulment within two years of attaining majority —before turning 20 for women and 23 for men. The Bill extends this period to five years, allowing both women and men to file petitions before they turn 23. Precedence of the Bill: A new provision, Section 18A, has been introduced to ensure that the Bill’s provisions take precedence over all other existing laws. This means that the new minimum marriageable age for women will apply uniformly across Himachal Pradesh, regardless of any conflicting laws or religious and cultural practices. Why will the President’s Assent Be Required? Concurrent List Conflict: The Bill deals with marriage, a subject on the Concurrent List, where both central and state governments can legislate. Potential Conflict with Central Law: since the Bill introduces a different minimum marriageable age for women, its provisions will be deemed inconsistent with the 2006 Act —a law enacted by Parliament. Article 254: Under Article 254 of the Constitution, if state legislation contradicts central law, it becomes void unless the President’s assent is obtained. With the President’s assent, the state law will override the central law within Himachal Pradesh. Expert Opinions: Child and women’s rights activists argue that raising the minimum marriage age may increase parental control over young adults, especially in a patriarchal society. Potential Misuse of Law: Activists highlight that the existing law is often misused by parents to penalize daughters who marry against their wishes, and increasing the age to 21 could exacerbate this issue, leading to further persecution of young women. Such a legislative reform could also leave a vast majority of Indian women who marry before the age of 21 years without the legal protections that the institution of marriage otherwise provides. It is also likely to endanger the life and liberty of the marginalised communities exposing them to further brutal policing. The 2008 Law Commission Report recommended setting a uniform age of marriage for both men and women at 18 years. The National Human Rights Commission in 2018 too proposed a similar reform. Source: The Hindu JUSTICE VERMA PANEL AND DEATH PENALTY FOR RAPE  Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: After the brutal rape and murder of a doctor on duty at Kolkata’s R.G. Kar Medical College and Hospital on August 9, there has been a clamour of voices seeking the death penalty for the accused. Background: On December 23, 2012 a committee headed by Justice J.S. Verma, former Chief Justice of India, was constituted to recommend changes to the Criminal Law so as to provide for quicker trial and enhanced punishment for criminals accused of sexual assault. It was set up after the gang rape of a paramedic student in Delhi on December 16, 2012 (Nirbhaya). J.S Verma committee and aftermath The committee suggested that the death penalty is not an effective deterrent against serious crimes, but this was not considered. The Union Cabinet did not adopt the Justice Verma Committee’s recommendation against the death penalty when it cleared the ordinance on sexual assault. Amendments Introduced: Key amendments in 2013 included the death penalty for: Rape leading to death or a persistent vegetative state (Section 376A), Repeat offenders (Section 376E). In 2018, further changes introduced death as the maximum punishment for every participant in a gang rape when the victim is less than 12 years old (Section 376DB), and life-long imprisonment if the victim is less than 16 (Section 376DA). Under the new Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, punishment for rape is laid down in several Sections including 64, 65 and 70(2), which notes the punishment for gang rape of a woman under the age of 18 is the death penalty. Justice Verma Committee’s Recommendations: Enhanced Sentences for Rape: The committee proposed increasing sentences for rape from 7 years to 10 years, 20 years, and life imprisonment, stopping short of recommending the death penalty. Persistent Vegetative State: For cases causing a persistent vegetative state, the committee recommended rigorous imprisonment of no less than 20 years, or life imprisonment for the remainder of the perpetrator’s natural life. Death Penalty as a Myth: The committee highlighted evidence suggesting that the deterrent effect of the death penalty on serious crimes is a myth. According to the Working Group on Human Rights, the murder rate has declined consistently in India over the last 20 years despite the slowdown in the execution of death sentences since 1980. Stance on Marital Rape: Removal of Marital Rape Exception: The committee recommended removing the exception for marital rape, emphasizing that a relationship between the perpetrator and victim should not be a defense against rape. Government’s Response: The Union government did not accept this recommendation and refused to criminalize marital rape. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita retains the exception that sexual acts by a man with his wife (over 18 years old) are not considered rape. Gender Rights and Empowerment: Broader Empowerment of Women: The Verma Committee stressed that true empowerment extends beyond political equality to include social, educational, and economic equality. Importance of Law and Public Policy: The committee argued that law and public policy must engage with women’s rights, skills development, and insist on total equality in relationships with society and the state. Social Mindsets: The committee observed that correcting gender biases requires changes in social norms, led by societal leaders and supported by systemic changes in education and behavior. Source: Hindu NATIONAL MEDICAL REGISTER (NMR) PORTAL  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Union Health Minister recently launched the National Medical Register (NMR) Portal in New Delhi. Background: This initiative contributes to strengthening the digital healthcare ecosystem and ensuring quality healthcare for the people of India. About National Medical Register (NMR) National Medical Register (NMR) Portal facilitates the registration of MBBS doctors eligible for practice in India. It is mandated under Section 31 of the National Medical Commission (NMC) Act, 2019. The Ethics and Medical Registration Board (EMRB) maintains an electronic National Register containing doctors’ details. The NMR is linked with Aadhaar IDs, ensuring individual authenticity. Registration Process: Doctors register easily through a simple online process, and the portal interlinks medical colleges/institutions and State Medical Councils (SMCs). Key Features: Digital Registration: This is a web-based registration of all medical practitioners to facilitate the e-registration and issuance of certificates. Access to upload, view, update, and download related information. Accessible Database: Searchable authenticated computer-based NMR for easy access by the public on the website. This transparency helps patients verify the credentials of their doctors. Streamlined Processes: The portal simplifies the processes for registration and record management. Real-time Updates: As soon as information is verified and updated it shall be published in the system to be available to the public. Advantages of the NMR Portal Transparency and Accountability: The Portal will reduce the chances of preoccupation of fraud professionals as this one introduces interconnection of information of state medical councils with one another. Patient Empowerment: Patients can easily verify the credentials of their healthcare providers, fostering trust and confidence in the medical system. Efficiency in Administration: The digital platform significantly reduces administrative bottlenecks, enabling quicker processing of registrations and renewals. Data Integration: The portal integrates data from various state medical councils, providing a unified and centralized register of medical practitioners. Impact on Healthcare Governance The project integration of this new phase of NMR was designed within the frame of the Digital India scheme. It not only enhances administrative efficiency but also helps in maintaining high standards of medical practice by ensuring that only qualified professionals are registered. Source: PIB This is box title  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Maharashtra government has officially designated the ancient geoglyphs and petroglyphs in Ratnagiri as “protected monuments” under the Maharashtra Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1960. Background: These remarkable artifacts date back to the Mesolithic era and depict various animals. Key takeaways A geoglyph refers to a design that is drawn on the earth. Geoglyphs are typically formed of durable elements of the landscape, such as stones, gravel, or earth. A geoglyph is usually longer than four metres. Geoglyphs are difficult to see or even identify on the ground but are easily appreciated when seen from the sky. Different types of Geoglyphs Positive Geoglyphs: These are created by arranging and aligning materials on the ground to form specific shapes or patterns. Petroforms, which use boulders or stones, fall into this category. Positive geoglyphs can be quite intricate and are often best appreciated from an aerial perspective. Negative Geoglyphs: In contrast, negative geoglyphs involve removing part of the natural ground surface to create distinct patterns. Similar to petroglyphs (which are carvings on rock surfaces), negative geoglyphs reveal differently coloured or textured ground. They can be found in various landscapes around the world. Arborglyphs: These unique geoglyphs rely on living plants. By carefully seeding and nurturing specific vegetation, people create designs that become visible over time. The patience required for arborglyphs is remarkable, as the design gradually emerges as the plants grow. Chalk Giants: These geoglyphs are carved into hillsides, exposing the underlying bedrock. The Uffington White Horse and the Cerne Giant in southern England are excellent examples of chalk giants. Petroglyphs Petroglyphs are fascinating rock carvings created by removing part of a rock surface through incising, pecking, carving, or abrading. These ancient images hold cultural and religious significance for the societies that made them. Source: Times of India PLEA BARGAINING  Syllabus Prelims & Mains : POLITY Context: A recent report by the Ministry of Law and Justice has revealed that nearly two decades after plea bargaining was introduced, its application in India remains minimal. Background: While plea bargaining remains underutilized, efforts to raise awareness and improve its implementation are crucial for achieving more efficient justice delivery in India. About Plea bargaining Plea bargaining is a legal process in the Indian criminal justice system that allows for the negotiation and resolution of criminal cases between the accused (the defendant) and the prosecution (the state) without a full trial. Plea Bargaining was introduced in India in an attempt to streamline the judicial system and reduce the burden on India’s overloaded courts. It aims to expedite case resolution and promote efficiency by encouraging defendants to plead guilty in exchange for more lenient sentencing or other benefits. Plea Bargaining in India: In India, plea bargaining is governed by the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, which incorporated it in 2005. Under the Indian legal system, plea bargaining is available for offenses that are punishable with imprisonment for a term of seven years or less. The accused person must voluntarily opt for plea bargaining, and the court must be satisfied that the plea has been made voluntarily and with full knowledge of its consequences. Plea bargaining can take place at any stage of the criminal justice process, from the initial charge to the trial itself. The process of plea bargaining in India is initiated by the accused by filing an application before the court expressing his willingness to plead guilty. The court will then examine the application and may allow or reject it based on the facts and circumstances of the case. If the court allows the application, it will refer the matter to the prosecutor for further negotiations. During the negotiation process, the prosecutor may offer a reduced sentence or some other concession in exchange for the accused’s guilty plea. The accused may accept or reject the offer, and if accepted, the court will record the plea of guilt and pronounce the sentence as per the terms of the plea-bargaining agreement. The court has the discretion to accept or reject the plea-bargaining agreement if it deems it to be unjust, unreasonable, or contrary to the interest of justice. Additionally, if the accused breaches the terms of the plea-bargaining agreement, the court may set aside the agreement and proceed with the trial. The accused has the right to withdraw the plea at any time before the court pronounces the sentence. If the plea is withdrawn, the trial continues as if the plea-bargaining process had not occurred. Once the sentence is pronounced, it becomes final, and the accused cannot appeal against it except on the grounds of manifest injustice. Types of Plea Bargaining: Charge Bargaining: The defendant pleads guilty to a lesser offense than the one originally charged. Sentence Bargaining: The defendant pleads guilty in exchange for a specific sentence recommendation. Fact Bargaining: The defendant admits to certain facts in exchange for leniency. Count Bargaining: The defendant pleads guilty to some charges while others are dismissed. Alford Plea: The defendant maintains innocence but acknowledges that there is enough evidence for conviction. No Contest Plea: The defendant neither admits nor denies guilt but accepts punishment. Source: Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to the National Medical Register (NMR) Portal, consider the following statements? National Medical Register Portal facilitates the registration of MBBS doctors eligible for practice in India. It is mandated under the National Medical Commission (NMC) Act, 2019. The Portal will reduce the chances of preoccupation of fraud professionals as this one introduces interconnection of information of state medical councils with one another. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q2.) With reference to the geoglyph, consider the following statements: A geoglyph is a design drawn on the earth. Geoglyphs are typically formed of durable elements of the landscape, such as stones, gravel, or earth. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) With reference to the Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES), consider the following statements: It is a severe form of encephalitis caused primarily by mosquito-borne viruses, characterized by high fever and brain inflammation. When inflammation is caused by an infection in the brain, it is known as infectious encephalitis. Which of the statements given above is /are not correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  29th August 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  28th August – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  c Q.2) – b Q.3) – d