Sep 11, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 11th September – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  ISRO has formally agreed to transfer its Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) technology to Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL), marking a major step in India’s space sector privatization. Key Agreement Details Facilitated by INSPACe, this is ISRO’s 100th technology transfer, signed in Bengaluru with NSIL and HAL. HAL will acquire SSLV know-how, with ISRO providing training and technical support. HAL can now independently manufacture SSLVs for Indian and global markets. Strategic Significance Strengthens India’s cost-competitive small satellite launch capabilities. Expands industry participation in space and helps India capture a larger share of the growing global small satellite market. Learning Corner: The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is ISRO’s latest launch vehicle designed to cater to the growing demand for launching small satellites quickly and cost-effectively. Key Features Payload Capacity: Can carry about 500 kg to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and 300 kg to Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbit (SSPO). Configuration: A three-stage solid propulsion rocket with a liquid propulsion-based Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) for precise orbital insertion. Cost-Effective: Designed for low-cost launches, with a quick turnaround time and minimum ground infrastructure requirements. Flexibility: Allows on-demand launch services and the ability to place multiple satellites in different orbits. Advantages Meets the needs of the booming small satellite market, both domestic and international. Reduces dependence on foreign launchers for small satellites. Strengthens India’s position in the global commercial launch market. First Flight The maiden flight of SSLV was conducted on 7 August 2022 from Sriharikota but faced anomalies. The first successful flight was achieved on 10 February 2023, placing EOS-07 and two customer satellites into orbit. Source: THE HINDU Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Peace in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) remains elusive despite recent U.S.-brokered and Qatar-mediated efforts, due to ongoing armed conflict, unresolved historical tensions, and competition over vast mineral resources. Key Developments In June 2025, the U.S. brokered a peace deal between Rwanda and the DRC to end hostilities and support for groups like M23. In July 2025, a Qatar-mediated ceasefire between the DRC and M23 collapsed as M23 resumed its offensive. U.S. Interests Securing access to the DRC’s $24 trillion mineral reserves (cobalt, coltan). Countering China’s growing influence in the region. Ceasefire Breakdown M23 continued attacks despite the truce. Both sides failed to honor pledges, including violence reduction and prisoner releases. Root Causes Legacy of the Rwandan genocide and Congo wars. Ethnic tensions and over 100 armed groups operating in the region. History of broken agreements and lack of trust among stakeholders. Learning Corner: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has faced chronic political turmoil, shaped by weak governance, corruption, contested elections, and recurring conflict fueled by ethnic divisions and control over vast mineral wealth. Key Factors Post-Colonial Instability: Since independence from Belgium in 1960, the DRC has endured coups, authoritarian rule, and civil wars. Conflict in the East: Ongoing violence in eastern DRC, involving groups like the M23, stems from unresolved grievances of the Rwandan genocide, ethnic rivalries, and struggles over mineral-rich territories. Governance Issues: Corruption, fragile institutions, and lack of effective state control in remote regions undermine political stability. Electoral Disputes: Elections are often marred by allegations of fraud, violence, and delayed transitions of power, eroding public trust. Foreign Involvement: Neighboring states and global powers are deeply involved, motivated by security concerns and competition for cobalt, coltan, and other resources. Source:  THE HINDU Stablecoins Category: ECONOMICS Context: Stablecoins, digital assets pegged to the US dollar, are expanding rapidly with a market capitalization above $280 billion, projected to reach $2 trillion within three years. Why They Matter Enable instant, low-cost, dollar-pegged settlements. 99% are dollar-backed, mainly by Tether and Circle. Boost global demand for US Treasury bonds as reserves are held in such assets. Global & Policy Implications Reinforce the US dollar’s global “exorbitant privilege.” Risks include financial instability, regulatory arbitrage, and shadow banking. Vulnerabilities may arise if reserves lose value or confidence falters. New regulations are under discussion, especially in the US and Europe. Learning Corner: Different types of cryptocurrencies: Payment Cryptocurrencies Designed as digital money for peer-to-peer transactions. Focus on being a medium of exchange and store of value. Examples: Bitcoin (BTC), Litecoin (LTC). Stablecoins Cryptocurrencies pegged to stable assets like the US dollar, gold, or government bonds. Aim to reduce price volatility and enable fast, low-cost settlements. Examples: Tether (USDT), USD Coin (USDC), DAI. Utility Tokens Provide access to specific products or services within a blockchain ecosystem. Often used to pay for transaction fees, storage, or smart contract execution. Examples: Ethereum (ETH), Binance Coin (BNB). Security Tokens Represent ownership of real-world assets (like shares, bonds, or property). Regulated under securities laws, providing dividends or profit-sharing rights. Example: Tokenized stocks or real estate platforms. Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) (state-backed) Issued and regulated by central banks, unlike decentralized cryptos. Aim to provide digital versions of national currencies. Example: Digital Yuan (e-CNY), Digital Rupee (pilot in India). Privacy Coins Focus on enhanced anonymity and untraceable transactions. Use advanced cryptography to hide sender, receiver, and amount. Examples: Monero (XMR), Zcash (ZEC). Governance Tokens Allow holders to vote on blockchain protocol changes, upgrades, or treasury decisions. Enable decentralized governance of networks. Examples: Uniswap (UNI), Maker (MKR). Source: THE HINDU India’s 2027 Census – Geotagging of Buildings Category: POLITY Context : For the first time, the 2027 Census will include geotagging of all buildings, marking their precise latitude–longitude using GIS technology A Census House will be geotagged during the House Listing Operations (April–September 2026). How it Works Enumerators will use smartphones to map each building in its House Listing Block through Digital Layout Mapping. All buildings—residential, vacant, or non-residential—will be classified and digitally mapped. Benefits Ensures accurate counts of houses and households. Improves field management and data integrity. Supports better resource planning and policy-making. Builds on geotagging experience from earlier housing schemes but will be India’s largest digital mapping exercise. Learning Corner: Geotagging Definition: Geotagging is the process of attaching the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) to physical objects, locations, or digital content such as photographs, buildings, and infrastructure. How it Works Uses GPS (Global Positioning System) and GIS (Geographic Information System) technology. Smartphones or digital devices capture the exact position of an object on Earth and tag it with coordinates. Applications Governance & Planning – Used in Census operations, government housing schemes, and urban planning. Disaster Management – Helps track affected areas, resources, and relief distribution. Environmental Monitoring – Mapping forests, wetlands, and wildlife habitats. Security & Law Enforcement – Tracking assets, monitoring borders, and crime mapping. Everyday Use – Social media check-ins, tagged photographs, and navigation apps. Benefits Improves accuracy, transparency, and accountability. Facilitates better planning, monitoring, and decision-making. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) Category: POLITY Context: Attended by senior officials from 30 States/UTs, Union Ministries, UN agencies, and think tanks. Key Highlights Inaugural addresses by NITI leadership, EAC-PM, UN representatives, and policy experts. Focused on MPI as a tool for poverty reduction, governance improvement, and advancing SDGs. Discussions on data-driven policymaking, reducing survey periodicity, and improving targeting of welfare schemes. States shared innovations like Tamil Nadu’s Breakfast Scheme, UP’s Sambhav Abhiyan, Andhra’s Zero Poverty-P4, and Odisha’s Social Protection Platform. Technical sessions explained MPI methodology with hands-on exercises. Significance The workshop aimed to strengthen national and state capacity to apply MPI data for policymaking, program delivery, and monitoring—ensuring more precise poverty alleviation and leaving no one behind. Learning Corner: Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) The MPI is a global measure developed by the UNDP and Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI) to capture poverty beyond income levels. It reflects deprivations in multiple dimensions of human development that directly affect well-being. Dimensions & Indicators MPI is based on three broad dimensions, subdivided into indicators: Health – Nutrition, Child mortality. Education – Years of schooling, School attendance. Standard of Living – Cooking fuel, Sanitation, Drinking water, Electricity, Housing, Assets. A household is considered multidimensionally poor if it is deprived in at least one-third (33%) of the weighted indicators. Calculation MPI = Incidence of poverty (H) × Intensity of poverty (A) H: Proportion of people who are multidimensionally poor. A: Average proportion of deprivations experienced by poor households. Significance Provides a holistic measure of poverty, not just monetary poverty. Helps governments identify target groups, allocate resources, and monitor progress toward SDG 1 (No Poverty). India publishes its own National MPI through NITI Aayog, adapted to local conditions. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) To Build Roads is to Build Peace (GS Paper III - Economy) Introduction (Context) Road development in India’s tribal hinterlands, particularly in Maoist-affected regions, is increasingly being recognised not just as a tool of connectivity but as an instrument of governance and peace-building. Parallel institutions by insurgents When the government is absent in remote areas, other groups step in to act like the state.  Diego Gambetta’s study of the Sicilian Mafia shows how such groups start doing things like solving disputes and collecting taxes.  Similarly, in India’s tribal regions, Maoist groups try to fill the gap by running informal courts (jan adalats) and forcing people to pay their own “taxes.”  In some tribal areas where there are no government clinics, Maoist or Naxalite groups sometimes provide basic medical help. But this is not out of kindness it is a way to show people that they can act like the government and gain support.  Researchers like Alpa Shah and Human Rights Watch found that these groups give some health services and welfare activities, but always with the hidden threat of violence. Maoist-run jan adalats often deliver quick but harsh punishments, including executions, without due process. This creates an atmosphere of terror rather than justice. Why is Road Development Important? In conflict-prone States like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha, road development is strongly linked with better access to electricity, employment, and security. Roads break the isolation that allows insurgent groups to dominate and expand influence. They enable the state to establish schools, clinics, police stations, and courts, restoring formal governance in remote areas. By providing legitimate services, roads undercut the authority of insurgents who rely on coercion and extralegal control. Roads facilitate the extension of constitutional governance, ensuring justice, equality, and citizen rights. They help replace fear-based control with legitimate governance, building peace, stability, and trust in conflict-affected regions. Jain and Biswas (2023) have shown that road connectivity correlates with a decline in crime and increased service access in rural India.  Internationally, Rafael Prieto-Curiel and Ronaldo Menezes (2020) demonstrate that violence is higher in poorly connected areas, whether in cities or rural zones. Infrastructure, they argue, is not merely functional; it is political. Way forward Without institutional safeguards such as justice mechanisms, health-care access, and community consultation, they risk becoming symbols of control rather than inclusion.  Steps needed are: Road projects must involve community participation to ensure legitimacy and acceptance. Development should integrate constitutional values, equity, and social justice, not just replace insurgent authority Complement road development with schools, clinics, courts, and policing to ensure that infrastructure translates into governance and opportunity. Conclusion Road development in tribal and conflict-affected areas is more than connectivity; it is peace-building. When combined with institutional safeguards and rights-based governance, roads extend justice, dignity, and belonging, replacing fear with legitimacy and empowering marginalized communities. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the significance of roads in restoring state legitimacy, addressing insurgency, and promoting inclusive development in  conflict-affected tribal regions. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/to-build-roads-is-to-build-peace/article70034642.ece Non-Farm Primary Activities Sustain Rural India (GS paper I - Geography, GS Paper III - Economy) Introduction (Context) The primary sector in India provides employment to 44 per cent of the labour force while contributing less than 20 per cent to the country’s GDP. Agriculture’s share in employment has fallen slowly, its share in GDP has declined relatively faster.  Hence, Rural households in India are increasingly diversifying their income sources through non-farm primary activities like livestock rearing, fisheries, and forestry. These sectors not only strengthen the rural economy but also contribute to health and nutrition.  What are Non-Farm Primary Activities? The primary sector comprises activities that exploit natural resources for producing goods.  Non-farm primary activities are economic activities dependent on natural resources other than crop farming. They include: Animal husbandry and dairying Fisheries (marine and inland) Forestry and forest-based livelihoods Mining and quarrying Significance Fisheries sector provides employment to around 28 million people, largely from marginalised and vulnerable communities. Around 20.5 million people are employed in livestock-related activities. Livestock sector’s contribution to agriculture and allied GVA rose from 24.38% in 2014-15 to 30.23% in 2022-23, accounting for 5.5% of total GVA. Non-farm primary activities provide crucial income support for both farming and landless households. These activities enhance food security by supplying affordable and nutritious food. Livestock is considered more egalitarian than crop farming, as landless households can engage in it. Overall, non-farm primary activities act as a diversification strategy and play a key role in poverty reduction and inclusive growth. Social dimension A large part of livestock work is done by women, making this sector important for women’s empowerment. Landless families depend more on animal rearing for income compared to dominant-caste households. Many marginalised communities are engaged in fisheries, which makes them more vulnerable to income shocks. Example: The Kaibartas of Assam, a fishing community without land, had to shift to other non-farm jobs when fishing incomes declined. Current Status Rural households in India are increasingly becoming pluri-active, engaging in crop production, animal husbandry, non-farm self-employment, casual labour (farm and non-farm), and migration. NABARD All-India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey (2021-22) shows crop cultivation contributes one-third of farm households’ income, while livestock rearing alone adds about 12%. Households also earn from government/private services, wage labour, and small enterprises, indicating diversification beyond farming. Studies showing an increasing productivity in the livestock sector, especially in states that benefited most from the Green Revolution.  States that benefited from both the Green Revolution and the White Revolution, there was a noted rise in high milk-yielding cattle. Rural households diversify income to reduce risks, cope with shocks, and address seasonal gaps.  Livestock earnings often finance migration or provide fallback support during lean periods. Thus, non-farm activities serve as a crucial insurance mechanism against crop failure, drought, and other natural calamities. Linkages with Physiographic Features India’s 7,500 km coastline and river basins (Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi) sustain marine and inland fisheries. Forests in Central India and the North-East provide tendu leaves, lac, and bamboo; initiatives like the Green India Mission promote sustainable use. Low rainfall regions like Rajasthan and Gujarat rely on cattle, goat, camel, and sheep rearing; Operation Flood turned Gujarat’s Amul into a dairy success. The Chhotanagpur Plateau is rich in coal and iron ore, offering jobs but causing displacement and ecological stress (e.g., Dhanbad coal mining). Cold regions like Ladakh and Himachal support yak rearing and apple cultivation; MIDH boosts horticulture-based diversification. Government initiatives Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY): Aims to improve fish production, productivity, and value chain development through financial and technical support. National Livestock Mission (NLM): Promotes sustainable livestock rearing by improving fodder, animal health, and rural employment Rashtriya Gokul Mission: Focuses on conservation and genetic improvement of indigenous cattle breeds to enhance milk productivity. National Mission for Green India: Encourages afforestation, sustainable forestry, and livelihood generation for forest-dependent communities. Livestock Insurance Scheme: Protects farmers from financial loss due to animal deaths, covering high-yielding cattle and buffalo. National Bamboo Mission: Promotes bamboo cultivation and processing to support artisans and rural industries. National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB): Strengthens fishery infrastructure, training, and marketing for fisherfolk. Way Forward Strengthen institutional support for livestock, fisheries, and forestry with targeted credit and insurance. Promote women-centric interventions and recognise their invisible labour. Ensure ecological sustainability by respecting local knowledge and resource limits. Diversify rural economy by integrating non-farm activities into broader rural development strategies. Conclusion Non-farm primary activities are more than just supplementary sources of income they are pillars of rural resilience, nutrition, and inclusive growth. By empowering marginalised communities, reducing poverty, and providing insurance against agrarian shocks, they strengthen the socio-economic fabric of rural India. However, success depends on the balance productivity with ecological sustainability and social equity. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the role of non-farm primary activities in sustaining rural livelihoods in India. How can policy interventions ensure both economic resilience and ecological sustainability? (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-essentials/how-non-farm-primary-activities-sustain-livelihoods-in-rural-india-10239847/

Sep 10, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 10th September – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Harappan script Category: HISTORY Context:  The Harappan script remains undeciphered despite decades of study. To address this, the Ministry of Culture is hosting an international conference in New Delhi from September 11–13, 2025, led by the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA). Scholars remain divided on the language roots—some suggest Sanskrit, others Dravidian, and still others Adivasi languages like Santali and Gondi. A key challenge is the lack of bilingual texts, making comparison impossible. Many researchers believe the script encoded rules of taxation and commerce rather than direct phonetic spelling. While some claim up to 90% of symbols have been deciphered, no consensus exists. Recent studies highlight the commercial and ritual use of seals, particularly at sites like Lothal. The conference aims to pool multidisciplinary insights, but the Harappan script officially remains undeciphered. Learning Corner:  Harappan Language NCERT Perspective NCERT highlights that the Harappans used a script of pictographs engraved mainly on seals and pottery. Between 250–400 signs have been identified. These are not alphabetical but pictorial, possibly representing sounds, objects, or ideas. Most inscriptions are very short, averaging only a few signs. This brevity prevents clear understanding of the language. The script remains undeciphered, and we do not yet know what language the Harappans spoke. Scholarly Insights The Harappan language is unknown because the script has not been cracked and no bilingual text (like the Rosetta Stone for Egyptian) has been found. Hypotheses on its linguistic roots include: Proto-Dravidian (supported by many linguists and archaeologists). A language isolate, unrelated to known families, inferred from certain substratum influences in later Sanskrit. Some fringe theories suggest links to early Indo-Aryan or tribal languages, but none are proven. The inscriptions are usually written right to left, sometimes alternating direction (boustrophedon). Statistical studies suggest the signs follow structured patterns, implying it was likely a formal communication system. Challenges in Decipherment Short inscriptions make it difficult to analyze grammar or syntax. Unknown underlying language prevents phonetic assignments. No bilingual evidence exists to provide a breakthrough. Probable Function The script may not have been used for long narrative writing. Evidence suggests it was mainly for economic, administrative, and ritual purposes—for example, marking trade goods, recording rations, or identifying ownership. Harappan Civilization Chronology and Extent Flourished between 2600 BCE – 1900 BCE (Mature Harappan phase). Spread across present-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan; largest among Bronze Age civilizations, covering over 1.5 million sq. km. Major sites: Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Dholavira, Lothal, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi. Urban Planning Known for well-planned cities with grid patterns, straight streets, and advanced drainage systems. Use of standardized burnt bricks in construction. Division into Citadel (public buildings, granaries, baths) and Lower Town (residential areas). Great Bath at Mohenjodaro is a striking example of public architecture. Economy Agriculture: Wheat, barley, peas, sesame, and cotton (world’s earliest evidence). Irrigation was limited but floodplains were fertile. Trade: Internal and external—links with Mesopotamia, Oman, and Persia; export of beads, cotton textiles, and precious stones. Crafts: Bead-making, pottery, metallurgy (copper, bronze, gold, silver). Polity and Society No clear evidence of kingship or centralized monarchy; authority may have been with merchants, priests, or elite councils. Society appears relatively egalitarian—uniform town planning and weights suggest standardized control. Seals with animal motifs indicate religious, administrative, or trade significance. Religion and Beliefs Evidence of Mother Goddess worship and male deities resembling proto-Shiva (Pashupati seal). Sacred animals like the bull and unicorn symbol. Fire altars at Kalibangan; no temples found. Belief in afterlife suggested by burial practices. Script and Language Indus script: Pictographic with ~250–400 signs; still undeciphered. Inscriptions are short, mainly on seals and pottery. Language remains unknown. Decline By 1900 BCE, decline began due to a combination of factors: Climatic changes (drying of Saraswati river, floods). Overuse of resources and decline in trade. Possible invasions or internal social changes. By 1300 BCE, most cities were abandoned. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Ethiopia has inaugurated the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile Ethiopia has inaugurated the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile, Africa’s largest hydroelectric project. Standing 170 meters tall and nearly 2 km wide, the dam can hold 74 billion cubic meters of water and generate 5,150 MW of power, boosting Ethiopia’s energy capacity and reducing blackouts. Egypt, which depends on the Nile for almost all its water, has strongly opposed the project, calling it an “existential threat” and protesting at the UN Security Council. It fears reduced water supply could harm its national security. Ethiopia maintains the dam will not harm downstream nations, as it is for electricity, not irrigation. The project is expected to benefit the region by enabling electricity exports and industrial growth. Despite mediation efforts by global powers and the African Union, the dispute remains unresolved, with GERD symbolizing both Ethiopia’s progress and a source of regional tension. Learning Corner: Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) GERD is Africa’s largest hydroelectric project, built by Ethiopia on the Blue Nile River, near the Sudanese border. Construction began in 2011, and the dam is a symbol of Ethiopia’s modernization and national pride. Key Features Height: 170 meters; Length: nearly 2 km. Reservoir Capacity: 74 billion cubic meters of water. Power Generation: 5,150 MW, making it the largest dam in Africa by electricity output. Purpose: Hydroelectric power generation (not irrigation). Significance for Ethiopia Nearly 45% of Ethiopians lack electricity; GERD aims to expand access, reduce blackouts, and promote industrialization. Expected to generate surplus electricity for export to neighboring countries like Sudan, Kenya, and Tanzania. Seen as a unifying national project amid Ethiopia’s internal political challenges. Regional Tensions Egypt’s Concerns: Relies on the Nile for 97% of its water; fears GERD will reduce water flow, posing an “existential threat.” Sudan’s Position: Mixed—concerns over water management but potential to benefit from regulated flow and cheap power. Diplomatic negotiations led by the US, World Bank, African Union, and others have failed to produce a binding agreement. Source:  THE HINDU AdFalciVax Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The Union government has licensed five companies — Indian Immunologicals Ltd., Techinvention Lifecare, Panacea Biotec, Biological E, and Zydus Lifesciences — to manufacture and commercialise India’s first indigenous multi-stage malaria vaccine Indigenous Multi-Stage Malaria Vaccine in India The vaccine targets Plasmodium falciparum before it enters the bloodstream, aiming to block infection and reduce community transmission. It is designed to be affordable, stable, scalable, and provides protection for more than nine months. Its development involved ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, National Institute of Immunology, and other biotech institutions. India accounts for 1.4% of global malaria cases and 66% of cases in Southeast Asia, making the vaccine a critical step to curb disease burden and enhance public health. Learning Corner: AdFalciVax – India’s Indigenous Malaria Vaccine Overview: AdFalciVax is India’s first indigenous recombinant chimeric malaria vaccine, developed by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in collaboration with its research institutes. It targets Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest malaria parasite, and is designed to prevent both individual infections and transmission in the community. Key Features: Dual-Stage Protection: Pre-erythrocytic stage: Prevents liver infection using the circumsporozoite protein. Transmission-blocking stage: Inhibits parasite development in mosquitoes using a fusion protein. Production Platform: Uses Lactococcus lactis, a safe, food-grade bacterium, ensuring scalable and cost-effective vaccine production. Thermal Stability: Maintains efficacy for over nine months at room temperature, making it suitable for distribution in tropical regions with limited cold-chain infrastructure. Immunogenicity: Induces robust and long-lasting immunity, with protection lasting several months post-booster dose. Source: THE HINDU UPI–UPU Integration Category: ECONOMICS Context : At the 28th Universal Postal Congress in Dubai, Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia launched the UPI–UPU Integration project UPI–UPU Integration Project The initiative links India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) with the Universal Postal Union’s Interconnection Platform (IP), combining the global postal network with UPI’s real-time, affordable digital payments ecosystem. This integration will enable families across borders to send money faster, more securely, and at lower costs, particularly benefiting migrants and digitally excluded communities. India also used the Congress to outline its vision of leveraging digital logistics, AI, and South–South cooperation, positioning itself as a leader in technology-driven financial inclusion and global postal modernization. Learning Corner: Universal Postal Union (UPU) Established: 1874, with the Treaty of Bern. Headquarters: Bern, Switzerland. Specialized UN Agency: Since 1948, UPU has been a specialized agency of the United Nations. Members: 192 countries. Role and Functions Acts as the primary forum for international cooperation in the postal sector. Frames rules for international mail exchanges and sets standards for cross-border postal services. Coordinates policies among member nations to ensure affordable, reliable, and universal postal services. Promotes development of digital postal services, e-commerce, and financial inclusion through the global postal network. Provides technical assistance to developing countries in modernizing postal systems. Governance Congress: Supreme decision-making body, held every 4 years. Council of Administration and Postal Operations Council: Handle governance and operational matters between Congresses. International Bureau: The permanent secretariat in Bern. Significance Facilitates global connectivity through affordable postal services. Plays a growing role in digital transformation, including logistics, e-payments, and sustainable development. Source: PIB International Literacy Day (ILD) 2025 Category: POLITY Context: The Ministry of Education celebrated ILD 2025 on September 8. Theme: “Promoting Literacy in the Digital Era” at Dr. Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi. Key Highlights: Attended by Union Minister Dharmendra Pradhan (virtually), Minister of State Jayant Chaudhary (Chief Guest), and other stakeholders. Focused on digital, civic, and financial literacy alongside traditional literacy. Himachal Pradesh was declared the 5th fully literate state/UT after Tripura, Mizoram, Goa, and Ladakh. Initiatives: ULLAS–Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram drives literacy via community participation and hybrid learning. ULLAS Literacy Week (Sept 1–8) registered non-literates and volunteers nationwide. Learning material is now available in 26 Indian languages for inclusivity. Vision: ILD 2025 highlighted how digital tools aid literacy, numeracy, and lifelong learning, particularly in underserved regions. The government reiterated its goal of universal literacy aligned with the vision of Viksit Bharat. Learning Corner: Definition of Literacy in India In India, a person is considered literate if they are aged 7 years or above and can read and write with understanding in any language. This definition is consistent with international standards and is used in official surveys. Literacy Rate in India (2023–24) Overall literacy rate: 80.9% for individuals aged 7 and above. Male literacy rate: 87.2% Female literacy rate: 74.6% The figures highlight a gender gap of 12.6 percentage points in literacy rates. Top-Performing States The states with the highest literacy rates are: Mizoram – 98.2% Lakshadweep – 97.3% Kerala – 95.3% These states have implemented effective educational policies and community engagement programs to achieve high literacy. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Professional Integrity - Anjana Krishna Case study (GS paper IV - Ethics) Introduction (Context) The conflict between political pressures and professional integrity is one of the most persistent challenges faced by India’s civil servants.  The recent incident in Solapur (August 2025) involving young IPS officer Anjana Krishna V S brought this tension into sharp focus.  Politicians and Civil Servant relations Politicians and bureaucrats are two vital pillars of governance. In a democracy, power vests with the people. This power is exercised through its elected representatives who have the mandate to govern them for a specific period.  On the other hand, bureaucrats ensure neutral, efficient, and lawful implementation of policies designed. Together, they form a complementary relationship, thus a balance between the two is essential to uphold constitutional values, ensure accountability, and deliver good governance. Models of Politician–Bureaucrat Relationship Scholars of public administration, have identified several models to explain the interaction between politicians and civil servants: Total Separation Model (Finer, 1941) Civil servants are expected to unquestioningly follow orders from political executives. Bureaucracy functions purely as an implementing arm with no discretion.   Village Life Model (Riggs, 1961) Politicians and bureaucrats are considered part of a unified governing elite, sharing values and objectives. Conflict is minimal, and harmony in decision-making is assumed.   Functional Village Life Model (Riggs, 1961) Recognizes partial overlap between political and bureaucratic roles. Both groups may share similar backgrounds, values, or networks, creating a sense of integration while retaining functional differences.   Adverse Model (Mosher, 1968) Highlights conflict and competition between the two groups, as both struggle for power and influence. Politicians emphasize responsiveness to people, while bureaucrats stress rule-based administration.   Civil Service Dominance Model (Max Weber) Assumes a clear division between policy formulation (politicians) and implementation (bureaucrats). However, in practice, bureaucrats emerge dominant due to expertise, continuity, and control over information. However, in reality there are issues related to political interference vs professional integrity. This can be understood through the following case. Case In August, 2025, IPS officer Anjana Krishna V S, posted in Solapur district, led a police team to Kurdu village, Madha taluka, to investigate complaints of illegal soil and sand excavation being carried out for road construction without valid permissions. Villagers claimed that the work had Gram Panchayat approval, but could not produce any official documents. Upholding her duty, Anjana initiated enforcement measures. During the operation, a local NCP worker, Baba Jagtap, connected her via phone to Maharashtra Deputy Chief Minister Ajit Pawar, who allegedly instructed her to halt the crackdown, citing the ongoing Maratha agitation and the need to avoid escalation. Maintaining professional composure, Anjana responded: “I am unable to verify if I am speaking with the Deputy Chief Minister. Could you please call me directly on my official number?” This response reportedly angered Pawar, who threatened action against her and pressed her to stop the operation, asking her to coordinate with the Tehsildar instead.  Ultimately, after confirming the absence of valid permissions, Anjana proceeded with enforcement. Anjana Krishna has maintained Ethics and integrity by:  Choosing constitutional duty over appeasing political authority. Acting on facts (lack of permission) despite calls to “maintain peace.” Professional firmness in face of intimidation. Maintained neutrality and professional integrity. Political interference vs Professional integrity Political interference has been defined as the improper political influence that seeks to bias decision-making, violate procedures, or achieve outcomes contrary to established laws and policies. Whereas professional integrity means acting consistently with ethical principles and public interest, independent of personal or political motives. Impact: Political interference undermines bureaucratic neutrality, rule of law, and public trust. Professional integrity strengthens institutional credibility, citizen confidence, and ethical governance. Clash between the two creates ethical dilemmas, delays, and potential compromise in decision-making. Can weaken democratic processes if officers prioritize political expediency over public interest. Steps needed Establish and enforce clear codes of conduct and ethical frameworks within government organizations. Promote ethical leadership and provide regular, in-depth ethics training for public servants. Create independent oversight bodies and implement robust whistleblower protections. Ensure merit-based recruitment, promotion, and performance appraisal to reduce political influence. Adopt transparent processes through e-governance, digitization, and open access to public information. Maintain proper documentation and audit trails to support accountability and defend actions. Encourage civil servants to cultivate personal resolve and moral courage to resist illegal or unethical directives. Strengthen knowledge of rules, regulations, and procedures so officers can act confidently under pressure. Foster public awareness about citizen rights and the importance of ethical governance. Build a supportive institutional and societal environment that recognizes and rewards integrity. Conclusion The case of IPS officer Anjana Krishna V S highlights the conflict between political interference and professional integrity. By acting impartially and upholding professional integrity, she exemplifies ethical conduct.  Upholding professional integrity is not only vital for effective governance but also essential for sustaining democracy, ensuring accountability, and inspiring public trust in state institutions. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the conflict between political pressures and professional integrity in the civil services. Examine its impact on governance and suggest measures to uphold integrity while ensuring accountability. (250 words, 15 marks) Lessons for India: how Kerala is tackling rapid urbanisation (GS paper I - Geography, GS Paper II - Governance) Introduction (Context) Urbanisation is the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in urban areas, primarily due to rural-to-urban migration, natural growth within cities, and expansion of urban settlements.  In Kerala, urbanisation is accelerating faster than infrastructure and governance can keep up, while climate stress lurks in floods, landslides, coastal erosion, and unpredictable weather.  In response, Kerala decided to tackle the problem head-on with the Kerala Urban Policy Commission. This can be replicated across the nation to tackle rapid urbanisation. Urbanisation in Kerala Kerala’s landscape is unique. Unlike other States where rural and urban spaces are distinct, Kerala exhibits a “rurban continuum” where villages merge seamlessly with towns and cities. This creates a settlement pattern where rural and urban features co-exist. Kerala is urbanising faster than the national average. Projections show 80% urban population by 2050 (compared to India’s projected 50%). Due to this, infrastructure and governance systems are struggling to match this pace. Meanwhile, climate threats were intensifying. Floods devastated Ernakulam; landslides shattered hillsides; and coastal zones reeled from sea-level pressures. The gap between crisis and planning was growing wide. Recognising the urgency, the Kerala government established the Kerala Urban Policy Commission (KUPC) in December 2023, India’s first State-level urban commission tasked with creating a 25-year roadmap for urban transformation. What is Kerala Urban Policy Commission? Constituted in December 2023 as a break from India’s centralised, project-driven urban model (like Smart Cities Mission or AMRUT).   It was a political acknowledgement that Kerala needed its own compass tailored to its place, history, and climate context.  No other State had taken such a leap. Therefore, the KUPC became India’s first State-level urban commission, signalling a paradigm shift from reactive fixes to systemic thinking. It aimed to view cities as climate-aware ecosystems, not merely sites of infrastructure building. KUPC report recommendations Climate and Risk-Aware Zoning Mandatory integration of hazard maps (floodplains, landslide zones, coastal inundation areas) into urban master plans. Shift from reactive relief to preventive resilience. Digital Data Observatory Real-time data nerve centre at Kerala Institute of Local Administration. Uses: LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) Ground Penetrating Radar Tide and water gauges Satellite and weather feeds Provides live dashboards for municipalities to take evidence-based decisions. Green Fees and Climate Insurance Environmental levies for projects in eco-sensitive zones to fund resilience. Parametric insurance for disaster-prone areas ensuring automatic payouts during floods, storms, or landslides. Fiscal Empowerment through Bonds Municipal Bonds for large cities like Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode. Pooled Bonds for smaller municipalities to access funds collectively. Already integrated into Kerala’s 2024 interim Budget. Governance Overhaul Replace bureaucratic inertia with elected city cabinets led by mayors. Specialist cells on climate, waste, mobility, and law with trained municipal cadres. “Jnanashree Programme” to deploy youth tech talent into municipal governance. Place-Based Economic Revival Thrissur-Kochi: FinTech hub. Thiruvananthapuram-Kollam: Knowledge corridor. Kozhikode: UNESCO “City of Literature.” Palakkad & Kasaragod: Smart industrial zones. Commons, Culture, and Care Revive wetlands and traditional water systems. Reactivate waterways for sustainable transport. Preserve cultural heritage zones. Establish City Health Councils for migrants, gig workers, and students. Rather than imposing “top-down solutions,” policies were co-produced with citizens, giving Kerala an urban intelligence engine. Lessons for Other States Establish time-bound urban commissions customised to local realities. Blend data and dialogue: scientific mapping + citizen stories. Empower municipalities financially through green fees, bonds, and insurance mechanisms. Embed climate resilience across every urban planning pillar. Institutionalise youth and specialist participation in urban governance. Conclusion Kerala’s Urban Policy Commission shows that urbanisation must go beyond infrastructure expansion to become climate-sensitive, financially empowered, and community-driven. By blending local narratives with data and empowering municipalities, it provides a replicable model for sustainable, inclusive, and resilient cities — a lesson for India as it braces for rapid urban growth. Mains Practice Question Q Urbanisation in India is often seen as a problem of infrastructure deficits and governance gaps. Discuss how Kerala’s Urban Policy Commission provides a sustainable framework for other States.(250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://epaper.thehindu.com/ccidist-ws/th/th_international/issues/147501/OPS/GL3ESJPON.1.png?cropFromPage=true

Sep 10, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 10th September 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Sep 9, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 9th September 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Sep 9, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 9th September – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Maternal Mortality Ratio Category: HEALTH Context:  Kerala’s maternal mortality ratio (MMR) has risen from 18 to 30 per lakh live births (2021–2023). Key Points Lowest in India: Kerala and Andhra Pradesh still share the top rank for lowest MMR among states. Calculation: MMR = maternal deaths per one lakh live births. Declining births: Live births fell to under 4 lakh in 2023, from an earlier 5–5.5 lakh. Maternal deaths: Remain steady at 120–140 annually, except for the COVID spike in 2021. Denominator effect: Fewer births but steady deaths push the ratio up. Policy view: The rise reflects demographic changes, not worsening maternal care. District-level health data is considered more accurate than SRS data. Learning Corner: Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Definition: Number of infant deaths (under 1 year of age) per 1,000 live births in a given year. Significance: Key indicator of child health, maternal care, and public health services. Current Trend: Declining steadily due to better immunization, institutional deliveries, and neonatal care. Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR) Definition: Number of deaths of children under five years per 1,000 live births. Significance: Reflects overall socio-economic development, nutrition, sanitation, and access to healthcare. India’s Goal: Reduce U5MR in line with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-3). Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) Definition: Number of deaths within the first 28 days of life per 1,000 live births. Significance: Sensitive indicator of maternal health, quality of delivery care, and newborn services. India’s Focus: Strengthening Special Newborn Care Units (SNCUs) and early neonatal interventions. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) Definition: Number of maternal deaths (during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy) per 100,000 live births. Significance: Reflects quality of maternal healthcare, safe motherhood programs, and women’s health services. Trend: India has shown significant decline, but regional disparities persist. Crude Death Rate (CDR) Definition: Number of deaths (from all causes) per 1,000 population in a given year. Significance: General indicator of mortality, influenced by demographic structure (ageing population). Source: THE HINDU Vice-President Election Category: POLITY Context : Vice-President Election 2025 India’s Vice-President is being elected today. NDA candidate C.P. Radhakrishnan is strongly favored over Opposition nominee Justice B. Sudershan Reddy due to NDA’s numerical strength and YSRCP’s support. The abstention of BJD and BRS has further reduced the effective majority needed. Numbers Game: NDA commands 425 of 769 eligible votes, while the Opposition has 324. The winning majority is 385, giving the NDA a clear edge. Candidates: C.P. Radhakrishnan (68): Veteran BJP leader, former governor, seen as a loyal party figure. Justice B. Sudershan Reddy (79): Former Supreme Court judge, known for civil rights judgments. Other Factors: Enhanced CRPF security for VP’s residence and mock poll training to ensure valid voting. Learning Corner: Vice-President election in India: Constitutional Basis Provided under Article 63–71 of the Constitution. The Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Electoral College Composed of members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha). Elected MPs only (nominated members are excluded from the Electoral College). This is different from the President’s election, where State Legislatures also participate. Election Process Conducted by the Election Commission of India. Held through proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote (STV), and voting is by secret ballot. A candidate must secure a quota of votes (more than 50% of valid votes cast). Eligibility Criteria (Article 66, 67) Citizen of India. At least 35 years of age. Qualified to be elected as a Rajya Sabha member. Cannot hold an office of profit. Term and Removal Term: 5 years, but eligible for re-election. Can resign to the President. Removal: By a resolution of Rajya Sabha, passed by an absolute majority, and agreed to by Lok Sabha. Key Points In case of a vacancy in the President’s office, the Vice-President acts as President until a new one is elected. The office ensures continuity in governance and parliamentary functioning. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS International Criminal Court (ICC) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Ugandan warlord Joseph Kony, leader of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), is the focus of the ICC’s first-ever in absentia hearing on war crimes and crimes against humanity Background Rose to power in 1986, notorious for guerrilla warfare and use of child soldiers. LRA forced mass displacement, abducted children, and committed brutal crimes across Uganda, Sudan, and Congo. Despite global manhunts and a $5 million bounty, Kony remains at large. Global Response ICC hearing presents evidence against him in his absence—a milestone in international justice. Kony became a global symbol of impunity after a viral campaign highlighted his crimes. International efforts continue to bring him to justice. Learning Corner: International Criminal Court (ICC): Establishment & Legal Basis Established by the Rome Statute (1998), came into force in 2002. Headquarters: The Hague, Netherlands. First permanent treaty-based international criminal court. Jurisdiction Prosecutes individuals (not states) for: Genocide Crimes against humanity War crimes Crime of aggression (added in 2018). Jurisdiction applies when: Crimes committed on territory of a member state, or Crimes committed by a national of a member state, or When referred by the UN Security Council. Membership 124 member states (as of now). Major powers like the US, China, Russia, and India are not members. African nations form a large part of membership, though some have criticized the ICC for bias. Functioning Independent judicial body, not part of the UN system (but cooperates with it). Investigations can be initiated by: A State Party, The UN Security Council, or The Prosecutor (proprio motu) with court approval. Criticism & Challenges Accused of focusing disproportionately on Africa. Lack of enforcement power—relies on states to arrest suspects. Some states view it as infringing on sovereignty. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Engineering Export Promotion Council Category: ECONOMICS Context : The President of India, Droupadi Murmu, attended the Platinum Jubilee celebrations of EEPC (Engineering Export Promotion Council) India She praised India’s ancient leadership in trade and spirituality, urging citizens to work toward making India a global center of knowledge and commerce once again. Highlighting EEPC’s role as a bridge between Indian manufacturers and global markets, she noted its contribution to raising engineering exports from $70 billion to over $115 billion in the past decade despite global challenges. The President called on EEPC to expand India’s role in global value chains, foster high-quality and cost-effective engineering, and build a supportive ecosystem for innovation. She emphasized that global trade challenges also present opportunities, encouraging a ‘Nation First’ approach to strengthen the economy and transform India into a leading innovation-driven nation. Learning Corner: Engineering Export Promotion Council (EEPC) India Establishment: Set up in 1955 under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India. Nature: A trade and investment promotion organization focusing on engineering sector exports. Recognized as the apex body of engineering exporters. Membership: Represents over 12,000 members, including large companies, SMEs, and trading houses. Functions: Acts as a bridge between Indian engineering exporters and global markets. Provides policy inputs to the government on trade and export promotion. Organizes international trade fairs, buyer-seller meets, and delegations abroad. Offers market intelligence, export-related services, and support to its members. Runs the Technology Centres and Common Service Facilities for MSMEs. Achievements: Engineering exports have grown significantly under EEPC’s guidance, reaching over $115 billion in recent years. Recognition: EEPC is considered a Model Export Promotion Council (EPC) by the Government of India for its consistent performance. Source: PIB Blood Moon Category: GEOGRAPHY Context: On the night of September 7–8, 2025, a spectacular total lunar eclipse, popularly called a Blood Moon, was visible across Asia. The eclipse lasted about 82 minutes, making it one of the longest of the decade, with totality from 11:01 PM to 12:23 AM IST in India. During the event, Earth came between the Sun and the Moon, casting a shadow that turned the Moon a striking red-orange due to Rayleigh scattering, which filters out blue light and allows red light to reach the Moon’s surface. The event attracted skywatchers worldwide, with stunning images and live streams capturing the rare celestial spectacle. Learning Corner: Blood Moon (Total Lunar Eclipse) A Blood Moon occurs during a total lunar eclipse, when the Earth comes directly between the Sun and the Moon, blocking sunlight from reaching the Moon. Instead of going completely dark, the Moon appears red or reddish-orange. This happens because of Rayleigh scattering: Earth’s atmosphere scatters shorter blue wavelengths of sunlight while the longer red wavelengths bend around Earth and illuminate the Moon. The intensity of the red color depends on the amount of dust, pollution, or volcanic particles in Earth’s atmosphere. Unlike a solar eclipse, a lunar eclipse (and hence a Blood Moon) is visible from anywhere on Earth where the Moon is above the horizon at the time. Blood Moons are rare but predictable astronomical events, often lasting longer than solar eclipses. Partial Lunar Eclipse Occurs when only a part of the Moon enters Earth’s umbra (central shadow). The rest of the Moon remains illuminated by direct sunlight. The Moon appears as if a dark “bite” has been taken out of it. More frequent than total lunar eclipses. Total Lunar Eclipse Occurs when the entire Moon enters Earth’s umbra. The Moon appears reddish-orange (Blood Moon) due to Rayleigh scattering and refraction of sunlight through Earth’s atmosphere. Can last up to 1 hour or more, depending on Earth-Moon-Sun alignment. Less frequent compared to partial eclipses but more spectacular. Key Difference: Partial eclipse → only part of Moon darkens. Total eclipse → whole Moon darkens and turns red. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Ageing and Affordability (GS paper II - Governance) Introduction (Context) India is witnessing a demographic shift with a rapidly growing elderly population. Ageing is often accompanied by declining income levels, increased dependency, and greater vulnerability to chronic diseases. These factors combined make healthcare expenses one of the most pressing challenges for senior citizens in India. Hence, Doctors stress the need for people to be prepared for future healthcare expenses, while also emphasising the importance of strengthening public healthcare infrastructure. Current Status 14.9 crore elderly in 2022 (10.5% of total population). By 2050, India will have nearly 319 million elderly citizens (projected), creating unprecedented pressure on health systems. Highest concentration in southern and western states. Older adults often suffer from multiple comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, heart disease, respiratory ailments Loss of income or retirement increases dependency on family support, increasing financial stress. Lack of adequate insurance coverage and high out-of-pocket expenditure undermine access to quality healthcare. Challenge of High healthcare expenditure Elderly often need frequent out-patient consultations for problems like chronic joint pain, arthritis, high blood pressure, diabetes complications, heart diseases, breathing problems, and vision issues. In-patient care is required for more serious cases such as surgeries (eye/abdominal), stroke, advanced heart issues, and complications from diabetes. According to the India Ageing Report 2023 by the United Nations Population Fund India and International Institute for Population Sciences the enormous burden of healthcare costs depletes savings, leading to distress financing and debts.  According to the report, fever/pyrexia of unknown cause, chronic pain in joints/arthritis, high blood pressure, generalised pain, diabetes or related complications, breathing problems, problems with eyes, heart-related issues, gastroenteritis, and injuries or accidents were the top 10 reasons for accessing out-patient care.      Hospitalisation for fever/pyrexia of unknown cause, gastroenteritis, heart-related issues, breathing problems, ophthalmic surgery, abdominal surgery, diabetes or related complications, and stroke are the top 10 reasons for accessing in-patient care. Challenges related to Insurance schemes In India, both the Central as well as several State governments offer health insurance schemes. Private health insurance is also available.  Some are: Ayushman Bharat–Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) In late 2024, the Union government expanded PM-JAY to cover all senior citizens aged 70 and above, irrespective of income Provides cashless hospitalisation up to ₹5 lakh per family per year at empanelled public and private hospitals. Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme (CMCHIS), Tamil Nadu A state-run scheme that offers free health coverage to low-income families, including the elderly. Covers costly medicines, diagnostic imaging (CT/MRI scans), and advanced surgeries like angioplasty, bypass surgery, and joint replacements. Integration of State Schemes with PM-JAY Several states have merged or linked their own insurance schemes with PM-JAY. This ensures wider coverage, portability of benefits across states, and reduced duplication of services. According to the India Ageing Report Insurance coverage is limited, only about 20.4% of elderly in the 60–69 age group are covered, and coverage reduces further with increasing age. Gender disparity exists as men (19.7%) are slightly better insured than women (16.9%), reflecting women’s weaker economic and social security. More than half of the elderly (52.9%) are not even aware of available schemes Around 21.6% cannot afford insurance premiums. Elderly in rural areas have far less awareness and access to insurance compared to their urban counterparts. Current insurance schemes do not cover palliative care, end-of-life care, physiotherapy, or home-based oxygen support, even though these are common needs of the elderly. Rising private insurance premiums with age make it nearly impossible for many elderly citizens to afford coverage. Challenge of non communicable diseases The elderly commonly suffer from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiac ailments, which require lifelong treatment and regular medication. Advanced care such as ICU admissions, ventilatory support, or surgeries leads to skyrocketing medical bills. Due to high costs, many elderly patients discontinue medication, avoid hospitalisation, or even request discharge against medical advice, worsening their health outcomes. Way forward Expand government hospital capacity for geriatric care. Introduce elderly vaccination drives (pneumonia, influenza) to reduce morbidity Simplify enrolment for elderly in public schemes Expand coverage to palliative care, post-hospitalisation care, rehabilitation, and home-based support. Offer affordable premiums with higher coverage for elderly-specific needs Promote financial literacy on saving for health in middle age Introduce dedicated geriatric health funds or subsidies. Incorporate home-based healthcare into insurance packages. Replicate Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme in which, diagnostic imaging such as CT scans, MRI scans and costly medicines are also covered. Also, advanced procedures like angioplasties, coronary bypass surgeries and replacement of joints are offered under this scheme, benefiting many elderly. Conclusion India’s ageing population faces the dual challenge of declining income and rising healthcare costs. While schemes like PM-JAY and state-specific insurance provide partial relief, gaps in coverage and affordability persist. The way forward lies in strengthening public health infrastructure, expanding insurance scope, and ensuring financial preparedness. Mains Practice Question Q With a rapidly ageing population, India faces the dual challenge of rising healthcare costs and inadequate financial protection for senior citizens.” Critically examine. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/ageing-and-affordability-addressing-mounting-healthcare-expenses-for-senior-citizens/article70007167.ece Why Punjab Keeps Flooding? (GS paper I - Geography) Introduction (Context) Punjab, historically known as the “Land of Five Rivers,” derives its fertility and agricultural prosperity from its rich riverine system.  However, this geographical advantage also renders the state highly vulnerable to floods. While heavy monsoon rains and upstream inflows from Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) remain natural triggers, the scale of devastation in recent floods highlights governance lapses, dam mismanagement, weak embankments, and unsustainable human activities. Current status The state government has declared all 23 districts to be flood-hit.  1,902 villages have been inundated, more than 3.8 lakh people affected, and more than 11.7 lakh hectares of farmland destroyed.  At least 43 people have been killed. The worst-affected is the northern district of Gurdaspur, where 329 villages and 1.45 lakh people have been affected, and 40,000 hectares of farmland inundated. Geographical reasons Three perennial rivers Ravi, Beas and Sutlej flow through the state of Punjab.  The Ravi passes through Pathankot and Gurdaspur The Beas through Hoshiarpur, Gurdaspur,  Kapurthala, Amritsar, Tarn Taran (Harike wetland), and Harike; and The Sutlej through Nangal, Ropar, Nawanshahr, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Moga, Ferozepur, and Tarn Taran  (Harike wetland). The seasonal river Ghaggar, and smaller tributaries and hill streams, known locally as choes, also cut across the state. Rainfall in Punjab and upstream catchment areas in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) make Punjab’s rivers swell up during the monsoon.  While an elaborate system of dhussi bundhs (earthen embankments) form a first line of defence against flooding, heavy rain often overwhelms these. Heavy rain in southern Punjab’s Malwa region led to severe waterlogging in the districts of Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Ropar, Nawanshahr and Moga. Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and J&K have all recorded more than 45% excess rainfall (above the seasonal normal) this year. Issues due to the dam management Bhakra Dam: built on the Sutlej in Himachal Pradesh’s Bilaspur district, operated by the Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB). Pong Dam: located on the Beas in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, also under BBMB. Thein (Ranjit Sagar) Dam: situated on the Ravi at the Punjab–J&K border, operated by Punjab State Power Corporation Ltd. and the state’s Irrigation Department. During excessive rainfall, reservoirs fill up and water must be released to prevent overtopping, which could lead to catastrophic dam failure. BBMB follows a rule curve system—target reservoir levels maintained through the year depending on inflows and weather forecasts. Extreme rainfall, however, often leaves little buffer, forcing sudden water releases to protect dam safety. Even controlled releases during heavy rains can cause severe flooding downstream, as witnessed this year. Issue with BBMB Punjab officials allege BBMB maintains high reservoir levels in July–August for winter irrigation and power, leaving insufficient cushion for August–September monsoon inflows. Complaints include lack of timely warnings, with sudden water releases catching state authorities unprepared. The core issue lies in BBMB’s constitutional setup: it is a Centre-controlled body, with flood management not included in its primary mandate. The 2022 amendment to BBMB rules, allowing officers from anywhere in India (not just Punjab and Haryana) to hold top posts, has further deepened Punjab’s concerns of being sidelined. Issues related to Governance Due to the poor coordination between officials upstream and downstream, in August, two gates of the Madhopur Barrage on the Ravi were destroyed after sudden water releases from the Thein (Ranjit Sagar) Dam, worsening the floods in Pathankot, Gurdaspur, and Amritsar. At Ranjit Sagar, Pong, and Bhakra, water was stored for many days and then released in massive volumes, causing sudden flooding downstream. A flood cushion was not maintained, and warnings were delayed. Weak maintenance of dhussi bundhs (earthen embankments) worsened flooding, many weakened by illegal sand mining along riverbeds. Punjab’s Drainage Department estimates that strengthening embankments and desilting rivers would cost ₹4,000–5,000 crore, but these preventive measures are repeatedly ignored. Impact of floods Floods in Punjab cause severe humanitarian crises, including loss of lives, displacement of communities, and destruction of houses. They lead to massive agricultural losses, damaging standing crops like wheat, rice, and cotton, thereby threatening India’s overall food security. The economic impact is immense, with extensive damage to infrastructure, transport networks, and irrigation systems, resulting in losses worth thousands of crores. On the social front, floods aggravate rural distress, increase farmer indebtedness, and trigger migration pressures. The problem also has a cross-border dimension, as floods often extend into Pakistan’s Punjab, creating regional security and humanitarian concerns. Way forward Punjab floods demand urgent reforms in flood management, with BBMB’s role expanded to include flood control and stronger Centre–State coordination. Infrastructure like bundhs and riverbeds must be reinforced through desilting and curbing illegal mining. Early warning systems and climate adaptation strategies are needed to build resilience. Crop diversification and climate-resilient farming can reduce agricultural vulnerability. Dedicated funds, regular audits, and preventive investments are crucial for sustainable flood preparedness. Conclusion Punjab’s floods stem from governance failures poor dam management, weak embankments, illegal mining, and lack of preparedness aggravated by climate change.  Urgent reforms in dam governance, embankment strengthening, and community-based resilience are vital to safeguard lives, livelihoods, and India’s food security. Mains Practice Question Q Floods in Punjab are a recurring phenomenon rooted in both natural geography and human mismanagement. Critically examine(250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-punjab-keeps-flooding-10232974/

Sep 8, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 8th September 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Sep 8, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 8th September – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Self-Respect Movement Category: HISTORY Context:  100 Years of the Self-Respect Movement in Tamil Nadu Origins and Description Began in 1925 as a movement against caste and gender hierarchy. Led by Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, who used the Tamil weekly Kudi Arasu to spread radical, non-Brahmin ideas. Political Impact Periyar engaged with the Justice Party, advocating militant non-Brahminism to counter Congress’s caste politics. Offered an alternative social reform agenda, challenging upper-caste dominance. Radical Social Reforms Popularized self-respect marriages, promoted women’s rights (remarriage, property), and expanded public debate. Kudi Arasu articulated radical positions on caste and gender, influencing reforms in Hindu society. Justice Party’s Role The South Indian Liberal Federation empowered non-Brahmins and widened political participation. However, non-elite non-Brahmins often remained marginalized. Legacy and Recognition Fostered awareness and pride among non-Brahmin masses about their rights. Its legacy reshaped caste dynamics, gender politics, and social reform, retaining relevance in contemporary Tamil society. Learning Corner: E.V. Ramasamy (Periyar)  Born: 17 September 1879, Erode, Tamil Nadu Known as: Periyar (“The Great One”) Role in Social Reform Founded the Self-Respect Movement (1925) to challenge caste hierarchy, Brahminical dominance, and gender inequality. Advocated rationalism, atheism, and social justice, rejecting religious orthodoxy and superstition. Strongly opposed untouchability, hereditary caste privileges, and dominance of upper castes in politics and society. Political Engagement Initially associated with the Indian National Congress, but resigned due to differences over caste discrimination. Later allied with the Justice Party, pushing for non-Brahmin representation in politics and education. Played a major role in shaping Dravidian ideology, which later influenced parties like DMK and AIADMK. Key Reforms Promoted Self-Respect Marriages (without Brahmin priests, based on equality). Championed women’s rights: widow remarriage, right to property, education, and opposition to child marriage. Used journalism (Kudi Arasu weekly) and public debates to spread rationalist and egalitarian ideas. Legacy Revered as the “Father of the Dravidian Movement.” Left a lasting impact on Tamil society, politics, and social justice discourse. His ideas continue to shape debates on caste, rationalism, and social reform in South India. Source: THE HINDU WTO Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : India at SCO Trade Ministers’ Meeting, Vladivostok Key Highlights Reaffirmed commitment to a WTO-centered, open, fair, and inclusive multilateral trading system. Called for a development-centered trade agenda, including: Permanent solution on public stockholding for food security. Effective Special and Differential Treatment for developing nations. Urged restoration of a two-tier WTO dispute settlement system. Emphasized need for transparent export measures, warning against misuse and artificial scarcity. Stressed export diversification, resilient supply chains, and MSME integration for shared prosperity. Broader Priorities Showcased India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (UPI, ONDC) and proposed SCO collaboration on digital economy and secure digitalization. Advocated climate action on the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities, opposing trade-linked discrimination. Highlighted AVGC sector (Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming & Comics) as a driver of jobs, exports, and creative industries. Significance Strengthens rule-based, fair, and inclusive trade through WTO. Enhances regional economic cooperation, connectivity, and sustainable growth within SCO. Learning Corner: World Trade Organization (WTO)  Established: 1 January 1995 (replacing GATT, 1947). Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland. Membership: 164 members (including India). Objectives Promote free, fair, and predictable international trade. Provide a platform for trade negotiations and settlement of disputes. Ensure non-discrimination through Most Favoured Nation (MFN) and National Treatment principles. Support developing countries through Special and Differential Treatment (S&DT). Core Functions Administers WTO Agreements (on goods, services, and intellectual property – TRIPS, GATS, AoA). Trade Dispute Settlement: Operates a two-tier system – Panel and Appellate Body. Monitoring and Transparency: Oversees trade policies of members through reviews. Capacity Building: Technical assistance and training for developing/least developed countries. Current Issues Appellate Body Crisis: Non-functioning since 2019 due to U.S. opposition to judge appointments. Agriculture Negotiations: Dispute over food security, subsidies, and public stockholding. Digital Trade: Rules on e-commerce and data flow are contested. Developing Country Concerns: Need for fairer S&DT provisions. Significance Provides a rule-based multilateral trading system, preventing unilateralism. Ensures predictability, transparency, and stability in global trade. Key platform for addressing global challenges like supply chain resilience, climate-linked trade issues, and digital economy. Source:  PIB Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Category: HISTORY Context: Marks the birth centenary of Bharat Ratna Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, the “Bard of the Brahmaputra.” Named after his iconic song Bistirna Parore, symbolizing unity and cultural resilience. Began at Guijan, Dibrugarh, featuring live renditions of Hazarika’s songs, folk performances, and cultural showcases by communities like Moran, Motok, Tea Tribe, Sonowal Kachari, Deuri, and Gorkha. Dr. Bhupen Hazarika’s Musical Legacy Bistirna Parore, inspired by Ol’ Man River, turned the Brahmaputra into a metaphor for human struggle, justice, and solidarity. His music united generations, carried Assam’s culture to global audiences, and embodied peace and brotherhood. Significance Serves as a living tribute to Hazarika’s unmatched influence. Celebrates Assam’s cultural diversity, creativity, and collective spirit along the Brahmaputra. Learning Corner: Dr. Bhupen Hazarika  Born: 8 September 1926, Sadiya, Assam Known as: Bard of the Brahmaputra Profession: Singer, lyricist, composer, poet, filmmaker, and cultural icon. Contributions Gave voice to the struggles, hopes, and unity of people through songs rooted in Assamese folk traditions. His iconic song Bistirna Parore used the Brahmaputra as a metaphor for justice, solidarity, and resilience (inspired by Ol’ Man River). Brought Assamese and North-Eastern culture to national and global platforms. Advocated themes of peace, universal brotherhood, and social justice through music and films. Composed music for Assamese, Bengali, and Hindi films, making regional music nationally popular. Recognitions Bharat Ratna (2019) – India’s highest civilian award. Padma Vibhushan (2012, posthumous), Padma Bhushan (2001). Recipient of Dadasaheb Phalke Award (1992) for contribution to Indian cinema. Legacy Revered as a cultural unifier of Assam and the North-East. Left behind a legacy of socially conscious art that continues to inspire movements for justice, equality, and cultural pride. His centenary is celebrated with music and cultural programs across Assam and beyond. Source: PIB Sree Narayana Guru Category: HISTORY Context : Tribute to Sree Narayana Guru on His Birth Anniversary The Prime Minister paid tribute to Sree Narayana Guru, recalling his vision of equality, compassion, and universal brotherhood. Guru’s teachings on social reform and education were praised as guiding principles for building a progressive and inclusive society. A revered reformer and spiritual leader from Kerala, he fought against caste discrimination and promoted justice, empowerment, and moral strength. His legacy continues to inspire unity, ethical values, and social equality in contemporary India. Learning Corner: Sree Narayana Guru (1855–1928) Early Life Born in 1855 at Chempazhanthi, near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, in the Ezhava community. A philosopher, saint, and social reformer who challenged rigid caste hierarchies in Kerala. Key Teachings & Philosophy Advocated “One Caste, One Religion, One God for Man” (Ekam sat vipra bahudha vadanti). Stressed on education, spiritual upliftment, and social equality as the path to empowerment. Rejected caste-based discrimination and ritualistic practices. Social Reforms Consecrated a Shiva idol at Aruvippuram (1888), breaking caste monopoly in temple entry and priesthood. Founded SNDP Yogam (Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam) in 1903 with Dr. Palpu and Kumaran Asan, to uplift backward classes through education and social reform. Promoted inter-caste dining and marriages, and encouraged use of rational, ethical practices in worship. Legacy Inspired later leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, who visited him in 1925 and praised his reformist vision. Played a central role in shaping Kerala’s renaissance and social justice movement. Remembered as a symbol of equality, compassion, universal brotherhood, and education-driven empowerment. Source: PIB Foreign Capital Inflows Category: ECONOMICS Context: India’s Foreign Capital Inflows at a Low. Despite being the world’s fastest-growing major economy with GDP growth averaging over 8% (2021–2024), India is witnessing capital inflows at a 15-year low. Foreign Portfolio Investment has remained weak, with only 2021–22 showing notable inflows. Recent quarters of strong GDP growth also failed to attract significant capital. Balance of Payments Trade deficits continue, but services exports and remittances have supported the current account. However, these invisibles have not translated into higher capital investment inflows. Reasons for Low Inflows Strong outflows due to FPI withdrawals and exits by private equity/venture funds. High stock valuations, global risk aversion, and tighter cross-border financing rules further limit inflows. Implications Persistent low foreign capital may constrain financing options for future growth. India must address investment climate and policy measures to ensure adequate capital for expansion. Learning Corner: External Trade and Balance of Payments (BoP) – Detailed Note Definition of External Trade External trade refers to the exchange of goods, services, and capital between residents of a country and the rest of the world. It plays a critical role in a country’s economic growth, foreign exchange earnings, and integration with the global economy. Components of External Trade Exports Goods or services sold by domestic entities to foreign countries. Types: Merchandise Exports: Physical goods like textiles, electronics, agricultural produce. Service Exports: IT services, tourism, consultancy, transport. Imports Goods or services purchased from foreign countries. Types: Merchandise Imports: Crude oil, machinery, electronics. Service Imports: Consultancy, tourism, software outsourcing. Visible and Invisible Trade Visible Trade: Trade in physical goods only; measured through merchandise exports and imports. Invisible Trade: Trade in services, income, and transfers. Includes: Services: IT, banking, insurance, transport, tourism. Income: Interest, dividends, profits received from foreign investments. Transfers: Remittances from NRIs, foreign aid, grants, donations. Balance of Payments (BoP) BoP is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a specific period. It ensures that the country’s international transactions are properly accounted. BoP Components: Current Account Records all transactions related to goods, services, income, and transfers. Sub-components: Balance of Trade (BoT): Difference between merchandise exports and imports. BoT Surplus: Exports > Imports. BoT Deficit: Imports > Exports. Net Services: Trade in services (IT, tourism, transport, royalties). Net Income: Income from investments abroad (interest, dividends, profits). Net Transfers: Remittances, foreign aid, grants. Importance: Reflects the short-term external economic position of a country. Current account deficit indicates higher dependence on foreign capital. Capital Account (Financial Account) Records cross-border financial transactions that change the ownership of national assets. Components: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Investment in business/industry abroad or by foreigners in domestic businesses. Portfolio Investment (FPI): Investment in stocks, bonds, and securities. External Commercial Borrowings (ECB): Loans raised by domestic entities from abroad. Banking Capital & NRI Deposits: Movement of funds by banks and Non-Resident Indians. Other Investments: Trade credits, loans, currency deposits. Importance: Supports financing of current account deficits. Influences foreign exchange reserves and currency stability. BoP Identity and Accounting In accounting terms, BoP always balances: Any deficit in current account is offset by surplus in capital account or changes in foreign exchange reserves. Persistent imbalance may affect currency stability and require policy intervention. Importance of External Trade and BoP Economic Growth: Exports boost GDP and foreign exchange. Foreign Exchange Reserves: Maintain currency stability and meet import requirements. Investment Climate: Capital inflows attract technology, skills, and finance. Policy Formulation: Helps the government plan trade, investment, and monetary policies. Global Integration: Promotes participation in international markets. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS (MAINS Focus) What India Should Do to Build Climate-Resilient Cities (GS Paper III – Disaster management) Introduction (Context) Indian cities are at the forefront of the country’s economic and demographic transformation. By 2030, they will generate 70% of new jobs, and by 2050, India’s urban population will approach one billion. The new infrastructure will need to withstand the growing impacts of climate change.  It will therefore be essential to make early investments in climate-resilient urban design and infrastructure to avert billions of dollars in annual damages while saving countless lives. Key Risks for Indian Cities and solutions Floods Floods are emerging as a major risk for Indian cities. With rapid housing and infrastructure construction, over two-thirds of urban residents will face pluvial or surface flooding. Projected economic losses: $5 billion by 2030 and $30 billion by 2070. An integrated approach is needed to address this risk, including: Demarcating high-risk areas as no-build zones. Expanding and upgrading city-wide drainage systems. Promoting nature-based solutions to absorb excess rainwater. Establishing flood forecasting and warning systems. Examples: Brazil, now 80% urban, has shifted from structural flood control to integrated, nature-based approaches. Kolkata Implemented a city-level flood forecasting and warning system. Chennai is Enhancing stormwater management and flood preparedness, focusing on vulnerable populations. Extreme Heat The urban heat island effect is raising nighttime city temperatures by 3°C to 5°C above surrounding areas year-round. Temperatures are expected to rise further throughout the 21st century. Cities can build on Ahmedabad’s Heat Action Plan as a model. Key measures include: Increasing tree cover and green canopies. Replacing heat-trapping roofs with cool roofs. Adjusting working hours for outdoor labourers. Scaling up these actions across major cities can: Avert hundreds of thousands of deaths annually. Safeguard economic productivity during peak summer months. Poor transport infrastructure Efficiency of transportation is vital for urban productivity. Over a quarter of India’s urban roads are exposed to flooding. In some cities, inundation of just 10–20% of roads can disrupt more than half of transport systems. Flood-risk mapping, improved drainage, alternative routes, and investment in flood protection and road maintenance are essential to prevent disruptions. Large investments in modernising municipal services such as waste collection and waste-to-energy conversion are needed. How to build Climate-Resilient Cities? Build technical and administrative capacity for climate-risk assessment and enforcement of urban planning norms. Equip ULBs with modern tools like GIS mapping, early warning systems, and climate modelling. Ensure adequate staffing, funding, and training for city-level institutions. Climate resilience requires integrated planning across housing, water supply, transport, and environment departments. Establish joint task forces and data-sharing mechanisms among agencies to prevent fragmented responses. Encourage convergence of schemes such as AMRUT, Smart Cities Mission, and Jal Jeevan Mission with climate adaptation goals. Local communities should be partners in designing and maintaining green infrastructure such as parks, urban forests, and wetlands. Launch targeted campaigns on heat action, flood safety, and sustainable lifestyles. School and university curricula can integrate climate adaptation awareness. Ensure incentives for green building designs, energy-efficient housing, and renewable energy integration. Prioritise resilient infrastructure funding through urban climate adaptation funds and disaster mitigation budgets. Ensure corporate participation in sustainable mobility, clean energy, and waste-to-energy initiatives. Conclusion  Around $10.95 trillion is needed y 2050 for climate-resilient, low-carbon cities. This investment can prevent billions in climate-related damages annually. Returns include creation of new green jobs, enhanced innovation ecosystems, improved health outcomes, and global competitiveness. Hence Early investments today will reduce disaster losses, save lives, and make Indian cities inclusive and globally attractive for investment. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the key challenges in building climate-resilient cities in India and suggest measures to address them. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: What India should do to build climate-resilient cities | The Indian Express A complex turn in India’s FDI story (GS Paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been a critical driver of India’s growth since the 1991 economic reforms. It modernised industries, introduced new technologies, and integrated India with global markets.  However, recent trends reveal a troubling pattern: while India continues to attract FDI, much of it is short-term in nature, with rising disinvestments and Indian firms increasingly investing abroad. This divergence raises systemic concerns about India’s investment climate. Current trends in FDI sector Gross FDI inflows reached $81 billion in FY 2024-25, up 13.7% from the previous year. Post-COVID inflows grew at just 0.3% annually, while disinvestments rose 18.9% annually. Despite $308.5 billion gross inflows since COVID, $153.9 billion was repatriated. After adjusting for Indian outward FDI, the net retained capital fell to just $0.4 billion. Manufacturing share in total FDI dropped to 12%, reflecting a preference for short-term and non-productive sectors. Investors prefer financial services, energy distribution, and hospitality over long-term sectors like manufacturing or advanced technology. Indian firms investing abroad: Outflows grew from $13 billion in FY 2011–12 to $29.2 billion in FY 2024–25, citing regulatory inefficiency, policy unpredictability, and infrastructure gaps. Thus, a large outflow limits FDI’s long term development impact. These figures indicate that the capital does not stay long enough, limiting its long-term developmental impact. Why long term investment important? FDI inflows are expected to help India by: Increasing fixed investment (factories, plants, offices). Expanding production capacity (making more goods and services). Bringing new technologies (e.g., robotics in manufacturing). Sharing global best practices (management, efficiency, quality control). However, recent trend is that:  The gross foreign inflow-to-GDP ratio steadily declined from 3.1% in 2020-21 to 2.1% in 2024-25 and net FDI fell from 1.6% of GDP to zero in the same period.  India receives foreign money, but much of it exits quickly through repatriation (profits taken home) and disinvestment (withdrawal of capital). Outward FDI by Indian firms rose from $13 billion in FY 2011-12 to $29.2 billion in FY 2024-25. Companies cite regulatory inefficiencies, infrastructure gaps, and unpredictable policy frameworks as reasons for investing abroad. Outflow of capital weakens the domestic economy by limiting job creation, slowing innovation, and reducing industrial growth. Reduced inflows in R&D and high-value manufacturing slow India’s competitiveness. Despite government reforms and improved global rankings, regulatory opacity, legal unpredictability, and inconsistent governance continue to discourage investors. Both foreign firms withdrawing funds and Indian firms investing abroad reveal systemic weaknesses that must be addressed to stabilise India’s investment climate. Way Forward India should prioritise long-term, strategic capital over short-term tax-driven flows. Simplified and transparent regulations are essential to build investor trust. Stable tax regimes, consistent policies, and legal clarity will sustain investor confidence. Infrastructure development in transport, energy, and digital connectivity must reduce business costs. FDI should be directed toward manufacturing, technology, AI, semiconductors, and clean energy rather than rent-seeking sectors. Heavy investment in education, vocational training, and R&D is needed for a skilled workforce. Industry–academia collaboration can foster innovation and attract knowledge-driven investment. Stronger monitoring is required to curb round-tripping and identify genuine productive inflows. Effective implementation of laws, contract enforcement, and anti-corruption measures will improve credibility. FDI must align with national priorities like green growth, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and digital transformation to ensure sustainable development. Conclusion India’s FDI story, once hailed as a success of liberalisation, now faces structural challenges. The growing gap between inflows and outflows, dominance of short-term investments, and rising Indian outward FDI reflect weakening domestic confidence. For sustainable growth, India must shift focus from headline FDI figures to quality, durability, and alignment of investments with its developmental priorities. Mains Practice Question Q India’s FDI story appears robust in gross figures but masks deeper vulnerabilities of short-termism, high disinvestments, and rising outward investment by Indian firms. Elaborate. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: A complex turn in India’s FDI story – The Hindu

Sep 6, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 6th September 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Sep 6, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 6th September – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) SAMHiTA Conference Category: POLITY Context:  External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar inaugurated the SAMHiTA Conference on South Asia’s Manuscript Traditions and Mathematical Contributions Objectives Digital Archive: Digitize and unify manuscripts scattered across global collections for wider access. Mathematical Heritage: Highlight South Asia’s contributions to mathematics and related sciences. Global Collaboration: Partner with international institutions for preservation and knowledge exchange. Key Highlights Dr. Jaishankar emphasized self-reliance in intellectual leadership and showcasing India’s civilizational and mathematical heritage. The initiative strengthens cultural diplomacy, enhances research infrastructure, and deepens India’s role in global knowledge networks. Learning Corner: South Asia’s Manuscript Traditions and Mathematical Contributions Manuscript Traditions in South Asia Diversity of Scripts and Languages: South Asia has one of the richest manuscript traditions in the world, spanning Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, Tamil, Persian, Arabic, and Tibetan among others. These manuscripts cover religion, philosophy, medicine, astronomy, mathematics, grammar, and arts. Materials and Mediums: Manuscripts were traditionally inscribed on palm leaves, birch bark, parchment, and handmade paper, often preserved in temples, monasteries, mathas, and royal libraries. Centers of Manuscript Culture: Nalanda and Vikramshila Universities: Major repositories of Buddhist and scientific manuscripts. Kerala and Tamil Nadu: Palm-leaf manuscripts in Ayurveda, astronomy, and mathematics. Kashmir: Known for Shaiva and Buddhist manuscripts on birch bark. Persianate Traditions: Mughal patronage encouraged preservation of texts in astronomy, medicine, and mathematics. Transmission and Global Spread: Manuscripts were carried along trade routes and through cultural exchanges to Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, influencing global knowledge systems. Mathematical Contributions of South Asia South Asia played a foundational role in global mathematical development: Decimal Place Value System & Zero: The concept of zero as a number and the place value system emerged in India (e.g., Brahmagupta, 7th century CE). This became the foundation of modern arithmetic. Algebra and Arithmetic: Aryabhata (5th century CE): Introduced place value notation, trigonometric functions (sine, cosine). Brahmagupta (7th century CE): Systematic rules for zero and negative numbers; quadratic equations. Bhaskara II (12th century CE): Solutions to indeterminate equations; contributions to calculus-like concepts. Geometry and Trigonometry: Sulbasutras (c. 800–500 BCE) contain rules for altar construction, approximations of √2, and Pythagorean triples. Indian trigonometric methods later influenced Islamic and European mathematics. Astronomical Mathematics: Mathematics was closely tied to astronomy for calendar-making and planetary calculations. Works like Surya Siddhanta combined mathematics with cosmology. Transmission to the World: Indian numerals were transmitted via the Arabs (“Arabic numerals”) to Europe, revolutionizing commerce and science. Indian trigonometry and algebra shaped Islamic Golden Age mathematics. Source: AIR Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Category: POLITY Context : India’s birth rate and Total Fertility Rate (TFR) have seen a notable decline in 2023–2025, marking the first dip in two years and pushing fertility further below the replacement level of 2.1. Key Data Birth Rate: 18.4 per 1,000 in 2023 (down from 21.4 in 2013 and 36.9 in 1971). TFR: 1.9 in 2023–25, below replacement level. Rural vs Urban: Rural TFR at 2.1, urban rates lower. State Variation: Bihar and UP remain high; Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Delhi report as low as 1.4–1.6. Reasons for Decline Higher female literacy and workforce participation, leading to delayed marriages. Urbanization and rising costs encourage smaller families. Wider contraceptive use and family planning awareness. Youth migration for education and jobs. Implications India’s population will likely peak at around 1.7 billion in the next 40 years before declining. Long-term effects include an aging population, shrinking workforce, and higher demand for elderly care. Policy focus will shift toward social security, healthcare for elderly, and labor market reforms. Learning Corner: Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Definition: TFR is the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years (15–49 years), assuming current fertility patterns remain constant. Replacement Level Fertility: The TFR needed for a population to replace itself without migration is about 2.1 (slightly above 2 to account for child mortality). India’s Current Status: As of 2023–25, India’s TFR has declined to 1.9, below replacement level. Factors Influencing TFR: Female education and workforce participation Access to contraception and healthcare Socio-economic conditions and urbanization Cultural and regional variations Implications: A declining TFR leads to slower population growth, eventual population stabilization, and later population decline. It also causes population aging, reduced labor force, and increased demand for elderly care. However, it reflects progress in health, literacy, and women’s empowerment. Source:  THE HINDU Malacca Straits Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Singapore has officially backed India’s interest in joining joint patrols of the Malacca Straits, marking a new phase in bilateral maritime security cooperation and regional collaboration. Key Details In September 2025, Prime Ministers Narendra Modi and Lawrence Wong discussed India’s formal role in the Malacca Straits Patrol (MSP), currently involving Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. Singapore views India’s participation as strengthening regional security, technology pooling, and balancing major power influence in the Indo-Pacific. Strategic Importance The Malacca Strait is a vital chokepoint: nearly 40–50% of global trade and 70% of Asia’s oil imports pass through it. For India, about 60% of sea-based trade and almost all LNG imports transit this route. India’s Andaman & Nicobar Islands, just 600 km away, provide operational leverage for the Indian Navy. Impact on Regional Security India’s entry will boost anti-piracy, anti-trafficking, and intelligence operations, drawing on its naval experience in the Gulf of Aden. It strengthens India’s Act East policy, deepens ASEAN-led security structures, and contributes to Indo-Pacific balance. Technological Cooperation The partnership will advance collaboration in AI, quantum computing, unmanned vessels, and surveillance technologies. Joint ventures may include autonomous patrol craft and quantum-secure communications for maritime safety. Learning Corner: Malacca Strait Geography: The Malacca Strait is a narrow stretch of water between the Malay Peninsula (Malaysia & Singapore) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It connects the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) with the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean). Its narrowest point, the Phillip Channel near Singapore, is only about 2.7 km wide, making it one of the world’s most significant maritime chokepoints. Strategic Importance: Handles about 40–50% of global trade and nearly 70% of Asia’s oil imports. Vital for energy flows from the Middle East and Africa to East Asia. For India, around 60% of its maritime trade and almost all LNG imports pass through this corridor. Security Concerns: Vulnerable to piracy, trafficking, smuggling, and potential blockades. The presence of multiple stakeholders (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand) makes cooperative security essential. India’s Significance: India’s Andaman & Nicobar Islands lie just 600 km away, giving India strategic proximity. Participation in the Malacca Straits Patrol (MSP) enhances India’s Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific strategy. Global Relevance: Securing the Malacca Strait is critical for global energy security, freedom of navigation, and Indo-Pacific stability. Source: THE HINDU Angikaar 2025 Category: POLITY Context : Ensures effective implementation of PMAY-U 2.0, promotes community participation, and facilitates convergence of social welfare schemes toward “Housing for All.”. Launch: September 4, 2025, by Minister Manohar Lal in New Delhi. Duration & Reach: September 4 to October 31, 2025, covering over 5,000 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Objectives: Last-mile outreach to PMAY-U beneficiaries. Accelerate application verification and completion of sanctioned houses. Raise awareness about linked schemes like CRGFTLIH and PM Surya Ghar. Prioritize housing needs of vulnerable groups under Special Focus Group (SFG). Community Mobilization: Door-to-door campaigns, awareness drives, cultural programs, and Jan Bhagidari initiatives. Learning Corner: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Urban (PMAY-U) Launch: 25 June 2015, by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. Objective: Provide affordable housing for all urban poor by 2030, focusing on economically weaker sections (EWS), low-income groups (LIG), and slum dwellers. Key Components: In-situ Slum Redevelopment (ISSR) – Redevelop slums using private participation. Affordable Housing through Credit Linked Subsidy (CLSS) – Interest subsidy on home loans. Beneficiary-Led Construction (BLC) – Financial assistance for building or improving houses. Public-Private Partnership / Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) – Promote affordable housing projects via private developers. Urban Focus: Implemented across Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), covering all cities and towns. Special Initiatives: PMAY-U 2.0, Angikaar campaigns, PMAY-U Awas Diwas, and PM Awas Mela for last-mile outreach and scheme acceleration. Significance: Advances the “Housing for All” mission, improves urban living conditions, promotes social inclusion, and facilitates convergence with other welfare schemes. Source: PIB Savitribai Phule Category: HISTORY Context: Contribution to education on the eve of teachers day. Contribution: India’s first female teacher and pioneer of women’s education. Key Achievements: Opened the first girls’ school in Pune in 1848 with her husband Jyotirao Phule. Developed curricula tailored for girls, emphasizing literacy, hygiene, and social awareness. Authored poems and texts to inspire girls and women to pursue education. Challenges: Faced social hostility, including threats and ostracism, but persisted to empower marginalized communities. Legacy: Laid the foundation for women’s education among lower-caste and marginalized communities. Learning Corner: Jyotirao Phule (1827–1890) Contribution: Social reformer and educationist; husband of Savitribai Phule. Key Achievements: Advocated for education for girls and lower-caste communities. Supported Savitribai Phule in opening schools and literacy campaigns. Worked to eradicate untouchability and caste-based discrimination in education. Legacy: Promoted inclusivity in education and laid early groundwork for social justice. Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) Contribution: Pioneer of modern India’s social and educational reforms. Key Achievements: Founded Hindu College (1817) in Kolkata to modernize education. Championed the cause of women’s rights, including opposition to Sati. Promoted learning in English, science, and rational thinking, opening avenues for women indirectly. Legacy: Father of the Indian Renaissance; set the stage for women’s empowerment through education reform. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820–1891) Contribution: Educationist and social reformer focused on widows and women’s literacy. Key Achievements: Advocated for widow remarriage through the Widow Remarriage Act, 1856. Opened schools for girls, especially in Bengal, providing literacy and moral education. Developed textbooks in Bengali, making education accessible to girls. Legacy: Combined legal reforms with educational initiatives to uplift women. Pandita Ramabai (1858–1922) Contribution: Pioneer of women’s education and social reform. Key Achievements: Founded the Arya Mahila Samaj and Sharada Sadan for widows’ education. Advocated for women’s literacy, vocational training, and emancipation. Authored works in Marathi, Sanskrit, and English to highlight women’s issues. Legacy: Empowered widows and underprivileged women through education and skill development. Annie Besant (1847–1933) Contribution: British-born social reformer and educationist in India. Key Achievements: Promoted women’s education and adult literacy. Founded Central Hindu College (1898), which later became Banaras Hindu University. Advocated for women’s rights and self-reliance through education. Legacy: Integrated Western and Indian educational ideas for female empowerment. Mahadevi Verma (1907–1987) Contribution: Poet, educationist, and champion of women’s education in Hindi literature. Key Achievements: Served as Vice-Chancellor of BHU and promoted women’s participation in higher education. Advocated cultural and literary education for girls and women. Legacy: Advanced higher education and cultural empowerment for women. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Rampant development, not climate, pushing Himalaya to the edge (GS Paper III – Environment, GS Paper III – Disaster management) Introduction (Context) The Himalayas, the world’s youngest and most fragile mountain system, are increasingly witnessing frequent disasters such as floods, landslides, and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). Experts caution that labelling every heavy-rain event as a “cloudburst” oversimplifies the crisis.  In reality, these disasters are often the outcome of a dual force climate change and unregulated development. Recent disasters  In August–September 2025, North India witnessed severe floods and landslides due to overflowing Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi rivers. 34 People died after intense rainfall in Kashmir and Pakistan-occupied areas. The village of Dharali (Uttarakhand) was washed away by a deluge-triggered landslide. They were labelled as “unprecedented natural events”, ignoring the role of reckless development. How rampant development has triggered disasters? The Himalayas, being the world’s youngest mountain range, are inherently unstable and highly sensitive to external interventions.  While they are naturally prone to landslides, floods, and seismic activity, unregulated development has amplified disaster potential manifold. Some of the reasons are: Copying of Urban Development Models Development plans in Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand are often modeled on metropolitan cities like Delhi and Mumbai, ignoring Himalayan fragility. Experts emphasize that every project must undergo lifecycle analysis and carrying capacity assessment before implementation. Weak Environmental Safeguards Most major projects are cleared without independent disaster and social impact assessments or proper public consultation. This lack of oversight means roads, tunnels, and hydropower plants often destabilize slopes and block natural drainage systems. Proliferation of Hydropower Projects According to the Directorate of Energy of Himachal Pradesh, there are 1,144 hydropower plants in the state, of which 721 are at various stages of clearance and investigation, 180 have been commissioned, and 53 are under construction. The Centre has also sanctioned funds to build new bridges and widen roads. Similarly, in Uttarakhand, there are 40 operational hydroelectric plants while 87 more are at various stages of planning and construction, all to boost the State’s power generation capacity. Such projects involve blasting, tunneling, and river diversion, further weakening fragile slopes and river valleys. Infrastructure Boom Without Risk Sensitivity Highway widening and tunnel construction, for example e.g., 14 tunnels on Chandigarh–Manali route. Heavy equipment use destabilizes slopes, making them prone to landslides during heavy rainfall. Tourism and Encroachment Pressure Rising tourist inflow has accelerated demand for hotels, homestays, and commercial establishments. This leads to deforestation, slope cutting, and construction on unsafe land, which increases downstream flood and landslide risks. Climate Change as a Risk Multiplier The Himalaya is warming faster than the global average, causing reduced snowfall and accelerated glacier melt. This leads to the formation of unstable glacial lakes, increasing the risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs).  ICIMOD (2018) reported over 25,000 glacial lakes across five major river basins, placing downstream communities at high risk.  Climate change thus compounds existing vulnerabilities, turning natural hazards into frequent and severe disasters. Legal and Judicial Interventions Legal insights Supreme Court (July 18, 2025): Warned that if unchecked, “the day is not far when Himachal Pradesh may vanish from the map.” Stressed ecological sustainability cannot be sacrificed for revenue. Chief Justice B.R. Gavai (Sept 4, 2025): Described floating logs in floodwaters as a “very serious issue.” Said development must not come at the cost of environment and human lives. Petition Against NHAI (Sept 2025): Allegation: 14 tunnels between Chandigarh–Manali turned into “death traps” during rains. Court issued notice to NHAI for lack of disaster sensitivity in project design. These interventions reflect the judiciary’s growing concern that development is being pursued without considering Himalayan carrying capacity. Expert Insights Arun B. Shreshta (ICIMOD): Disasters are not purely natural; they stem from climate change + reckless development. Advocates carrying capacity assessments and lifecycle-based planning. Himanshu Thakkar (SANDRP): Prioritize independent disaster and social impact assessments with public participation before approving projects. Navneet Yadav (Caritas India): Warns against copying urban-centric development models (Delhi/Mumbai) for Himalayan states. Calls for context-sensitive planning. Way Forward Conduct carrying capacity studies before new projects. Enforce independent EIAs and disaster impact assessments. Strengthen local forest cover, promote slope stabilization through vegetation. Restore river floodplains and wetlands as natural buffers. Build climate literacy among locals. Empower panchayats and local governance institutions to lead disaster preparedness. Promote eco-tourism. Restrict construction in eco-sensitive zones. Schools, hospitals, and relief shelters must be located in safe zones. Design tunnels, highways, and bridges to account for Himalayan seismicity and rainfall intensity. Conclusion The Himalayan crisis is not merely about climate change, but about unchecked human intervention in one of the world’s most fragile ecosystems.  Disasters are amplified by hydropower projects, highways, deforestation, and unregulated tourism.  Unless India urgently rethinks its development model with climate-sensitive, community-driven, and nature-based solutions, the Himalayas could face irreversible damage with devastating consequences for millions downstream. Mains Practice Question Q The Himalayan disasters are less a result of climate change alone and more a consequence of reckless development practices.” Critically examine. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: Rampant development, not climate, pushing Himalaya to the edge – The Hindu GST 2.0 is a landmark in India’s tax journey (GS Paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) The 56th GST Council Meeting (3rd September 2025) introduced GST 2.0, marking a historic step towards a simpler, fairer, and growth-oriented taxation system aligned with the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047. What is Goods and Service Tax? India introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST) on July 1, 2017, marking a historic change in the country’s tax system.  Before GST, people and businesses had to deal with different indirect taxes such as VAT, excise duty, and service tax.  This often created confusion, double taxation, and a heavy burden on businesses.  GST was brought in to make taxation simpler, transparent, and uniform across the country.  It applies to both goods and services, making it easier for the government to collect revenue and for businesses to comply with tax rules. GST in India is divided into four categories to ensure smooth collection by both the central and state governments: CGST (Central GST): Collected by the central government on transactions within a state. SGST (State GST): Collected by the state government on transactions within a state. IGST (Integrated GST): Collected by the central government on interstate transactions (when goods or services move from one state to another). UTGST (Union Territory GST): Collected on transactions within Union Territories. What is GST 2.0? With GST rationalisation, the government has collapsed multiple slabs into four: 0%, 5%, 18%, and a new 40% for luxury and sin goods. Gone are the 12% and 28% brackets that often-left consumers scratching their heads and businesses juggling input credits. The New GST Slabs 2025  GST Slab Category Examples of Goods/Services 0% Essentials & daily needs Paneer, Indian breads (roti/chapati), UHT milk, erasers, essential medicines 5% Merit/basic goods Soaps, toothpaste, packaged food, hair oil, agricultural equipment 18% Standard goods & services TVs, air conditioners, washing machines, small cars, salon services 40% Luxury & sin goods Tobacco, pan masala, sugary beverages, high-end cars, luxury goods This tiered structure is designed to protect the common man while discouraging harmful consumption habits. Key features of the reform Relief for Households & Consumers GST 2.0 directly impacts daily consumption patterns by making essentials and common-use items more affordable. Exempted Items: Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) milk, paneer, chapati, and paratha are fully exempt, easing household budgets. 5% Bracket: Everyday goods such as soap, shampoo, toothpaste, bicycles, and kitchenware now fall under the 5% rate, reducing out-of-pocket expenses for middle- and lower-income households. Reduced Rates: Packaged foods, noodles, chocolates, and beverages have seen cuts, encouraging higher consumption and benefiting FMCG and retail sectors. Insurance Exemption: Exempting all life and health insurance policies makes coverage more affordable. This is particularly significant for senior citizens and low-income families, enhancing financial protection and social security. Healthcare Boost: Essential drugs, medical devices, and treatments for cancer, rare diseases, and chronic conditions have been exempted or shifted to lower rates, widening access to healthcare and easing financial burdens on households. Support for Farmers Reforms have been designed to reduce costs in the agricultural sector and improve rural productivity. 5% GST on Farm Equipment: Tractors, farm machinery, fertilizers, and inputs like sulphuric acid and ammonia now attract only 5% GST. This not only reduces cultivation costs but also corrects earlier inverted duty structures, ensuring farmers pay less for critical inputs while selling produce competitively. By lowering agricultural expenses, the reform improves farm profitability and strengthens the rural economy. Boost to Labour-Intensive Sectors The reform pays special attention to traditional and labour-intensive industries, which provide mass employment. Sectors such as handicrafts, marble, granite, and leather goods are now under reduced GST slabs. This rationalisation improves competitiveness in domestic and export markets, stimulates consumer demand, and safeguards millions of livelihoods dependent on these industries. Critical Sectoral Changes Several strategic sectors with high multiplier effects have seen long-awaited corrections. Textiles: The reduction of GST on man-made fibre and yarn to 5% eliminates distortions in the textile value chain, boosting domestic value addition, exports, and job creation. Cement: Lowering GST from 28% to 18% will reduce construction costs, provide a push to affordable housing, and accelerate infrastructure development. Green Growth: Reductions on renewable energy devices and automotive components incentivise clean energy adoption and support India’s transition towards a sustainable and low-carbon economy. Institutional reforms GSTAT (Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal) will be operational by year-end, ensuring faster dispute resolution, consistency in rulings, and greater taxpayer trust. Provisional Refunds for Inverted Duty Structures: When input tax is higher than the tax on finished goods, businesses pay extra tax (inverted duty). Now, the government will refund this excess quickly, improving cash flow and reducing financial stress for small manufacturers. Risk-Based Compliance Checks: The government uses data and technology to check only “high-risk” taxpayers (like fake invoices), while honest taxpayers face minimal scrutiny. This reduces harassment, saves time, and helps focus on real tax evasion. Harmonisation of Valuation Rules: GST valuation means deciding the value on which tax is charged. By standardising rules across states and sectors, disputes are reduced, the system becomes uniform, and transparency for businesses increases. Impact on Businesses The reform reshapes the business environment with a mix of ease and adjustments: Simplified Filing: Fewer tax slabs reduce confusion and classification disputes. Reduced Compliance Burden: SMEs and retailers gain from easier invoicing and accounting. Pricing Challenges: Industries dealing in luxury or sin goods need to recalibrate their pricing strategies. Sectoral Gains: FMCG and insurance sectors are expected to see demand growth due to affordability and wider coverage. Wider Economic Impact Economists view GST 2.0 as a growth-oriented reform: GDP Growth: Expected to raise GDP by around 100–120 basis points in the coming quarters. Revenue Implications: A short-term dip in government revenue (~₹48,000 crore) may occur, but will be offset by higher consumption and compliance. Boost to Sentiment: Reduced household expenditure strengthens consumer confidence, especially benefiting retail and FMCG demand. Conclusion GST 2.0 is not just a tax adjustment but a transformational reform. By simplifying slabs, correcting distortions, lowering rates on essentials, and strengthening institutions, it delivers relief across income groups, supports farmers, boosts industry competitiveness, and aligns with the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047. It stands as a defining milestone in India’s tax history, embodying a genuine people’s reform. Mains Practice Question Q GST 2.0 marks a shift from a complex, compliance-heavy tax system to a simplified, people-centric reform.” Critically examine the economic and social implications of the new two-rate GST structure in the context of India’s growth trajectory towards Viksit Bharat 2047. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: GST 2.0 is a landmark in India’s tax journey – The Hindu

Sep 5, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 4th September 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here