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IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 5th October 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION (SCO)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL Context: External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar will travel to Islamabad to attend the Heads of Government meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) on October 15 and 16. Background: – The last time an Indian External Affairs Minister travelled to Pakistan was Sushma Swaraj in 2015 for the Heart of Asia conference and bilateral talks. About Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a Eurasian political, economic, international security and defence organization. Established: 2001 The SCO is the successor to the Shanghai Five, formed in 1996 between the People’s Republic of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan. In June 2001, the leaders of these nations and Uzbekistan met in Shanghai creating SCO. Current Members: Presently 10. In 2017, India and Pakistan joined. Iran joined the group in 2023, and Belarus in 2024. The goals of the SCO are: to strengthen mutual trust, friendship and good-neighbourliness between the Member States; to encourage the effective cooperation between the Member States in such spheres as politics, trade, economy, science and technology, culture, education, energy, transport, tourism, environmental protection, etc; to jointly ensure and maintain peace, security and stability in the region; and to promote a new democratic, fair and rational international political and economic international order. Internally, the SCO adheres to the “Shanghai spirit”, namely, mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diversity of civilizations and pursuit of common development; and externally, it upholds non-alignment, non-targeting at other countries or regions and the principle of openness. Structure Council of Heads of States : The supreme decision-making body, meets annually. Council of Heads of Government : Meets once a year to discuss the strategy of multilateral cooperation and priority areas within the Organization, determine fundamental and topical issues in economic and other spheres, and approve the budget of the SCO. In addition to the meetings of the CHS and the CHG, there are also mechanisms for meetings on foreign affairs, national defense, security, economy and trade, culture, health, education, transport etc. The Council of National Coordinators is the SCO coordination mechanism. Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS): Based in Tashkent, focused on combating terrorism, extremism, and cyber threats. The official languages of the SCO are Russian and Chinese. Source: The Hindu IMMANUEL KANT’S PHILOSOPHY  Syllabus Mains – GS 4 Context: Anna Sebastian Perayil, working with multinational consulting firm Ernst & Young (EY) as a chartered accountant, died recently. Anna succumbed to extreme work pressure. This has ignited a debate around working hours which takes us nearer to Kant’s idea of moral rights and to ponder whether man is an end or means. Background: – Immanuel Kant came up with fundamental principles that completely changed the world of utilitarianism. Basis for Moral Rights Moral rights are entitlements that a person has regardless of utilitarian benefits. According to Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), all human beings possess certain moral rights and duties. Kant emphasized that it is not the result of an action but the moral intention behind the action that matters. Influence of Rousseau and the French Revolution Though Kant led a routine academic life, he was significantly influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the French Revolution. Rousseau’s book Emile initially impressed Kant for its style, but upon rereading, he realized its deeper moral insights. One of Kant’s core beliefs was that no person’s actions should be controlled by the will of another—this highlights individual autonomy. Categorical and Hypothetical Imperatives Kant introduced the concept of Categorical Imperative, which means certain actions are morally necessary without considering their outcomes. Example: Helping others because it’s the right thing to do, not for any reward. He contrasted this with the Hypothetical Imperative, which means you should act in a certain way to achieve a specific end. Example: “If you want to be healthy, you must exercise.” Example of John Stephen Akhwari The story of Tanzanian marathon runner John Stephen Akhwari is a real-life example of the Categorical Imperative. Despite falling and injuring himself during the race, Akhwari finished because his purpose was not just to start the race but to finish it, showcasing will and duty over outcome. Treating Humans as Ends, Not Means Kant believed that every person must be treated as an end in themselves, never as a means to an end. This is a central principle of his philosophy—respecting the dignity and autonomy of each individual. Relation to Modern Work Environment The tragic case of Anna Sebastian Perayil, who died allegedly due to work pressure, is an example of people being treated as means rather than ends. Many people leave jobs not because of the work but because they feel they aren’t treated with respect—echoing Kant’s belief that people should not be used merely as tools. Kant’s Most Important Work Kant’s major philosophical work, The Critique of Pure Reason, took him 12 years to complete, while his ideas about morality were formalized in The Metaphysics of Morals (1785). He proposed the Categorical Imperative as the key principle to solve ethical issues. Kant stated that the moral value of an action lies in performing it out of duty, not merely because it is required by law. Acting from a sense of duty reflects true moral worth. Source: Indian Express WHY NORTH BIHAR SEES FLOODS EVERY YEAR  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: Bihar is flooded yet again, with 11.84 lakh people affected. Background: Bihar is among India’s most flood-prone states. The reasons for this are the state’s unique geography, and a decades-old solution that has proved short-sighted. Key Points 76 per cent of the population in north Bihar lives under the recurring threat of flood. Bihar is crisscrossed by both snow-fed and rain-fed rivers, putting it at the risk of various kinds of floods. The state’s Disaster Management Authority has categoried floods into four classes. The first are flash floods, occurring due to rainfall in Nepal, lead time [time between forecast and flood] is short (8 hours), receding of flood waters is fast. Then are river floods, where the lead time is 24 hours and receding of flood waters takes one week or more. Class III: Drainage congestion in river confluence- lead time more than 24 hours, lasting full monsoon season (i.e. receding of flood water takes 3 months); Class IV: Permanent water logged area. A major reason for the first three kinds of flooding is that Bihar is located below Nepal, with its Himalayan rivers flowing down to the state. Because the Himalayas are a young mountain range with a lot of loose soil, these rivers — Kosi, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla Balan, Mahananda, Adhwara — are full of sediments. Thus, when the volume of water increases due to rains, the rivers quickly overflow their banks. The fourth category of permanent waterlogging is because of several factors. The reasons of water-logging are spilling of silted small rivers, encroachment of drainage channels, embankment-induced waterlogging, and presence of saucer type depression locally called Chaurs. Chaurs are created due to a river changing course and deposition of its sediments. This year, the flood has been caused by heavy rainfall and flooding in Nepal and release of water from its barrage on the Kosi river. Embankments, and the Kosi question Among the more destructive rivers of the state is Kosi, known as the ‘sorrow of Bihar’. Soon after independence, in the 1950s, embankments were built along the Kosi to contain its flow. While they were seen as a lasting solution, not only have the embankments been breached several times, they have created a new problem. Embankments narrowed the course of the river. Thus, while Kosi earlier had the option to distribute its sediments, now it was in a straitjacket. With nowhere for the sediments to go, the river’s bed has been rising by about 5 inches a year, making it more prone to overflowing. This time, flooding is worse than the past few years because the Birpur barrage, built on the Kosi in Nepal, released 6.6 lakh cusec of water, the highest in almost six decades. On the Indian side, embankment breaches have been reported from seven places in four districts. Effect of the Bihar floods While Bihar floods may not result in loss of lives every year, their economic cost is steep. The state government spends about Rs 1,000 crore annually for flood management and relief. Possible solutions For decades, the proposal of a dam on the Kosi has been mooted, but since that will require Nepal to come on board too, the plan has not progressed. The state government is considering barrages over rivers. There are two ways of dealing with floods — one is through structural solutions, which includes dams, embankments, etc., and the other is through non-structural solutions, which includes laws, policy, risk reduction, mitigation, etc. Minimising the risk and damage from floods may be a more rational way of flood management rather than formulating structural measures along dynamic rivers such as the Kosi. Source: Indian Express CIRCULAR MIGRATION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: A notable example of circular migration is the recent initiative where 997 youth from Maharashtra, with only high school certificates, secured employment in Israel with a monthly salary of Rs 1.37 lakh. This migration model promotes temporary migration where workers gain valuable skills abroad and return to their home country. Background: – As artificial, non-economic barriers to the free movement of workers collapse due to skill deficits in regions with aging populations, India should position itself as a global source of human capital. About circular migration Circular migration refers to the temporary, repetitive movement of individuals between two or more places, often across international borders, for work, education, or other purposes. It usually involves a person leaving their home region or country to seek employment elsewhere, but with the intention of returning periodically or eventually. Key characteristics of circular migration include: Temporary nature: Migrants do not settle permanently in the host country; they move back and forth. Seasonal work: Many circular migrants engage in seasonal or temporary jobs, such as agriculture, construction, or tourism. Benefit for both regions: The home country receives remittances and knowledge transfer, while the host country gains a flexible workforce. Brain Drain: In contrast, brain drain refers to the permanent emigration of highly skilled or educated individuals from their home country to another, usually for better employment opportunities, living conditions, or education. Unlike circular migration, brain drain often results in a loss of talent, expertise, and human capital from the country of origin. Key characteristics of brain drain include: Permanent emigration: Once people leave, they typically do not return, causing a long-term loss of skilled workers. Loss of investment: Countries spend resources on educating and training individuals, only to lose them to other nations. Talent gap: It leads to a shortage of skilled professionals in critical sectors such as healthcare, technology, and education in the home country. Unequal exchange: While the host country gains from the influx of talent, the country of origin suffers a net loss of intellectual capital. Workforce Shortage in Developed Nations: Europe and Japan face shortages in sectors like computing, infrastructure, and healthcare due to aging populations. Circular migration agreements with countries like Germany, Japan, and Israel aim to address this shortage by sourcing skilled workers from India. Unlike traditional brain drain, circular migration leads to skill exchange benefiting both India and destination countries. Labour mobility agreements ensure wages and social security for Indian workers, with a guaranteed return to India, boosting both economies. Highly-qualified permanent migrants like doctors and engineers contribute only 32% of India’s remittances. In contrast, manual workers in the Gulf contribute 40%, highlighting the economic impact of low-skilled migration. Source: Indian Express NORTHEAST MONSOON (NEM)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: India’s southwest monsoon has ended on an optimistic note, with 8% more rain than anticipated. Given the centrality of rainfall to the Indian economy, focus has already shifted now to the northeast monsoon. Background: – Because of its limited spread and quantity, the northeast monsoon does not get as much attention as the southwest monsoon. What is the Northeast Monsoon? The Northeast Monsoon occurs from October to December, bringing rainfall primarily to the southern part of India. It is often referred to as the “post-monsoon season” or “retreating monsoon” in meteorological terms. Wind Direction: Characterized by northeast trade winds blowing from the northeastern directions towards the Indian subcontinent. Mechanism One of the primary causes of the northeast monsoon is the southward movement of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) — a dynamic region near the Equator where the trade winds of the northern and southern hemispheres come together. During the southwest monsoon season, this ITCZ moves northwards over to the Indian landmass, where it is also referred to as the monsoon trough. But as the temperatures in the northern hemisphere begin to drop around September, the ITCZ starts moving towards the Equator and further into the southern hemisphere. This southward movement of the ITCZ, coupled with the heating up of the Indian Ocean, reverses the direction in which the lower-atmosphere moisture-laden winds blow (from southwest to northeast), thereby triggering the NEM. As the northeastern winds blow from land to sea, most parts of the country are dry in these months. But a portion of these monsoon winds blows over the Bay of Bengal, picks up moisture, and brings rain-bearing clouds to the southern subdivisions of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and southern parts of Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh. Geographical Distribution of Rainfall The Northeast Monsoon is crucial for the southeastern states of India. Unlike the Southwest Monsoon (which covers most of India), the Northeast Monsoon brings significant rainfall mainly to: Tamil Nadu: About 48%–60% of Tamil Nadu’s annual rainfall is received during this season, making it vital for agriculture and water resources. Southern Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Kerala also receive rainfall but in lesser quantities. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands also receive rainfall during this season. Importance of the Northeast Monsoon Agricultural Impact: Tamil Nadu and parts of Andhra Pradesh rely heavily on the Northeast Monsoon for agricultural activities, as the region doesn’t receive much rainfall from the Southwest Monsoon. Rice cultivation is a significant beneficiary of the rainfall from this monsoon. Water Resources: It is vital for recharging reservoirs and water bodies in the southern states, which face severe water scarcity otherwise. Groundwater recharge during this period is essential for drinking water and irrigation. Fisheries: The monsoon is crucial for the fishing communities along the Coromandel Coast, as it influences marine ecosystems and seasonal fishing patterns. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to the Northeast Monsoon in India, consider the following statements: The Northeast Monsoon occurs from October to December and primarily brings rainfall to the southern states of India. The southward movement of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is one of the factors contributing to the onset of the Northeast Monsoon. Goa receives about 60-80% of its annual rainfall from the Northeast Monsoon. The monsoon winds during this season blow from the southwest towards the Indian subcontinent, bringing rainfall to the northern states. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a)1 and 2 only b) 1, 2, and 3 only c)2 and 4 only d) 1, 2, 3, and 4 Q2.) With reference to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), consider the following statements: The SCO was established as a successor to the Shanghai Five, which included China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. The SCO promotes mutual trust, cooperation in various fields, and the maintenance of peace and security among its member states. The Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) of the SCO is based in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Belarus joined SCO and is its first exclusively European member. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 3 only b) 2 and 4 only c) 1, 2, and 4 only d) 1, 2, 3, and 4 Q3.) With reference to the flood situation in Bihar, consider the following statements: Bihar’s flood-prone situation is exacerbated by its unique geography, being situated below Nepal with snow-fed and rain-fed rivers bringing large volumes of water and sediments. The embankments built along the Kosi river have successfully prevented floods by allowing the river to distribute its sediments effectively. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  5th October 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  4th October – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  a Q.2) – a Q.3) – a

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 5th October 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 4th October 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   BRITAIN TO RETURN CHAGOS ISLANDS TO MAURITIUS  Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: The UK has agreed to hand over the Chagos Islands to Mauritius, ending years of bitter dispute over Britain’s last African colony. Background: – The agreement will allow a right of return for Chagossians, who the UK expelled from their homes in the 1960s and 1970s, in what has been described as a crime against humanity and one of the most shameful episodes of postwar colonialism. Key takeaways The Chagos Archipelago or Chagos Islands is a group of seven atolls comprising more than 60 islands in the Indian Ocean about 500 kilometres south of the Maldives archipelago. This chain of islands is the southernmost archipelago of the Chagos–Laccadive Ridge, a long submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean. In its north are the Salomon Islands, Nelsons Island and Peros Banhos; towards its south-west are the Three Brothers, Eagle Islands, Egmont Islands and Danger Island; southeast of these is Diego Garcia, by far the largest island. The Chagos contain the world’s largest coral atoll, The Great Chagos Bank, which supports half the total area of good quality reefs in the Indian Ocean. Timeline of the island: 1783: The first inhabitants arrive on the Chagos Islands: enslaved Africans, who are put to work on coconut plantations, producing copra, created by the French. Later, after their emancipation, indentured Indians arrive. 1814: Britain formally takes possession of the Chagos Islands and nearby Mauritius from France. 1965: The Chagos Islands become the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). UK agreed with the US to create a military base on one of the islands, Diego Garcia. 1968: Mauritius is granted independence but the UK retains control of the BIOT. 1967-1973: The entire population of the Chagos Islands are forced to leave their homes, with most moving to the main island of Mauritius or to Seychelles, thousands of kilometres away. Human Rights Watch has called the forcible displacement an “appalling colonial crime” and a crime against humanity. 2019: In an advisory opinion, the UN’s highest court, the international court of justice, rules that continued British occupation of the remote Indian Ocean archipelago is illegal and orders the UK to hand it back to Mauritius. The UN general assembly passes a motion condemning Britain’s occupation of the islands. The motion sets a six-month deadline for Britain to withdraw and for the islands to be reunified with Mauritius, but the UK does not comply. 2021: The UN’s special international maritime court rejects the UK’s claim to sovereignty over the Chagos Islands. 2024: The UK agrees to hand over the Chagos Islands to Mauritius, although it will retain control over the military base on Diego Garcia, which it operates jointly with the US. Source: The Guardian PREPARING FOR THE NEXT PANDEMIC: WHAT NITI AAYOG REPORT SAYS  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: An expert group constituted by NITI Aayog has recommended setting up a comprehensive framework to effectively manage future public health emergencies or pandemics. Background: – The expert group, which was formed in June 2023, based its recommendations on the learnings and challenges of the Covid-19 pandemic and other public health crises. key recommendations made by the expert group in its report, ‘Future Pandemic Preparedness and Emergency Response: A Framework for Action’: Enactment of PHEMA The report recommends enacting a Public Health Emergency Management Act (PHEMA) to address shortcomings in existing laws during health crises. Current laws like the Epidemic Diseases Act (EDA), 1897, and the National Disaster Management Act (NDMA), 2005, were inadequate during the Covid-19 pandemic. The EDA lacks definitions for key terms like “epidemic” or “infectious diseases” and omits provisions for drug dissemination, quarantine, and preventive measures. Similarly, the NDMA, while effective for natural disasters, was not designed for health emergencies. To bridge these gaps, PHEMA would empower central and state governments to respond to pandemics and other health emergencies, including those arising from non-communicable diseases or bioterrorism. Empowered panel of Secys The report proposed creating an Empowered Group of Secretaries (EGoS) — a committee which will be headed by Cabinet Secretary to prepare for public health emergencies and monitor preparedness during peace times. EGoS will guide on governance, finance, R&D, surveillance, partnerships and collaborations, and other necessary functions that can be ramped up for immediate response in case of an emergency. EGoS will develop Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for pandemics. Strengthen surveillance Report noted that several epidemics and pandemics in the past were caused by viruses linked to various bat species. Therefore, constant monitoring of the human-bat interfaces was crucial. The report proposed the creation of a national biosecurity and biosafety network, involving leading research institutions, biosafety containment facilities (labs that use specific safety equipment, practices, and building design to protect people and the environment from biological hazards), and genome sequencing centres. The report also recommended setting up an emergency vaccine bank, which would source vaccines from within or outside the country. Network for early warning The report proposed building an epidemiology forecasting and modelling network that can predict transmission dynamics of infectious diseases, and monitor the effectiveness of countermeasures, including vaccination, in different scenarios. A network of centres of excellence (CoE) for research on priority pathogens is also required. Diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines for such priority pathogens, identified from the list maintained by the World Health Organisation, can be developed in advance. Independent drug regulator India needs a well-developed clinical trial network accepted by international regulatory authorities to ensure speedy access to innovative products to tackle health emergencies. The Central Drugs Standards Control Organisation (CDSCO), which is responsible for regulating the import, sale, manufacture and distribution of drugs, needs to be independent, and needs to have special powers. The CDSCO is currently under the Ministry of Health. Source: Indian Express CENTRE RECONSTITUTES MONETARY POLICY COMMITTEE  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The central government on Tuesday reconstituted the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) ahead of the monetary policy review of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on October 7-9. Background: The government has appointed three external members in the MPC. They  have been appointed for a period of four years. Key Points About the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC): Establishment: The MPC was constituted under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, following amendments made in 2016. Its creation was part of the RBI’s transition to an inflation-targeting framework, enhancing transparency and accountability in monetary policy formulation. Objective: The primary mandate of the MPC is to maintain price stability while keeping in mind the objective of economic growth. It is tasked with setting the repo rate, the key policy rate, to control inflation within the prescribed target. Composition: The MPC consists of 6 members: 3 members from the RBI: The Governor of RBI, who acts as the Chairperson. The Deputy Governor in charge of monetary policy. One officer of the RBI nominated by the central bank. 3 external members appointed by the Government of India. These are experts in economics or related fields, selected for a tenure of four years and are not eligible for reappointment. Decisions are made by a majority vote, with each member having one vote. In case of a tie, the RBI Governor has the casting vote. Mandate and Inflation Targeting: The MPC’s mandate is to maintain inflation within the range of 4% ± 2%. This means the inflation target is set at 4%, with an upper tolerance limit of 6% and a lower limit of 2%. The committee usually meets bi-monthly (once every two months) to review the economy and set the policy interest rate, which influences inflation and growth. The MPC is required to meet at least four times in a year according to RBI Act 1934. Rationale for the MPC: Prior to the MPC’s establishment, monetary policy decisions were made solely by the RBI Governor. The MPC institutionalizes a democratic decision-making process, bringing multiple perspectives from both within and outside the RBI. It helps in reducing discretionary control and fosters a more objective, rule-based approach to monetary policy. Role in Inflation Control: The MPC’s primary tool to manage inflation is the repo rate—the rate at which the RBI lends to commercial banks. By increasing or decreasing the repo rate, the MPC influences liquidity and demand in the economy, which in turn affects inflation and economic growth. Source: Indian Express NEARBY RIVER CONTRIBUTING TO THE RISE OF MOUNT EVEREST  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: Mount Everest, currently 8,849 metres tall, has over the past 89,000 years, grown about 15 to 50 m higher than expected because a nearby river is eroding rock and soil at its base, helping push it upwards, according to a new study. Background: – The study, ‘Recent uplift of Chomolungma enhanced by river drainage piracy’, was published in the journal Nature Geoscience. Key takeaways from the study The loss of landmass in the Arun River basin, which spreads across Nepal and Tibet and is 75 km away from Everest, is causing the world’s tallest peak to rise by up to 2 mm a year. While Everest and the rest of the Himalayas have been slowly rising due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, the change in the Arun river network is a contributing factor to the mountains’ continued rise. Everest has been experiencing an additional boost to its height due to a geological process called isostatic rebound. Isostatic rebound (also called continental rebound, post-glacial rebound or isostatic adjustment) involves the rise of land masses on the Earth’s crust when the weight of the surface diminishes. The crust, Earth’s outermost layer, essentially floats atop a mantle layer of hot, semi-liquid rock. When a heavy load, such as ice or eroded rock, is removed from the Earth’s crust, the land beneath slowly rises in response, much like a boat rising in water when cargo is unloaded. In the case of Everest and its neighbouring mountains, the surface weight started to reduce after the Arun River merged with the Kosi River around 89,000 years ago. This resulted in accelerated erosion that carried off huge amounts of rock and soil, reducing the weight of the region near Everest. Himalayan Formation – Key Points: Tectonic Activity: The Himalayas were formed as a result of the collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate around 50 million years ago during the late Cretaceous to early Tertiary period. As the Indian Plate moved northward, it collided with the Eurasian Plate, leading to the folding and uplifting of sediments that had accumulated in the Tethys Sea, which once separated the two plates. This process is an example of convergent plate boundary activity, where two continental plates collide. Geological Evolution: The process of orogeny (mountain formation) is still ongoing, which explains the frequent earthquakes and tectonic activity in the region. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL STATISTICAL COMMISSION (NSC)  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Former Chief Statistician Pronab Sen remarked that National Statistical Commission (NSC) is reasserting its authority and this could lead to a process of depoliticising data. Background: – The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) had dissolved the Pranob Sen-led Standing Committee on Statistics  (SCoS) on the grounds that its work was “overlapping” with a steering committee set up by the NSC to oversee National Sample Surveys. National Statistical Commission (NSC) – Key Points: Establishment: The NSC was established in 2006 on the recommendation of the Rangarajan Commission (2001), which identified the need for reforms in the Indian statistical system. The intention was to improve the reliability, credibility, and timeliness of statistics in India for better policy-making. It is not yet provided with statutory status. Objective: The NSC was set up to reduce the undue influence of the government on data generation and ensure the production of objective and unbiased statistics. It works to set standards and promote transparency in the collection and dissemination of official statistics. Composition: The NSC consists of – The Commission consists of a part-time Chairman (with the status of a Minister of State) and four part-time Members (with the status of a Secretary to the Government of India) and an Ex officio member. Functions: Policy Formulation: The NSC advises the government on statistical policies, methodologies, and priorities in data collection. Coordination: It promotes coordination between Central and State agencies to ensure standardization in statistical procedures and quality. Monitoring: The NSC reviews the performance of statistical agencies, ensuring data quality and identifying areas for improvement. Capacity Building: The commission also focuses on strengthening human resources in the statistical domain through training and research. Importance: The NSC plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and independence of statistical data, which forms the backbone for policy formulation, economic planning, and evaluation of programs. It also addresses concerns about the credibility of data, especially with respect to GDP growth, unemployment, and inflation figures, which are critical for economic governance. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC): The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) was established under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, following amendments made in 2016. The MPC’s primary mandate is to maintain inflation within the range of 6% ± 2%. The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India does not have a casting vote in case of a tie in MPC decisions. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 2 and 3 only Q2.) With reference to the National Statistical Commission (NSC), consider the following statements: The NSC was established in 2006 on the recommendation of the Rangarajan Commission but has not yet been granted statutory status. The Chairman of the NSC holds the status of a Cabinet Minister, while the four part-time members hold the status of Secretaries to the Government of India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) With reference to the geological processes affecting the Himalayas and Mount Everest, consider the following statements: The Himalayas were formed as a result of the collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate around 50 million years ago. The rise of Mount Everest is partly due to a process called isostatic rebound, which occurs when the Earth’s crust rises after the removal of surface weight. The Arun River’s merger with the Kosi River reduced erosion in the Everest region, slowing down the isostatic rebound process. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  4th October 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  3rd October – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  b Q.2) – a Q.3) – a

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 4th October 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 3rd October 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   BALANCING THE CARE AND MONETISED ECONOMIES  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: In a recent policy brief on measuring the care economy, Shamika Ravi, member of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, noted that prioritising the care economy can lead to a long-term balancing of growth and development of Indian society. Background: – A monetised economy is an economy where goods and services are sold using money as a medium of exchange. It is characterised by paid labour, formal markets, and economic activities which are quantified and measured. In contrast, the care economy is marked by unpaid care work, double burden of labour, and time poverty. Key takeaways Defining care economy: Care refers to all activities and relations needed for the existence and well-being of societies. It includes both paid as well as unpaid care work, which are overlapping in nature. Unpaid care work is often direct, personal, and relational, and is provided without any monetary compensation. Examples include taking care of children, cooking for the family. Paid care work is performed in exchange for some remuneration or profit. It includes a wide range of personal service workers such as domestic workers, nurses, teachers, etc. The care economy is marked by low wages and informalities. Even when the care economy exists in formal markets, the remuneration is often low and the work is underestimated. For instance, ASHA workers are some of the least paid in the world. Another characteristic of the care economy is that women are disproportionately represented here. Double burden of work: The double burden of work can be defined as the unpaid work done at home along with any form of paid work. According to the Time Use Survey of 2019 data, women in the working age group spend approximately seven hours daily on unpaid household work alone. This large share of unpaid care work prevents women from entering the labour market. Moreover, the underpayment and undervaluation of care work contributes to its invisibility in economic metrics, resulting in market failure. This market failure leads to increasing time poverty for women along with care and motherhood penalties, which ultimately reduce female labour force participation. The contribution of care work to India’s GDP has been estimated to be around 15-17%. This figure underscores the economic value that unpaid and underpaid care work provides, although it is often overlooked in traditional economic measures. Hence, it can be argued that there needs to be a policy revision to better account for the intersection of care and monetary economies. The 5R framework provided by the International Labour Organisation has often been suggested as a key to understanding and improving the efficiency, sustainability, and fairness of care work. The 5R framework includes – recognising the social and economic value of paid and unpaid care work; rewarding, remunerating, and representing care work and care workers with professionalised work and equal pay for work of equal value; reducing the burden of unpaid care work on women; redistributing care work within households among all workers and eliminating the sexual division of labour; and reclaiming the public nature of care services. Policy revision Social care infrastructure: Investment in public care services like childcare will create job opportunities for women. This will further formalise traditionally unpaid work and provide women with paid employment. Childcare and eldercare services can relieve women from their unpaid responsibilities, enabling them to rejoin the workforce or pursue education or skill development. Women’s labour market access and opportunities: Introducing minimum wage for care workers and ensuring inclusion in formal labour frameworks can play a crucial role. This will also create an environment where care work is recognised as skilled labour, giving workers more bargaining power. Further, the provision of pensions, health insurance, and maternity benefits to informal caregivers (eg. domestic workers) would bring them into the formal sector. Recognising and representing unpaid work in macroeconomic policies: By using data (eg: from Indias time use survey), the value of unpaid care work can be estimated and these estimates can be incorporated into macroeconomic measures. This would help redefine the perception of care work from a domestic responsibility to a productive economic activity.  Moreover, policymakers may use this data to design gender-sensitive policies aimed at reducing women’s unpaid work burden. Challenging social and cultural norms: There is a need to destigmatise unpaid work and alter gender stereotypes. Public campaigns, educational programmes, and media can play a role in promoting men’s active participation in caregiving. Government policies can encourage paternity leave and parental leave policies. Policy revisions around care work are interdependent. While building care infrastructure can create job opportunities for women, it is important to ensure that these jobs do not remain underpaid and undervalued. The role of the State is pivotal in making care work inclusive and fair. Additional Information Global North is facing a “crisis of care”. As women from dominant communities enter the workforce, a “care gap” is emerging. This gap is often filled by migrant women or women from marginalised communities, resulting in the formation of a “global care chain”. The “global care chain” refers to a series of responsibilities passed from one woman to another across borders and socio-economic strata. As a result, women at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder are the most vulnerable and remain at the bottom of the chain. Source: Indian Express ANNUAL SURVEY OF INDUSTRIES (ASI)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) for 2022-23, released on Monday, showed that the total number of employees in manufacturing industries increased by 7.5 per cent to 1.84 crore in 2022-23 from 1.72 crore in 2021-22. Background: – The ASI data is the principal source of industrial statistics and data for organised manufacturing. About Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) The Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) is a comprehensive and detailed survey conducted annually to gather statistical information on the industrial sector in India. Conducted by: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). Scope and Coverage: Coverage: The ASI covers all factories registered under the Factories Act, 1948, which employ 10 or more workers with power or 20 or more workers without power. The definition is slightly tweaked for states of Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Goa, wherein data is collected for factories employing 20 or more workers with power and factories having 40 or more workers without power. The survey also covers registered bidi and cigar manufacturing establishments. Exclusions: Defense establishments, oil storage and distribution depots, restaurants, hotels, cafes, computer services, and certain other establishments are excluded. The ASI collects data on various parameters, including: Output and Input: Measures the total output and input of the industrial units. Gross Value Added (GVA): Indicates the contribution of the industrial sector to the economy. Employment: Data on the number of persons engaged in the industrial sector. Capital Formation: Information on investments in the industrial sector. Wages and Emoluments: Details on the wages and salaries paid to employees Key takeaways from ASI for 2022-23: Total number of employees in manufacturing industries increased by 7.5 per cent to 1.84 crore in 2022-23 from 1.72 crore in 2021-22. This is the highest rate of increase in employment in manufacturing industries in the last 12 years. The highest employment was recorded in factories producing food products, followed by textiles, basic metals, wearing apparel, and motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers, the latest ASI data showed. According to the survey, the total number of factories increased from 2.49 lakh in 2021-22 to 2.53 lakh in 2022-23, which was the first year marking the full recovery phase after the Covid-19 pandemic. In terms of GVA, Maharashtra ranked first in 2022-23 followed by Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh. These top five states together contributed more than 54 per cent of the total manufacturing GVA of the country in 2022-23. In terms of employment also, the top five states were Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka in ASI 2022-23, contributing about 55 per cent of total manufacturing employment in 2022-23. Source: Indian Express LA NINA  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: The delayed onset of the La Niña and the late retreat of the monsoon have eroded the optimism that Delhi’s residents could experience better air this winter compared to previous years. Background: A large part of north India will face significant pollution-related challenges in the early winter months, with the possibility of some relief in December and January depending on how quickly La Niña conditions strengthen. About La Niña La Niña is a climate pattern that describes the cooling of surface ocean waters along the tropical west coast of South America. It is the counterpart to El Niño, which is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the equatorial region of the Pacific Ocean. Together, La Niña and El Niño are the “cold” and “warm” phases of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. Key Characteristics Sea Surface Temperatures: La Niña is marked by cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. Trade Winds: During La Niña, trade winds are stronger than usual, pushing warm water towards Asia and allowing cold water to rise to the surface near the coast of South America. Atmospheric Pressure: It is characterized by lower-than-normal air pressure over the western Pacific, which contributes to increased rainfall in that region. Causes: La Niña is caused by a build-up of cooler-than-normal waters in the tropical Pacific. Strong eastward-moving trade winds and ocean currents bring this cold water to the surface, a process known as upwelling. La Niña affects weather patterns worldwide: Asia and Australia: Typically experience increased rainfall and cooler temperatures, which can lead to flooding. North America: The southern United States tends to be drier and warmer, while the northern United States and Canada can experience colder and wetter conditions. South America: Coastal regions near Ecuador and Peru often see cooler sea surface temperatures and reduced rainfall. Role of La Niña in shaping air quality in winter (North India particularly Delhi). The delayed onset of La Niña is a matter of concern. La Niña brings stronger winds and more dynamic atmospheric circulation, which helps disperse pollutants in northern India. La Nina could also bring a longer and more severe winter in North India. Source: Indian Express SUICIDE POD UNDER LEGAL SCRUTINY IN SWITZERLAND  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 4 Context: Switzerland police arrested at least four persons recently for their involvement in the death of a 64-year-old American woman by a ‘suicide pod’ on September 23. The woman, whose identity has not been disclosed, reportedly suffered from an autoimmune condition for years. Background: – This incident has turned the spotlight on the contentious Sarco pod. Key takeaways Both euthanasia and assisted dying are ways in which a person may intentionally choose to end their life. Euthanasia refers to the practice of intentionally ending a person’s life to relieve them from suffering or terminal illness. Euthanasia relies on the presence of a physician. Euthanasia may be of two kinds — voluntary, where the patient gives their explicit consent, and involuntary, when they are unable to do so, possibly because they are in a coma. Euthanasia can also be classified based on the method: Active Euthanasia: Involves directly administering substances (e.g., lethal injection) to cause death. Passive Euthanasia: Involves withdrawing medical treatments or life-support that sustains life, allowing death to occur naturally. Assisted Suicide: The process where a person provides another individual, typically a patient, with the means to end their own life (e.g., supplying lethal drugs), but the person takes the final action themselves. Assisted Dying: This term is often used to refer to the practice of providing terminally ill, mentally competent adults with the means to end their own lives. It is typically done through the prescription of life-ending medication. Key Difference from Assisted Suicide: The term assisted dying is usually reserved for cases where the person is already nearing death due to terminal illness. It is focused on hastening an inevitable death rather than providing a means for anyone wishing to die. Active euthanasia is banned in Switzerland. However, assisted dying and assisted suicide are legal with conditions attached. The country’s laws on assisted dying and assisted suicide have made it a preferred destination for “death tourism,” wherein people come there to end their lives. About Sarco pod Named after sarcophagus, the stone coffin used to bury ancient royalty, the Sarco is a coffin-sized, air-tight machine designed by Exit International. First made in 2019, the Sarco pod consists of a 3D-printed detachable capsule placed on a stand with a canister of liquid nitrogen. A person lying inside it could press a button to initiate the dying process, flooding the air inside it with nitrogen gas. Additional Information: The Supreme Court had in 2018 legalised passive euthanasia, contingent upon the person having a “living will”, or a written document that specifies the actions to be taken if the person is unable to make their own medical decisions in the future. The Supreme Court had allowed passive euthanasia while recognising the living wills of terminally-ill patients who could go into a permanent vegetative state and issued guidelines regulating the procedure. The Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium allow both euthanasia and assisted suicide for anyone who faces “unbearable suffering” that has no chance of improvement. Source: Indian Express SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR TRIBALS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Climate activist Sonam Wangchuk was detained on the Delhi border as he led a group of protesters to petition the Central government for the inclusion of Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution among other demands for autonomy to the region Background: – Similar demands have been raised in Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur. What is Asymmetrical Federalism? Asymmetrical federalism refers to a system where certain States or areas have more autonomy and special provisions than others. The Indian Constitution provides different levels of autonomy to some States/regions, unlike a symmetrical federation (e.g., the U.S. or Australia), where all States have equal powers. Examples in India:Areas/states under Fifth and Sixth Schedules. History of the Fifth and Sixth Schedules Pre-British Era: Tribal populations had control over their lands and were mostly autonomous under earlier Muslim rulers. British Era: British policies affected tribal rights, especially through restrictive forest laws, leading to discontent and various tribal rebellions. Eg: Kol rebellion (1831-32), Santhal revolt (1885), Munda Rebellion (1899-1900) and Bastar rebellion (1911). Post-Rebellion Policies: After tribal revolts, the British adopted an isolationist policy, creating ‘excluded’ and ‘partially excluded’ areas in the Government of India Act, 1935. The Fifth and Sixth Schedules have been modelled on the basis of these provisions which allowed ‘partially excluded’ and ‘excluded’ areas under the Government of India Act, 1935. Fifth Schedule: The Fifth Schedule is applicable to what are officially called ‘scheduled areas’ that are declared by the President. The guiding norms for declaring an area as a ‘scheduled area’ include preponderance of tribal populations, compactness of area, a viable administrative unit like a district or block, and economic backwardness. At present 10 States have such ‘scheduled areas.’ Tribes Advisory Councils (TAC): Set up to advise on the welfare of Scheduled Tribes (ST). The Governor, subject to the approval of the Central government, shall make regulations for the allotment and transfer of lands among the members of the STs. The Governor shall also regulate the businesses of money-lenders in ‘scheduled areas.’ The Governor may direct that a particular act of Parliament or State legislature shall not apply or apply with modifications to such ‘scheduled areas.’ Sixth Schedule: Applicable to: Tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura. There are 10 such ‘tribal areas’ at present in these four States. Autonomous District Councils (ADC) are formed in these ‘tribal areas.’ The ADC shall have powers to make laws with respect to the use and management of land, regulate shifting cultivation, inheritance of property, marriage and divorce, social customs etc. These laws take effect after being approved by the Governor. For all such matters, the laws by the State legislature will not be applicable in these ‘tribal areas’ unless extended by the ADC. The ADCs are empowered to establish and manage primary schools, dispensaries, roads and waterways in the districts. They can assess and collect land revenue and impose taxes on profession, trade etc. They can grant licences or leases for the extraction of minerals. These areas have more executive, legislative, judicial, and financial powers than Fifth Schedule areas. Special Provisions for Northeastern States Apart from the Fifth and Sixth Schedules, there are special provisions applicable to many of the northeastern States under Part XXI of the Constitution. These are contained in Articles 371A (Nagaland), 371B (Assam), 371C (Manipur), 371F (Sikkim), 371G (Mizoram) and 371H (Arunachal Pradesh). Are Further Reforms Needed? Autonomy on Paper vs. Practice: The regulations made by the Governor in ‘scheduled areas’ are subject to approval by the Central government. Similarly, the laws made by ADCs in ‘tribal areas’ are subject to the approval of the Governor of the State. When different parties are in power at the Centre, State as well as ADC, political differences affect the autonomy of these areas. Unnotified Areas: Many tribal areas across India are not notified as scheduled areas , denying them constitutional protections. 125th Constitutional Amendment bill: Pending in Rajya Sabha, it aims to grant more powers to Autonomous District Councils (ADCs). Growing Demand for Inclusion: Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur Hill Areas, and Ladakh have expressed interest in being included under the Sixth Schedule. Forest Rights Act, 2006: The recognition of tribal forest rights should be ensured across the country, including Fifth and Sixth Schedule areas. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements regarding asymmetrical federalism in India is/are correct? The Indian Constitution provides for asymmetrical federalism, where all States enjoy the same level of autonomy. The Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution is applicable to certain ‘scheduled areas’ primarily inhabited by Scheduled Tribes. The Sixth Schedule provides greater autonomy to the tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura through the establishment of Autonomous District Councils (ADCs). Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding euthanasia: In India, passive euthanasia is legal but only if the patient has a living will specifying their medical decisions for the future. Assisted suicide is illegal in all countries. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding La Niña: La Niña is associated with stronger-than-usual trade winds, which push warm water towards Asia and cause upwelling of cold water near South America. La Niña generally leads to increased rainfall and cooler temperatures in the southern United States and drier conditions in northern Canada. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  3rd October 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  2nd October – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  b Q.2) – d Q.3) – a

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 3rd October 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 2nd October 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 1st October 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   MAHATMA GANDHI AND NARAYANA GURU’S IDEA OF NON-VIOLENCE  Syllabus Mains – GS 1 AND GS 4 Context: Ukraine’s former Minister of Foreign Affairs Dmytro Kuleba invoked the legacy of Gandhi to seek India’s support for the freedom and independence of Ukraine. Background: – Gandhi’s philosophy and practice of ahimsa is insurmountable in any discourse of peace. However, like any political philosophy, Gandhi’s idea of non-violence was not unchallenged. His conversation with his contemporary, Narayana Guru, helps elucidate the intricacies of Gandhi’s creed of ahimsa Gandhi and Guru Gandhi could not separate religion from politics. He cherished the religious doctrines of truth and non-violence in spiritualising his political mission. Similarly, Guru, the spiritual leader and social reformer in Kerala, could not detach his actions and thoughts from the issues of worldly life. For him, worldly life and its complexities were not mere illusions but an essential part of his spirituality. That is why he equated social discrimination against fellow beings with the rejection of God. Thus, both Gandhi and Guru set similar goals but walked through different paths. An analysis would reveal that the distinction between politics and religion is blurring between and within their thoughts. Despite differences on some issues, both Gandhi and Guru agreed on the necessity of cherishing the value of non-violence for spiritual well-being and human welfare. When Gandhi preaches values of truth, ahimsa, and love in politics, Guru’s notion of compassion assembles all these virtues in the duties of an Advaiti. Advaita is a Sanskrit word that means “not two” or “no second.” It refers to the philosophical concept in Advaita Vedanta. Unraveling misunderstandings A misunderstanding arose between Gandhi and Guru following the latter’s interview on the Vaikom satyagraha. The Vaikom Satyagraha was the first among many temple entry movements in India, which foregrounded the issue of untouchability and caste oppression. Guru’s interview on the movement was published in Malayalam weekly Deshabhimani. In this, Guru was cited as saying, “Volunteers should scale over the barricades, and not only walk along the prohibited roads but enter all temples including the Vaikom temple. It should be made practically impossible for anyone to observe untouchability.” Guru’s statements irked the supporters of Gandhian non-violence, while Gandhi perceived these comments as a rejection of his most sacred method of ahimsa or as support for ‘open violence’. Clarifying misunderstandings The person who informed about Guru’s comments to Gandhi urged him to instruct the Congress to call off the Satyagraha. But Gandhi refused to intervene. Instead, he expressed his displeasure over Guru’s comments, labeling them as the ‘reverse of Satyagraha’, a call for ‘open violence’ and an example of ‘imposing force’ in his weekly journal, Young India. Guru wanted to resolve the misapprehension. Guru wrote to Gandhi and categorically stated that ‘any method of work that may be adopted for eradicating the evil of untouchability must be strictly non-violent’. Gandhi published Guru’s letter in Young India. What Guru had expressed through his comments was not a call for physical force but his moral outrage and sarcastic contempt for social inequalities and discriminatory practices. It was not a refutation of the Vaikom Satyagraha or its non-violent methods. On the contrary, it rejected discriminatory thoughts through his unique means of sarcasm. The debate on the method of non-violence did not end with Guru’s clarification letter. It continued when Gandhi met Guru in Kerala in 1925. He sought Guru’s opinion on non-violent Satyagraha and the futility of using physical force in a movement to attain rights. Guru replied that he did not think that violent force was good. Compassion and nonviolence For Guru, non-violence is the fundamental nature of a follower of Advaita philosophy. In Atmopadesa Satakam, Guru writes that whatever one does for the happiness of oneself should cause happiness to others. If one’s action causes harm to others, it reflects a form of self-loathing. This is the rationale of Guru’s ahimsa. Guru emphasises the importance of avoiding pain to others’ bodies, minds and souls by one’s words, deeds and thoughts. Commitment to non-violence Compassion (anukampa) is the ultimate value that helps contain the potential for violence against others. For Guru, a religion sans compassion is not a religion at all. His philosophical teaching that views harm to others as a form of self-loathing constitutes the core of his ‘religion of compassion’. Non-violence need not be referred to as an independent category – it is immanent in Guru’s philosophy, especially in the virtue of compassion. Being a social reformer and sage, Guru saw no distinction between spiritual goals and social action aimed at the welfare of humanity. Similarly, in Gandhi’s political thought, religion and politics were inseparable entities. Gandhi’s ahimsa and Guru’s non-violence Gandhi evaluated political morality against his absolute doctrine of ahimsa (non-violence). A ‘living faith in God’ was the essential part of Gandhi’s ahimsa, as he could not conceive of non-violence as a creed without this condition of indomitable faith in God. For Gandhi, violence was the negation of the highest spiritual force, and non-violence was path to God. This is where Guru’s idea of non-violence and non-dualism meet with Gandhi’s creed of ahimsa. Both have blurred the rigid boundaries between spiritual and temporal life, suggesting that rejecting non-violence in worldly life leads to the negation of God. But Gandhi and Guru differed over the centrality of compassion in their idea of non-violence. For Guru, compassion was the essential virtue of an Advaiti, and it encompassed all duties and values, including non-violence. In his philosophy, non-violence was an integral part of his broader creed of compassion. Gandhi, however, viewed compassion as just one of the many virtues associated with a practitioner of non-violence. For him, non-violence stood as an independent and ultimate virtue of ideal human. While Gandhi acknowledged that non-violence encompassed virtues of love, compassion, and forgiveness, he argued that compassion alone cannot qualify one to be a practitioner of non-violence. Source: Indian Express SMALL NUCLEAR REACTORS (SMR) GET TRACTION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – NATIONAL Context: India’s plans to get into the manufacturing value chain of Small Modular Reactors (SMR) are yielding some positives with a handful of private players learnt to have shown interest in deploying these at their captive site. Background: – The SMR push comes at a time when the global nuclear power sector is faced with a general decline in output, with its share dropping to the lowest point in nearly four decades due to a combination of factors — national policy pivots, economic viability issues, safety concerns and the rapid growth of renewable energy alternatives. About Small Modular Reactors (SMR) SMRs are small reactors offering 30-300 MWe power output per unit, and are seen as effective in not just producing base load power, but also amongst renewables as a more carbon-neutral source. SMRs are conceptualised in such a way that their systems and components are manufactured in a controlled factory environment and then transported straight to the project site to be installed, which optimises the construction lead time and cuts down the cost of these projects — two concerns with regard to traditional large reactor projects. They have potential deployment advantages like reduced size of the Emergency Planning Zone (ring fenced areas around the project site) and passive safety system, rendering them relatively safer than larger reactor-based projects. Additional Information SMRs are increasingly seen as important for nuclear energy to remain a commercially competitive option in the future. India is pushing for a leadership slot in this small reactor space, both as a way of fulfilling its commitment to clean energy transition, and bundling SMRs as a technology-led foreign policy pitch. These reactors are important in offering base load power that could give grid operators some degree of operational flexibility. This is seen as significant since SMRs, when pooled together, can produce a meaningfully large amount of electricity and help meet the challenge of inducting more base load power to balance out the vagaries of renewable power output. While thermal generation is seen as important in this regard, nuclear energy offers a more carbon-neutral base load generation option. Though India’s civil nuclear programme has progressively upscaled its reactor sizes, from the earlier 220MWe reactors to the latest 700MWe PHWRs (pressurised heavy water reactors), the country does have an edge in producing and commercially operating small reactors. In the civil nuclear sector, New Delhi is pushing SMRs as a technology of promise that can help in industrial decarbonisation, and is hard selling its ability to take some kind of a leadership role in the dissemination of this technology. Source: Indian Express INDEX OF INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT (IIP) AND INDEX OF CORE INDUSTRIES (ICI)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Economy Context: Output levels in India’s core sectors slipped to a nine month low in August, even as year on year growth slipped 1.8%, marking the first contraction in three and a half years. Background: The Index of Core Industries (ICI), which constitutes about 40% of the broader index of India’s industrial output (IIP), stood at 155.8 in August, marking a third consecutive month of sequential decline. About Index of Industrial Production (IIP) The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is a key measure used in India to gauge the growth and performance of various industrial sectors over time. It tracks changes in the production volume across different sectors of the economy, providing insights into the overall industrial health of the country. It is compiled and published monthly by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) six weeks after the reference month ends. Key Features of the IIP: Base Year: The IIP is calculated with reference to a base year, which was last updated to 2011-12. The base year serves as the point of comparison to measure growth in industrial output. Sectors Covered: The IIP comprises three major sectors: Manufacturing: This sector constitutes about 77.6% of the total weight of the index, reflecting the importance of manufacturing in India’s economy. Mining: Accounts for 14.37% of the IIP’s weight. Electricity: Comprises 7.99% of the IIP’s weight. Use-Based Classification: Primary goods: Basic goods used in the production process. Capital goods: Goods used for further production (e.g., machinery, tools). Intermediate goods: Goods used as inputs in other products. Infrastructure/Construction Goods: Goods used in infrastructure projects and construction, like steel and cement. Consumer Durables: Final goods that have a long-term use, such as refrigerators, washing machines, and vehicles. Consumer Non-Durables: Final goods for short-term use, like food items, beverages, and textiles. About Index of Core Industries (ICI) The Index of Core Industries (ICI) is a crucial economic indicator that measures the performance of eight core industries in India. These industries are fundamental to the economy and have a significant impact on overall industrial performance. The ICI includes the following eight core industries: Coal (weight: 10.33%) Crude Oil (weight: 8.98%) Natural Gas (weight: 6.88%) Refinery Products (weight: 28.04%) Fertilizers (weight: 2.63%) Steel (weight: 17.92%) Cement (weight: 5.37%) Electricity (weight: 19.85%) Weightage: The ICI tracks the performance of eight core industries, which together account for around 40.27% of the IIP. Base Year: The base year for the ICI is 2011-12, which is the same as the base year for the IIP. ICI for a reference month is released with a time lag of one month on the last day of the next month, which is about twelve days prior to the release of Index of Industrial Production (IIP) for the reference month. The ICI is released by the Office of the Economic Adviser, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce & Industry. Source: The Hindu DADASAHEB PHALKE AWARD  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Actor-politician Mithun Chakraborty will receive the Dadasaheb Phalke Award. Background: – Mithun Chakraborty will be the 54th winner of the Dadasaheb Phalke Award. About Dadasaheb Phalke Award  The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is India’s highest award in the field of cinema. It is named after Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, popularly known as Dadasaheb Phalke, who is regarded as the “Father of Indian Cinema” for directing India’s first full-length feature film, Raja Harishchandra in 1913. Purpose: The award honors individuals for their outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema. Instituted: The award was instituted in 1969 by the Government of India to commemorate Dadasaheb Phalke’s contribution to Indian cinema. The recipient of the Dadasaheb Phalke Award receives: A Swarna Kamal (Golden Lotus) medallion, A shawl, A cash prize of ₹10 lakh . Selection Process: The recipient is selected by a committee consisting of eminent personalities from the Indian film industry Ceremony: The award is presented annually at the National Film Awards ceremony by the Directorate of Film Festivals, an organization set up by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Source: Hindustan Times CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT (CAD)  Syllabus Prelims – ECONOMY Context: India’s current account deficit (CAD) widened marginally to $ 9.7 billion (1.1% of GDP) in Q1:2024-25 from $8.9 billion (1.0% of GDP) in Q1:2023-24 according to data released by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Background: – The widening of CAD on a year-on-year (y-o-y) basis was primarily due to a rise in merchandise trade deficit to $ 65.1 billion in Q1:2024-25 from $56.7 billion in Q1:2023-24 About Current Account Deficit (CAD) The Current Account Deficit (CAD) is a key economic indicator reflecting a country’s international trade and financial health. CAD occurs when a country’s total imports of goods, services, and transfers exceed its total exports. A CAD means the country is a net borrower from the rest of the world. Components of the Current Account: Trade Balance (Exports – Imports of Goods) Services Balance (Exports – Imports of Services, e.g., IT, tourism) Income Account (investment income) Net Transfers (One-way transfers like foreign aid, remittances) When the sum of the above components is negative, it results in a Current Account Deficit. Reasons for CAD: High imports relative to exports. Increased foreign borrowing or payments, like interest on foreign loans. Structural issues, such as a lack of competitiveness in exports, over-reliance on imports, and an undervalued services sector. Implications of CAD: Depreciation Pressure on Currency: A large CAD can weaken the domestic currency as demand for foreign currency increases to pay for imports. Inflationary Pressures: A weak currency can make imports expensive, driving up domestic inflation. Dependence on Foreign Capital: Countries with a CAD often need to attract foreign investment or borrow from external sources, which can increase external debt. Impact on Foreign Exchange Reserves: A persistent CAD can deplete foreign reserves, leading to a balance of payments crisis if not managed effectively. Factors Affecting CAD: Crude Oil Prices: India, being a major importer of oil, is significantly affected by global oil price fluctuations. Gold Imports: High demand for gold in India contributes to a widening CAD. Export Competitiveness: India’s performance in sectors like IT services, textiles, and pharmaceuticals helps reduce the CAD, but manufacturing exports need more focus. Global Economic Conditions: A global slowdown can reduce demand for India’s exports, worsening the CAD. Measures to Control CAD: Boosting Exports: Encouraging sectors like manufacturing, agriculture, and services can help improve the trade balance. Reducing Non-Essential Imports: Policies to curb gold imports or incentivize the domestic production of goods (such as the Make in India initiative) can help. Promoting Foreign Investment: Attracting more Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can provide the necessary capital inflows to cover a CAD. Diversifying Energy Sources: Reducing dependency on imported oil by promoting renewable energy can mitigate the impact of global oil price fluctuations. Source: The Hindu DIGITAL PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION ACT  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: NITI Aayog, the top think tank of the government, had opposed some of the provisions of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, and particularly red-flagged the changes proposed to the Right to Information (RTI) Act that could “weaken” the legislation. Background: – In simple words, what the data protection law proposed is an amendment to a section in the RTI Act with such effect that disclosure of personal information about public officials would not be allowed even when these are justified in larger public interest. Digital Personal Data Protection Act: It is a comprehensive privacy and data protection law that provides guidelines on processing, storing, and securing personal data. It aims to regulate the processing of digital personal data while ensuring individuals’ right to protect their data and the need to process it for lawful purposes. It protects digital personal data by providing: The obligations of Data Fiduciaries (that is, persons, companies, and government entities who process data) for data processing (that is, collection, storage, or any other operation on personal data); The rights and duties of Data Principals (that is, the person to whom the data relates); Financial penalties for breach of rights, duties, and obligations. Salient Features of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act: It applies to the processing of digital personal data within India where such data is collected in digital form or non-digital form and digitised subsequently. It empowers individuals with the right to know and control their personal data. This includes rights to access, correction, and erasure of their data, giving citizens greater control over their personal information. It mandates that personal data may be processed only for a lawful purpose after obtaining the consent of the Data Principal (who shall have the right to withdraw consent at any time). For a child or a person with a disability, consent will be provided by the parent or legal guardian. It makes provisions to enhance data security and facilitate easier enforcement of data protection laws as certain types of sensitive personal data are required to be stored and processed within India. It establishes a Data Protection Board of India (DPBI) to oversee compliance and handle grievances. It is responsible for adjudicating disputes and imposing penalties for violations. It mandates organisations to notify individuals and the Data Protection Board of any data breaches that may compromise personal information. It aims to ensure transparency and prompt action in the event of data leaks. It specifies penalties for various offences such as up to Rs 200 crore for non-fulfilment of obligations for children, and Rs 250 crore for failure to take security measures to prevent data breaches. Issues with the Digital Personal Data Protection Act: It violates the fundamental right to privacy as it provides exemptions for the State. Using exemptions, a government agency may collect data about citizens to create a 360-degree profile for surveillance. It does not provide enough safeguards regarding the transfer of personal data outside India as it may not ensure adequate data protection standards in the countries where the transfer of personal data is allowed. It has removed Section 43A of the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000, which mandated companies to compensate users in case of mishandling their data. It has provided a complicated approach to grievance redressal as aggrieved individuals are required to first approach the data fiduciary’s redressal mechanism. It proposes that the personal information of public officials will not be disclosed under the Right to Information (RTI) Act, which could aid corrupt practices by not disclosing assets, liabilities, etc. It provides that the data fiduciary will not undertake any processing that has a detrimental effect on the well-being of a child. However, there is no definition of detrimental effect or any guidance for determining such effect. It does not grant the right to data portability and the right to be forgotten to the data principal. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to the Current Account Deficit (CAD), consider the following statements: A country experiences a CAD when its total imports of goods exceed its total exports of services. CAD leads to an outflow of foreign exchange from the country. A high CAD can result in depreciation of the domestic currency. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) With reference to the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, consider the following statements: The award is named after Dadasaheb Phalke, who directed India’s first full-length feature film, Raja Harishchandra. The Dadasaheb Phalke Award was instituted in 1969. TheDadasaheb Phalke Award is India’s highest award in the field of cinema. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) With reference to the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) and the Index of Core Industries (ICI), consider the following statements: The manufacturing sector has the highest weightage in the IIP. The Index of Core Industries (ICI) covers eight industries, which together account for more than 50% of the weightage in the IIP. The base year for both the IIP and ICI is the same. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 1 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  1st October 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  30th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  a Q.2) – a Q.3) – c

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 1st October 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here  

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 30th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   MAHATMA GANDHI’S VISION FOR WOMEN’S RIGHTS ISSUES  Syllabus Mains – GS 1 AND GS 4 Context: Amid recent debates on gender equality and incidents of violence against women, Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of women’s rights issues calls for renewed engagement, especially on the occasion of his 155th birth anniversary. Background: – Gandhi’s vision for the upliftment of women was a curious mix of promoting women’s political mobilisation, self-reliance, and economic independence, while focussing on traditional feminine virtues. Key takeaways Nationalist Movement and Women’s Cause The rise of India’s nationalist movement challenged existing power structures, including gender norms. Banning sati (1829), promoting women’s education, addressing purdah, and enhancing women’s political participation became some of the prominent issues, signifying the growing concern for the status of Indian women. Social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar advocated for women’s rights, contributing to an emerging discourse on women’s status in modern society. Gandhi, one of the most important leaders in the twentieth century, brought a change in the prevailing discourses. He rejected the wholesale adoption of Western civilisation and the English education system, and rather emphasised the significance of Indian traditions, spirituality, and moral values. Women in the Swadeshi Movement Women’s participation in politics increased during the Swadeshi Movement (1905) against the partition of Bengal. Ramendra Sundar Tribedi called for the observance of “Arandhan Day” on October 16, 1905, when women were to protest by not cooking in their homes and holding women-only protests. Women like Kadambini Ganguly and Swarnakumari Devi attended major political events. Organizations like Bharat Stree Mahamandal and Abanindranath Tagore’s iconic Bharat Mata painting symbolized women’s presence in the movement, though their impact was limited. Feminine Virtues and Gandhi’s Satyagraha One of Gandhi’s greatest contributions concerning women was encouraging their large-scale participation in the national movement. The Black Act of 1913 in South Africa required the registration of non-white marriages, which led to the labelling of unregistered marriages as “illegitimate”. Women were at the forefront of opposing this Act and Gandhi used the issue to further their cause. Gandhi recognized feminine virtues—tolerance, nonviolence, sacrifice—as central to his philosophy of Satyagraha. For Gandhi, the ideal women were the likes of Sita, Draupadi and Damyanti. Sita represented ‘chastity’ and unyielding support to Ram. Draupadi, in spite of all odds, was a multitasker and resolute companion to the Pandavas. Damayanti exemplified loyalty and remained faithful to her husband, King Nala, even after he abandoned her. Gandhi also exhorted women to rise above the role of ‘wifehood’ and become ‘sisters’. For him, women were supposed to be moving away from being a source of ‘lust’ to ‘chastity’, from bondage to freedom and from ignorance to education. Gandhi recognized the role of women in enforcing prohibition, which became successful when women took leadership roles during the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930). Limitations of Gandhi’s Vision Although Gandhi encouraged women to come out of their domestic roles, his insistence on ‘pure’ and ‘virtuous’ womanhood restricted their opportunities. Distinctions were also made on the basis of respectability, resulting in the marginalisation of those who did not adhere to conventional moral standards. For instance, Gandhi excluded sex workers from Congress campaigns, creating a divide between ‘women on the street’ and ‘women of the street’. Self-reliance was a key principle of Gandhian philosophy. Charkha and Khadi were introduced for self-reliance and economic independence, especially amongst widowed women.However, Gandhi’s emphasis on self-reliance through Khadi and Charkha did not significantly empower women or make them aware of their rights. Gandhi placed the responsibility of household and religious duties on women, framing them as the solution to societal ills. While advocating for women’s education, he made a distinction between the education of men and women based on what he perceived as their natural differences. Child rearing was primarily seen as women’s work which was integral to the character-building of the nation. Although Gandhi believed in the metaphysical equality of the sexes, his vision still confined women to traditional roles. Gandhi supported the idea of property rights for women but never actively campaigned for their legal recognition. Rather than advocating for material rights for women, he encouraged selfless service and moral virtues. Source: Indian Express CHINA SHOCK 2.0  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL Context: Steep hike in tariffs by the US on imports from China kicked in on Friday, as the world’s top economy along with India and a dozen other countries grapple with a rapid influx of goods — dubbed China Shock 2.0 — into global markets. Background: – Researchers believe that the unexpected surge in Chinese exports coincides with a slowdown in the Chinese economy due to the ongoing property crisis, weak credit, and low consumer demand. Key takeaways The US tariff hikes include a 100 per cent duty on electric vehicles, a 50 per cent duty on solar cells and 25 per cent on steel, aluminum, EV batteries, and some minerals. In 2024, India imposed over 30 anti-dumping investigations against China, the most against any country. India and several other countries have moved to impose a fresh wave of anti-dumping measures, fearing a repeat of the manufacturing job losses that occurred in the years since China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the early 2000s. The years following China’s entry into the WTO came to be known as the “China shock” as inexpensive Chinese goods, backed by abundant labour, flooded global markets, resulting in manufacturing job losses internationally. It not only disrupted Western markets but also adversely impacted Indian manufacturing and trade. The renewed wave of goods exports by China is not just driven by its ambition to move up the export value chain to high-tech sectors such as solar equipment, electric vehicles, and semiconductors; it now comes amid a demand slump at home, and is intensifying trade tensions internationally. India’s imports from China grew at a much faster pace than from the rest of the world. Goods imports from China surged from $10.87 billion in 2005-06 to $61.71 billion in 2015-16. This dependence grew so much that despite many economic restrictions on Chinese businesses following the Galwan clash in June 2020, imports from China surpassed a record $100 billion in 2023-24. According to The International Monetary Fund (IMF), China’s external surpluses, resulting from industrial policy measures designed to stimulate exports and support economic growth amid weak domestic demand, could lead to “China shock 2.0” that would displace workers and hurt industrial activity elsewhere. This holds true for India, as imports from China have jumped nearly 60 per cent from $70 billion in FY19 to $101 billion in FY24, according to official data. Source: Indian Express ISRAEL AND HEZBOLLAH  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL Context: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that Israeli forces would continue to strike Lebanon with full force until the Shiite militant group Hezbollah stops firing rockets at Israel. Background: Israeli attacks on Lebanon have killed 700 people in the last week alone, and the exchange of fire between Israel and Hezbollah, which began soon after the October 7, 2023 attacks by Hamas in southern Israel, has led to the displacement of thousands. Key takeaways The Israel-Hezbollah conflict has deep roots in the history of southern Lebanon. The establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 was accompanied by the violent displacement of more than 750,000 Palestinian Arabs in the event known as the Nakba, or catastrophe. Many of those who were displaced settled in south Lebanon. Lebanon had a large Christian population and conflicts between the Palestinians and Christian militias were fuelled by Soviet support for the Arabs and US backing for the Christian coalition. In the 1960s and 70s, militants affiliated with the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) began to build a base in south Lebanon, which they used as a launchpad for attacks on northern Israeli towns. In March 1978, in response to a massacre of Israelis near Tel Aviv by Palestinian militants based in Lebanon, Israel invaded south Lebanon. In a short war that followed, Israeli forces pushed the PLO back from south Lebanon, creating a buffer north of Israel. But the PLO attacks from Lebanon continued and, four years later, Israel mounted another invasion. The Israel Defence Forces (IDF), along with their Lebanese Christian allies, laid siege to Beirut. By 1985, Israel had withdrawn from most of Lebanon but maintained a 15-20-km wide security zone in south Lebanon to prevent cross-border attacks. This area was patrolled by the South Lebanon Army (SLA), a Christian militia allied with Israel. Hezbollah was formed in the early 1980s in response to the Israeli occupation of Lebanon. The group was founded with support from Ayatollah Khomeini’s regime in Iran. The group’s initial goal was to resist Israeli occupation, but as it strengthened, its objectives expanded to establishing a theocratic state in Lebanon, similar to the one in Iran following the revolution of 1979. The long Israel-Hezbollah conflict has shaped the Middle East in multiple ways. Hezbollah, the crown jewel of Iran’s overseas military operations, has developed significant military capability, and has become the spearhead of resistance against Israel. But all this might be about to change, as Netanyahu’s government moves the focus of the war away from Gaza, and IDF tanks line up in northern Israel, seemingly in preparation for another ground invasion of south Lebanon. Source: Indian Express THERMOBARIC WEAPONS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Russia’s use of thermobaric weapons in Ukraine has drawn significant attention due to their devastating effects. Background: – Many countries, including the United States, China, and others, have also invested in thermobaric technology for its unique capabilities in modern warfare. About Thermobaric weapons Thermobaric weapons, also called “vacuum bombs” or “enhanced blast weapons,” rely on the atmosphere’s oxygen to fuel their explosive power. Unlike conventional explosives that contain both fuel and oxidizer, thermobaric bombs release a fuel cloud, which, when ignited, causes a high-temperature explosion. This explosion generates a blast wave of immense pressure, followed by a rapid vacuum effect as the oxygen in the vicinity is consumed. The combination of intense overpressure and the subsequent vacuum makes these weapons particularly destructive in enclosed spaces such as bunkers, buildings, and tunnels. The shockwave produced by thermobaric bombs can destroy structures, while the blast’s pressure differential causes catastrophic damage to the human body.. This dual impact of extreme heat and pressure is why these weapons are both feared and controversial in modern conflict zones. Historical Overview Thermobaric weapons and technology’s roots trace back to the United States. During the Vietnam War in the 1960s, the US military sought effective methods to clear minefields. This led to the development of fuel-air explosives (FAEs), early predecessors of modern thermobaric bombs. Over time, the US refined its thermobaric capabilities. During Operation Desert Storm in 1991, US forces used FAEs to destroy Iraqi bunkers and minefields. The US continues to maintain a range of thermobaric-capable weapons, including the AGM-114N Hellfire missile, which employs a Metal Augmented Charge (MAC) thermobaric warhead. Russia has emerged as a leader in the development and use of thermobaric weapons. Russia’s TOS-1, mounted on a tank platform, has become one of the most recognizable thermobaric systems. It was used during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and later saw action in Chechnya. More recently, Russia’s ODAB-1500 bomb, used in Ukraine, showcased the continuing evolution of these weapons. Global Proliferation of Thermobaric Technology China, Brazil and India are among the countries that have developed thermobaric weapons. South Korea and Serbia have also developed thermobaric systems, further illustrating the global proliferation of this technology. North Korea is also reported to have thermobaric artillery systems, which it has reportedly supplied to allied non-state actors in the Middle East. Improvised thermobaric explosive devices (IEDs) were used in the Bali bombings in 2002, demonstrating the destructive potential of these weapons outside of military contexts. Ethical and Legal Controversies The devastating effects on both infrastructure and human bodies have led to calls for regulation and, in some cases, outright bans. In 1980, an effort was made to ban thermobaric weapons under the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, but it failed to gain sufficient support. Critics argue that thermobaric bombs should be classified as weapons of mass destruction, especially when used in populated areas. The intense blast and vacuum effects can lead to horrific civilian casualties, particularly in urban warfare. However, many nations maintain that thermobaric weapons are a necessary tool for specific military objectives, particularly in environments where fortified positions or tunnels make conventional explosives less effective. Source: Financial Express TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO  Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL) has entered into a strategic partnership with Trinidad and Tobago to develop a real-time payments platform similar to India’s ‘Unified Payments Interface’ (UPI). Background: – The NPCI manages India’s retail payment systems, including UPI, the country’s most popular mode of digital payments. NIPL is the  overseas wing of National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). About Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago and numerous much smaller islands, it is situated 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) off the coast of northeastern Venezuela It shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the east, Grenada to the northwest and Venezuela to the south and west. Trinidad, the larger island, is more industrialized and home to the capital city, Port of Spain, while Tobago is smaller and more tourism-focused with beautiful beaches and coral reefs. The country has a mixed population of people of African, Indian, European, and Chinese descent, reflecting its colonial history under Spanish, British, and French rule. Its economy relies heavily on oil and natural gas exports, making it one of the wealthier Caribbean nations. Source: The Hindu INDIA - US RELATIONS  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Recently, on the sidelines of the Quad leaders’ summit, the Indian Prime Minister held a meeting with the United States President. Background: – India and USA enjoy a comprehensive global strategic partnership that covers all areas of human endeavor, driven by shared democratic values, convergence of interests and vibrant people-to-people ties. India – US Relations: India and the US found themselves on opposite sides during the Cold War as India was pursuing non-alignment and the US aligning with India’s major rival of the time Pakistan. Before 1991 India and the U.S.A. despite being the largest and oldest democracies respectively remained detached. The relationship began to thaw in the 1990s with India’s economic liberalization and the end of the Cold War.  This period saw the beginning of strategic dialogues and increased economic cooperation. The 2008 Civil Nuclear Agreement signed between the US and India marked a watershed moment in India-US relations.  It effectively ended India’s nuclear isolation and recognized it as a responsible nuclear power by integrating India into the global nuclear order, despite not being a signatory to the Non-Proliferation Treaty. The defence cooperation between India and the US has grown exponentially since the early 2000s. India was elevated to Strategic Trade Authorization tier 1 status in 2018 which allowed India to receive licence-free access to a wide range of military and dual-use technologies regulated by the US Department of Commerce. India has signed foundational agreements like GSOMIA (2002), LEMOA (2016), COMCASA (2018), and BECA (2020) with the US which has enabled deeper military cooperation. Both countries have enhanced their strategic ties through joint exercises like Malabar and the establishment of the 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue. The bilateral trade between India and the US stood at USD 118.28 billion in 2023-24. The US is also a significant source of FDI. Both countries have signed an agreement to set up a semiconductor fabrication plant in India, which would make chips for use in national security, next-generation telecommunications, and green energy applications. The two countries have increased technological cooperation in emerging technologies like AI, quantum computing, and 5G through multiple initiatives like the US-India Science and Technology Endowment Fund, the US-India Artificial Intelligence Initiative, and the Critical and Emerging Technology Initiative (iCET). India and the US are working on a broad range of technology partnerships, from joint research conducted by NASA and ISRO on the International Space Station to a pact for critical minerals supply chains and emerging digital technologies in Asia and Africa. The US and India have enhanced their geopolitical cooperation due to the rise of China by reviving the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) and the inclusion of India in the US Indo-Pacific strategy. Issues/Challenges in India – US Relations: The economic challenges between India and the US include India’s trade surplus (USD 36.74 billion in 2023-24), market access barriers, and intellectual property rights concerns from the US side along with the removal of India from the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) in 2019 and ongoing disagreements at the WTO over agricultural subsidies further complicate trade relations. India’s muted criticism of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 expectedly led to some frustration in the West, raising questions over India’s credibility as a security partner. The US is concerned about India’s acquisition of arms like the S-400 air defence system, as it strengthens Russian power, hinders interoperability and secure communications between US and Indian forces, and prevents sharing of sensitive weapons technologies. The US’s CAATSA sanctions threat looms over India’s defence choices. There persist issues in technology transfer and joint production in the defence sector as India seeks advanced technologies and greater technology sharing but the export control regulations of the US often limit such transfers. The U.S. expresses concern about India’s treatment of minorities, especially Muslims, and its illiberal policies. The revocation of Jammu and Kashmir’s special status, the Citizenship Amendment Act, and religious freedom issues have raised eyebrows. There is a persistent irritant regarding immigration policies, particularly those affecting Indian tech workers and students as changes to H-1B visa rules have caused concern in India. The US is home to major data giants like Google and Facebook that gather significant amounts of data from Indian consumers. India’s plan to implement data localization rules, requiring data to be stored within the country, is being opposed by the US. There is a constant issue of contention between both countries about Intellectual property rights (IPR) protection including India’s use of compulsory licensing for pharmaceuticals and placing India on the Priority Watch List in the Special 301 Report of the US, citing concerns over patent laws, copyright piracy, and trademark infringement. The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) provided special privileges to India, allowing duty-free exports of goods like textiles and engineering products to the US market. However, the US has withdrawn these benefits, impacting Indian exports. Source: MEA Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following countries share a land border with Israel? Lebanon Jordan Egypt Syria Iraq Select the correct answer using the codes given below: a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only b) 1, 3 and 5 only c) 2, 4 and 5 only d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding Thermobaric weapons: Thermobaric weapons, also known as vacuum bombs, generate explosive power by using oxygen from the atmosphere, which leads to both intense heat and pressure differentials. Thermobaric weapons were first developed by Russia during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, making Russia the originator of this technology. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad and Tobago is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean and shares maritime boundaries with Venezuela, Barbados, and Grenada. Its economy relies heavily on oil and natural gas exports, making it one of the wealthier Caribbean nations. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  30th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  28th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) –  b Q.2) – b Q.3) – b

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