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Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 30th September 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here  

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 28th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   VIZHINJAM INTERNATIONAL SEAPORT  Syllabus Prelims – NATIONAL Context: Recently, Vizhinjam International Seaport received MSC Claude Girardet, the biggest vessel to berth at an Indian port. Background: – Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan hailed the anchoring of the ultra large vessel as a step towards the state’s development. He said the state will witness a major development boost as cargo traffic though Vizhinjam Port, located near the international shipping line, becomes active. About Vizhinjam port The Vizhinjam International Seaport, located near Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, is a strategically important deep-water multipurpose seaport developed by the Adani Group in partnership with the Government of Kerala. It aims to position India as a significant player in global maritime trade and relieve the nation’s dependency on foreign transshipment hubs such as Colombo, Singapore, and Dubai. Public-Private Partnership: Developed under a Public Private Partnership (PPP) model on a Design, Build, Finance, Operate, and Transfer (DBFOT) basis. The Adani Group signed a 40-year agreement with the state government in 2015 to design, develop, finance, and operate the port. The Adani Group will have the sole right to operate the port for the first 40 years, and for an additional 20 years if they build the second phase of the project at their own expense. Key Features of Vizhinjam International Seaport: Proximity to International Shipping Routes: Located close to the major international shipping routes in the Indian Ocean, Vizhinjam is ideal for transshipment, reducing logistical costs for Indian trade. Natural Depth: The port has a natural draft of 20 meters, allowing it to accommodate mega container vessels (over 18,000 TEUs) without expensive dredging. Geopolitical Importance: Its location is critical for India’s maritime security and trade dominance in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Boost to Transshipment: Vizhinjam is expected to serve as a transshipment hub, enabling large container ships to offload cargo to smaller vessels for further distribution, reducing India’s reliance on foreign ports like Colombo for transshipment services. Job Creation and Regional Development: The project will generate employment opportunities boosting local and regional economies. Support to Blue Economy: The port will also contribute to India’s larger Blue Economy initiatives by fostering maritime trade, tourism, and fisheries in the coastal region of Kerala. Source: New Indian Express U.K. BACKS INDIA'S BID FOR PERMANENT UNSC SEAT  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL Context: British Prime Minister Keir Starmer joined the leaders of the United States and France in backing India’s bid for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Background: – Besides permanent representation for India, Africa, Brazil, Japan and Germany, the UK also made a pitch for more seats for elected members of the Security Council. About United Nations Security Council (UNSC) The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), tasked with ensuring international peace and security. It holds significant authority under the UN Charter, including the power to impose sanctions, authorize military action, and enforce binding resolutions on member states. Key Features of the UNSC: Composition: Permanent Members (P5): The UNSC consists of five permanent members with veto power — the United States, United Kingdom, Russia, China, and France. Non-permanent Members: In addition to the P5, the UNSC has 10 non-permanent members elected for two-year terms. These seats are distributed among the various regions of the world: 5 seats for Africa and Asia 2 seats for Latin America and the Caribbean 2 seats for Western Europe and other states 1 seat for Eastern Europe Functions and Powers: Maintaining International Peace and Security: The UNSC has the primary responsibility for preventing conflict, resolving international disputes, and authorizing peacekeeping operations. Sanctions and Military Action: The Council can impose economic sanctions, arms embargoes, and authorize the use of force if diplomacy fails. Peacekeeping Operations: The UNSC authorizes and oversees UN peacekeeping missions in conflict zones. Conflict Mediation: It works to mediate disputes between countries and encourages diplomatic negotiations to prevent or end conflicts. Decision-Making: Voting System: Decisions on substantive matters require 9 out of 15 votes from UNSC members, but no decision can pass if a permanent member exercises its veto power. Resolutions: UNSC resolutions are binding on all UN member states, giving the Council a unique authority compared to other UN bodies like the General Assembly. Criticisms and Calls for Reform: Permanent Membership and Veto Power: The concentration of power in the hands of the P5, especially their veto power, has often led to criticism of the UNSC’s structure. Critics argue that this arrangement is outdated, given the geopolitical realities of the 21st century. Lack of Representation: Many countries, including India, Japan, Germany, and Brazil (G4 nations), advocate for permanent membership reform to reflect the global distribution of power and increase representation from Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Stalled Decision-Making: The use of the veto by permanent members, particularly in cases of geopolitical rivalry (such as between the US and Russia/China), has paralyzed the Council on crucial global issues, including the Syrian civil war and the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Inadequate Response to New Threats: The UNSC’s inability to adequately address non-traditional security threats, such as climate change, pandemics, and cyber warfare, has led to calls for it to expand its focus beyond traditional military conflicts. India and the UNSC: India has been elected as a non-permanent member of the UNSC eight times (most recently for 2021-2022). During its tenure, India has actively pushed for multilateralism, counter-terrorism initiatives, and comprehensive reform of the UNSC. Source: The Hindu PINAKA ROCKETS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Indian Army is looking at extending range of the Pinaka rockets. Background: Building on the lessons from the Ukraine war and the offensive in Gaza by Israel, Indian Army is going for extended range rockets, which have proven to be decisive, and indigenising and diversifying vendor base to build resilient supply chains as well as going for futuristic ammunition. About Pinaka rocket system Pinaka Rockets are an indigenously developed multi-barrel rocket launcher (MBRL) system, designed and produced by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India. It plays a significant role in the country’s defense capabilities, particularly in artillery warfare. The Pinaka system is designed to target a variety of military objectives, such as enemy troop concentrations, artillery batteries, logistics support, and communication centers. Key Features : Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher (MBRL):Pinaka is an all-weather, artillery multi-barrel rocket system. Accuracy and Guidance: Initially, the Pinaka system was unguided. However, the Pinaka Guided Rocket variant incorporates navigation, guidance, and control kits, which enhance accuracy. The guided Pinaka can strike targets with an accuracy of ±10 meters over a range of 75 km, significantly improving its effectiveness in precision strikes. Mobility and Rapid Deployment: The Pinaka system is mounted on a Tata truck or Ashok Leyland 8×8 chassis, making it mobile and easily deployable in different terrains, including high-altitude regions. It is capable of firing a salvo of 72 rockets in 44 seconds, providing heavy firepower in a short period. Warhead Options: Pinaka rockets can be equipped with various types of warheads, including high-explosive fragmentation, incendiary, anti-tank, and anti-personnel warheads, making it versatile for different types of operations. Automation and Battlefield Management: Pinaka is integrated with automated fire control systems and can be connected to an artillery command and control system, enabling coordinated and efficient firepower in the battlefield. Usage in Combat: The Pinaka system has been used effectively in combat, notably during the Kargil War (1999), where it played a key role in neutralizing enemy positions in mountainous terrain. It continues to be a key component in the Indian Army’s artillery regiments, enhancing India’s defensive and offensive capabilities. Source: The Hindu FINLAND  Syllabus Prelims – INTERNATIONAL Context: Finland will place a key NATO base less than 200 kilometers from its eastern border with Russia. Background: – Finland, which shares a 1,340-kilometer border with Russia, became a NATO member last year, dropping decades of military non-alignment after Moscow’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. About Finland Finland, officially known as the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country located in northern Europe. Geography Location: Northern Europe, bordered by Sweden to the west, Russia to the east, Norway to the north, and the Gulf of Finland to the south.  Its area includes the autonomous territory of Åland, an archipelago at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia. Area: Approximately 338,145 square kilometers (130,559 square miles). About one-third of the territory of Finland lies north of the Arctic Circle. Landscape: Known for its vast forests, which cover about 75% of the country, and its numerous lakes, with over 188,000 lakes. Population: Around 5.6 million people (2024 estimate). Capital: Helsinki, which is also the largest city. EU Membership: Finland is a member of the European Union. Currency: Euro (€). Main Exports: Machinery, electronics, paper products, and chemicals. Economic Status: Known for its high standard of living and advanced welfare state. Finland aims to be carbon neutral by 2032. Happiest Country: Often ranked as the happiest country in the world. Education: Renowned for its high-quality education system. Source: Moscow Times INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)  Syllabus Prelims – INTERNATIONAL Context: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) on Wednesday officially approved a $7 billion Extended Fund Facility (EFF) for Pakistan. Background: – The EFF funding was conditional on Pakistan making sweeping tax reforms to widen its tax base. Additionally, the IMF mandated there be a balance in spending between Pakistan’s federal and provincial governments, with taxes being imposed on agriculture, and no new subsidies being introduced. About International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a global organization established to promote international monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. History and Purpose Founded: The IMF was established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference and came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries. Today, it has 190 member countries. Purpose: The IMF’s primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries to transact with each other. Key Functions Surveillance: The IMF monitors the global economy and the economies of its member countries. It provides regular assessments of global economic trends and advises member countries on economic policies. Financial Assistance: The IMF provides financial support to member countries facing balance of payments problems. This support helps countries stabilize their economies and restore growth. Technical Assistance and Training: The IMF offers technical assistance and training to help member countries strengthen their capacity to design and implement effective policies. Governance and Structure Board of Governors: The highest decision-making body, consisting of one governor from each member country, usually the finance minister or central bank governor. Executive Board: Responsible for conducting the day-to-day business of the IMF. It consists of 24 directors representing member countries or groups of countries. Managing Director: The head of the IMF, appointed by the Executive Board for a renewable five-year term. Funding and Resources The IMF’s financial resources come from its member countries, primarily through: Quotas: Each member country contributes a certain amount of money (quota) based on its economic size. Quotas determine a country’s financial commitment to the IMF, voting power, and access to IMF financing. Borrowing: The IMF can supplement its resources through borrowing from member countries and the international financial markets. IMF’s Various Lending and Funding Types: Stand-By Arrangements (SBAs): Purpose: The SBA is the IMF’s primary lending tool. It provides short- to medium-term financial assistance to countries facing temporary balance of payment problems. Duration: Typically for a period of 12 to 24 months. Conditionality: SBAs come with strict conditionality, requiring the country to undertake economic reforms to ensure economic stability and repay the loan. Extended Fund Facility (EFF): Purpose: This facility provides longer-term assistance to countries with structural imbalances or more severe and prolonged balance of payments problems. Duration: The duration is typically 3 to 4 years, with repayments made over 4.5 to 10 years. Conditionality: Economic reforms under the EFF are more extensive, focusing on structural reforms to address deeper economic issues. Flexible Credit Line (FCL): Purpose: The FCL is designed for countries with very strong economic fundamentals and policies. It provides immediate access to IMF resources without the need for policy conditionality. Availability: Countries can access the FCL if they qualify based on a prequalification criterion (strong economic policies and track records). Usage: This is meant for crisis prevention or management. Precautionary and Liquidity Line (PLL): Purpose: The PLL is a flexible lending tool designed to meet the liquidity needs of countries with sound economic fundamentals that may be facing moderate balance of payments needs. Availability: For countries that do not meet the high standards of the FCL but still maintain sound economic policies. Duration: 6 months to 2 years. Conditionality: Comes with lighter conditions than SBAs. Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI): Purpose: The RFI provides rapid assistance to countries facing urgent balance of payment needs, often due to sudden shocks such as natural disasters, commodity price shocks, or conflict situations. Conditionality: It has limited or no ex-ante conditionality, making it a quicker, short-term solution for emergencies. Source: Indian Express ASSAM ACCORD  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: After a meeting with the All Assam Students’ Union (AASU), the Chief Minister of Assam set the ball rolling for the implementation of recommendations of the Justice Biplab Sarma Committee regarding Clause 6 of the Assam Accord. Background: – Notably, 15 key recommendations of the Justice Biplab Sarma Committee will not be implemented for the time being. These, CM Himanta said, will require Constitutional amendments. Assam Accord: It was a Memorandum of Settlement between the Rajiv Gandhi-led union government and the leadership of the Assam Movement, primarily the All Assam Students’ Union (AASU), which was signed in 1985. The accord ended the six-year-long agitation in Assam against the entry of Bangladeshi migrants into the state. Clause 6 of the accord states that “Constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards, as may be appropriate, shall be provided to protect, preserve and promote the cultural, social, linguistic identity and heritage of the Assamese people.” It aims to address concerns regarding the state’s demographic and cultural integrity amidst the influx of migrants. The main provisions of the Assam Accord included: Detection, deletion, and deportation of illegal immigrants who entered Assam after March 25, 1971. Safeguarding the political, social, and cultural rights of the Assamese people. Providing constitutional, legislative, and administrative safeguards to protect and preserve the cultural, social, and linguistic identity and heritage of the Assamese people. Accelerating the economic development of Assam. Significance of the Assam Accord: It helped in bringing peace to Assam after years of unrest and protests. It ensured that illegal immigrants would have to leave the state, and the government would take steps to protect Assam’s culture, language, and heritage. It clearly defined who would be considered an Indian citizen in Assam which was crucial in ending the uncertainty around citizenship for many people living there. It is still relevant because the issue of immigration continues to be a big issue in Assam. Even today, the questions about who is a citizen and who is not are debated and discussed. The National Register of Citizens (NRC), which was updated in Assam in 2019, is a part of this ongoing issue. Biplab Sarma Committee: It was formed by the Union Home Ministry in July 2019 to provide recommendations on implementing Clause 6 of the Assam Accord. It is a 14-member committee chaired by retired Assam High Court Justice Biplab Kumar Sarma. The committee submitted its final report in February 2020. Key Recommendations made by the Biplab Sarma Committee: According to the definition provided by the Committee, Assamese People include: Indigenous Tribals Other Indigenous Communities of Assam Indian citizens residing in Assam on or before January 1, 1951, and their descendants Indigenous Assamese People It recommended reservations for “Assamese people” in Parliament, the state Assembly, local bodies, and jobs. The Assam government has accepted the 1951 cut-off date for the specific recommendations of the Justice Biplab Sarma Committee report. It recommended Special Revenue Circles as areas where only Assamese people can own and transfer land. It suggested a three-year program to grant land titles to Assamese people who have long occupied land without proper documentation. It recommended Char Areas Survey to treat newly formed chars as government land, prioritizing allocation to those affected by river erosion. It suggested retaining Assamese as the official state language per the 1960 Assam Official Language Act, with provisions for local languages in certain regions. It recommended issuing all state government acts, rules, and orders in both Assamese and English along with establishing an Autonomous Language Council to preserve and promote the indigenous languages of Assam. It recommended making Assamese a compulsory subject in all English medium schools up to Class VIII or Class X. It supported setting up an autonomous body to oversee the development of sattras and provide them with financial assistance. The autonomous councils of Assam’s Sixth Schedule Areas, including the Bodoland Territorial Council, the North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council, and the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council, will decide whether to implement the 52 recommendations. These councils have certain legislative and judicial autonomy under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Vizhinjam International Seaport? The Vizhinjam International Seaport is located in Kochi, Kerala. The port is being developed under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model by the Adani Group. The port is strategically positioned close to international shipping routes in the Indian Ocean, allowing it to function as a transshipment hub. The port requires extensive dredging to accommodate large vessels due to its shallow natural depth. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 3, and 4 only (d) 2, 3, and 4 only Q2.) Which of the following statements regarding the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is/are correct? The IMF was established at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1945 with 44 member countries. Quotas determine a member country’s financial commitment, voting power, and access to IMF financing. The IMF provides financial assistance only to developing countries facing balance of payments problems. The Board of Governors is the highest decision-making body in the IMF. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 1, 2, and 4 only (d) 2, 3, and 4 only Q3.) Which of the following statements regarding the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is/are correct? The UNSC consists of 10 permanent members and 5 non-permanent members, with the permanent members holding veto power. The UNSC has the authority to impose sanctions and authorize military action under the UN Charter. The UNSC requires a two-thirds majority for passing resolutions, but a veto from any permanent member can block the resolution. UNSC resolutions are binding on all United Nations member states. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 1, 3, and 4 only (d) 2, 3, and 4 only Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  28th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  27th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  a Q.2) – b Q.3) – b

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 28th September 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here  

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 27th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   CBI LOSES GENERAL CONSENT IN KARNATAKA  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Karnataka government on Thursday (September 26) decided to withdraw its earlier notification granting unrestricted permission (general consent) to the CBI to conduct probe in the State. Background: – With this, Karnataka joins many non-BJP ruled States in withdrawing general consent for the CBI in recent years. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Establishment: The CBI was established in 1963 through a resolution of the Ministry of Home Affairs. It was based on the recommendation of the Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption (1962–1964). Legal Status: CBI functions under the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946. While it is not a statutory body created through an act of Parliament, its powers are derived from the DSPE Act. Jurisdiction: The CBI investigates a variety of cases related to corruption, economic crimes, special crimes like serious frauds, murder, kidnapping etc. Its jurisdiction generally extends to Union Territories and, in the case of states, requires the consent of the state government. General Consent for CBI Concept: As per Section 6 of the DSPE Act, the CBI needs general consent from the states to exercise its powers in any state. States have the constitutional right to grant or withdraw this consent. General Consent: States typically grant “general consent” to the CBI, which allows it to investigate cases across the state without requiring case-specific permission. Withdrawal of General Consent: Several states, such as West Bengal, Maharashtra, Kerala, Punjab, and Chhattisgarh, have withdrawn general consent in recent years due to political and jurisdictional conflicts. When general consent is withdrawn, the CBI cannot investigate cases within that state unless directed by a court (High Court or Supreme Court) or specific consent is given for each case. Implications of Withdrawal: Limited Jurisdiction: CBI’s ability to investigate in states becomes restricted. However, it can still investigate cases referred by courts or Union agencies. Federal Tensions: The withdrawal of general consent often reflects tensions between the central and state governments, especially when states perceive central overreach or political bias in CBI investigations. Relevant Constitutional and Legal Aspects Constitutional Provisions: Police is a state subject under the Seventh Schedule (List II) of the Constitution. Therefore, states have jurisdiction over criminal investigation within their territory. Supreme Court’s Stand: The Supreme Court has ruled that the CBI can investigate without state consent if ordered by constitutional courts like the High Court or the Supreme Court, making judicial intervention a way for CBI to bypass the withdrawal of general consent. Source: The Hindu KASTURIRANGAN COMMITTEE ON WESTERN GHATS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: The Karnataka government decided to reject the Kasturirangan committee report on the protection of the ecologically sensitive areas (ESAs) Western Ghats region from environmental degradation, despite advocating in the last few months that the report would be reviewed. Background: – Cutting across political lines, MLAs and MPs from districts such as Shivamogga, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Chikkaamagaluru, Kodagu, and Uttara Kannada, all of which come under the Western Ghats region, have been strongly opposing the implementation of the report. Kasturirangan Committee on Western Ghats The Western Ghats are one of the eight “hottest biodiversity hotspots” in the world and have been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP), headed by Madhav Gadgil, submitted a report in 2011 recommending stringent measures for the protection of the Western Ghats. Due to strong opposition from several state governments and local communities, a new high-level working group (HLWG) was formed in 2012 under Dr. K. Kasturirangan to review the Gadgil Committee report. Key Recommendations: Zoning: The committee proposed demarcating 37% of the Western Ghats area (about 60,000 sq km; compared to the 64% suggested by the Gadgil Committee) as Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA) across six states (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu). The state of Karnataka has the highest percentage of the ESA- 46.50 per cent. Development Restrictions: The report recommended a blanket ban on mining, quarrying, setting up of red category industries (highly polluting industries) and thermal power projects in ESA. However, activities like agriculture and plantations were allowed with stricter norms. Protection of Local Livelihoods: It emphasized the need to balance ecological conservation with the livelihood concerns of local communities, suggesting development activities that are sustainable and eco-friendly. Involvement of Local Communities: The report highlighted the importance of decentralized governance and the role of local communities in environmental decision-making. Challenges: Several states opposed the report, fearing that restrictions could impact local economies and development activities. The implementation of the recommendations has been delayed due to lack of consensus among states, despite multiple reminders from the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change. Source: The Hindu ARMED FORCES SPECIAL POWERS ACT (AFSPA)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Union Home Ministry on Thursday extended the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) in parts of Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh for another six months. Background: Both the State and Union governments can issue notification regarding AFSPA. For the States of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland, the Ministry issues periodic “disturbed area” notifications. About Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) is a law that grants special powers to the Indian armed forces in regions classified as “disturbed areas.” It was enacted to maintain public order in areas experiencing insurgencies, militancy, or internal disturbances. First enacted: In 1958, the AFSPA was originally introduced to address insurgencies in the Northeast region, particularly in Nagaland. Extension to other areas: Over time, the AFSPA was extended to other parts of the country, including Jammu & Kashmir (1990) and various Northeastern states. Objective: The primary objective of AFSPA is to empower the armed forces to restore and maintain law and order in “disturbed areas” where civilian authorities are unable to function effectively due to insurgency or militancy. Key Provisions: Power to Declare Areas as Disturbed: The Act allows the central or state government to declare an area “disturbed” if it is experiencing insurgency or conflict. Special Powers to the Armed Forces: Search and Arrest: Armed forces personnel can arrest without a warrant, enter and search premises to make arrests or recover weapons. Shoot to Kill: Armed forces can open fire if they believe someone is acting against law and order, provided that due warning has been given. Protection of Armed Forces: Officers acting under the AFSPA are protected from prosecution without prior sanction from the central government. Disturbed Area: The AFSPA is applicable in areas that are declared “disturbed” under Section 3 of the Act. The term “disturbed” refers to areas experiencing violence, insurgency, or armed rebellion. Constitutional Validity: Supreme Court’s Ruling: In the case of Naga People’s Movement of Human Rights vs Union of India (1997), the Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of the AFSPA but noted that the powers conferred by the Act should be exercised in a reasonable manner. Criticisms of AFSPA: Human Rights Violations: The Act has been criticized for giving excessive powers to armed forces, leading to allegations of human rights abuses, including extrajudicial killings, torture, and illegal detentions. Lack of Accountability: The requirement of prior sanction for prosecution often leads to a lack of accountability for alleged abuses by security forces. Alienation of Local Population: AFSPA has often led to alienation of local populations in affected regions, especially in Northeastern India and Jammu & Kashmir, where it is seen as a tool of oppression. Repeal and Amendments: Jeevan Reddy Committee (2005): The committee recommended the repeal of AFSPA, stating that the Act had become a symbol of oppression and that its provisions could be incorporated into other laws like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA). Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2007): This commission also recommended the repeal of AFSPA or a comprehensive review to make it more humane. Source: The Hindu L.69  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: With the United Nations (UN) approaching its 80th anniversary next year, the Group of Four (G4) countries — India, Brazil, Germany and Japan — seeking permanent membership and reform of the UN Security Council (UNSC) called for urgent reform of the world body. Other plurilateral groupings, such as the L.69 and C-10 also echoed these calls. Background: – The L.69 group of countries met on Thursday, under the chairmanship of Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Ralph E. Gonsalves. The group held a joint meeting with the C-10 group countries. About L.69 The L.69 Group of Developing Countries is a coalition of 32 developing nations from Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia, and the Pacific. This group is dedicated to advocating for comprehensive reforms of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Formation: The L.69 Group was established to address the need for a more representative, accountable, and effective UNSC. The Group is bound by the firm conviction that expansion in both the permanent and non-permanent categories of membership of the Security Council is imperative to better reflect contemporary world realities. The Group derives its name from the draft document number “L.69” that the Group had tabled in 2007-08, which led to the initiation of the Intergovernmental Negotiation (IGN) process. The Group had tabled a draft resolution on the “Question of equitable representation on and increase in the membership of the Security Council and related matters.” At that time, the Group’s membership was of 22 member states, which has since increased to 32 developing countries. The Group meetings are held regularly to coordinate its position on the IGN process currently underway in the United Nations. The Mission of India serves as the Secretariat for the meetings of the L.69 Group of Developing Countries. Member Countries The L.69 Group includes a diverse range of countries from different regions: Africa: Nigeria, South Africa, Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, Liberia, Seychelles, Togo. Latin America and the Caribbean: Brazil, Bolivia, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Asia and the Pacific: India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Mauritius, Micronesia, Mongolia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu, Vanuatu. Key Objectives Expansion of Membership: Advocating for the inclusion of more permanent and non-permanent members from developing countries to ensure fair representation. Veto Power: Addressing the issue of veto power held by the current permanent members and seeking reforms to make the UNSC more democratic and accountable. Source: The Hindu GLOBE NETWORK  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: India has been elected to the steering committee of the Global Operational Network of Anti-Corruption Law Enforcement Authorities (GlobE Network). Background: – The achievement comes after a rigorous multistage voting process during the fifth plenary meeting in Beijing, where it was represented by the ED and the CBI. About Global Operational Network of Anti-Corruption Law Enforcement Authorities (GlobE Network) The Global Operational Network of Anti-Corruption Law Enforcement Authorities (GlobE Network) was established in 2021 to enhance international cooperation in combating corruption. Purpose and Establishment Purpose: The GlobE Network aims to facilitate transnational cooperation among anti-corruption law enforcement authorities. This includes detecting, investigating, and prosecuting cross-border corruption cases. Establishment: It was created following the “Riyadh Initiative” endorsed at the first G20 Anti-Corruption Ministerial Meeting in 2020. Membership and Governance Membership: Open to anti-corruption law enforcement authorities from all UN Member States and States parties to the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC). Governance: The network is governed by its members and supported by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), which provides the secretariat. Functions and Tools Secure Communications Platform (SCP): A key tool for the network, enabling swift and secure exchange of information among members. Collaboration: The network fosters collaboration among various anti-corruption agencies, police forces, prosecutor’s offices, asset recovery offices, and financial investigation units. Support: Provides practical support to investigators and prosecutors, including specialized resources and tools. Source: Times Of India CRITICAL MINERALS  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: Recently, China announced its decision to restrict the export of antimony, a critical mineral used in strategic sectors such as defence, for military equipment such as missiles, infrared sensors, flares, ammunition, and even nuclear weapons. Background: – Restricting access to strategic resources is a classic statecraft strategy that China seems to be perfecting. Critical Minerals: They are elements that are the building blocks of essential modern-day technologies and are at risk of supply chain disruptions. For example, Antimony, Beryllium, Bismuth, Cobalt, Copper, etc. For India, major import sources of Cobalt are China, the US, and Japan; Lithium (Chile, Russia, China); Nickel (Sweden, China), etc. These minerals are now used everywhere from making mobile phones, and computers to batteries, electric vehicles, and green technologies like solar panels and wind turbines. Based on their individual needs and strategic considerations, different countries create their own lists. Significance of Critical Minerals for India: Minerals such as lithium, graphite, cobalt, titanium, etc. are essential for the advancement of high-tech electronics, telecommunications, transport, etc. Self-sufficiency in critical minerals ensures self-reliance and addresses the vulnerability in its supply chain. Some critical minerals are important for climate-friendly technologies like electric vehicles, solar panels wind turbines, etc. Critical minerals such as lithium, nickel, and silicon are vital to manufacturing technologies and materials used in the aerospace and defence sector. Critical minerals are necessary for India to achieve its geo-economic goals, energy security, renewable energy goals, mineral security, and commitment to electric vehicles by 2030. Weaponizing the Critical Mineral Supply Chain by China: China is a stakeholder and a leader when it comes to critical minerals as it dominates every supply chain segment — upstream, midstream, and downstream, covering mining, extraction, refining, and processing. It enjoys a near-monopoly status, controlling 60% of rare earth production, 60% of critical minerals production, and 80% of the processing worldwide. China has grown more comfortable using its mineral resources as a political tool as Beijing is reminding the West of its strategic dependency on China by demonstrating its status as a mineral power and exerting control over the supply chain. China is responding and believes that it is acceptable to take advantage of the situation to sabotage the West’s critical mineral supply chain, which will hinder the development of its high-tech sectors and undermine its efforts to decouple and de-risk. China’s intimidating behaviour first gained international attention in the aftermath of the incident in 2010 when a Chinese trawler collided with Japanese Coast Guard boats, after which it halted the exports of rare earth elements to Japan. In 2023, following the decision by the Netherlands to restrict the supply of semiconductor equipment, under pressure from the U.S., China announced curbs on the export of gallium and germanium, two critical minerals used in solar cells and computer chips. In 2023, after the U.S. announced export control on “advanced computing, semiconductors, and semiconductors manufacturing equipment”, China reciprocated by curbing the export of “high-purity, high-hardness and high-intensity synthetic graphite material and natural flake graphite and its products”, widely used in electric vehicle (EV) batteries, fuel cells, and nuclear reactors. China has restricted the export of rare earth processing technologies in making rare earth magnets used in EVs, in addition to technologies used to extract and separate critical minerals, hamstringing the U.S.-led attempt to build an alternative supply chain. India is heavily dependent on the imports of critical minerals such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, and copper, which resulted in an import cost of around ₹34,000 crore in FY23. It is estimated that India’s hunger for minerals will only grow, and so will the import cost, further increasing India’s vulnerability. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to the L.69 Group of Developing Countries, consider the following statements: The L.69 Group advocates for comprehensive reforms of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), including expansion in both permanent and non-permanent categories of membership. The group is named “69″ as it contains 69 Low income countries. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) With reference to the Global Operational Network of Anti-Corruption Law Enforcement Authorities (GlobE Network), consider the following statements: The GlobE Network was established following the “Riyadh Initiative” endorsed at the first G20 Anti-Corruption Ministerial Meeting in 2020. The network is exclusively open to G20 member countries and operates under the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) With reference to the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), consider the following statements: Only Central Government can declare an area as “disturbed” under AFSPA. The Act provides immunity from prosecution to armed forces personnel for actions taken in disturbed areas without the prior sanction of the Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  27th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  26th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  b Q.2) – a Q.3) – c

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 27th September 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 26th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL (CAG)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Observing that the Comptroller And Auditor General (CAG) plays a key role in ensuring transparency and accountability in public finance, President Droupadi Murmu said recently that the office of CAG has lived up to the expectations of the Constitution-makers. Background: – President was addressing the opening session of the 16th assembly of Asian Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (ASOSAI). Key takeaways Constitutional Provision: The CAG is an independent authority established under Article 148 of the Indian Constitution. The CAG is appointed by the President of India. Tenure and Removal: The CAG holds office for 6 years or until reaching the age of 65, whichever is earlier. The CAG can only be removed from office through a process similar to the removal of a Supreme Court judge, i.e., through impeachment by Parliament on grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity. Duties and Powers: The CAG audits the accounts of the Union and State Governments, including public sector enterprises. Article 149 outlines the duties and powers of the CAG, as defined by Parliament. The CAG submits audit reports to the President or Governor, which are then laid before the Parliament or State Legislature. The reports include audits of receipts and expenditure of the government and its agencies. Role and Responsibilities: Ensures that public funds are used effectively and lawfully. Audits the Consolidated Fund of India, State Governments, and Union Territories. Audits expenditure from the Contingency Fund and Public Account of India. Plays a crucial role in ensuring accountability and transparency in the financial administration of the country. Significance: CAG acts as the guardian of the public purse and maintains financial accountability of the government. The office of the CAG strengthens parliamentary control over public expenditure. Relevant Articles: Article 148: Appointment and terms of the CAG. Article 149: Duties and powers of the CAG. Article 150: Form of accounts of the Union and States to be kept as prescribed by the CAG. Article 151: Submission of reports of the CAG. Source: Indian Express ANTYODAYA DIWAS 2024  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – HISTORY, GS 4 Context: Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya was born on September 25, 1916. His birth anniversary is observed every year on the same day as Antyodaya Diwas. Background: – It serves as a day to remember and celebrate Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya’s life and legacy, as he was one of the most influential leaders in Indian political history. Key takeaways Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya (1916–1968) was an Indian politician, philosopher, economist, and a key proponent of Hindutva ideology. He was a significant figure in India’s political landscape, particularly within the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), the precursor to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Early Life, Education and Political Career: Birth: Deendayal Upadhyaya was born on September 25, 1916, in a Brahmin family in the small village of Nagla Chandrabhan, near Mathura in Uttar Pradesh. Childhood: Orphaned at an early age, Deendayal was brought up by his maternal uncle. Despite these hardships, he excelled academically and earned a scholarship to attend high school. Education: He studied at the prestigious Birla College in Pilani (now Birla Institute of Technology and Science) and later went to Prayag (Allahabad) University. He completed a Bachelor of Arts degree and cleared the civil services exam but did not join the service. He instead dedicated himself to public service through nationalist organizations. RSS Involvement: Upadhyaya joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) in the 1930s, where he emerged as a pracharak (full-time worker). His organizational skills and dedication soon brought him to the forefront of the RSS. Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS): In 1951, Upadhyaya became closely involved with the newly founded Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), led by Syama Prasad Mukherjee. He was instrumental in shaping the BJS’s ideology and was appointed General Secretary. He remained in this role for nearly 15 years. Party Leadership: After the untimely death of Syama Prasad Mukherjee in 1953, Deendayal Upadhyaya became the de facto leader of the BJS. In 1967, he was formally elected as the President of Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Ideological Contributions: Integral Humanism: Upadhyaya is best known for formulating the philosophy of Integral Humanism (Ekatma Manavavad), which was officially adopted as the guiding philosophy of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh in 1965. Integral Humanism seeks to create a harmonious balance between the individual, society, and the state. It rejected both capitalism and socialism, proposing a middle path that was grounded in Indian culture, values, and ethos. The philosophy advocates for a holistic development approach that integrates the physical, mental, and spiritual dimensions of life. It emphasizes the dignity of the individual and the importance of self-reliance, decentralization of power, and social justice. Antyodaya: Upadhyaya championed the idea of Antyodaya, which means the “rise of the last person.” This concept emphasized the upliftment of the most disadvantaged sections of society. It is a principle that resonates in several welfare schemes implemented by Indian governments even today. Death:Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya’s life was tragically cut short when he was found dead under mysterious circumstances near Mughalsarai railway station (now Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction) in February 1968. Schemes in His Name: Several government schemes, such as the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana and Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana, have been named after him, focusing on rural development, skill training, and poverty alleviation. Integral Humanism Today: His philosophy of Integral Humanism continues to be a guiding principle in Indian politics. It remains relevant in discussions about India’s development trajectory, blending economic progress with cultural values. Key Quotes: “We should have before us the ideal of Integral Man, and on that basis, we should keep in view the individual, family, society, nation, and humanity. Only then can we have an integral development of man.” Source: Indian Express G4 NATIONS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL Context: External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar has met his counterparts from the G4 countries. Background: Jaishankar, who is in the US on an official visit, on Monday met his Japanese counterpart Yoko Kamikawa, the Foreign Minister of Germany Annalena Baerbock and Brazil’s Foreign Minister Mauro Vieira on the sidelines of the 79th Session of the United Nations General Assembly. Key takeaways The G4 nations refer to a coalition of four countries: Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan. These nations support each other’s bids for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Formation: The G4 was formed in 2005 with the primary goal of securing permanent seats on the UNSC for its members. Purpose: The coalition aims to reform the UNSC to better reflect contemporary geopolitical realities. This includes expanding both permanent and non-permanent membership categories to include under-represented regions. Challenges: Their bids for permanent seats are often opposed by the Uniting for Consensus movement, which includes countries like Italy, Pakistan, and South Korea. Source: Business Standard MINERALS SECURITY FINANCE NETWORK  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: India has officially joined the US-led Minerals Security Finance Network. Background: – The announcement, made by the US State Department on Monday, highlights the growing importance of critical minerals in the global energy transition, particularly as nations work to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels. The move comes as China continues to dominate the supply of critical minerals, raising concerns over the concentration and resilience of global supply chains. About Minerals Security Finance Network (MSFN) The Minerals Security Finance Network (MSFN) is a global initiative aimed at securing and diversifying the supply chains for critical minerals. Initiative: The MSFN is part of the broader Minerals Security Partnership (MSP), which was established by the United States in 2022.  India was inducted to the MSP in June 2023. The MSFN was officially announced on the margins of the United Nations General Assembly in September 2024. Purpose: The network aims to promote cooperation, information exchange, and co-financing among development finance institutions (DFIs) and export credit agencies (ECAs) from partner nations. India’s participation in this initiative is aimed at diversifying and securing its supply of critical minerals from nations like Argentina, Chile, Australia, and select African countries. Kazakhstan, in Central Asia, is also being explored as a potential source for India’s mineral requirements. Objectives Securing Supply Chains: The primary goal is to ensure a stable, diversified, and secure supply of critical minerals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements. Reducing Dependency: The MSFN seeks to reduce global dependency on dominant suppliers like China by diversifying sources of these critical minerals. Promoting Sustainable Practices: The network emphasizes sustainable and responsible mining practices, adhering to high environmental, social, governance, and labor standards. Members and Participants The MSFN includes a wide range of countries and institutions: Countries: United States, Australia, Canada, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Norway, Sweden, and the European Union. Institutions: Key participants include the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC), Export Finance Australia (EFA), Export Development Canada (EDC), European Investment Bank (EIB), Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), and many others. Activities and Focus Areas Investment and Financing: The network facilitates investments in critical mineral supply chains, including production, extraction, processing, recycling, and recovery projects. Information Sharing: MSFN promotes the exchange of information and best practices among its members to enhance the effectiveness of their efforts. Public-Private Partnerships: The initiative encourages collaboration between the public and private sectors to mobilize capital and drive sustainable investment in critical mineral projects. Source: Business Standard TAIWAN STRAIT  Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: A Japanese warship cruised for the first time to assert its freedom of navigation through the Taiwan Strait. Background: – Washington and its allies are increasingly crossing the Taiwan Strait to reinforce its status as an international waterway, angering Beijing. About Taiwan Strait The Taiwan Strait is a significant body of water that separates the island of Taiwan from the Asian mainland, specifically the Fujian province of China. Geography Width: The strait is approximately 180 kilometers (110 miles) wide at its broadest point, narrowing to about 130 kilometers (81 miles) at its narrowest. Depth: The average depth of the Taiwan Strait is around 200 feet. Location: It connects the South China Sea to the East China Sea. Historical Significance The Taiwan Strait has been a hotspot for geopolitical tensions, particularly between the People’s Republic of China (PRC, China) and the Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan). Several crises have occurred here: First Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954-1955): The PRC shelled islands controlled by the ROC, leading to significant military confrontations. Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958): Another round of shelling by the PRC, which again led to heightened tensions and military engagements. Ongoing Tensions: The strait remains a focal point of military and political tension, with both the PRC and ROC maintaining significant military presences in the area. Source: The Hindu ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN HEALTHCARE  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: News about the possibility of a “free AI-powered primary-care physician for every Indian, available 24/7” within the next five years is ambitious. It raises critical questions about feasibility, sustainability, and the readiness of India to tackle such enormous undertakings as India cannot jump into AI-driven health care without first addressing the foundational issues within its health system. Background: – Primary health care (PHC) ensures the right to the highest attainable level of health by bringing services closer to communities. It addresses health needs, tackles broader health determinants through multisectoral action, and empowers individuals to manage their health. We risk undermining this fundamental aspect of PHC by relying on AI as it is impersonal, making people passive recipients of care rather than active participants. Artificial Intelligence: According to NITI Aayog, “AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem-solving and decision making.” AI uses various technologies such as computer vision, audio processing, cognitive robotics, speech analytics, language processing, and machine learning techniques to derive AI-based solutions. Healthcare Sector in India: As per the NASSCOM report, the market size of the healthcare industry in India was valued at $372 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of nearly 20% from 2023 to 2030. AI expenditure in India is expected to reach $11.78 billion by 2025 and add $1 trillion to India’s economy by 2035, as per a World Economic Forum report. The AI in Healthcare Market is projected to grow from $14.6 Billion in 2023 to $102.7 Billion by 2028. In the Union Budget 2023-24, the healthcare sector has been allocated INR 89,155 crore to undertake all the new-age research and innovation-based healthcare initiatives on a massive scale. Significance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Healthcare: India has only 64 doctors available per 1,00,000 people compared to the global average of 150. AI can help with the shortage of healthcare workers in India by allowing doctors to consult patients remotely through telemedicine, reaching those in remote areas. AI tools can quickly analyze medical tests and images, helping doctors make accurate diagnoses. Virtual health assistants can monitor patients and give advice. AI has been used to develop a digital nurse to help people monitor a patient’s condition and follow up with treatments, between doctor visits. According to Harvard’s School of Public Health, using AI to make diagnoses may reduce treatment costs by up to 50% and improve health outcomes by 40%. AI helps monitor the medication courses of patients which is very important to ensure the proper dose regime to be followed by the patient. Challenges in using Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Healthcare: Due to the limited availability of high-quality, labelled healthcare data needed to train AI models. The patient data is often fragmented across different systems and formats, making integration difficult. Inadequate digital infrastructure, particularly in rural areas, affects the deployment of AI solutions. The poor internet connectivity in remote regions hampers the use of AI-driven services. Shortage of skilled professionals with expertise in both AI and healthcare. There is a need for continuous education and training programmes for healthcare providers to effectively use AI tools. There is an absence of a comprehensive regulatory framework specific to AI in healthcare which puts patient data privacy at risk and biases in training data can lead to unfair diagnoses. High initial costs of AI technologies and the need for significant investment in infrastructure and training. Resistance from healthcare providers and patients to adopt new AI technologies. The vast and diverse population presents varied healthcare needs, making standardised AI solutions challenging. Socioeconomic disparities lead to unequal access to healthcare technologies, particularly in rural and underserved communities. Government Measures to Integrate AI in Healthcare: The government of India has created a National Digital Health Infrastructure to implement the digital health systems across the country, which includes: Healthlocker includes the digital national health database backed with a cloud-based storage system which serves as a single source of health data for the nation. Personal Health Records (PHR) allow data to be available for citizens and medical research purposes. Digi Doctors is a digital directory of doctors along with their names, specialization, qualifications, and number of years of experience. Coverage and claims digital platform. National health analytics platform. Unique digital health ID for each citizen. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) The Taiwan Strait, often in the news, holds significant geopolitical importance. Which of the following statements about the Taiwan Strait is/are correct? The Taiwan Strait is a body of water that separates Taiwan from the Philippines. The Strait is a key global shipping route and is crucial for international trade. It is a strategic flashpoint for tensions between China and Taiwan due to territorial claims. Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding the G4 nations: The G4 nations consist of Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan, and they support each other’s bid for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The Uniting for Consensus movement, which includes countries like Italy, Pakistan, and South Korea, actively supports the G4 nations’ proposals for UNSC reforms. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya: Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya is known for formulating the philosophy of Integral Humanism. The concept of Antyodaya, championed by Upadhyaya, focuses on the upliftment of the most disadvantaged sections of society. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  26th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  25th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  a Q.2) – a Q.3) – a

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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 25th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Nearly half the sanctioned posts in the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees in Union Territories (PCCs) across the country are lying vacant. While 11 states have over 60% vacancies, Sikkim tops the list with all posts yet to be filled. Background: – The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) submitted these details in an affidavit to the NGT recently. Key takeaways According to the affidavit, of the total 11,562 sanctioned posts in all SPCBs and PCCs, 5,671 (49.04%) posts have been left unfilled. Only two states — Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh — have no vacancies, with all 17 and 27 sanctioned posts respectively being filled. The states with the most vacancies are Sikkim (100%), Jharkhand (73.06%), Andhra Pradesh (70.10%), Madhya Pradesh (63.76%) and Manipur (63.02%). Setting a deadline, the NGT, on September 11, directed all states and UTs to fill the vacancies by April 30 next year. This, however, does not include Punjab, Delhi and the states with areas in the National Capital Region (NCR) — Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.Vacancies in SPCBs in these states and PCC in Delhi are already the subject of an ongoing case in the Supreme Court. Over the past year, both the Supreme Court and the NGT have been monitoring states’ efforts to fill these vacancies. The NGT began monitoring SPCB vacancies in November last year, after taking suo motu cognizance of a media report. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): Constitution: Established in 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Further, CPCB was entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. Role: CPCB is a statutory organization under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Functions: Regulatory Functions: Implement national standards for air and water quality, noise levels, and waste management. Monitoring: Collect and disseminate information related to pollution, oversee environmental quality, and monitor pollution levels. Advisory Role: Advise the Central Government on prevention and control of pollution. Coordination: Coordinate activities with State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and promote clean technology and environmental protection measures. State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs): Constitution: Established under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 in each state. Role: SPCBs function at the state level under the guidance of the CPCB. Functions: Enforcement of Environmental Laws: Implement pollution control laws at the state level, including the Water Act, Air Act, and Environment Protection Act, 1986. Granting Consent: Issue “Consent to Establish” (CTE) and “Consent to Operate” (CTO) for industries based on their compliance with environmental standards. Monitoring and Reporting: Monitor pollution sources and report to CPCB. Local-level Environmental Management: Work with municipal bodies, industries, and other stakeholders for pollution control. Public Awareness: Conduct campaigns and provide public awareness programs on pollution control and waste management. Source: Scroll DENGUE  Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: As cities across India report a surge in dengue cases, a record number of cases have been reported around the world this year with Brazil and other South American countries worst affected Background: – Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) show that the number of dengue cases have been increasing year-on-year. Key takeaways The dengue virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes, primarily the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Other species within the Aedes genus can also act as vectors, but their contribution is normally secondary to Aedes aegypti. However, in 2023, a surge in local transmission of dengue by Aedes albopictus (tiger mosquito) has been seen in Europe. Dengue isn’t contagious from person to person except when passed from a pregnant person to their child. Most people with the infection report mild symptoms, but the disease is known to cause fever, severe headache, muscle and joint pains, nausea and vomiting, pain behind the eyes, and rashes. The severe form of dengue fever, also called dengue hemorrhagic fever, can cause serious bleeding, a sudden drop in blood pressure (shock) and death. More than 12 million cases and 6,991 deaths have been recorded globally till August this year, according to data from the WHO’s global dengue surveillance. This is more than double the 5.27 million cases recorded in all of last year, which itself was a record. India is witnessing an increase in the geography of the infection. The disease spread from only eight states and Union Territories in 2001 to every single state and UT in 2022, with Ladakh reporting the first two cases that year. The Lancet identifies “the triad of urbanisation, climate change, and the movement of people and goods” as facilitating the spread of dengue, and its mosquito vector. URBANISATION: The disease can spread more quickly in urban areas with a dense population. This is because urban spaces provide ample breeding grounds to the Aedes aegypti mosquito which breeds in clean, stagnant water. CLIMATE CHANGE: An increase in temperatures allows mosquitoes to breed in places where they previously could not — in higher altitudes for instance. MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE: The global movement of people and goods has, in general, led to a greater spread of infections that these people carry with them. Vaccination against dengue: The WHO recommends two vaccines – Sanofi’s Dengvaxia and Takeda’s QDenga. However, these have not received approval in India. Apart from dengue, other infections such as chikungunya and zika, which are also transmitted by the same vector, have also been on the rise. Zika was first reported in India in 2016 but there have been several outbreaks since then. Source: Indian Express WHY SOUTH AMERICA IS BURNING  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: South America is witnessing its worst forest fire season in nearly two decades, breaking a previous record for the number of blazes seen in a year. Background: Satellite data analysed by Brazil’s space research agency INPE has spotted 346,112 fire hotspots so far this year in all 13 countries of South America, surpassing the previous record of 345,322 hotspots in 2007. Key takeaways Since the beginning of this year, fires have ravaged the Amazon rainforest, engulfing parts of Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and others. Millions of acres of forest are currently burning across South America. The worst hit is Brazil, the largest country in the continent and home to 60% of all the currently burning fires in the region. Three of the six vast ecosystems — the Amazon, the Cerrado (the world’s most biodiverse savanna), and the Pantanal wetlands — have been severely affected. After Brazil, Bolivia witnessed the highest number of fires this month, according to INPE data.Bolivia is followed by Peru, Argentina, and Paraguay. Why is this happening? Every year, South America witnesses a high number of blazes between August and October, which is the continent’s wildfire season. During this time, farmers intentionally burn their lands to cultivate them and most often, fires escape into the forests. This year’s season has been particularly bad due to several reasons: The continent is currently experiencing one of its worst droughts. These extreme dry conditions fueled by the El Niño event (it ended earlier this year) have propelled fires to spread across the region. High levels of deforestation, especially in the Amazon, have also played a role in exacerbating wildfires — clearing the land creates more opportunities for blazes to spread. The crisis has been made worse by global warming. For Your Information: The forest fire season in India lasts between November to June. Factors like temperatures, precipitation, vegetation, and moisture contribute to the scale and frequency of these fires. According to experts, three factors cause the spread of forest fires — fuel load, oxygen and temperature. Dry leaves are fuel for forest fires. The Forest Survey of India (FSI) website states that nearly 36 per cent of India’s forests are prone to frequent fires. Source: Indian Express ALLIANCE OF SMALL ISLAND STATES (AOSIS)  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: During a news conference, Samoan Natural Resources and Environment Minister Cedric Schuster, who chairs the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), called out the world’s biggest economies in the Group of 20, which together account for more than 80% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Background: – The island nations of AOSIS have gained a powerful voice in global climate talks. About Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)  Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) is an intergovernmental organization of low-lying coastal and small island countries. AOSIS was established in 1990, ahead of the Second World Climate Conference. The main purpose of the alliance is to consolidate the voices of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) to address global warming. These island countries are particularly vulnerable to climate change and its related effects on the ocean, including sea level rise, coastal erosion and saltwater intrusion. The members are among the nations least responsible for climate change, having contributed less than 1% to the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. AOSIS functions primarily as an ad hoc lobby and negotiating voice for SIDS through the United Nations (UN) system. It has no regular budget, permanent secretariat or formal charter. AOSIS aims to: Amplify the voices of vulnerable states: It advocates for the specific challenges faced by SIDS, particularly those related to climate change and sustainable development. Promote sustainable development: AOSIS has been instrumental in the implementation of the SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Pathway, which addresses the unique development needs of SIDS. Conserve and sustainably use oceans: Recognizing the importance of oceans, AOSIS has been a strong proponent of international ocean conservation efforts. Membership: AOSIS has a heterogeneous membership. While AOSIS’ focus is on SIDS, its membership also includes several low-lying coastal countries, for example Belize and Guyana, and larger islands, for example Papua New Guinea. Member nations also vary economically, with AOSIS including both wealthy developed nations, such as Singapore, as well as least developed countries (LDCs), such as Haiti. AOSIS includes member states from the Caribbean, Pacific, and African, Indian Ocean, and South China Sea regions. Some of its members are: Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago. Pacific: Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu. African, Indian Ocean, and South China Sea: Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, Singapore. Source: The Hindu MALDIVES MODEL IN LANKA  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: The year 2024 has witnessed several setbacks to India’s Neighbourhood First Policy. The recent election results in Sri Lanka may be the latest among them. Background: – India cannot afford prolonged political turmoil and economic disruption in its southern periphery. Setbacks to India’s Neighbourhood First Policy (2024): Pakistan: Reversion to escalating cross-border terrorism against India. Nepal: Another change in government, with K.P. Oli returning as Prime Minister. He had presided over an unprecedented worsening of bilateral relations. Bangladesh: Anti-government revolt against Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina led to her fleeing to India. Growing resentment against India for supporting her regime, along with a resurgence of radical Islamic elements and Pakistani influence. Maldives: A hostile attitude was visible from Maldives government which included prioritising China. Srilankan situation Anura Kumara Dissanayake has been elected President at the head of the National People’s Power (NPP), of which the chief constituent is his left-wing radical Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP). This is the first time that none of Sri Lanka’s mainstream political parties will be ruling the country. The JVP has reinvented itself, shedding its baggage as a violent left-wing and ultra-nationalist movement, which was involved in two insurrections, one in 1971 and the other in 1987.  Its ultranationalism was directed against India, as is the case with most of our neighbours. While in its present incarnation, the JVP may have foresworn its violent tactics, it continues to harbour a radical wing. JVP is likely to serve up populist policies, which will derail the fragile economic recovery of the past two years. Dissanayake has declared his intention to renegotiate the terms on which Sri Lanka has received IMF support, which the latter is unlikely to accept. There is likely to be greater state intervention in the economy and a review of several major private sector projects. Dissanayake has threatened to cancel the solar power project being undertaken by India’s Adani group in northern Sri Lanka. The group is also undertaking a very large container port project in Colombo. India’s Diplomatic Moves: India invited Dissanayake for talks in February 2024 with External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar and NSA Ajit Doval, foreseeing his potential electoral win. This engagement helped maintain diplomatic ties. India’s economic aid to Sri Lanka during its 2022 crisis (around $4 billion) and the critical importance of Indian transhipment traffic to the Colombo port may help maintain strong economic ties despite political uncertainties. The “Maldives template” of handling hostile regimes through economic interdependence could guide India’s approach with Sri Lanka. India has been criticized for over-relying on Sheikh Hasina’s Awami League, neglecting broader political engagement, including opposition parties like the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and radical groups like Jamaat. In conclusion, despite challenges, economic interdependence and diplomatic engagement with new political actors offer opportunities to manage instability in the region. Source: Indian Express QUAD  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The leaders of the Quad group of countries met at their sixth summit-level meeting at Archmere Academy, Delaware, to announce a broad range of outcomes which includes the launch of a new coast guard exercise, a logistics network, expansion of maritime surveillance, and a project to combat cervical cancer. Background: – QUAD is progressively strengthening its engagements and outcomes. QUAD: It is a strategic forum comprising four countries – the United States, Japan, India, and Australia. It is also known as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue. It is aimed at promoting regional security and economic cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. Importance/Significance of QUAD for India: It is strategically important as it gives a platform to discuss and address the common challenges faced by the Indo-Pacific region, such as China’s increasing assertiveness in the region through the string of pearls theory. It promotes economic development in the region as it serves as a platform to launch initiatives such as the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor, the Blue Dot Network, and the Supply Chain Resilience Initiative. It plays an important role in ensuring maritime security by conducting joint naval exercises and coordinating on issues like freedom of navigation, piracy, and illegal fishing. It enhances regional stability in the Indo-Pacific region based on the principles of a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific. It aligns with India’s ‘Act East Policy’, emphasizing deeper engagement with East Asian nations and strengthening maritime security cooperation. Issues/Challenges associated with the QUAD: It faces challenges as it does not have a definitive formal structure with a secretariat or any permanent decision-making body. China views QUAD with suspicion which makes it difficult to engage China constructively. The members of QUAD do not have the same levels of financial resources, strategic awareness, and military capabilities in the Indian Ocean which makes it seem like an imbalanced cooperation. It lacks coherent actions in dealing with the issues in the Indo-Pacific region which can undermine the group’s credibility in addressing regional challenges. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), consider the following statements: AOSIS was established to represent the interests of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in addressing global warming and climate change. AOSIS has a permanent secretariat and a formal charter under the United Nations system. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2  Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) Dengue is primarily transmitted to humans by the bite of infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Dengue is highly contagious and can be spread from person to person through close contact. Urbanization, climate change, and global movement of people are key factors contributing to the spread of dengue. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 3 only  1 and 2 only  2 and 3 only  1, 2, and 3 Q3.) With reference to the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD), consider the following statements: QUAD includes India, the United States, Japan, and Australia. QUAD has a permanent secretariat headquartered in New Delhi. The primary focus of QUAD is military cooperation in the middle east region. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only  1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  25th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  24th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  b Q.2) – a Q.3) – c

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 26th September 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 25th September 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 24th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   SIXTH QUAD LEADERS’ SUMMIT  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL Context: Recently, Prime Minister Modi participated in the sixth Quad Leaders’ Summit in Wilmington, Delaware during his three day visit to US. Background: – Emphasizing that the Quad leaders were convening amidst global tensions, Prime Minister Narendra Modi reaffirmed that the alliance is not directed against any nation. He highlighted that the Quad stands in support of a rules-based international order, upholds respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, and advocates for the peaceful resolution of disputes. Key takeaways Modi’s remarks during the Quad summit at President Joe Biden’s hometown of Delaware were a thinly veiled reference to China and its aggressive behaviour in the Indo-Pacific region. Wilmington Declaration The Quad declaration, adopted after the summit, focused on “militarisation” and “intimidating maneuvers in the South China Sea”. It also addressed other key global issues, including the conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza. The declaration highlighted the negative impacts of the war in Ukraine with regard to global food and energy security. The declaration also condemned the ongoing attacks perpetrated by the Houthis and their supporters against international and commercial vessels transiting through the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, which are destabilising the region and impeding navigational rights and freedoms and trade, and jeopardise the safety of vessels and people. The Quad leaders also announced the Quad Cancer Moonshot — a groundbreaking partnership that will focus initially on combating cervical cancer in the Indo-Pacific region while laying the groundwork to address other forms of cancer as well. The Quad is more strategically aligned than ever before and is a force for good that delivers real, positive, and enduring impact for the Indo-Pacific, said the Wilmington Declaration issued after the summit. The next Quad Foreign Ministers’ meeting will be hosted by the US in 2025, and the Quad Leaders’ Summit will be hosted by India in 2025. In 2025, the Quad Regional Ports and Transportation Conference is also likely to be held in Mumbai. The US Coast Guard, Japan Coast Guard, Australian Border Force, and Indian Coast Guard plan to launch a first-ever Quad-at-Sea Ship Observer Mission in 2025, to improve interoperability and advance maritime safety. A new regional Maritime Initiative for Training in the Indo-Pacific (MAITRI) was announced to enable partners in the region to “maximize tools provided through IPMDA (Indo-Pacific Maritime Domain Awareness ) and other Quad partner initiatives, to monitor and secure their waters, enforce their laws, and deter unlawful behaviour.” India will host the inaugural MAITRI workshop in 2025. The launch of a Quad Indo-Pacific Logistics Network pilot project was also announced. Source: Indian Express CLIMATE FINANCE ISSUES  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Azerbaijan, the host of this year’s climate conference, COP29, has proposed to launch a new climate fund for developing countries. Background: – Climate finance refers to the investments that are needed to tackle climate change by way of either preventive steps to reduce emissions, known as mitigation or preparatory steps to tackle its impacts, known as adaptation. Key takeaways Azerbaijan’s proposal comes at a time when negotiation on climate finance agreement is struggling to make progress. Finalising this finance agreement is the main agenda before COP29, which is scheduled to run from November 11 to 22 in Baku. The rich and industrialised countries are currently under an obligation to mobilise at least $100 billion annually for developing countries. The Paris Agreement, however, mandates that this amount must be increased after 2025 and every five years thereafter. The new fund proposed by Azerbaijan is unlikely to make a substantial difference to the availability of climate finance for developing countries. Currently, there are strong differences over even definitions of climate finance. Developing countries complain of double-counting and innovative accounting, and say that the actual amount of money flowing in for climate action is significantly lower than the claims made by developed countries. The other complaint relates to the neglect of adaptation activities. Most of the climate finance flows are directed at mitigation projects, the ones that lead to emissions reductions. This is because mitigation brings global dividends. Any emission reduction anywhere in the world benefits the entire planet. On the other hand, adaptation has local benefits. Donor countries are less inclined to invest in projects that only benefit the recipients. Developing countries have been demanding that adaptation should receive at least 50% of climate finance, much more than the less than 20% that has gone into it so far Developed countries are demanding the expansion of donor base.For instance, China, today the world’s second-largest economy, South Korea, and the oil-rich Gulf nations such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar do not have any financing obligations under the UNFCCC. Azerbaijan’s proposed fund is supposed to be financed by oil and gas producing countries, and corporations, but in a voluntary manner. This has raised questions over the amount of money it can attract as even funds to which countries are obligated to contribute have remained undercapitalised. For instance, the Loss and Damage Fund — created at COP27 in Egypt, in 2022, after years of negotiation — has so far received pledges of just $600-700 million. Azerbaijan’s fund, even if created, would not have the same status. It has not come through negotiations but at the initiative of a host country. Primarily, it is an effort towards leaving a legacy, much like similar initiatives by previous COP presidencies in the past. Source: Indian Express INDO-PACIFIC ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR PROSPERITY (IPEF)  Syllabus Prelims – INTERNATIONAL Context: India signed the US-led 14-member Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) bloc’s agreements on a clean and fair economy. Background: Agreement on clean economy intends to accelerate efforts of IPEF partners towards energy security, GHG emissions mitigation, developing innovative ways of reducing dependence on fossil fuel and promoting technical cooperation. Agreement on fair economy intends to create transparent and predictable business environment, which can spur greater trade and investment in member countries. About Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) is a strategic initiative led by the United States, launched in May 2022, to enhance economic cooperation and strengthen economic ties in the Indo-Pacific region. It is seen as a response to growing geopolitical competition in the region, especially concerning China’s influence, and aims to foster a rules-based economic order. IPEF is based on four key pillars, each addressing critical aspects of economic growth and sustainability: Trade (connected economy): Focus on creating high-standard trade agreements, particularly in the areas of digital economy, labor standards, and trade facilitation. Prioritizes inclusive trade that benefits all member countries, with an emphasis on labor rights, transparency, and environmental sustainability. Supply Chain Resilience (Resilient Economy): Enhances the resilience and reliability of supply chains in the Indo-Pacific. Seeks to address supply chain vulnerabilities, ensuring critical goods flow smoothly across borders, even during crises. Clean Economy: Promotes cooperation on green energy, clean technology, and sustainable infrastructure development. Supports initiatives to address climate change by driving the adoption of renewable energy sources and building eco-friendly infrastructure. Fair Economy: Aims to foster fair and transparent tax systems. Seeks to combat corruption by enhancing anti-money laundering measures and promoting financial transparency across member nations. Member Countries: IPEF includes 14 member countries, representing a diverse group from across the Indo-Pacific region.They are Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, United States, and Vietnam. Source: Business Standard PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT (POCSO)  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: The Supreme Court on Monday (September 23, 2024) held that viewing in private, downloading, storing, possessing, distributing or displaying pornographic acts involving children attract criminal liability under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO) and the Information Technology Act. Background: – The verdict was based on an appeal filed by NGO, Just Right for Children Alliance, against a Madras High Court decision that mere possession or storage of any pornographic material was not an offence under the POCSO Act. The High Court had concluded that watching or downloading pornographic acts involving children in private domains was not a crime. About Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, is a comprehensive legal framework aimed at safeguarding children from sexual abuse, exploitation, and harassment. Key Features of the POCSO Act: Child-Centric Definition: A child under the POCSO Act is defined as any individual below 18 years of age. The Act is gender-neutral, providing protection to both male and female children. Types of Sexual Offences Covered: Penetrative Sexual Assault: Involves penetration of the child’s body or any act that manipulates sexual organs for sexual purposes. Aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault: When the perpetrator is in a position of trust (like a family member, police officer, or teacher) or when the child suffers severe injury. Sexual Assault: Involves non-penetrative sexual contact. Sexual Harassment: Includes any sexual advances or behavior that offends the dignity of the child. Use of a Child for Pornographic Purposes: Any form of media where a child is used for explicit sexual content. Mandatory Reporting: Individuals are mandated to report offences under POCSO. Failure to report can lead to legal consequences. The Act also ensures protection of identity of the child during investigation and trial. Child-Friendly Procedures: The law ensures a child-friendly atmosphere during legal proceedings. Statements of the child are recorded at home or a safe environment. The presence of the child’s parents or trusted persons is allowed during interrogation and trial. The Act mandates in-camera trials to ensure the privacy of the child. Special Courts: The Act provides for the establishment of Special Courts for the speedy trial of cases under POCSO. These courts are required to complete the trial within one year from the date of taking cognizance. Presumption of Guilt: The POCSO Act operates on a reverse burden of proof, where the accused is presumed guilty unless proven innocent, ensuring the protection of the child’s interests. Child Welfare Committees (CWCs): Child welfare committees play a role in the rehabilitation of the child victim and ensure the child is given medical, psychological, and legal aid during and after the trial. POCSO Amendment Act, 2019: Introduced more stringent punishments for sexual offences against children, including the death penalty for the rape of minors below 12 years. Increased the minimum punishment for various offences to deter such crimes. Additional information from the SC judgement The Supreme Court urged the Parliament to seriously consider amending the POCSO Act to substitute the term “child pornography” with “Child Sexual Exploitative and Abuse Material” or CSEAM. It directed courts across the country to replace ‘child pornography’ with the term ‘Child Sexual Exploitative and Abuse Material’ or CSEAM in their judgments and judicial orders. Court said the description of the act as CSEAM would more accurately reflect the reality that these images and videos were not merely pornographic but were records of incidents during which children were sexually exploited and abused. The court found the term ‘child pornography’ a misnomer which failed to capture the full extent and horror of the crime. “Each case of what is traditionally termed ‘child pornography’ involves the actual abuse of a child. The use of the term ‘child pornography’” can lead to a trivialisation of the crime, as pornography is often seen as a consensual act between adults. It undermines the victimisation,” the verdict pointed out. Source: The Hindu LEGACY WASTE  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: The legacy waste management initiative under Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0 has seen sluggish progress, with only 470 out of 2,424 dumpsites fully remediated and just 16% of the area reclaimed, despite being three years into the mission’s implementation. Background: – According to estimates of the Union Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry, approximately 15,000 acres of prime real estate is buried under nearly 16 crore tonnes of legacy waste across the country. About Legacy waste Legacy waste refers to solid waste that has been accumulated in landfills or dump sites over many years, often spanning decades. Types of Legacy Waste: Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): Includes decomposed organic matter, plastics, metals, paper, and other residual waste that has been dumped over time. Hazardous Waste: Industrial or medical waste mixed with municipal waste, leading to toxic chemicals in the landfill. Construction and Demolition Waste: Debris from construction activities such as bricks, concrete, and steel. E-waste: Electronic products, containing harmful substances like lead and mercury, disposed of in landfills. Legacy Waste in India: Legacy waste dumpsites are places that contain solid waste that has been collected and stored for years in an unscientific and uncontrolled manner. With almost no installed facility in India for handling solid waste, the municipal corporations, councils and nagar panchayats have traditionally opted for creating man-made garbage hills. While the Swachh Bharat Mission had been launched on October 2, 2014, its second phase (2.0) was launched on October 1, 2021 for a period of five years, up to October 1, 2026, with a vision of achieving “Garbage-Free Status” for all cities through 100% source segregation, door-to-door collection, and scientific management of all fractions of waste, including safe disposal in scientific landfills. It aimed at remediation of all legacy dumpsites and converting them into green zones. The mission has also made provisions for scientific landfills to dispose of untreated inert waste and process rejects, to prevent fresh dumpsites being created. Action plans amounting to ₹3,226 crore of Central Share (CS) assistance on remediation of legacy waste dumpsites have been approved so far. As per financial norms of Centrally sponsored Schemes, State and U.T. governments are required to put in matching share from their own side, while disbursing the funds to respective urban local bodies. Source: The Hindu DIAMOND SECTOR  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: The think tank Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI) noted India’s diamond sector is facing a severe crisis as both imports and exports have sharply declined in the past three years, which has triggered defaults, factory closures, and widespread job losses. Background: – The Indian diamond industry consists of over 7,000 companies involved in various activities such as cutting, polishing, and exporting diamonds. Most of these companies are concentrated in Surat, Gujarat, and Mumbai, Maharashtra. The majority of these firms are SMEs, with many family-owned businesses dominating the sector. The diamond industry in India provides direct employment to about 1.3 million workers. Diamond Diamonds are valuable gems, shaped deep inside the Earth’s crust over tens of millions of years, maintaining both cultural and economic importance. It is the hardest known natural substance. It is also chemically resistant and has the highest thermal conductivity of any natural material. The top natural diamond producers are Russia, Botswana, Canada, Australia, South Africa, and Congo (Zaire). In India, the South Indian Tract region comprises parts of Anantapur, Kadapa, Guntur, Krishna, Mahabubnagar, and Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh, the Central Indian Tract of Madhya Pradesh – Panna Belt, and the Surat, also known as the ‘Diamond City’ of Gujarat hosts significant diamond reserves and extraction activities. Current Status of Crisis in India’s Diamond Industry: The diamond imports and exports fell sharply as rough diamond imports fell by 24.5%, from USD 18.5 billion in FY 2021-22 to USD 14 billion in FY 2023-24. The exports of cut and polished diamonds dropped by 34.6%, from USD 24.4 billion in FY 2022 to USD 13.1 billion in FY 2024. There is a wide gap between net imports of rough diamonds and net exports of cut and polished diamonds, from USD 1.6 billion in FY 2022 to USD 4.4 billion in FY 2024. The percentage of unsold diamonds returned to India rose from 35% to 45.6% during the period from FY 2022 to FY 2024. India techniques over 90% of the diamonds utilized in jewellery globally. Indian artisans skilfully transform tough stones into fantastic gems that beautify hands, necks, and ears throughout the world. Reasons for the Crisis in India’s Diamond Industry: There is a sharp drop in demand for polished diamonds in key markets like the US, China, and Europe due to economic uncertainty, inflation, and geopolitical tensions, leading to reduced consumer spending on luxury goods, including diamonds. The global diamond supply chain has been disrupted due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict with sanctions on Russia, a major rough diamond producer. The fluctuations in global diamond prices have caused uncertainty, with buyers hesitant to purchase rough diamonds in anticipation of further price drops. There is a shift in consumer preferences toward lab-grown diamonds, which are more affordable, ethical, and sustainable which is also impacting the demand for natural diamonds. The increasing rising operational costs such as high labour, energy, and materials cost and reduced profit margins in the global diamond trade, have made it difficult for many polishing units to remain viable. The tighter credit conditions like higher interest rates and reduced lending from banks to the diamonds have made it difficult for companies to purchase rough diamonds and are stalling diamond production further. The high corporate tax regime in India imposed on foreign suppliers of rough diamonds has led to more rough diamonds being re-exported from UAE, rather than India thus weakening India’s Special Notified Zones (SNZs) in Mumbai and Surat. There is a significant portion of cut and polished diamonds exported from India are being returned due to quality issues, overstocking by buyers, etc which is costly and time-consuming due to complex customs procedures, putting further strain on exporters. Source: Business Standard Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, consider the following statements: The POCSO Act defines a child as any individual below 18 years of age and is gender-neutral. The Act mandates the presumption of innocence for the accused unless proven guilty. The Supreme Court has recommended substituting the term “child pornography” with “Child Sexual Exploitative and Abuse Material” (CSEAM). Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) With reference to the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF), consider the following statements: The IPEF was launched in 2022 as a US-led initiative to strengthen economic cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. The IPEF focuses on four key pillars, which include trade, supply chain resilience, clean economy, and fair economy. India has signed agreements only on fair economy under IPEF. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) With reference to the Quad Leaders’ Summit and the Wilmington Declaration, consider the following statements: The Wilmington Declaration condemned the militarization and aggressive maneuvers in the South China Sea and addressed global issues like the conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza. The Quad Cancer Moonshot initiative, announced during the summit, aims to initially combat cervical cancer in the Indo-Pacific region. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  24th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  23rd September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  a Q.2) – b Q.3) – a

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