Aug 16, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 16th August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Alaska Summit 2025 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context:  U.S. President Donald Trump is set to meet Russian President Vladimir Putin in Anchorage, Alaska, in a high-stakes attempt to negotiate an end to the Ukraine war. This is the first U.S.-Russia leaders’ meeting since June 2021. Europe sees the summit as crucial with Ukraine’s fate and continental security at stake. What Trump Wants: A ceasefire and a “win” that boosts his global image. To showcase himself as a deal-maker capable of ending conflicts. Recognition through a peace achievement, possibly even linked to a Nobel Peace Prize narrative. What Putin Wants: Recognition of Russia’s annexations and security buffer in Ukraine. A halt to NATO’s eastward expansion and security guarantees. Western sanctions relief, while keeping occupied territories under Russian control. What Zelenskyy Wants: No compromise on Ukraine’s sovereignty or territorial integrity. Continued Western military and financial support. A durable peace deal that does not force Ukraine to give up territory. European Stake: EU leaders (France, Germany, UK) emphasize unity against Russia. Europe fears that U.S.-Russia talks may sideline European interests, just like in 1945 when post-war Europe was decided without French input. India’s Concerns: India is indirectly impacted by U.S. sanctions on Russia, particularly affecting energy imports and fertilizer supplies. U.S. has imposed a 25% tariff penalty on India for Russian oil purchases and a 25% tariff on Indian exports to the U.S. New Delhi hopes Trump emerges with a “win” that stabilizes the situation, as prolonged instability hurts its economy and geopolitical balancing. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Samudrayaan Mission Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Two Indian aquanauts — Cdr (Retd) Jatinder Pal Singh and R. Ramesh (scientists at NIOT) — undertook deep-sea dives in the Atlantic Ocean from the French vessel Nautile. They reached depths of 5,002 metres and 4,025 metres, setting new records for Indian deep-sea missions. Earlier Indian submarine dives were limited to 500 metres, with the deepest being 670 metres. This marks a significant step in preparations for India’s Samudrayaan Mission (2027), aimed at exploring deep-sea resources and technologies. The Indian flag was unfurled underwater alongside the French flag, symbolizing international collaboration. Learning Corner: Samudrayaan Mission – India’s Deep Ocean Mission Introduction Samudrayaan is India’s first manned deep-ocean mission, launched under the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM) by the Ministry of Earth Sciences. It aims to send aquanauts up to 6,000 metres into the ocean in a submersible vehicle named MATSYA 6000. Objectives Exploration of polymetallic nodules and mineral resources like nickel, cobalt, copper, and manganese in the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Development of deep-sea technologies: submersibles, mining systems, sensors, and underwater robotics. Understanding deep-sea biodiversity, ecosystems, and climate interactions. Strengthening India’s role in the Blue Economy and energy security. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Guru Tegh Bahadur Category: HISTORY Context: Union Home Minister Amit Shah will participate in the 350th martyrdom anniversary celebrations of Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib  The event is being organized by the Maharashtra Government with support from the Sikh Coordination Committee of Maharashtra and other Sikh groups. The commemoration aims to honor Guru Tegh Bahadur’s supreme sacrifice, upholding religious freedom, unity, and human dignity. Sikh leaders and communities such as Sikligar, Banjara-Labana, Mosial-Sindhi, and Sanatani saints will join the celebrations, which will include religious gatherings, cultural events, and distribution of Sikh history books. In addition to Navi Mumbai, related events are scheduled across India—such as in Nanded Sahib, Nagpur, and through Panthic Nagar Kirtans traveling across 20 states, culminating at Sri Anandpur Sahib. These celebrations highlight the national significance of Guru Tegh Bahadur’s legacy of peace, selfless service, and unity. Learning Corner: Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675) Ninth Sikh Guru: Youngest son of Guru Hargobind; became Guru in 1665. Teachings: Advocated courage, humility, equality, compassion, and devotion to God. Emphasized protection of human rights, religious freedom, and dignity of life. Contributions: Founded Anandpur Sahib (1665), which later became a Sikh religious and political center. Composed hymns (116 shabads) later included in the Guru Granth Sahib. Traveled extensively to spread Sikh teachings across North India. Martyrdom (1675): Opposed forced conversions under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Publicly defended the right of Kashmiri Pandits and others to practice their faith. Executed in Delhi, earning him the title “Hind di Chadar” (Shield of India). Legacy: Symbol of religious freedom, pluralism, and resistance against tyranny. His sacrifice laid foundations for Guru Gobind Singh’s later creation of the Khalsa. Remembered through Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi and commemorative events worldwide. Source: THE TIMES OF INDIA Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY) Category: POLITY Context: Announced on 15th August 2025, the scheme aims to generate 3.5 crore new jobs between August 2025 and July 2027 with an outlay of ₹1 lakh crore. Key Features: Eligibility: Youth entering their first private sector job (salary up to ₹1 lakh/month) in firms registered with EPFO. Incentives for Youth: ₹15,000 financial support in two installments—after 6 months of service and after 1 year along with a financial literacy program. Incentives for Employers: Up to ₹3,000/month per eligible employee for two years (extendable to four years for sustained jobs), with a focus on manufacturing and MSMEs. Application Process: Registration through EPFO, generation of UAN, face authentication, and minimum 6 months EPF contribution. Special Focus: Promotes financial literacy, savings, job creation in manufacturing, services, and technology sectors. Learning Corner: Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY) – 2016 Launched to incentivize employers to generate new employment. Government paid the full employer’s contribution (12% of wages) towards EPF and EPS for new employees. Targeted at workers earning less than ₹15,000 per month. Helped formalize the workforce and increase social security coverage. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) – 2005 Provides at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to rural households. Focuses on unskilled manual work linked to asset creation (roads, water conservation, afforestation). Plays a strong role as a social safety net and in reducing rural distress. National Career Service (NCS) – 2015 Digital platform under the Ministry of Labour & Employment. Connects job seekers with employers, provides career counseling, skill training, and apprenticeship opportunities. Focuses on bridging the information gap in the labor market. Atmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY) – 2020 Announced during COVID-19 recovery phase to encourage job creation. Government contributed both employer’s and employee’s share of EPF (24% of wages) for new employees earning less than ₹15,000/month. Focused on boosting formal sector employment after pandemic disruptions. Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) – 2008 Credit-linked subsidy program implemented by KVIC. Supports micro-enterprises and entrepreneurship in manufacturing and service sectors. Subsidy of 15–35% depending on location (urban/rural, general/SC/ST/women). Source: PIB PM-DAKSH (Pradhan Mantri Dakshta Aur Kushalta Sampann Hitgrahi Yojana) Category: POLITY Context: Aims to provide skill training, upskilling, and entrepreneurship support to marginalized groups like SCs, OBCs, EBCs, DNTs, sanitation workers, waste pickers, artisans, persons with disabilities, and their dependents Key Features: Training Types: Short-term/long-term training, reskilling, Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL), and entrepreneurial development. Curriculum: Based on NSQF standards, covering trades like tailoring, food processing, carpentry, digital literacy, and financial literacy. Artisan Support: Upskilling of traditional artisans with modern techniques and designs. Training Institutes: Empanelled centres with biometric attendance, placement tie-ups, and strict monitoring. Placement Benchmark: At least 70% of trainees must be employed or self-employed. Online Access: Registration and course selection via PM-DAKSH portal and app. Impact: Over 1.8 lakh individuals trained so far, with significant employment/self-employment outcomes. Helps in socio-economic empowerment of disadvantaged communities through wage employment and entrepreneurship. Learning Corner: Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) Launched: 2015 under Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE). Provides short-term training (3–6 months) aligned with NSQF. Focus: industry-relevant skills, certification, placement. Training through National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC). Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) Target group: Rural poor youth (15–35 years). Part of National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM). Focus: wage employment through skill training with placement linkages. National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) Incentivizes industries to engage apprentices. Government shares 25% of prescribed stipend (up to ₹1,500 per month) with employers. Encourages “earn while you learn” model. Skill India Mission Umbrella mission launched in 2015 to train over 40 crore youth by 2022. Brings multiple schemes like PMKVY, NAPS, NSDC initiatives under one framework. Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS) Community-based skill development programme. Focuses on non-literate, neo-literate, school dropouts, and women in rural areas. Provides life-enrichment and vocational skills at minimal cost. National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) Initiatives PPP model to promote sector skill councils (SSCs). Supports private training providers, vocational training, digital skilling. SANKALP (Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion) World Bank-supported project. Focus: institutional reforms, quality improvement, and skilling convergence. Strengthens State Skill Missions & District Skill Committees. STRIVE (Skill Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement) World Bank-assisted scheme. Strengthens Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs), promotes industry-institute partnerships. Other Targeted Programs UDAAN: For youth of Jammu & Kashmir (special employment-linked skill scheme). Nai Manzil: For minority youth (bridging education + skill training). Seekho aur Kamao: Skill development for minority youth with placement assistance. Vocationalization of School Education: Integrating skills into school curriculum under Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan and NEP 2020. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Fundamental rights GS Paper 2 (Polity & Governance) Introduction “Freedom is not the absence of restraints, but the presence of opportunities to question, reason, and dissent.”Independence is not merely the absence of external domination but the presence of civic liberty, democratic participation, and constitutional values. The true test of freedom lies not only in sovereignty or military power but in ensuring that citizens can exercise reason, dissent, and choice without fear. Freedom and Democracy Democracy thrives on critical citizenship—citizens actively questioning authority, engaging in debate, and holding institutions accountable. Without space for dissent, protest, and alternative viewpoints, democracy risks degenerating into mere electoral ritual. As the article argues, the erosion of critical spaces—through delegitimization of protests or overemphasis on loyalty to authority—weakens democratic vitality. Freedom and the Constitution The Constitution of India enshrines freedoms under Part III (Fundamental Rights), especially Article 19, guaranteeing freedom of speech, association, and movement. It balances sovereignty with civic liberty by mandating a system of checks and balances—executive, legislature, judiciary, and media as watchdogs. Constitutional morality, as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar emphasised, is essential to sustain freedom—citizens must respect institutions but also question them. Freedom and its Values Freedom is not just political independence but a culture of public reasoning. Civic freedom means citizens are not passive subjects but participants in shaping policies and challenging state excesses. A truly free society recognises pluralism, tolerance, and constructive dissent as strengths rather than threats. Conclusion The quality of freedom in India must be measured not only by military sovereignty or economic power but by how well it protects constitutional values, democratic dissent, and the autonomy of its citizens. True independence is realised when citizens move beyond passive obedience to become critical participants in a vibrant democracy, ensuring that freedom remains living, not ornamental.   Q. “The quality of a nation’s freedom is measured not only by its sovereignty but also by the vibrancy of its civic freedoms.” In the light of this statement, critically examine the challenges to civic freedom in India today. How can constitutional values ensure a balance between authority and critical citizenship? (Answer in 250 words, 15 marks) Naxalism in India (GS 3 Internal security) Introduction  Left Wing Extremism (LWE) has shrunk dramatically: affected districts have reduced from 126 (2013) to ~38 (2024); incidents are down ~70%+ since 2010; security-force/civilian fatalities are at multi-decade lows; police stations reporting LWE incidents fell from ~330 to ~100. Current trends in Naxalism From movement to fragments: A once pan-India, ideology-heavy insurgency has splintered into regional, tactically violent cells with weakened political messaging. Security dominance + governance entry: Forward operating bases, road opening, and grid-based policing are enabling civil administration, welfare outreach and market access. Leadership attrition & surrenders: Continuous decapitation, better incentives for surrender/rehabilitation, and reduced recruitment pools. Tech creep at the margins: Persistent use of IEDs, occasional drones/encrypted comms, and financial dispersal through informal channels. Narrative contestation: Mislabelling (“urban Naxal”) risks chilling legitimate dissent, harming community intelligence flows. Challenges  Existing challenges Governance deficits in tribal/forest belts: land/forest rights pending, slow justice delivery, weak last-mile services  Resource conflicts: mining, land acquisition, displacement without genuine consent/benefit-sharing.  Inter-state seams: insurgent mobility across borders; patchy coordination. ( Cadre sustenance through levies/extortion on local contractors/transporters. Emerging challenges Technology diffusion: better IED design, commercial drones, encrypted apps, digital/hawala finance.  Micro-cells & urban facilitators: small, autonomous units; limited but potent urban logistics/intel support. Perception & rights risks: heavy-handed ops or wrongful labelling can erode legitimacy, fuel grievance cycles.  Post-clear vacuum: “clear” not followed by durable hold-build, causing reversion in remote pockets. Way forward  Security (Clear → Hold → Build)  Expand specialised, small-team units (Greyhounds/CoBRA model), night-ops, long-range patrols; strengthen IED forensics, counter-drone, SIGINT. Seam-management: joint commands, shared ISR, common case databases, synchronized operations calendars. Targeted finance choke: map extortion chains, contractor audits, trade-route checks, aggressive follow-the-money with FIU/PMLA tools. Governance & Rights  Fast-track FRA title settlements; community forest produce value chains (MSP, processing, logistics). Benefit-sharing in extractives: District Mineral Foundation (DMF) transparency, social impact assessments, consent-based acquisition, time-bound R&R with independent audits. Last-mile state capacity: guaranteed road maintenance, telecom uptime, banking/PDS reliability; track with dashboards/KPIs at district level. Justice & accountability: mobile courts, time-bound disposal of petty cases; SOP-driven operations with body-cam/forensic documentation to prevent excesses. Socio-economic & Youth Diversion  Scale residential schooling, hostels, skill centres, sports/culture programs, Tribal Youth Exchanges; link surrenderers to jobs via credit + market mentors. Narrative & Legal Clarity  Draw a bright line between lawful dissent and unlawful facilitation; protect civil society space to sustain community intelligence & trust. Proactive communication: post-operation disclosures, grievance redressal, and social audit of development funds. Conclusion India’s LWE fight has moved into a terminal-shrink phase—from a mass ideological insurgency to isolated, tech-aided micro-violence in difficult terrain. Security primacy must continue, but decisive victory depends on rights-anchored development, clean resource governance, precision policing with accountability, and interstate seam management.  Value-addition Greyhounds (AP/Telangana): Deep-penetration jungle ops dismantled southern strongholds; set best-practice template for small, agile units. SAMADHAN doctrine (2017→): Smart leadership, Aggressive ops, Motivation & training, Actionable intel, Dashboards/tech, Home-grown capacity, Alleviation of grievances, No financial access—linked to sustained decline in incidents/fatalities. Q. Left Wing Extremism has declined sharply in India over the last decade, yet new challenges threaten to prolong its tail-risk. Discuss the factors behind the decline of Naxalism in India, examine the persisting and emerging challenges, and suggest a holistic strategy to achieve durable peace in the affected regions. (15 marks, 250 words)

Aug 14, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 14th August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Dhirio Category: CULTURE Context:  Goa’s traditional bullfighting, and recent demands by MLAs across party lines to legalise it. Key Points: Historical & Cultural Significance: Traced back to the Harappan civilisation and Portuguese era. Traditionally held after harvest season as community entertainment. Bulls fight until one falls or flees, sometimes causing serious injuries. Events attract large crowds, including politicians and dignitaries. Current Ban: Prohibited under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 after a fatal 1996 incident. High Court banned all animal fights, but events still occur clandestinely, often publicised through private channels. Popular for betting, including among the Goan diaspora. Legalisation Debate: Proponents: Claim no cruelty, compare it to regulated sports like boxing, argue it boosts tourism and rural economy. Opponents (animal rights activists): Call it violent, cruel, and primarily for gambling; oppose exceptions for dhirio. Government Response: Goa CM Pramod Sawant has promised to examine the issue. Previous attempts to legalise under regulated frameworks have been discussed but not implemented. Learning Corner: Traditional Bullfighting in India: Jallikattu (Tamil Nadu): Bull-taming sport held during Pongal festival; participants attempt to grab a bull’s hump and hold on. Dhirio (Goa): Bull-versus-bull fights, banned under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960; proponents seek regulated revival. Kambala (Karnataka): Though not bullfighting, involves buffalo races in waterlogged fields during the harvest season. Traditional Sports in India: Mallakhamba (Maharashtra & MP): Gymnastics and wrestling techniques performed on a wooden pole or rope. Thang-ta (Manipur): Martial art combining armed combat with sword and spear. Vallam Kali (Kerala): Snake boat races during Onam. Silambam (Tamil Nadu): Weapon-based martial art using bamboo staffs. Mukna (Manipur): Indigenous form of wrestling. Gatka (Punjab): Sikh martial art involving swords and sticks. Kho-Kho & Kabaddi: Tag-based team sports with deep rural roots, now professional leagues. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Plate tectonics Category: GEOGRAPHY Context : This can directly be asked in prelims Scientific Significance: Originated along the boundary between the Indian and Eurasian Plates. This region, especially the Eastern Himalayas, is highly seismically active, with plate convergence rates varying from 10 to 38 mm/year. The earthquake’s mixed thrust and strike-slip motion made it unique compared to typical Himalayan quakes. Caused major surface ruptures, mountain collapses, and altered landscapes permanently. Geological Context: The Great Assam Earthquake was caused by collision of continental plates, creating a complex tectonic zone. The Eastern Himalayas differ from the central arc, as structures here involve multiple faults linked to the Assam syntaxis. Past data shows large quakes in the area in 1548, 1596, 1697, and medieval events between 1262–1635. Implications for the Future: The region remains the most seismically active in the Himalayas and could generate another 1950-scale quake. Predicting timing, location, and magnitude remains impossible with current knowledge. Urban expansion, infrastructure, and population density make a future quake potentially more devastating. Learning Corner: Plate Tectonics  Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that the Earth’s outer shell (lithosphere) is divided into large, rigid plates that float on the semi-molten asthenosphere beneath. These plates move slowly due to convection currents in the mantle caused by heat from Earth’s interior. Key Points: Major Plates: Pacific, Eurasian, African, Indo-Australian, North American, South American, and Antarctic, along with smaller plates. Plate Boundaries: Convergent: Plates move towards each other → mountain building, subduction zones, volcanoes. Divergent: Plates move apart → mid-ocean ridges, seafloor spreading. Transform: Plates slide past each other → earthquakes. Geological Impact: Explains distribution of earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges, ocean trenches, and continental drift. Driving Forces: Mantle convection, slab pull, and ridge push. Source:  THE HINDU India’s First Private EO Satellite Constellation Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: India is set to launch its first private Earth Observation (EO) satellite constellation under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, announced by IN-SPACe Key Details: Lead & Partners: Led by Bengaluru-based PixxelSpace India with Piersight Space, Satsure Analytics India, and Dhruva Space. Investment: ₹1,200 crore over five years; zero cost to the government, with private sector fully funding the project. Constellation: 12 advanced EO satellites with panchromatic, multispectral, hyperspectral, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors. Timeline: Phased deployment over 4–5 years. Government Role: Strategic, technical, and policy support; all satellites to be built, launched, and operated in India to ensure data sovereignty. Strategic Importance: Applications: Climate change monitoring, disaster management, precision agriculture, urban planning, marine surveillance, national security, and water quality monitoring. Global Reach: Aims to supply high-quality EO data for domestic and international markets. Economic Impact: Boost to private space industry, projected to grow from $8.4 billion (2022) to $44 billion (2033). Source: THE HINDU SHRESTH Category: POLITY Context: The Union Health Ministry launched SHRESTH as India’s first national framework to benchmark and strengthen state drug regulatory systems Objectives: Evaluate, rank, and guide improvement of state drug regulators. Align with global standards like WHO ML3 for vaccine regulation. Ensure uniform quality and safety of medicines nationwide. Framework: Developed by CDSCO. Manufacturing States: 27 indices under five themes — Human Resources, Infrastructure, Licensing, Surveillance, and Responsiveness. Distribution States/UTs: 23 indices under similar themes. Monthly data submission and scoring; rankings shared for transparency and cross-learning. Capacity building via workshops, joint audits, and training. Significance: Promotes consistent drug safety and regulatory maturity. Encourages sharing of best practices. Strengthens public trust in medicines. Supports India’s pharmaceutical leadership globally. Learning Corner: Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India’s national regulatory authority for drugs and medical devices, functioning under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. It operates under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and its rules. Key Functions: Approval of New Drugs & Clinical Trials – Ensures safety, efficacy, and quality before market entry. Regulation of Medical Devices – Oversees standards, licensing, and post-market surveillance. Licensing Authority – Issues licenses for import of drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics. Coordination with State Authorities – Works with State Drug Control Departments to maintain uniform drug quality across India. Pharmacovigilance – Monitors adverse drug reactions to enhance drug safety. Standard Setting – Frames guidelines and standards for manufacturing, labelling, and distribution. Structure: Headed by the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI). Functions through zonal, sub-zonal, port, and central laboratories across India. Source: PIB Sickle Cell Anaemia Category: ENERGY Context The Union government launched the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission (NSCAEM) in July 2023 to eliminate sickle cell genetic transmission by 2047, aiming to screen 70 million people under 40 by FY26 Key Points: Impact: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) disproportionately affects India’s tribal population, impairing oxygen transport in blood and causing severe health issues. Progress: By July 2024, over 60.7 million screened in 17 high-prevalence states; 216,000 diagnosed with SCD and 1.69 million identified as carriers. Geographic Concentration: 95% of cases in Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, and Maharashtra. Interventions: Free healthcare, essential medicines (e.g., hydroxyurea), and diagnostics. Genetic counselling, public awareness, and distribution of genetic status cards. Establishment of Centres of Excellence in 15 institutions for diagnosis and management. Training of Trainers (ToT) for health workers. Deployment of cost-effective PoC diagnostic devices. Approach: Whole-of-government strategy with multiple ministries, tribal affairs involvement, and community-based success stories like Meena from Chhattisgarh. Future Focus: Expand genetic counselling, awareness campaigns, and use of digital tools to reach every carrier and patient. Learning Corner: Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA)  Definition: A hereditary blood disorder caused by a mutation in the HBB gene leading to abnormal haemoglobin (HbS). Mechanism: Red blood cells (RBCs) take a rigid, sickle-like shape → reduced oxygen-carrying capacity → blockage of blood flow → tissue damage. Inheritance: Autosomal recessive (disease occurs when both parents pass on the defective gene). Symptoms: Anaemia, fatigue, pain episodes, swelling in hands/feet, frequent infections, delayed growth, vision problems. Complications: Stroke, organ damage, pulmonary hypertension, leg ulcers. Prevalence in India: Common in tribal communities of central, western, and southern states (e.g., Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Gujarat). Diagnosis: Blood test for Hb electrophoresis or HPLC, newborn screening, genetic testing. Treatment: Medicines: Hydroxyurea, pain relievers, antibiotics, folic acid supplements. Procedures: Blood transfusion, bone marrow transplant (curative in some cases). Supportive Care: Adequate hydration, infection prevention, oxygen therapy. Prevention: Premarital counselling, carrier screening, genetic counselling to avoid high-risk marriages. Government Initiatives: National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission (2023) – screening, genetic counselling, free treatment, elimination target by 2047. Inclusion of hydroxyurea in National Essential Drug List. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Stray dog issue (GS Paper 2 — Governance, Welfare and Policies) Introduction (Context) Stray-dog bites in Delhi-NCR are a critical public health concern—evidenced by tens of thousands of bites annually and rising rabies cases. The Supreme Court directed municipal authorities to house stray dogs in shelters, highlighting urgent legal and humanitarian dimensions of this issue. Problems & Challenges Public Health Crisis Delhi records over 68,000 dog-bite cases in 2024, with 49 recorded human rabies deaths by July 2025. Human rabies remains nearly 100% fatal—prompt and effective animal and human interventions are urgent. Infrastructure & Institutional Gaps Municipal capacities are severely overstretched; NCR-wide dog populations run into tens of thousands, but shelter infrastructure is grossly inadequate. Financial resources, skilled personnel (veterinarians, handlers), and land for humane shelters are lacking. Urban Drivers Sustaining Stray Populations Open garbage, wet-waste mismanagement, offal from slaughterhouses, construction waste, and irresponsible pet abandonment create feeding grounds that support and sustain the stray dog population. Policy–Operational Disconnect The Animal Birth Control (ABC) Rules, 2023, mandate catch–neuter–vaccinate–return-to-locality (CNVR), whereas the recent SC order urges detention in shelters. This conflict threatens implementation. Data and Coordination Deficits No comprehensive dog census or microchipping system exists; bite and rabies case reporting is patchy; coordination between health, municipal, and animal welfare departments is weak. Supreme Court Judgments & Legal Context Supreme Court Principles In A. Nagaraja (2014), the SC affirmed animals’ dignity, and under Articles 51A(g),(h), upheld citizens’ and the State’s duty to practice compassion and scientific temper in animal management. Recent SC Direction (Aug 2025) A Bench ordered authorities to pick up stray dogs and house them in shelters, addressing public safety imperatives. Implementation Challenges Resource Constraints: Significant capital and operational investments required for building and maintaining humane shelters. Policy Tensions: CNVR vs. sheltering debate; need clarity on handling aggressive or unfit-to-release dogs. Welfare Risks: Overcrowding and disease outbreaks in shelters pose animal welfare risks—defeat cruelty objective. Community Conflicts: Neighbourhoods vs. feeders; risks of vigilantism; slack grievance redress systems. Fragmented Governance: Lack of unified command between departments—health, municipal, environment, NGOs. Data Scarcity: Planning is hampered without reliable data on dog numbers, bites, or vaccination status. Way Forward (Reforms & Actions) Mass Vaccination & Targeted CNVR Achieve >70% dog vaccination (WHO benchmark) combined with behaviour-based release; unadoptable or aggressive dogs to humane shelters. Sacrificial Infrastructure—Shelters with Standards Modular, sanitary shelters with capacity for quarantine, veterinary care, behavioural assessment, and adoption programs. Build through PPPs/NGOs under service-level agreements for sustainability. Waste & Environmental Management Enforce wet-waste segregation and manage offal; clamp down on illegal dumping; regulate pet-living areas and pet-food waste. Pet Ownership Regulations Mandatory pet registration and microchipping; licensing for breeders and pet shops; enforce anti-abandonment fines. Bite-Response & Human Health Protocols Ensure steady ARV/HRIG supply; train healthcare staff in bite management; conduct awareness drives in schools and communities. Data-Driven Governance Implement a dog census with microchipping, vaccination records, bite/rabies case tracking; transparent dashboards for public tracking. Community Engagement & Social Harmony Designate feeder points; burnish feeder-community agreements; mediate conflicts; encourage adoption; train municipal and police staff on humane management. One Health Coordination Create inter-departmental Task Forces combining health, veterinary, municipal, education, and NGOs to drive integrated interventions. Conclusion The issue of dog bites in NCR demands a balanced One Health approach—one that ensures public safety without compromising animal dignity. Ethics demands that India treat even its stray dogs with compassion and scientific rationality—reflecting both constitutional duty and public health necessity. Value addition: Ethical Dimension on Stray Dog Issue Core Ethical Principles Involved Utilitarianism (Greatest Good for Greatest Number): Balancing public safety (prevention of dog bites, rabies control) with animal welfare. Deontological Ethics (Duty-Based): Duty to protect vulnerable beings — both humans and animals — without resorting to cruelty. Ahimsa & Gandhian Ethics: Non-violence towards all living beings, reflecting constitutional values under Article 51A(g) (duty to have compassion for living creatures). Justice & Equity: Ensuring that marginalised groups (often children, waste-pickers, rural poor) are not disproportionately exposed to stray dog attacks. Ethical Dilemmas Human Safety vs. Animal Rights: Removing or euthanising stray dogs may reduce attacks but could be seen as unethical cruelty. Individual Rights vs. Collective Welfare: Protecting individual animals vs. safeguarding the health of entire communities. State Responsibility vs. Public Apathy: The ethical failure when governance inaction leads to avoidable deaths of both humans and animals. Case Studies ABC Programme – Jaipur Model (Rajasthan) NGO Help in Suffering (HIS) partnered with Jaipur Municipal Corporation in the 1990s. Sterilised over 80% of stray dogs within a decade → sharp decline in dog bites and zero rabies deaths reported. Sikkim (SARAH programme):  state-wide CNVR + vaccination + humane education; dramatic fall in human rabies and bites; strong inter-departmental coordination. Kerala’s ‘Kozhikode ABC-R Programme’ Combined Animal Birth Control (ABC) with Rabies vaccination (R). Reduced dog-bite incidents by 40% in 3 years. Chennai’s Blue Cross of India Initiative Set up designated feeding points for strays while keeping residential areas safer. Goa’s Rabies-Free Target (Mission Rabies) Collaboration between Goa Government and UK-based Mission Rabies NGO. Vaccinated over 1 lakh dogs annually; targeted zero human rabies deaths. Mumbai RWA–BMC Partnership Resident Welfare Associations coordinate with Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation for sterilisation and vaccination drives. International Example – Bhutan’s Nationwide Sterilisation Drive Bhutan implemented 100% sterilisation coverage in urban centres with help from Humane Society International. Rabies eliminated in key cities; humane treatment became a public value. In light of rising stray dog attacks and associated rabies deaths in urban India, discuss the ethical dilemmas in balancing public safety with animal rights. How can administrators ensure humane yet effective solutions in line with constitutional values and judicial directions? Support your answer with suitable case studies. Alaska Summit (GS Paper 2 — International Relations) Introduction (Context) The Alaska summit between the US and Russia, without Ukraine’s participation, reflects shifting geopolitical equations in the post-Cold War order. It takes place amid deep-rooted mistrust, NATO–Russia tensions, and the ongoing Russia–Ukraine conflict, with implications for India’s strategic autonomy and multipolarity in the evolving global order. Strategic Context First visit of a Russian President to the US in over a decade, signalling a tentative thaw in Washington–Moscow relations. Russia–US relations deteriorated post–Crimea annexation (2014) and Ukraine invasion (2022). Talks occur amid great power rivalry between the US, Russia, and China. US–Russia Agenda & Divergent Positions Peace-for-profit approach: Linking political de-escalation to commercial cooperation (energy, LNG, Arctic resources). US seeking structural arms control, Russia aiming for security guarantees and NATO rollback. Ukraine excluded from the negotiation table—raises questions on legitimacy and durability of peace. Structural Challenges Deep political mistrust in the US over Russia’s alleged interference in domestic politics. Political resistance from Europe and Kyiv to any settlement rewarding aggression. Divergence over conflict resolution models—US favoring quick ceasefire, Russia aiming for frozen conflict to maintain strategic leverage. Implications for India Strategic balancing: India seeks reconciliation between US and Russia to maintain ties with both, crucial for energy security and defense cooperation. Reduced hostilities could free Russian bandwidth for Indo–Pacific engagement, counterbalancing China. Breakdown of talks risks prolonging instability, impacting food, energy, and arms trade flows critical to India. The Alaska talks, despite contradictions, represent an opportunity for incremental peace-building in Eurasia. For India, a balanced outcome could safeguard its strategic partnerships, uphold multipolarity, and mitigate disruptions to its economic and security interests. However, without Ukraine’s participation, any settlement risks being temporary—a reminder that inclusive diplomacy remains the cornerstone of sustainable peace. “In great power politics, bilateral engagement without involving directly affected stakeholders risks producing an unstable peace.” In the context of the recent US–Russia talks in Alaska, critically examine the implications for the global order and India’s strategic interests. (250 words)

Aug 14, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 14th August 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Aug 13, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 13th August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Satellite Internet Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Starlink Internet in India Need for Satellite Internet: Ground-based networks use cables and towers, efficient in urban areas but limited in sparsely populated regions due to high infrastructure costs and vulnerability to disasters. Satellite internet bypasses physical infrastructure, making it suitable for remote, offshore, and disaster-hit areas, with applications in military, emergency, healthcare, agriculture, and transportation. Features: Modern systems use mega-constellations (e.g., Starlink) with hundreds/thousands of satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for high-speed, low-latency coverage. Offers “Internet in the sky” enabling communication without fixed ground infrastructure. Dual-use nature: civilian (connectivity, telemedicine) & military (coordination, disaster response). Types of Orbits: LEO (200–2,000 km altitude): Low latency, flexible coverage, smaller satellites. MEO (2,000–35,786 km): Balanced latency and coverage. GEO (35,786 km): Large satellites, fixed relative to Earth, higher latency but wider coverage. Advantages: Global coverage, disaster resilience, rapid deployment. Flexible scaling via mega-constellations. Reduces dependency on cables and towers. Challenges: Smaller coverage area per satellite; requires many satellites for large coverage. Expensive equipment for households (₹40,000) and subscription (₹5,500/month for Starlink in India). Space debris risk, spectrum management, and regulatory issues. Applications: Direct-to-smartphone internet, IoT, autonomous vehicles, telemedicine, remote education, agriculture, defence, and disaster management. Learning Corner: Major Differences Between Satellite Internet and Traditional Internet Aspect Satellite Internet Traditional Internet Infrastructure Uses satellites orbiting the Earth to transmit data Uses terrestrial cables (fiber, DSL, coaxial) and cellular towers Coverage Provides internet access virtually anywhere, including remote and rural areas Limited to areas with wired or cellular infrastructure; urban-centric Latency Higher latency (delay) due to long distance signals travel to/from satellites Generally lower latency due to shorter signal paths Speed Typically slower speeds, though improving with new satellite tech (e.g., LEO satellites) Usually faster and more stable speeds, especially fiber-optic connections Reliability Affected by weather conditions (rain, storms) and line-of-sight issues Generally more stable and reliable under normal conditions Installation Requires a satellite dish and modem; easier for remote areas without cables Requires physical cable connections or cell towers; may need complex installation Cost Usually higher monthly costs and equipment fees Often lower costs, especially where infrastructure is mature Use Case Ideal for remote, rural, maritime, or emergency use where terrestrial internet is unavailable Preferred for urban, suburban areas with established infrastructure Source: THE HINDU Sleeping sickness Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially declared Kenya free of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness WHO Declares Kenya Free of Sleeping Sickness Making it the tenth country to achieve this milestone. The last indigenous case was detected in 2009, and the last imported case in 2012 in the Masai Mara region. About the Disease: HAT is a parasitic disease transmitted by the tsetse fly. Kenya was affected by the rhodesiense form, which progresses rapidly and can be fatal within weeks if untreated. Factors Behind Elimination: Kenya’s success is the result of decades of sustained public health measures including tsetse fly control, better diagnostics, community awareness, and strong collaborations between local authorities, WHO, and international partners. Significance: This is Kenya’s second eliminated neglected tropical disease after Guinea worm disease in 2018. The achievement protects vulnerable communities, supports economic growth, and contributes to Africa’s goal of eradicating neglected tropical diseases. Ongoing Measures: Kenya will maintain strong surveillance and community engagement to prevent resurgence, supported by WHO and partner organizations through post-validation monitoring and rapid response systems. Former Hotspots: Historic high-risk areas included counties around Lake Victoria such as Busia, Bungoma, Siaya, Migori, Homa Bay, Kisumu, and Kwale, where sustained control and monitoring proved crucial. Learning Corner: Sleeping Sickness Sleeping sickness, medically known as Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tsetse fly found in sub-Saharan Africa. Key Points: Types: Two forms exist—Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (chronic form, West and Central Africa) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (acute form, East and Southern Africa). Symptoms: Early symptoms include fever, headaches, joint pains, and itching. If untreated, it progresses to neurological symptoms like confusion, disrupted sleep cycles, and can lead to coma and death. Transmission: The tsetse fly bites humans and animals, transferring parasites into the bloodstream. Diagnosis and Treatment: Diagnosis requires blood tests and sometimes examination of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment depends on disease stage and may involve drugs like pentamidine or melarsoprol. Control Measures: Include vector control (reducing tsetse fly populations), active surveillance, prompt diagnosis, and treatment. Recent Progress: Several countries, including Kenya, have been declared free of sleeping sickness due to sustained public health efforts. Sleeping sickness remains a neglected tropical disease but control efforts have significantly reduced its incidence. Source:  AIR Kakori Heroes Category: HISTORY Context: PM Modi Pays Tribute to Kakori Heroes on 100th Anniversary On August 9, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to the heroes of the Kakori Train Action, marking its 100th anniversary. The Kakori Train Action was a daring train robbery near Lucknow in 1925, led by revolutionaries like Ram Prasad Bismil, Chandra Shekhar Azad, and Ashfaqullah Khan to protest British colonial rule and reclaim funds for the independence movement. The incident led to the arrest and execution of several revolutionaries and remains a pivotal moment in India’s struggle for freedom. Modi reaffirmed the government’s commitment to uphold their legacy and work towards a strong and prosperous India. Learning Corner: Conspiracy Case Year Prominent Leaders Involved Objectives Alipore Bomb Case 1908 Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Kumar Ghosh To assassinate British officials and incite armed rebellion against colonial rule Kakori Conspiracy Case 1925 Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan, Roshan Singh To loot government treasury from a train to fund revolutionary activities Meerut Conspiracy Case 1929 Shaukat Usmani, S.A. Dange, S.V. Ghate To organize a communist-led uprising and overthrow British government through strikes and mutiny Lahore Conspiracy Case 1930 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev To avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai and to inspire mass revolution against British rule Peshawar Conspiracy Case 1922 Ghadar Party leaders (e.g., Kartar Singh Sarabha) To incite mutiny among Indian soldiers and spark a pan-Indian revolt against British rule Source: AIR Cabinet Approves Four New Semiconductor Plants in India Category: POLITY Context: Union Cabinet approved four new semiconductor manufacturing projects under the India Semiconductor Mission, marking a significant boost to India’s chip production and electronics ecosystem… Key Details: Total Investment: ₹4,594 crore Locations: Odisha (2 plants), Punjab (1 plant), Andhra Pradesh (1 plant) Employment: Over 2,000 direct high-skilled jobs, plus thousands indirectly Projects: SiCSem Pvt Ltd (Bhubaneswar, Odisha): India’s first Silicon Carbide (SiC) semiconductor fab producing chips for EVs, defense, solar, and more. 3D Glass Semiconductor Packaging Unit (Bhubaneswar, Odisha): Advanced 3D glass packaging facility with Intel-backed technology for high-performance electronics. Continental Device India Pvt Ltd (Mohali, Punjab): Manufacturing semiconductor devices like MOSFETs and IGBTs. Advanced System in Package Technologies Pvt Ltd (Andhra Pradesh): Chip packaging for consumer electronics and automotive industries. Learning Corner: Semiconductor Mission (ISM) The India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) is a strategic government initiative launched in 2021 aimed at transforming India into a global semiconductor manufacturing and design hub. Recognizing semiconductors as critical components for a wide array of technologies—from smartphones and automobiles to defense and renewable energy—the ISM focuses on building a robust domestic ecosystem to reduce dependency on imports and enhance self-reliance. Objectives of ISM Develop End-to-End Semiconductor Ecosystem: Promote manufacturing, design, research, and packaging of semiconductors within India. Attract Large-Scale Investments: Encourage global and domestic companies to invest in semiconductor fabs, design centers, and allied industries. Create High-Skilled Employment: Generate thousands of direct and indirect jobs in advanced technology sectors. Enhance Technological Capabilities: Facilitate technology transfer and partnerships with global leaders in semiconductor manufacturing. Strengthen Supply Chain Security: Build resilient supply chains for critical sectors including electronics, telecom, automotive, and defense. Key Features and Support Financial Incentives: The ISM provides subsidies, viability gap funding, and fiscal incentives to semiconductor companies to encourage investments. Policy Framework: A comprehensive policy covering chip manufacturing, design, packaging, and testing is established to streamline approvals and ensure ease of doing business. Collaboration with Global Leaders: Partnerships with international technology firms like Intel, Applied Materials, and Lockheed Martin enable access to cutting-edge technologies. Focus on Advanced Technologies: Emphasis on emerging technologies such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) semiconductors, 3D packaging, and heterogeneous integration to position India at the technological frontier. Progress and Impact As of 2025, the ISM has approved 10 semiconductor projects across six states with cumulative investments exceeding ₹1.6 lakh crore (about US$18 billion). Four new projects approved recently include India’s first commercial Silicon Carbide fab and advanced 3D glass packaging facilities. These projects are expected to increase India’s electronics manufacturing value addition from 20% to over 30% in the coming years. The ISM is a cornerstone of India’s broader “Make in India” and “Atmanirbhar Bharat” initiatives aimed at enhancing domestic manufacturing capabilities. Strategic Importance Semiconductors are critical for India’s ambitions in digital infrastructure, electric vehicles, 5G, defense, and renewable energy. By reducing dependence on global supply chains—vulnerable to geopolitical tensions and disruptions—ISM strengthens national security and economic resilience. ISM also helps India emerge as a competitive player in the global semiconductor market, attracting investments and boosting exports. Source: THE HINDU Tato-II Category: ENERGY Context Cabinet Approves 700 MW Tato-II Hydro Electric Project in Arunachal Pradesh Project Highlights: Capacity: 700 MW (4 units of 175 MW each) Annual Energy Output: Approximately 2,738 million units Implementing Agency: Joint venture between North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Ltd. (NEEPCO) and the Government of Arunachal Pradesh Budget Support: Funds allocated for infrastructure including roads, bridges, transmission lines, and local area development Completion Timeline: 6 years Benefits and Impact: Strengthens power supply in Arunachal Pradesh and contributes to national grid stability Arunachal Pradesh receives 12% free power and 1% for Local Area Development Fund (LADF) Infrastructure development including 33 km of roads and bridges, and support for local hospitals, schools, and markets Promotes socio-economic growth via job creation, compensation, CSR activities, and support for local suppliers and MSMEs Learning Corner: Recent Hydroelectric Projects in India  India has been actively expanding its hydroelectric capacity as part of its clean energy and regional development goals. Several major hydroelectric projects have been approved or are under construction since 2023, contributing to energy security, regional growth, and sustainable development. Key Recent Hydroelectric Projects: Tato-II Hydro Electric Project, Arunachal Pradesh Capacity: 700 MW Approved in 2025 with an investment of ₹8,146 crore Focus on infrastructure development and local benefits including free power and employment Expected completion: Within 6 years Subansiri Lower Hydro Electric Project, Arunachal Pradesh Capacity: 2,000 MW Under construction with phased commissioning ongoing Will be India’s largest hydropower project upon completion Key for grid stability and flood control in the Brahmaputra basin Dibang Multipurpose Project, Arunachal Pradesh Capacity: 2,880 MW Construction progressing with focus on power generation, irrigation, and flood control Strategic for Northeast’s energy needs and flood management Teesta Stage IV Hydro Electric Project, Sikkim Capacity: 520 MW Recently commissioned in parts since 2023 Enhances power supply in the Northeastern region and promotes local development Nathpa Jhakri Extension, Himachal Pradesh Capacity: 800 MW Under construction to augment existing Nathpa Jhakri capacity Aims to improve power generation efficiency in the Sutlej basin Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) Projects, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab Several modernization and capacity enhancement projects ongoing since 2023 Focus on optimizing water resource utilization and electricity generation Major Hydroelectric Projects: Bhakra Nangal Project (Himachal Pradesh/Punjab): One of the earliest and largest multipurpose projects with a capacity of about 1,325 MW, it provides irrigation, power, and flood control. Tehri Dam (Uttarakhand): With a capacity of 1,000 MW, it is among the tallest dams in India and serves hydroelectric, irrigation, and water supply needs. Sardar Sarovar Project (Narmada River, Gujarat/Madhya Pradesh): Known for irrigation and power generation (around 1,450 MW capacity), it supports water supply in drought-prone areas. Koyna Hydroelectric Project (Maharashtra): A major power station with over 1,960 MW capacity, critical for Maharashtra’s electricity needs. Nathpa Jhakri Project (Himachal Pradesh): India’s largest underground hydroelectric project with 1,500 MW capacity, utilizing the Satluj river. Tawang Hydro Project (Arunachal Pradesh): Part of India’s Northeast hydropower development, aiming to harness abundant water resources. Teesta Hydro Projects (Sikkim & West Bengal): Several projects on the Teesta river contributing significant power to the grid. Dhauliganga Hydroelectric Project (Uttarakhand): Medium-sized project supporting local power requirements. Tato-II Hydro Electric Project (Arunachal Pradesh): Newly approved 700 MW project aiming at boosting energy supply and regional development. Importance: Hydroelectric projects contribute about 12-15% of India’s total installed power capacity. Provide clean energy, reduce carbon emissions, and help in flood control and irrigation. Play a vital role in grid balancing and peaking power supply. Promote regional development and employment, especially in remote and hilly areas. Challenges: Environmental concerns and displacement of communities. Delays due to terrain and weather conditions. Need for modernization and better reservoir management. Overall, hydroelectric projects remain a cornerstone of India’s renewable energy strategy and sustainable development goals. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Israel–Palestine Conflict (GS-2 – International Relations, India and its Neighborhood, Effect of Policies of Developed & Developing Countries.) Introduction (Context) The Israel–Palestine conflict has entered a new phase as PM Netanyahu rejects the two-state solution, even as parts of the Global North shift towards recognising Palestinian statehood  Historical and Diplomatic Context Legacy of the Balfour Declaration (1917) → British support for a Jewish homeland laid the groundwork for enduring territorial disputes. Recognition of Palestine historically driven by Global South solidarity — India, post-1980s, following the PLO’s declaration of independence. Western stance shift: UK, France, Canada, Australia signalling recognition, breaking from the earlier position that recognition would follow a final settlement. Factors Driving Global North’s Shift Humanitarian Catastrophe in Gaza → UN reports of mass civilian deaths, famine-like conditions, and systemic violence have eroded Israel’s moral high ground. Erosion of Israel’s Soft Power → Mounting allegations of war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and genocide have polarised global opinion. Public Opinion as a Foreign Policy Variable → European protests influencing government positions; U.S. domestic dissent pressuring the Biden administration. Netanyahu’s Ideological Regime Rooted in revisionist Zionism and supported by ultra-nationalist allies. Policy line: No sovereignty for Palestinians, no national rights, and indefinite territorial control. Uses security narratives (e.g., return to Gaza, prevention of future October 7-style attacks) to justify status quo entrenchment. International Relations Linkages Erosion of Liberal Internationalism → Failure of the Oslo Accords framework undermines the UN-backed two-state consensus. Balance of Power Realignment → Growing diplomatic divergence between U.S. and its European allies over Israel policy. Constructivist Turn → Changing norms of sovereignty and human rights influencing state behaviour. Soft Balancing by Global South → Leveraging recognition as a symbolic counterweight to U.S.-Israel dominance. Conclusion The shift in the Global North’s recognition stance marks a potential diplomatic inflection point in the century-old Israel–Palestine conflict. For sustainable peace, both realist security concerns and constructivist identity claims must be addressed through inclusive multilateral diplomacy. As Kofi Annan said, “You can do nothing without peace. But without justice, peace will not last.” Q) “The recent ideological shift in Israel’s policy towards a no-state solution, coupled with changing global attitudes on Palestinian statehood, reflects a transformation in the normative structure of international diplomacy.” Critically analyse this statement in the context of the Israel–Palestine conflict. (250 words) National Sports Governance Bill, 2025 (GS Paper 2 Transparency & accountability and institutional measures) Introduction (Context) The National Sports Governance Bill, 2025 marks a decisive move from ad-hoc executive guidelines to a rule-of-law-based, athlete-centric governance structure. It aims to align Indian sports administration with the Olympic Charter, institutional accountability, and the country’s larger soft-power ambitions, including its bid to host the 2036 Olympics. Why was the Bill needed?  No comprehensive statute: Until now, governance was based on the 2011 Sports Code, court orders, and ministry directives — all non-binding and inconsistently applied. Weak accountability: Long tenures, opaque selections, conflicts of interest, and poor grievance redressal systems plagued sports administration. International compliance risk: India needed to conform to IOC/IPC norms to protect participation and hosting rights. Fragmented dispute resolution: Lack of a specialised mechanism meant delays in justice, affecting athletes’ careers. Salient features  Recognition framework: Creates a legal basis for the National Olympic Committee, National Paralympic Committee, and one National Sports Federation (NSF) per sport, with recognition linked to compliance with international norms. National Sports Board (NSB): Statutory regulator with powers to grant/suspend recognition, register affiliates, issue a code of ethics, probe misuse of funds, and appoint ad-hoc bodies when federations lose international recognition. Governance norms: Age cap of 70 years (extendable to 75 if required by international statutes) and a tenure cap of three consecutive terms or 12 years; mandatory athlete, ethics, and dispute-resolution committees within NSFs. National Sports Tribunal: Headed by a senior judge to adjudicate sports disputes, with appeals going to the Supreme Court or the Court of Arbitration for Sport (Switzerland) for international cases. RTI applicability: Sports bodies receiving government grants are “public authorities” under the RTI Act; however, BCCI is excluded. Policy alignment: Complements the National Sports Policy 2025, focusing on excellence, economic impact, inclusion, education integration, and governance reform. How it addresses the gaps  From voluntarism to statute: Converts non-binding codes into enforceable law, strengthening compliance and discipline. Institutional design for accountability: Tenure and age limits, plus independent committees, promote transparency, good governance, and athlete welfare. Judicialized dispute resolution: A dedicated tribunal ensures timely, credible decisions. International standard-setting: Compliance with global norms boosts India’s legitimacy in international sports diplomacy and enhances its chances to host mega-events. Critiques & risks Centralisation concerns: Critics warn of excessive executive control over recognition and suspension decisions. Transparency gap: The exclusion of BCCI from RTI provisions undermines uniform accountability. Implementation capacity: The NSB and Tribunal will require adequate resources, independence, and a clear balance between autonomy and regulation to avoid governance conflicts. Conclusion The Bill represents a paradigm shift from personality-driven fiefdoms to a rules-based, athlete-first ecosystem. However, to truly realise its transformative potential, issues like centralisation, transparency gaps, and institutional independence must be addressed.  Q.”In light of the National Sports Governance Bill, 2025, critically analyse whether India’s sports governance is moving towards a transparent, athlete-centric, and globally competitive framework. How far does the Bill address the structural flaws in the current system, and what challenges remain for its effective implementation?” (15 marks, 250 words)

Aug 13, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 13th August 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Aug 12, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 12th August 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Aug 12, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 12th August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Perito Moreno Glacier Category: GEOGRAPHY Context:  The Perito Moreno Glacier in Argentina, long known for its stability, is now thinning rapidly since 2019, raising fears of irreversible retreat Historically stable due to unique geography—high-altitude ice fields and a submerged bedrock ridge—the glacier resisted melting despite global warming. New radar studies revealed the ridge extends deep into the glacier’s base, preventing it from detaching and floating away. However, recent data shows accelerated ice loss, likely from climate change, making the glacier more vulnerable to melting. Scientists warn that without action to cut greenhouse gas emissions; the glacier’s retreat is inevitable. Learning Corner: Major Glaciers of the World Glacier Location Notable Facts Lambert Glacier East Antarctica World’s largest glacier (~400 km long, ~100 km wide). Pine Island & Thwaites Glacier West Antarctica Rapidly melting, major contributors to sea-level rise. Hubbard Glacier Alaska, USA North America’s largest tidewater glacier (~122 km long). Baltoro Glacier Pakistan (Karakoram) ~63 km long, near K2; important for Indus basin. Siachen Glacier India/Pakistan (Karakoram) Highest battlefield in the world (~76 km² under Indian control). Perito Moreno Glacier Argentina (Patagonia) Famous for stability; now thinning rapidly. Fedchenko Glacier Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains) Largest in the world outside polar regions (~77 km long). Jakobshavn Glacier Greenland Fastest-moving glacier; major iceberg producer. Major Glaciers in India Glacier Location Notable Facts Siachen Glacier Ladakh (Karakoram) Strategic location; source of Nubra River. Gangotri Glacier Uttarakhand (Garhwal Himalaya) Source of Bhagirathi River, major Ganga tributary. Zemu Glacier Sikkim (Kangchenjunga region) Largest in Eastern Himalayas. Dokriani Glacier Uttarakhand Monitored for climate change impacts. Pindari Glacier Uttarakhand (Kumaon Himalaya) Popular trekking destination; source of Pindar River. Milam Glacier Uttarakhand Source of Goriganga River. Chhota Shigri Glacier Himachal Pradesh (Lahaul Valley) Well-studied for glacial retreat trends. Kolhai Glacier Jammu & Kashmir (Lidder Valley) Largest in Kashmir Himalaya. Drang-Drung Glacier Ladakh (Zanskar) Source of Stod River. Prelims Pointers Longest glacier in the world: Lambert Glacier (Antarctica). Longest glacier outside polar regions: Fedchenko Glacier (Tajikistan). Largest glacier in India: Siachen Glacier (~76 km). Climate change impact: Himalayan glaciers retreating faster than global average (WMO reports). Strategic importance: Siachen (defense), Gangotri & Zemu (river systems). Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Removal of Minister Category: POLITY Context : On the first day of Karnataka’s Monsoon Assembly Session, Cooperation Minister K.N. Rajanna was removed from the Cabinet. Removal of a Minister in State Legislature  In India’s parliamentary form of government, both at the Union and State levels, the Council of Ministers holds office collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly (Article 164). Key Points: Collective Responsibility The entire Council of Ministers (CoM), headed by the Chief Minister (CM), remains in office as long as it enjoys the confidence of the Legislative Assembly. If the Assembly passes a vote of no-confidence or the Budget/appropriation bill is defeated, the entire CoM must resign. Individual Minister’s Removal A minister can be removed: (a) By the Governor on the advice of the CM (Article 164(1)). (b) Indirectly, if the CM asks for their resignation or reshuffles the cabinet. (c) By loss of membership of the Legislature (disqualification, resignation, or defeat in elections). Governor’s Role The Governor does not act on personal discretion but follows the CM’s advice in removing a minister. Legislative Control Any individual minister may be targeted through: No-confidence motion against the whole CoM. Censure motion or cut motion in the Assembly. Judicial Aspect Removal is a political/legislative matter; courts generally do not intervene unless constitutional procedures are violated. In essence: In a state parliamentary democracy, a minister cannot cling to office if the CM or Legislative Assembly withdraws support. The Governor’s formal action is just the constitutional formality to implement this political decision. Learning Corner: Salient Features of Parliamentary Democracy Supremacy of the Legislature The Parliament (or State Legislature) is the supreme law-making body within the constitutional framework. Executive is responsible to the legislature. Collective Responsibility of the Executive The Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister (or Chief Minister at state level), is collectively responsible to the Lower House (Lok Sabha/State Assembly). Loss of confidence in the House mandates resignation. Bicameral Legislature (at the Union level) Lok Sabha (House of the People) and Rajya Sabha (Council of States). Provides representation to both the people and the states. Majority Rule The political party/coalition with majority support in the Lower House forms the government. Opposition plays a vital role in scrutiny. Separation of Head of State and Head of Government Head of State (President/Governor) is largely ceremonial. Head of Government (Prime Minister/Chief Minister) exercises real executive power. Fusion of Executive and Legislature Ministers are members of the legislature, unlike in the presidential system where the separation is strict. Free, Fair, and Periodic Elections Conducted by an independent Election Commission. Universal adult suffrage ensures equal participation. Rule of Law & Constitutional Supremacy All organs function within the limits set by the Constitution. Judiciary ensures checks and balances. Opposition and Accountability Mechanisms Question Hour, Zero Hour, Parliamentary Committees, and debates ensure government accountability. Cabinet System of Government Real executive authority lies with the cabinet headed by the Prime Minister. Source:  THE HINDU Envelope Dimer Epitope (EDE) Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: researchers from the US and the Philippines has identified envelope dimer epitope (EDE)-like antibodies as a key factor in building strong, broad, cross-serotype immunity against dengue virus (  Dengue remains a major global health challenge, and developing a universal vaccine is difficult due to the immune system’s complex response — notably, antibody-dependent enhancement, where a second infection with a different serotype can worsen the disease. The study, conducted in Cebu province, Philippines, followed 2,996 children over several years. Findings showed that EDE-like antibodies accounted for 42–65% of the protective effect of virus-neutralising antibodies and 41–75% of the effect of E protein-binding antibodies. These antibodies were strongly linked to broad immunity and lower risk of severe disease. The results may pave the way for better-targeted dengue vaccines and therapeutics. Learning Corner: Envelope Dimer Epitope (EDE) Definition: A specific site found on the envelope (E) protein dimer of flaviviruses such as dengue virus. Structure: The E protein on the virus surface forms dimers (pairs) in its mature form. The EDE is located at the interface between the two E monomers in the dimer. Immunological Significance: Recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies that can target multiple dengue virus serotypes. Blocking EDE can prevent the virus from attaching to and entering host cells. Role in Vaccine Development: A key target for next-generation dengue vaccines because antibodies to EDE show cross-serotype protection. Reduces risk of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) by producing antibodies that neutralize all four dengue serotypes effectively. Research Use: Helps scientists understand how to design monoclonal antibodies or immunogens with broad protective potential. Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by Dengue virus (DENV), a Flavivirus with four distinct serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4). Transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Clinical spectrum ranges from mild dengue fever to severe dengue (dengue hemorrhagic fever/shock syndrome). No specific antiviral treatment exists; management is supportive. Global Presence Endemic in over 100 countries, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia, Western Pacific, the Americas, Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean. WHO estimates: ~390 million dengue infections annually worldwide; ~96 million manifest clinically. Urbanization, climate change, and global travel have expanded dengue’s reach to newer regions, including southern Europe and the USA (Florida, Texas). Major outbreaks often follow rainy seasons in endemic areas. Source: THE HINDU Rudrastra’ Category: ECONOMICS Context: Indian Railways has successfully conducted a trial run of Asia’s longest freight train, ‘Rudrastra’, measuring 4.5 km in length with 345–354 wagons.. The trial took place on August 7, 2025, from Ganjkhwaja in Uttar Pradesh to Garhwa in Jharkhand, covering 209 km in about 5 hours 10 minutes at an average speed of 40.5 km/h. Key features: Length: 4.5 km Wagons: 345–354, each carrying 72 tonnes Engines: 7 in total—two at the front and one after every 59 wagons Formation: Multiple long-haul rakes coupled end-to-end Route: Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Division to Dhanbad Division Significance: The experiment aims to boost freight efficiency by moving massive cargo volumes in one journey, reducing fuel use per tonne, easing rail congestion, and lowering bulk transport costs—marking a major step in India’s freight logistics capacity. Learning Corner: Major New Train Categories  Vande Bharat Express (Semi-High-Speed) Speed: Up to 160 km/h. Features: Fully air-conditioned, GPS-based passenger information, automatic doors, bio-vacuum toilets, and improved seating comfort. Recent Expansions: New routes have been launched across states including the North-East, coastal regions, and major pilgrimage circuits. Variants: Vande Bharat Sleeper: For overnight journeys. Mini Vande Bharat: 8-coach configuration for low-demand routes. Amrit Bharat Express (Economical Yet Modern) Purpose: Affordable travel with improved speed and comfort for common passengers. Features: Push-pull locomotion for faster acceleration, cushioned seats, improved luggage racks, bio-toilets, and automatic sliding doors. Speed: 130 km/h. Target Audience: Long-distance budget travelers in both reserved and unreserved classes. Vande Metro (Regional & Suburban Connectivity) Purpose: High-frequency short-distance travel between cities (within 100–250 km). Features: Quick acceleration, multiple daily trips, modern interiors, and standing passenger space. Status: First services expected between major metro-adjacent cities like Delhi–Meerut, Mumbai–Pune, and Chennai–Bengaluru suburbs. Bharat Gaurav Tourist Trains (Theme-Based Tourism) Objective: Promote cultural and heritage tourism. Themes: Ramayana Circuit, Buddhist Circuit, North-East Discovery, Desert Circuit, etc. Features: Onboard catering, guided tours, and accommodation packages. Upgraded Rajdhani, Shatabdi & Duronto Trains New LHB coaches for higher safety. Refurbished interiors, improved food service, and modern lighting. Plans to integrate these into Vande Bharat Sleeper in the future. Technological & Safety Improvements Kavach: Indigenous train collision avoidance system. Energy Efficiency: Shift to electric traction on more routes to reduce emissions. Passenger Comfort: Ergonomic seating, automatic lighting, and mobile charging points at every seat. Source: AIR Taxation Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025 Category: POLITY Context The Lok Sabha has passed the Income Tax (No. 2) Bill, 2025 and the Taxation Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025, replacing the Income Tax Act, 1961 Effective April 1, 2026 (after Rajya Sabha and presidential assent), the new law aims to simplify and modernize tax provisions, incorporating over 285 recommendations from a Parliamentary Select Committee. Key features: Simplified language & clarity in definitions, deductions, and provisions. Revised tax slabs: Up to ₹4 lakh – Nil ₹4–8 lakh – 5% ₹8–12 lakh – 10% ₹12–16 lakh – 15% ₹16–20 lakh – 20% ₹20–24 lakh – 25% Above ₹24 lakh – 30% TDS refunds allowed even for late return filers. Expanded powers: Digital search & seizure covering emails, social media, cloud storage, online accounts, etc., if officials have “reason to believe” in tax evasion. Broad definition of “virtual digital space,” raising privacy concerns due to lack of explicit judicial oversight. Other highlights: Focus on ease of doing business, digital tax processes, and “faceless jurisdiction.” Alignment with modern digital and economic realities. Learning Corner: Money Bill (Article 110) Definition: Contains only provisions dealing with matters listed in Art. 110(1): Imposition, abolition, remission, alteration, or regulation of any tax. Regulation of borrowings by the Union. Custody of Consolidated Fund or Contingency Fund. Appropriation of money out of Consolidated Fund. Declaration of expenditure charged on Consolidated Fund. Receipt, custody, and audit of government accounts. Any matter incidental to the above. Certification: Speaker of Lok Sabha certifies it as a Money Bill (final and binding). Introduction: Only in Lok Sabha, only on recommendation of the President. Rajya Sabha’s Role: Cannot amend; can only recommend changes within 14 days (Lok Sabha may accept or reject). Examples: Annual Finance Bill (when only matters of Art. 110 are included). Financial Bills (Article 117) These are of two categories: (A) Financial Bill Category-I (Art. 117(1)) Contains both matters of a Money Bill and other provisions. Introduction: Only in Lok Sabha, only on President’s recommendation. Rajya Sabha’s Role: Same as an Ordinary Bill (can amend/reject), except introduction rules. Example: Bill containing tax proposals and establishment of a new authority. (B) Financial Bill Category-II (Art. 117(3)) Does not contain matters of a Money Bill, but involves expenditure from Consolidated Fund of India. Introduction: In either House, but only on President’s recommendation. Rajya Sabha’s Role: Same as an Ordinary Bill. Example: Bill creating a new scheme funded from CFI without changing taxation. Key Differences Feature Money Bill Financial Bill Cat-I Financial Bill Cat-II Contains Art. 110 matters only Yes Yes + other matters No Introduction Lok Sabha only Lok Sabha only Either House President’s Recommendation Yes Yes Yes Rajya Sabha Power Recommend only Amend/Reject Amend/Reject Speaker Certification Yes No No Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Reviving Civic Engagement in Health Governance (GS paper II – Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) States such as Tamil Nadu and Karnataka have launched innovative health outreach schemes — Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam (August 2021) and Gruha Arogya (October 2024, expanded June 2025) — to provide doorstep healthcare for non-communicable diseases. As States begin to bring health care directly to doorsteps, the question arises what steps must be taken to engage communities as active participants in shaping health systems. Health Governance in India Traditionally, health governance in India was a state-led function. Over time, it has expanded to include civil society, professional associations, hospital groups, and trade unions, functioning through formal committees and informal networks. The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in 2005 marked a turning point, institutionalising community participation through platforms like: Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees (VHSNCs) Rogi Kalyan Samitis (RKS) In urban areas: Mahila Arogya Samitis, Ward Committees, NGO-led platforms. These bodies were designed to include women and marginalised groups, supported by untied funds for local health needs. In urban areas, key platforms for civic participation include Mahila Arogya Samitis, Ward Committees, and non-government organisation-led committees.  Significance of Civic Engagement in Health Governance Public involvement in health policy is important because it gives people respect, ensures their voices are heard, and protects democratic values.  It allows them to take part in decisions that affect their health and the health services they receive. When everyone participates, it makes the system more accountable, reduces the power of a small elite group, and helps prevent corruption. Without such participation, health governance can become unfair and oppressive. Working with communities also helps health workers and people trust each other, increases the use of health services, and leads to better health outcomes for all. Challenges Mindset toward public engagement: Policymakers and administrators often view communities as beneficiaries, not co-creators of health systems. Programme success is measured mainly through numerical targets (e.g., number of people reached) rather than quality of implementation or user experience. Although the National Health Mission promotes bottom-up planning, including community participation in Programme Implementation Plans, such engagement is rare in practice. Medicalised Governance Decision-making spaces are dominated by doctors trained in Western biomedical models, often lacking formal training in public health administration. Promotions based on seniority, not public health expertise, reinforce hierarchy and disconnect from ground realities. Resistance to public engagement Studies on health policy show that many officials resist public participation because they worry it will increase their workload, bring more pressure to be accountable, allow powerful medical and business groups to dominate, and make decision-making unfair. Weak Engagement Platforms In many places, health committees either exist only on paper or do not work effectively. Even when they are functional, they face several problems.  Their roles and responsibilities are often unclear, meetings are held rarely, and the funds available to them are not used properly.  There is also poor coordination between different departments, which affects their work.  In some cases, powerful social groups dominate these committees, making it harder for marginalised communities to participate equally. In absence of functional forums, citizens often resort to protests, media campaigns, and litigation reflecting unmet needs for voice and accountability. Steps needed Move beyond seeing communities as tools to achieve programme targets. Recognise citizens as rights-holders with agency and dignity. Spread awareness on health rights, entitlements, and governance platforms. Integrate health governance literacy in education and community mobilisation Provide citizens with skills, tools, and resources for effective participation. Train health professionals to view communities as partners, not passive recipients. Avoid blaming poor health-seeking behaviour solely on “lack of awareness”; instead, address structural determinants such as poverty, distance, and discrimination. Activate committees with clear roles, regular meetings, adequate funding, and transparency mechanisms. Promote two-way accountability between communities and providers. Conclusion Meaningful civic engagement in health governance is not an optional add-on but a democratic necessity. Strengthening participatory platforms, empowering communities, and sensitising health actors can transform citizens from passive recipients into active partners, ensuring more equitable and accountable health systems. Mains Practice Question Community participation is the backbone of accountable and equitable health governance in India. Critically evaluate. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: Reviving civic engagement in health governance – The Hindu Anti-cruelty law and Supreme Court judgment (GS paper II– Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) In Shivangi Bansal vs Sahib Bansal (July 2025), the Supreme Court upheld the Allahabad High Court’s directive suspending arrest or coercive action for two months in cases under Section 498-A IPC (now Section 85, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita), pending review by family welfare committees. This effectively grants temporary blanket protection to accused persons in cruelty cases, raising concerns about the impact on gender justice and victims’ safety. About Section 498-A IPC In many marriages, women face serious inequality. They may be Discriminated against in daily life or harassed or tortured physically, mentally, or emotionally. To address this concern, Section 498-A IPC was inserted in 1983 to address cruelty by a husband or his relatives towards a woman, including dowry harassment and acts driving her to suicide or serious injury. It may lead to Imprisonment up to 3 years and a fine. Ruling of the Court Allahabad High Court directed that no arrest or coercive action must be taken against the accused persons for a ‘cool-off’ period of two months from the complaint. It also directed the district-level constitution of family welfare committees, to which cases are directed to be transferred to. SC has approved these directions without in-depth analysis of the wider socio-political consequences. Implications: Even with strong evidence, police cannot arrest for two months. Complainants face a cool-off period that may deter them from filing cases. Safety risks increase for victims, especially in hostile domestic environments. Legitimises police inaction in serious allegations of domestic violence. Issue of Misuse of law Although, Section 498-A IPC was enacted as a safeguard to protect married women from cruelty. While it has helped many women, there are also concerns about its misuse in some cases. Forms of misuse: False or exaggerated allegations of cruelty are made against husband and relatives. To seek revenge after failed marriage or relationship, the wife or her family makes complain Due to this, in most cases complaint is generally followed by the demand of a huge amount of money to settle the case outside the court. Further, the vagueness of the law makes it easier for false claims to be made and law enforcement officers often act arbitrarily. Make indiscriminate arrests without proper investigation.  Supreme Court’s Attempt to Stop Misuse In Arnesh Kumar vs State of Bihar (2014), the Supreme Court gave strict instructions: Police should not automatically arrest when a 498-A complaint is filed. They must first check if arrest is necessary under Section 41 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC). These guidelines were meant to make the law more strict against false arrests. Ground Reality – Data & Surveys NCRB 2022: 1,34,506 cases registered under Section 498-A. NFHS-5: High prevalence of under-reporting of domestic violence in several States. Humsafar Report: Rise in cases reflects greater awareness, not necessarily misuse. Hence, to draw conclusions of widespread misuse from individual cases “reflect institutional bias that exists within the criminal justice system” The ruling removes urgent legal protection during the most dangerous period after filing a complaint which may have serious implications on the victim. Way Forward Address misuse concerns without diluting core protections for victims. Ensure prompt, time-bound inquiries rather than blanket suspension of arrests. Use mediation for matrimonial disputes but keep penal provisions fully available for violence cases. Prioritise safety of complainants through protection orders, shelters, and immediate police intervention where needed. Conclusion The Supreme Court’s ruling, while aimed at preventing alleged misuse, risks weakening vital protections for victims of domestic cruelty.  A victim-centric approach that safeguards rights without undermining due process is essential to uphold both justice and gender equality. Mains Practice Question Q The Supreme Court’s endorsement of a ‘cool-off period’ in anti-cruelty cases under Section 498-A IPC raises critical questions about gender justice and victim protection. Discuss (250 words, 15 marks) Source: A Supreme Court ruling with no room for gender justice – The Hindu  

Aug 11, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 11th August 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Aug 11, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 10th August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Rising Farm Exports Category: AGRICULTURE Context:  Impact of USA’s tariff on agriculture exports India’s Rising Farm Exports Export Performance: India exported agricultural goods worth $51.94 billion in 2024–25 (Apr–Jun data annualized), up 5.84% year-on-year. Key Export Items: Marine products, rice (basmati & non-basmati), spices, buffalo meat, coffee, fruits & vegetables, sugar, tobacco, processed F&V, castor oil, oilseeds, and oilmeals. Top Gainers: Non-basmati rice (+11.54%), tobacco (+19.29%), coffee (+13.87%), and processed F&V (+12.08%). Top Decliners: Marine products (-19.45%), oilseeds (-12.58%), oilmeals (-5.24%). Trade Surplus: Agriculture exports ($51.9B) exceed imports ($38.5B), but surplus has halved compared to a decade ago. Growth Factors: Higher global food prices (FAO index), strong demand for certain commodities, easing of export restrictions, and price rises in onions, coffee, and tobacco. Risks: Possible US tariffs under Trump’s policies, global market volatility, and falling prices in some commodities. Global Context: Demand boosts from countries like Brazil, Zimbabwe; domestic measures like onion export bans lifted; drought impacts in some countries helped exports. Learning Corner: India’s Exports  Overview India is among the top 20 largest exporters globally. Merchandise exports crossed USD 450 billion in FY 2023–24, while services exports exceeded USD 340 billion, making India a net exporter in services. Major export sectors: Petroleum products, engineering goods, gems & jewellery, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and agricultural products. Key Schemes & Initiatives Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2023: Shift from incentive-based to remission-based schemes. Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP): Refunds taxes not rebated under other schemes. Export Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG): Duty-free import of capital goods for producing export goods. Production Linked Incentive (PLI): Boosts manufacturing in electronics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc. Market Access Initiative (MAI): Financial assistance for market development. Institutional Framework Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) – policy implementation. Export Credit Guarantee Corporation (ECGC) – export credit insurance. Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) – agri exports. Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) – marine exports. Important Facts for Prelims Top export destinations (FY 2024): USA, UAE, Netherlands, Singapore, China. Top exported items (2024): Petroleum products, engineering goods, gems & jewellery, rice, pharmaceuticals. India’s global rank in IT services exports – 1st. Special Economic Zones (SEZs) contribute over 30% of India’s total exports. Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) expected to boost trade routes. WTO & Trade Agreements Context India is a WTO member since 1995. Involved in FTAs/CECA with countries like UAE (CEPA), Australia (ECTA), Mauritius (CECPA), ASEAN, and Japan. Negotiating India-UK FTA and India-EU FTA. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS IMEC (India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Gaza War Delayed IMEC. Background: The IMEC was announced during the G20 Summit (2023) to cut shipping time from India to Europe by ~40% compared to the Red Sea route. It involves sea and rail connectivity from India to UAE, across Saudi Arabia and Jordan to Israel, then by ship to Greece and onward via Europe’s rail network. It also includes cables for electricity, internet, and pipelines for clean energy. Importance: The EU is India’s largest trading partner; in FY 2023–24, bilateral trade was $137.41 billion. IMEC aims to strengthen connectivity, boost trade, and reduce costs. Initial Momentum: Announced during a rare stable geopolitical moment in the Middle East, with growing normalisation (Israel–Arab rapprochement, Saudi Arabia’s cautious engagement). Impact of Gaza War: Jordan–Israel ties have collapsed due to Israeli–American pressure on Jordan over Gaza. Saudi Arabia’s normalisation with Israel stalled; Riyadh is doubling down on Palestinian statehood demands. Red Sea shipping has been disrupted by Houthi attacks. Regional instability has made stakeholder meetings impossible. Learning Corner: India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) – UPSC Prelims Specific Announcement – Launched at the G20 Summit, New Delhi, September 2023 as part of the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII). Members – India, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Jordan, Israel, European Union, USA. Structure – Two corridors: Eastern Corridor – Connects India to the Arabian Gulf. Northern Corridor – Connects the Arabian Gulf to Europe. Mode of Transport – Multimodal: rail, road, and shipping links. Key Aim – To boost trade, digital connectivity, clean energy transfer (green hydrogen), and supply chain resilience. Significance for India – Strategic alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Enhances connectivity with Europe via Middle East bypassing Pakistan. Strengthens ties with Gulf nations and EU. Challenges – Geopolitical tensions in West Asia, Israel–Palestine conflict, and funding issues. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Kaleshwaram Project (KLIP) Category: AGRICULTURE Context: One-man judicial commission to investigate corruption in KLIP What is KLIP? A multi-purpose lift irrigation project on the Godavari River in Kaleshwaram, Bhupalpally district, Telangana. World’s largest multi-stage irrigation project; utilises a canal network of over 1,800 km. Designed to irrigate 16 lakh hectares, stabilise existing ayacut, and store/distribute 240 TMC ft of Godavari water for irrigation, drinking, and industrial use. Built across Godavari at Medigadda, Annaram, Sundilla. Controversy: Structural failures: Within 3 years, piers of Sundilla barrage sank; Annaram and Sundilla developed cracks. Allegation: Barrages were built on permeable foundations unable to withstand heavy water inflow. Location shift from Tummidihatti to Medigadda raised cost and invited political criticism. Water availability doubts at Tummidihatti led to change, but opposition alleged ulterior motives. Inquiry: Congress promised probe; CM A. Revanth Reddy set up one-man judicial commission headed by Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose. Inquiry spanned 15 months, examined over 110 witnesses, including ex-CM KCR and former ministers. Found negligence in execution and fund release. Report submitted on July 31, 2025; discussion to be held in Assembly. Learning Corner: Lift Irrigation Projects in India Major Operational Lift Irrigation Projects Project State Source of Water Key Points Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP) Telangana Godavari River World’s largest multi-stage lift irrigation; lifts water up to ~600 m; designed for irrigation, drinking water, and industrial use. Handri-Neeva Sujala Sravanthi (HNSS) Andhra Pradesh Krishna River Multi-phase; lifts water to drought-prone Rayalaseema. Indira Gandhi Canal Lift Scheme Rajasthan IG Canal (from Sutlej-Beas) Supplies water to higher elevation areas of Thar Desert. Ganga Canal Lift Scheme Uttar Pradesh Ganga River Provides irrigation in western UP; supplement to main Ganga canal. Sardar Sarovar Lift Irrigation Schemes Gujarat Narmada River Feeds command areas outside gravity reach; also provides drinking water. Goura Lift Irrigation Project Odisha Mahanadi River Supports agriculture in highland tribal areas. Kundalia Lift Irrigation Scheme Madhya Pradesh Narmada River Recently commissioned; aims to irrigate drought-prone areas of Rajgarh and Agar-Malwa. Major Upcoming / Under-Construction Lift Irrigation Projects Project State Source Status & Significance Palamuru–Rangareddy Lift Irrigation Scheme Telangana Krishna River Under construction; to supply irrigation and drinking water to south Telangana. Devadula Lift Irrigation Scheme Telangana Godavari River India’s highest capacity lift scheme in terms of discharge; several phases under execution. Mekedatu Balancing Reservoir with Lift Component Karnataka Cauvery River Proposed; controversy with Tamil Nadu over water-sharing. Pattiseema Lift Irrigation Project (expansion) Andhra Pradesh Godavari River Existing Godavari–Krishna interlinking; future expansion to improve drought proofing. Upper Bhadra Project (Lift Component) Karnataka Tunga–Bhadra River Declared National Project (2023); part of water distribution to drought-prone central Karnataka. Source: THE HINDU World Lion Day 2025 Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: On World Lion Day 2025, the Union Environment Minister announced that the Asiatic lion population has risen from 674 in 2020 to 891 in 2025—a 32% increase in five years and over 70% growth in the past decade. India has achieved a remarkable success in lion conservation, especially in Gujarat’s Gir and the wider Saurashtra region.  Key factors behind this achievement include: Visionary Leadership: Prime Minister Narendra Modi, both as Gujarat’s Chief Minister and later nationally, prioritized Project Lion, driving major policy action, funding, and habitat expansion. Community Participation: Local communities, notably the Maldhari pastoralists, have coexisted harmoniously with lions, often forgoing compensation for losses, helping reduce conflict and enable population growth. Scientific Conservation & Infrastructure: New habitats, improved veterinary care, and ecotourism facilities—such as the revival of Barda Wildlife Sanctuary—have allowed lions to naturally expand from three to eleven districts. Policy and Funding: A 10-year national lion conservation project with a budget over ₹2,900 crore has established new healthcare and monitoring centers. Global Significance: The Asiatic lion now survives only in India, showcasing the success of policies, dedicated forest staff, and a culture of coexistence. This model—blending scientific management, strong policies, and community partnership—is seen as a global benchmark for wildlife conservation. Learning Corner: Asiatic Lion vs African Lion Feature Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica) African Lion (Panthera leo leo) Distribution Single wild population in Gir Forest, Gujarat, India Widely distributed in Sub-Saharan Africa Population ~675 (2024 census) ~20,000 (fragmented populations) IUCN Status Endangered Vulnerable Physical Build Smaller, less muscular; prominent skin fold along belly Larger, more muscular; no belly fold Mane Shorter, sparser mane — ears visible Fuller, bushier mane — ears often hidden Social Structure Smaller prides (2–5 females) Larger prides (10–15+ females) Conservation Challenges Restricted habitat, human–wildlife conflict, disease risk due to single population Habitat loss, poaching, human–wildlife conflict Special Notes Only wild lions outside Africa; part of India’s wildlife heritage Key apex predator in African savannah ecosystems Source: THE HINDU Tamil Nadu School Education Policy 2025 Category: ENVIRONMENT Context Tamil Nadu unveils Tamil Nadu School Education Policy 2025  Key Highlights Two-Language Formula Reaffirms teaching in Tamil and English only, rejecting the NEP’s three-language model and the imposition of Hindi. Tamil is upheld as the state’s identity; English as a global skill. Vision and Focus Builds an inclusive, equitable, and future-ready school system rooted in Tamil culture. Promotes critical thinking, creativity, digital literacy, and rational inquiry. Special provisions for marginalised groups, first-generation learners, and children with special needs. Major Features Class XI board exam scrapped — only Classes X and XII to have public exams. School entry age remains at 5 years; 10+2 structure retained, rejecting NEP’s 5+3+3+4 model. No centralised entrance tests for arts and science; admissions based on Class XI & XII marks. Competency-based, inquiry-driven curriculum with emphasis on Tamil heritage, environment, social-emotional learning, and digital skills. Greater focus on arts, sports, life skills, and experiential learning. Political and Policy Stand SEP positioned as a counter to the NEP, citing threats to social justice and linguistic autonomy. State asserts education is a concurrent subject and opposes unilateral central mandates. Dispute with Centre over withheld education funds linked to NEP non-adoption. Implementation Goal Developed by a 14-member expert panel after wide consultations. Aims for 100% transition from school to higher education (currently 75%). Learning Corner: National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 – UPSC Prelims Specific Launch: Approved by Union Cabinet on 29 July 2020, replacing the National Policy on Education, 1986. Vision: Holistic, flexible, multidisciplinary education aligned to SDG 4 (Quality Education). Structure: Replaces 10+2 with 5+3+3+4 model (ages 3–18). Foundational Stage (5 years) – pre-primary + Grades 1–2. Preparatory Stage (3 years) – Grades 3–5. Middle Stage (3 years) – Grades 6–8. Secondary Stage (4 years) – Grades 9–12. School Education Reforms: Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) universalised by 2030. National Mission to improve foundational literacy & numeracy (NIPUN Bharat). Board exams to be easier, more flexible. Mother tongue/local language as medium of instruction till Grade 5. Higher Education Reforms: Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) target: 50% by 2035. Multidisciplinary Education and Research Universities (MERUs). Four-year undergraduate programmes (FYUP) with multiple exit options. Common Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) replacing UGC/AICTE. Other Features: Vocational education from Grade 6. Integration of technology (National Educational Technology Forum – NETF). National Assessment Centre – PARAKH. Teacher Education – by 2030, minimum degree requirement will be a 4-year B.Ed. Criticism & Challenges: Implementation hurdles at state level due to federal nature of education. Resource constraints & digital divide. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025 (GS paper III – Environment) Introduction (Context) On July 25, 2025, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) notified the Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025 under the Environment Protection Act, providing India’s first legal framework for managing chemically contaminated sites. What are Contaminated Sites? As per the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), contaminated sites are places where hazardous or other wastes were historically dumped, leading to contamination of soil, groundwater, and surface water, posing risks to human health and the environment. Examples: Landfills, waste dumps, spill sites Waste storage and treatment facilities Chemical waste handling and storage sites Current Scenario: 103 sites identified across India. Remediation started in only 7 sites, which involves cleaning the contaminated soil, groundwater, surface water and sediments by adopting appropriate technologies. Many polluters are defunct or unable to bear clean-up costs Why Were These Rules Needed? In 2010, MoEFCC launched the Capacity Building Program for Industrial Pollution Management Project to develop a National Program for Remediation of Polluted Sites. Three tasks were identified: Inventory Creation – Identify probable contaminated sites Guidance Development – Prepare manuals for site assessment and remediation Legal, Institutional & Financial Framework – Create binding rules  (pending until 2025) The 2025 rules complete the legal codification process, enabling structured action on contamination. Provisions of the 2025 Rules Reporting of Suspected Sites The District Administration must prepare half-yearly reports identifying any sites suspected of chemical contamination. These reports will be forwarded to the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or a designated Reference Organisation for further action. Preliminary Assessment Once a site is reported, the SPCB/Reference Organisation has 90 days to conduct a preliminary assessment. This involves: Reviewing historical data about the site Checking for past industrial or hazardous waste activity Collecting limited samples to confirm potential contamination The aim is to determine whether a detailed survey is needed. Detailed Site Survey If the preliminary assessment suggests contamination, a comprehensive survey must be completed in the next 90 days. This survey will: Identify the type and extent of contamination Measure levels of hazardous chemicals (from the list of 189 chemicals in the Hazardous and Other Wastes Rules, 2016) Assess risks to human health and ecosystems If contamination exceeds safe limits: The site’s location will be publicly disclosed Access restrictions will be placed to prevent exposure Remediation Plan A Reference Organisation (expert body) will design a remediation plan, detailing: The clean-up technology to be used (e.g., soil washing, bioremediation, incineration) Estimated timelines for each stage of remediation Safety precautions during clean-up The remediation plan will be submitted to the SPCB for approval and implementation. Identification of Polluters & Cost Recovery The SPCB has 90 days to identify the person(s) or company responsible for contamination. Polluter Pays Principle applies — polluters must bear the full cost of remediation. If polluters are defunct, missing, or unable to pay, the State and Central Government will jointly finance the clean-up. Legal Liability If contamination has caused death or injury, criminal proceedings can be initiated under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (2023). This is in addition to financial liability for clean-up. Gaps  These rules do not apply to contamination from: Radioactive waste, Mining operations, Oil pollution of the sea and Solid waste from municipal dump sites (covered by other laws). Further there is lack of a defined timeline whereby once a contaminated site is identified. Hence proper steps need to be taken to fill such gaps. Mains Practice Question Q The newly notified Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025 aim to address a long-standing gap in India’s environmental governance. Discuss their significance, limitations, and the way forward. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: What are the new rules on chemically contaminated sites? | Explained – The Hindu Affordable Diagnostics must for Universal Healthcare (GS paper II – Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) Universal health coverage (UHC), to which India committed in the National Health Policy of 2017 and also as a signatory of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), requires high levels of service coverage and financial protection. However, absence of reliable diagnostic facilities in close-to-home public healthcare facilities reduces levels of both service coverage and financial protection. Hence, let’s understand the role of diagnostics in UHC, the current gaps in access, recent policy measures (like NLED), and strategies for strengthening diagnostic services at all levels of healthcare. What are diagnostic services and its significance? Diagnostic services refer to a range of medical tests and procedures designed to identify diseases and conditions in patients.  This includes diagnostic examination and evaluation programs, such as medical and dental evaluations, psychological testing, and academic and vocational assessments.  Significance: These services are essential for informed decision-making in patient care. Early detection can project disease progression and enable timely intervention. Reduces unnecessary or mistimed treatments, saving public and private health costs. Lack of access to diagnostic tests can result in a delayed or incorrect identification of the disorder, leading to mistimed or misdirected therapeutic approaches. Diagnostic Access in India Private vs Public In India, private hospitals and labs offer many types of medical tests, but for poor people in cities and large sections of rural areas, these services are too expensive or too far away. Rely on public health centres increases.  Solution: For Universal Health Coverage (UHC) to really work, people should be able to get essential tests close to where they live — ideally at the Ayushman Aarogya Mandir (sub-centre level Health and Wellness Centre) or the Primary Health Centre (PHC). Coverage of Diagnostics Lifestyle, economic, environmental, and nutritional changes are increasing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like heart disease and diabetes. Infectious diseases like TB and malaria still persist. All require early and accurate diagnostic services. Solution: The government needs to think about the changing disease patterns in the country and change pattern of diagnostic services according to that.  Cost effectiveness of Diagnostic When using diagnostic tests in the health system, we must think about cost-effectiveness. There should be proper study about the tests to be provided, sequence of tests, cost, etc. Solution: The government should provide evidence-based diagnostic guidelines. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) should take the lead in preparing these guidelines. Recent changes in National List of Essential Diagnostics (NLED) The National List of Essential Diagnostics (NLED) is a list of medical tests that should be available at different levels of healthcare across India.  It was first prepared in 2019 and has now been updated by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) to match today’s disease patterns and modern technology. Key Updates in the New NLED Diabetes Testing India has millions of people with diabetes or pre-diabetes. The ICMR now recommends collecting HbA1C blood samples at Primary Health Centres (PHCs) to check average blood sugar levels over the last three months. These samples will be sent to bigger centres for analysis. Tests at Sub-Centre Level (Health and Wellness Centres) Rapid tests for sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia, Hepatitis B, and syphilis. Collecting samples for dengue testing — important because climate change is spreading mosquito-borne diseases to more areas. Tests at PHC Level Blood chemistry tests like blood sugar, liver enzyme, and cholesterol checks can now be done on-site. Tests at CHC Level (Community Health Centres) Dental X-rays introduced, as oral health is now considered a public health priority. TB Diagnosis Sputum samples for molecular TB testing will be collected at sub-centres and PHCs and sent to higher centres. At CHCs, sub-district, and district hospitals — these TB tests will be done in-house. This is crucial because India still has a high TB burden, with many undetected or late-detected cases. These changes are possible because molecular diagnostic machines have become cheaper and widely available. Way Forward Equip all Ayushman Aarogya Mandirs and PHCs with essential diagnostic tools. Expand training programmes for technicians and health workers. Expand health insurance to cover outpatient diagnostics. Ensure last-mile availability through mobile clinics and community-based testing. Use AI and telemedicine to bridge skill and access gaps. Conclusion Without reliable, affordable, and decentralised diagnostic services, UHC goals remain unattainable. Strengthening the diagnostic ecosystem through infrastructure, technology, and capacity building is the critical first step towards universal, equitable healthcare in India. Mains Practice Question Q “Diagnostics are the backbone of Universal Health Coverage in India.” Discuss the challenges in making diagnostics accessible and affordable, and suggest measures to address these challenges. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: The first step to Universal Healthcare: Make diagnostics accessible and cheap | The Indian Express  

Aug 9, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 9th August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) MERITE Scheme Category: POLITY Context:  The Union Cabinet has approved the Multidisciplinary Education and Research Improvement in Technical Education (MERITE) Scheme. Key Features Central Sector Scheme to upgrade quality, equity, and governance in technical education, aligned with NEP 2020. Funding: ₹2,100 crore loan from the World Bank and ₹2,100 crore from the Central Government. Coverage: 275 government and government-aided technical institutions, including 175 engineering colleges and 100 polytechnics. Beneficiaries: Around 7.5 lakh students to benefit from better infrastructure, digital access, and skill development. Objectives & Benefits Quality Enhancement: Improve teaching, research, governance, and industry relevance. Equity & Inclusion: Focus on women faculty, diverse student groups, and regional balance. Research & Innovation: Boost institutional autonomy, innovation culture, and R&D. Skills & Employability: Promote curriculum reform, internships, and blended learning. Governance Support: Capacity-building for state/UT technical education departments. Digital Transformation: Expand use of digital tools and e-learning platforms. Implementation Administered by a central nodal agency under the Ministry of Education in collaboration with states/UTs, AICTE, NBA, IITs, and IIMs. Learning Corner: Schemes on Higher Education – India Scheme / Initiative Ministry / Body Objective Key Features Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) Ministry of Education Improve quality, access, and equity in State higher education Funding for infrastructure, faculty development, accreditation, and innovation. Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS). Institutions of Eminence (IoE) Ministry of Education & UGC Develop world-class teaching & research institutions 10 public (funded) & 10 private (no funding) institutions given greater autonomy. National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) Ministry of Education Rank institutions based on performance Annual rankings based on parameters like teaching, research, outreach. Impacting Research Innovation and Technology (IMPRINT) MoE & DST Address engineering & technology challenges Joint research projects across higher institutions. Global Initiative for Academic Networks (GIAN) MoE Bring foreign faculty to teach in Indian institutions Short-term courses, knowledge exchange. Scheme for Promotion of Academic and Research Collaboration (SPARC) MoE International research collaboration Partnerships with top global universities. Unnat Bharat Abhiyan MoE & IITs Link higher education to rural development Faculty & students work on local challenges. National Apprenticeship Training Scheme (NATS) MoE Provide skill training to graduates/diploma holders Industry-linked apprenticeships with stipends. PM Research Fellowship (PMRF) MoE Attract talent for PhD in IITs/IISc/NITs High-value fellowships for research excellence. Source: PIB CATCH Grant Program Category: POLITY Context : IndiaAI (MeitY) and the National Cancer Grid (NCG) have launched the Cancer AI & Technology Challenge (CATCH) Grant Program to boost AI-based innovations in cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment across India. Key Highlights Funding: Up to ₹50 lakh per project; successful pilots may receive scale-up grants up to ₹1 crore. Focus Areas: AI solutions for screening, diagnostics, clinical decision support, patient engagement, operational efficiency, research, and data curation. Eligibility: Open to startups, health tech firms, academic/research institutions, hospitals, and non-profits in India. Joint clinical–tech applications encouraged. Deployment: Uses NCG’s 300+ cancer center network for validation, pilot testing, and nationwide scaling. Timeline Launch: 2 Aug 2025 Application deadline: 2 Sep 2025 Review & matchmaking: Sep–Oct 2025 Final approval: Oct–Nov 2025 First grant disbursement: Feb 2026 onwards Features Mentorship, regulatory guidance, and clinical support. Focus on ethical, clinically validated, and India-specific AI solutions. Large-scale impact via NCG and IndiaAI’s networks. Learning Corner: Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Medical Field Use of algorithms, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) to analyze medical data, assist diagnosis, predict disease progression, personalize treatment, and improve healthcare delivery. Key Applications & Examples Application Area Role of AI Specific Examples Medical Imaging & Diagnostics AI algorithms detect abnormalities in X-rays, MRIs, CT scans faster and often more accurately than humans. Google’s DeepMind – detects eye diseases from retinal scans; IBM Watson Health – cancer diagnosis support; Qure.ai – TB & stroke detection from imaging in India. Predictive Analytics & Disease Outbreaks Predict patient deterioration or epidemic spread using large datasets. BlueDot – predicted COVID-19 spread before WHO alert; AI-based sepsis prediction tools in ICUs. Drug Discovery & Development AI accelerates drug molecule screening & clinical trial design. BenevolentAI – repurposed drugs for rare diseases; Insilico Medicine – AI-designed drug candidates for fibrosis. Personalized Medicine Tailors treatment based on patient’s genetic and lifestyle data. Tempus – uses AI for cancer genomics to personalize therapy. Surgical Assistance & Robotics AI-powered robots improve precision and reduce recovery time. Da Vinci Surgical System – minimally invasive surgeries with AI guidance; Versius – robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgeries in India. Virtual Health Assistants AI chatbots & voice assistants provide basic medical advice and reminders. Babylon Health – symptom checker; Practo AI – appointment and teleconsultation in India. Administrative Automation Reduces time spent on paperwork, billing, and patient records. AI-based Electronic Health Record (EHR) automation tools like Epic Systems. Source:  PIB Sea Star Wasting Disease (SSWD) Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Mystery of 5 billion Starfish Deaths Solved Over 12 years, more than 5 billion starfish along the Pacific coast of North America died from sea star wasting disease (SSWD), marked by lesions, limb loss, and body disintegration. The worst hit was the sunflower sea star, with population losses of up to 90%. As a keystone predator, its disappearance triggered sea urchin population booms, devastating kelp forests. Discovery Journey Early studies suspected a virus (densovirus), but it proved unrelated. Researchers shifted focus to the coelomic fluid of starfish instead of tissue samples. Experiments showed that boiling the infected fluid removed the disease-causing agent, indicating a bacterium. The Culprit Identified After years of analysis, scientists at the Hakai Institute and University of British Columbia found Vibrio pectenicida (strain FHCF-3) to be the cause. DNA sequencing revealed its high presence in sick starfish. Healthy starfish exposed to it developed wasting disease and died. Why It Took a Decade Symptoms had multiple possible causes. Initial research targeted the wrong tissues and pathogens. The bacterium hid in plain sight, detectable only in fluid from living specimens. Learning Corner: Sunflower Sea Star (Pycnopodia helianthoides) Description: One of the largest and fastest-moving sea stars found along the Pacific coast of North America, with up to 24 arms resembling sunflower petals. Ecological Role: A keystone predator that regulates sea urchin populations, helping maintain the health of kelp forest ecosystems. Significance: Its predation controls sea urchin overgrazing, which otherwise devastates kelp habitats vital for marine biodiversity. Threats: Severely impacted by Sea Star Wasting Disease (SSWD) since 2013, with population declines exceeding 90% in some areas. Conservation Status: Considered critically endangered in several regions due to disease and environmental stressors. Recovery Efforts: Ongoing research focuses on disease mitigation, captive breeding, and habitat restoration to revive populations and preserve ecosystem balance. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS CAFE norms Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: The government has drafted rules to penalise automakers exceeding fleet-level emission norms under the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022. Key Features Authority: Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) to monitor compliance with Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) norms and report violations to State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) for adjudication. Penalties: Excess of 0–4.7g/km CO₂: ₹25,000 per vehicle sold. Excess above 4.7g/km CO₂: ₹50,000 per vehicle sold. Base penalty: ₹10 lakh for administrative breaches. Funds: 90% of penalties go to states via the Energy Conservation Fund. Dispute Resolution: SERC where automaker’s registered office is located. Impacted Automakers Eight carmakers exceeded norms in FY23, including Kia, Hyundai, Renault, and Honda, facing penalties worth hundreds of crores. Maruti Suzuki, Tata Motors, and Toyota complied due to cleaner fleets. Policy Context Previously, no clear penalty process existed. New rules, effective January 2023, replace earlier lighter fines. Industry seeks non-retroactive application and broader recognition of hybrid, ethanol, and CNG vehicles. Significance The framework strengthens enforcement, accelerates cleaner vehicle adoption, and aligns with India’s emission-reduction goals, while sparking debate over competitiveness and transition timelines. Learning Corner: Schemes to Prevent Automotive Emissions in India Bharat Stage Emission Standards (BS Norms) India’s emission standards modeled after European norms. Currently at BS VI (since April 2020), drastically reducing pollutants like NOx, PM, and hydrocarbons. Mandates cleaner fuels and advanced vehicle technologies. Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles (FAME) Promotes adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles via subsidies, incentives, and infrastructure development. FAME-II (since 2019) focuses on demand creation, charging infrastructure, and supporting EV manufacturing. Vehicle Scrappage Policy Encourages phasing out old, polluting vehicles by offering incentives for scrapping and replacing them with cleaner vehicles. Aims to reduce vehicular pollution and boost EV adoption. Energy Conservation (Compliance Enforcement) Rules, 2025 Empowers Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) to monitor and penalize automakers exceeding emission norms. Penalties imposed based on carbon emission excess per vehicle. Promotion of CNG and Alternative Fuels Incentives for CNG vehicles, biofuels, and other cleaner fuels to reduce dependence on petrol/diesel. National Electric Mobility Mission (NEMM) A broader initiative to promote electric mobility and reduce fossil fuel consumption and emissions. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Green Ammonia Category: ENVIRONMENT Context The Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) held its first auction for Green Ammonia under the SIGHT Scheme (Mode-2A) of the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM). Record Price: Discovered at ₹55.75/kg (~USD 641/MT), far lower than the ₹100.28/kg in the previous year’s H2Global auction. Grey ammonia costs around USD 515/MT. Scale: SECI will procure 75,000 MT/year for Paradeep Phosphates, Odisha. This is the first of 13 auctions targeting 7.24 lakh MT/year. Contract: 10-year fixed price to encourage industries like fertilizers, shipping, and heavy manufacturing to switch to green ammonia. Impact: Indicates near price parity with fossil-based ammonia, reduces natural gas dependence, lowers fertilizer subsidies, and supports climate goals. Green Ammonia: Produced by combining green hydrogen (from renewable-powered electrolysis) with nitrogen, yielding carbon-free ammonia for fertilizers, marine fuel, and clean energy storage. Learning Corner: Green Ammonia Definition: Green ammonia is ammonia (NH₃) produced using renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels. The key difference lies in the hydrogen source: In conventional (grey) ammonia, hydrogen is derived from natural gas via steam methane reforming (SMR), emitting CO₂. In green ammonia, hydrogen is produced via electrolysis of water using renewable electricity (solar, wind, hydro), and then combined with nitrogen from the air through the Haber–Bosch process. Chemical Reaction: N2+3H2→2NH3N_2 + 3H_2 \rightarrow 2NH_3 For green ammonia, H₂ comes from renewable-powered electrolysis. Why Green Ammonia is Important Climate Goals: Ammonia production accounts for ~1-2% of global CO₂ emissions (due to fossil-based hydrogen). Green ammonia production can be nearly carbon-free. Energy Transition: Supports decarbonisation in hard-to-abate sectors like shipping and fertilizers. Energy Storage & Transport: Easier to store and transport than hydrogen gas. Can be shipped in liquid form at moderate pressures and temperatures. Applications of Green Ammonia Fertilizers (Primary Use – ~80% of ammonia production) Used directly or converted into urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate. Green ammonia enables carbon-neutral agriculture. Reduces India’s import dependence on natural gas-based ammonia. Shipping Fuel International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set targets to cut emissions by 50% by 2050. Green ammonia is a promising zero-carbon bunker fuel for long-distance vessels. Example: Trials of ammonia-fuelled engines by companies like MAN Energy Solutions. Power Generation Can be used directly in gas turbines for electricity generation or co-firing with coal to reduce emissions. Potential for seasonal energy storage by converting renewable power into ammonia and back to electricity. Hydrogen Carrier Ammonia can be “cracked” back into hydrogen at the point of use. Easier to transport than liquid hydrogen due to higher energy density and lower cryogenic requirements. Industrial Chemicals Feedstock for plastics, explosives (ammonium nitrate), and other chemicals. Enables low-carbon industrial supply chains. Emerging Uses As a refrigerant (low-GWP alternative). Fuel for high-temperature industrial heat (steel, cement). Production Pathway Electrolysis: Renewable power splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. Air Separation: Nitrogen extracted from air. Haber–Bosch Process: Hydrogen and nitrogen react under high temperature and pressure with an iron-based catalyst to form ammonia. Challenges Cost: Currently more expensive (~2–4x) than grey ammonia, but falling rapidly. Infrastructure: Requires retrofitting of fertilizer plants and bunkering facilities. Energy Intensity: Haber–Bosch process is energy-intensive, even with green inputs. Safety: Ammonia is toxic and requires careful handling. Table comparing Grey, Blue, and Green Ammonia  Type of Ammonia Production Method Feedstock Carbon Emissions Carbon Mitigation Approx. Cost (2024) Major Applications Grey Ammonia Haber–Bosch process using hydrogen from steam methane reforming (SMR) or coal gasification Natural gas (CH₄) or coal High (≈ 2.6 tonnes CO₂ per tonne ammonia) None ~USD 450–550/MT Fertilizers (urea, DAP), explosives, chemicals Blue Ammonia Same as Grey, but with carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) Natural gas/coal Moderate (≈ 90% CO₂ captured) CCUS technology applied ~USD 600–750/MT Low-carbon fertilizers, fuel for shipping, hydrogen carrier Green Ammonia Haber–Bosch process using hydrogen from electrolysis powered by renewables, nitrogen from air separation Water (H₂ source) + Air (N₂ source) Zero direct CO₂ emissions Uses 100% renewable energy ~USD 600–900/MT (falling with scale) Green fertilizers, clean marine fuel, hydrogen storage & transport, energy export Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) POSH Act and Political Parties: (GS paper II – Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) The Supreme Court recently refused to entertain a plea seeking the extension of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (POSH Act) to political parties. The Court held that the matter lies within the policy domain of the legislature and the executive. What is POSH Act? The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (referred to as the POSH Act) is a landmark Indian legislation aimed at creating a safe and dignified work environment for women. This Act is to provide  Protection against sexual harassment of women at workplace Prevention  Redressal of complaints of sexual harassment Historical Background Before the PoSH Act was enacted in 2013, sexual harassment at the workplace in India was addressed only through the Vishakha Guidelines issued by the Supreme Court in 1997.  These guidelines emerged from the landmark case Vishakha & Others v. State of Rajasthan, which was triggered by the gang rape of Bhanwari Devi, a social worker assaulted after trying to stop a child marriage.  While the Vishakha Guidelines offered an important legal foundation, they were not statutory in nature, leading to inconsistent implementation across workplaces.  The PoSH Act was therefore introduced to codify these guidelines into law, extend their application to all workplaces in India, and create a clear, enforceable system for handling sexual harassment cases. Salient features The PoSH Act mandated that every employer must constitute an Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) at each office or branch that had 10 or more employees. The aggrieved victim under the Act can be a woman “of any age whether employed [at the workplace] or not”, who “alleges to have been subjected to any act of sexual harassment”.  In effect, the Act protects the rights of all women who are working or visiting any workplace, in any capacity. Under the 2013 law, sexual harassment includes “any one or more” of the following “unwelcome acts or behaviour” committed directly or by implication: Physical contact and advances A demand or request for sexual favours Sexually coloured remarks Showing pornography Any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature. It is not compulsory for the aggrieved victim to file a complaint for the ICC to take action. If the woman cannot complain because of “physical or mental incapacity or death or otherwise”, her legal heir may do so. Under the Act, the complaint must be made “within three months from the date of the incident”.  However, the ICC can “extend the time limit” if “it is satisfied that the circumstances were such which prevented the woman from filing a complaint within the said period”. The ICC “may”, before inquiry, and “at the request of the aggrieved woman, take steps to settle the matter between her and the respondent through conciliation” — provided that “no monetary settlement shall be made as a basis of conciliation”. The ICC may either forward the victim’s complaint to the police, or it can start an inquiry that has to be completed within 90 days.  When the inquiry is completed, the ICC must provide a report of its findings to the employer within 10 days. The report must also be made available to both parties. The identity of the woman, respondent, witness, any information on the inquiry, recommendation and action taken, should not be made public. If the allegations of sexual harassment are proved, the ICC will recommend to the employer to take action “in accordance with the provisions of the service rules” of the company. These may vary from company to company. Do political parties come under the PoSH Act? The Supreme Court has recently refused to entertain a petition seeking application of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 to political parties, saying it falls in the domain of the policymakers. However, the petitioner said that despite the expansive definitions of “employee” and “workplace” in the Act, women engaged in political work, particularly at the grassroots, continue to face rampant sexual harassment with no structured mechanism in place to address this. Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) to handle sexual harassment complaints are missing in political parties. The P0SH Act can be difficult to determine for a political party. Party workers, for instance, who parties tend to employ in droves, often have little interaction with high-level officials and are hired temporarily to operate on the field without a defined “workplace”. Supreme Court stated it is a legislative/executive policy matter, not for judicial mandate. Kerala High Court view (2022) In the Centre for Constitutional Rights Research and Advocacy v. State of Kerala case, the court said: Political parties don’t have an employer-employee relationship with their members. They don’t run a “venture” or “establishment” that fits the PoSH definition of a workplace. Therefore, they are not required to set up ICCs. Such verdicts highlight gaps in workplace protection laws for women in political spaces and raise questions about safeguarding women in informal and unregulated work environments. Way Forward Expand POSH definition of “workplace” to explicitly include political organisations. Mandate grievance redressal mechanisms in political parties. Sensitisation for party workers at all levels. Conclusion The Supreme Court’s refusal to bring political parties under the ambit of the POSH Act underscores the existing legal vacuum in protecting women from sexual harassment in political spaces.  While the Act has been instrumental in formal workplaces, its limited applicability leaves vast informal sectors—including political organisations—outside its scope.  Bridging this gap requires proactive legislative intervention, coupled with internal party reforms and robust grievance redressal mechanisms, to ensure that women’s participation in politics is free from intimidation, harassment, and discrimination. Mains Practice Question Q The POSH Act 2013 has significantly strengthened workplace safety for women, yet its limited applicability leaves gaps in political organisations. Discuss the challenges and possible reforms to ensure comprehensive protection. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: UPSC current affairs | POSH Act & Hema Committee: Workplace Safety for Women   NEP 5+3+3+4 Model: Transforming School Education in India (GS paper II – Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has replaced the 10+2 system with a 5+3+3+4 school structure, aligning education stages with a child’s cognitive development. While the model promises holistic transformation, challenges remain in infrastructure, teacher preparedness, parental awareness, etc. Objective of NEP 2020 NEP 2020 emphasizes on ensuring universal access to school education at all levels- pre-school to secondary. To increase the Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education including vocational education from 26.3% (2018) to 50% by 2035. 3.5 Crore new seats will be added to Higher education institutions. The Centre and the States will work together to increase the public investment in Education sector to reach 6% of GDP at the earliest. Overview of the 5+3+3+4 Structure The 5+3+3+4 model replaces the traditional 10+2 system and divides the educational journey into four stages based on the cognitive and developmental needs of children: Foundational Stage (5 years): Age Group: 3 to 8 years Components: This stage includes 3 years of preschool (Anganwadi or nursery) followed by 2 years of primary education (Classes 1 and 2). Focus: Emphasizes play-based and activity-driven learning to develop essential skills such as social interaction, language, and basic numeracy.  Preparatory Stage (3 years): Age Group: 8 to 11 years Components: Covers Classes 3 to 5. Focus: Introduces subjects like reading, writing, science, and mathematics, with a discovery-oriented approach to foster curiosity and critical thinking.  Middle Stage (3 years): Age Group: 11 to 14 years Components: Encompasses Classes 6 to 8. Focus: Aims to deepen knowledge in various subjects while encouraging students to explore their interests and develop skills in a more structured environment. Secondary Stage (4 years): Age Group: 14 to 18 years Components: Includes Classes 9 to 12. Focus: Prepares students for higher education and vocational training, allowing them to choose subjects based on their interests and career aspirations. This model is built on the recognition that a child’s brain development is most rapid in the early years, and therefore, Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) must be formally integrated into the education system.  The emphasis shifts from rote memorisation to experiential, multidisciplinary, inquiry-based learning, along with flexible subject choices and holistic assessment. Key Gaps in Implementing NEP’s 5+3+3+4 Model Infrastructure Gaps Many private urban schools have started using NEP methods like play-based learning and soft-skill evaluation. Most government and rural schools still lack basic facilities such as: Toilets and clean drinking water. Proper classrooms many anganwadis run in single rooms. Pre-primary classes, which are the starting point of the foundational stage. Adequate teaching-learning materials. Teacher Preparedness NEP’s success depends on well-trained teachers, however, challenges include: Limited exposure to activity-based and competency-based teaching. Outdated B.Ed. courses still designed for the old 10+2 system. Lack of regular training and skill upgrades, especially in rural schools. Need for continuous mentoring and hands-on classroom support, not just one-time orientation. Curriculum & Textbook Changes States are rolling out NEP-aligned syllabi at different speeds. Issues faced: Some states like Karnataka and Maharashtra have started updates, but others are lagging. Textbooks often arrive late; in some cases, mid-year. Teachers have to rely on outdated books, leading to inconsistent learning quality. No uniform standard across states, which goes against NEP’s aim of equal education access. Parental Awareness & Support Many parents, especially in semi-urban and rural areas, are not aware of NEP’s new approach. Common issues: Parents still measure learning through high marks and rote memorisation. They often doubt the value of play-based learning, projects, and portfolio assessments. Building trust and understanding takes time and regular interaction. Recent Initiatives for NEP implementation PM SHRI Schools initiative aims to upgrade over 14,000 government schools. These schools will act as model NEP schools with modern infrastructure, experiential learning, and digital classrooms.  Delhi, Maharashtra, and Odisha have started testing new foundational and preparatory stage curricula. Platforms like NISHTHA and DIKSHA provide online training and resources for teachers. What needs to be done? For the NEP and its 5+3+3+4 model to succeed, we must: Strengthen foundational infrastructure – especially in anganwadis and primary schools. Revamp teacher education both pre-service and in-service. Ensure timely rollout of updated curriculum and materials. Engage parents and communities to build awareness and trust. Monitor progress transparently and support schools in the transition. Conclusion The 5+3+3+4 model is not just a structural reform but a shift in mindset about what education should achieve. Its success depends on collective action by policymakers, educators, parents, and communities. With sustained investment in infrastructure, teacher capacity, and community awareness, India can turn this policy into a global benchmark for school education reform. Mains Practice Question Q What is the 5+3+3+4 school structure under NEP 2020 and why is it significant for India’s education system? (250 words, 15 marks) Source: NEP’s 5+3+3+4 education overhaul: Promise, gaps, and the road to transformation – The Hindu