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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 10th July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Two Pilots Killed in Third Jaguar Jet Crash of 2025 Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Jaguar trainer aircraft of the Indian Air Force (IAF) crashed near Bhanuda village in Rajasthan’s Churu district during a routine training mission This marks the third Jaguar jet crash in 2025, following previous incidents in March and April. The IAF has launched a court of inquiry to investigate the cause of the crash, while emergency teams have cordoned off the area for recovery operations. The IAF has expressed its condolences to the families of the deceased. Concerns have been raised about the aging Jaguar fleet, which has been in service since 1979. Despite upgrades, the fleet’s safety has been questioned due to technical issues and outdated systems. There are growing calls for the fleet to be modernized to avoid further tragedies. Learning Corner: The Jaguar is a twin-seat, multi-role combat aircraft used by the Indian Air Force (IAF) primarily for ground attack and close air support missions. Developed by the British Aircraft Corporation in collaboration with France’s Dassault Aviation, the Jaguar was inducted into the IAF in 1979. It was designed to operate in all weather conditions and from shorter, less-developed airstrips. Key Features: Role: Ground attack, close air support, reconnaissance. Engine: Powered by Rolls-Royce Adour engines, providing a top speed of around 1,200 km/h. Armament: Capable of carrying a variety of bombs, rockets, and air-to-ground missiles. Range: Approximately 1,000 km with external fuel tanks. Upgrades: Over the years, the Jaguar has undergone several upgrades, including better avionics, radar, and weapons systems. Service and Challenges: The Jaguar has been a workhorse for the IAF, but its aging infrastructure and the delay in acquiring newer aircraft like the Rafale have raised concerns about its operational safety. Despite upgrades, issues like engine failures and outdated safety systems have led to repeated accidents, including a series of crashes in 2025. The IAF has been working towards phasing out older models while modernizing its fleet. Source: THE HINDU Catastrophe Bonds (Cat Bonds) Category: ECONOMICS Catastrophe bonds (cat bonds) are financial instruments used to transfer the risk of natural disasters from insurers or governments to capital market investors. They function as follows: Risk Transfer: Governments, insurers, or reinsurers issue cat bonds to raise capital. If a specified natural disaster occurs (e.g., hurricane, earthquake, or flood) and meets predefined criteria, the bond’s principal is used for claims or recovery. If no disaster occurs, investors receive their principal back with interest. Trigger Mechanisms: Various triggers determine when payouts occur: Indemnity triggers: Based on actual losses. Parametric triggers: Based on measurable factors like earthquake magnitude or wind speed. Modeled or industry loss triggers: Based on modeled estimates or industry-wide losses. Pre-Disaster Planning: Issuing cat bonds before a disaster ensures: Immediate access to funds for relief and reconstruction. Reduced reliance on public budgets or emergency loans. Enhanced resilience by guaranteeing available recovery resources. Diversification and Stability: Cat bonds help distribute disaster risk globally, maintaining stable insurance premiums despite rising climate risks. Supplementing Disaster Funds: While not replacing traditional disaster funds, cat bonds provide additional financial protection, especially for large-scale, low-frequency events that may overwhelm other resources. Learning Corner: Types of Bonds: Bonds are debt securities issued by entities like governments, municipalities, or corporations to raise capital. Investors who purchase bonds are lending money to the issuer in exchange for periodic interest payments (coupons) and the return of the principal amount at maturity. There are several types of bonds, each with unique features: Government Bonds Treasury Bonds (T-Bonds): Long-term bonds issued by the central government. They offer fixed interest payments and are considered low-risk since they are backed by the government. Municipal Bonds (Muni Bonds): Issued by local governments or municipalities to fund projects such as schools, hospitals, or infrastructure. Interest earned is often tax-exempt at the federal level. Sovereign Bonds: Issued by a country’s government in foreign currencies or domestic currency. These bonds can carry higher risks if the issuing country faces economic instability. Corporate Bonds Issued by companies to raise capital for various purposes, such as expansion or debt refinancing. Corporate bonds typically offer higher yields than government bonds but come with increased credit risk. Investment-Grade Bonds: Issued by financially stable companies, these bonds have lower yields due to lower risk. High-Yield (Junk) Bonds: Issued by companies with lower credit ratings. These bonds offer higher interest rates due to the greater risk of default. Zero-Coupon Bonds These bonds do not pay periodic interest. Instead, they are issued at a discount to their face value, and the full value is paid back at maturity. The difference between the purchase price and face value represents the bond’s yield. Convertible Bonds Bonds that can be converted into a specified number of shares of the issuing company’s stock, usually at the bondholder’s discretion. These bonds offer potential for capital appreciation along with regular interest payments. Callable Bonds These bonds give the issuer the option to redeem them before their maturity date, typically at a premium. Issuers may call bonds when interest rates fall to take advantage of cheaper borrowing costs. Puttable Bonds These bonds give bondholders the right to sell the bond back to the issuer at a predetermined price before maturity, providing protection against rising interest rates. Inflation-Linked Bonds These bonds, like Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS), adjust the principal value of the bond according to inflation, protecting investors from inflation risk. The interest payments are also adjusted for inflation. Catastrophe Bonds (Cat Bonds) Issued by insurers or governments, cat bonds are used to transfer the financial risk of natural disasters to investors. If a specified disaster occurs, the bond’s principal is used for recovery. If no disaster occurs, investors receive their principal plus interest. Foreign Bonds Issued in one country by a foreign entity and denominated in the currency of the country where they are issued. For example, a bond issued by a Japanese company in the U.S. in U.S. dollars would be considered a foreign bond. Foreign-Currency Bonds Bonds issued in a currency other than the issuer’s domestic currency. These bonds are subject to foreign exchange risk, where the bond’s value may fluctuate due to changes in exchange rates. Each type of bond carries varying degrees of risk, yield, and maturity characteristics, allowing investors to choose bonds that align with their risk tolerance and investment objectives. Source: THE HINDU Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee’s 125th Birth Anniversary Category: HISTORY Context : The Ministry of Culture has launched a two-year nationwide commemoration (July 6, 2025 – July 6, 2027) to honor Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee, a visionary leader integral to India’s political, educational, and industrial development. Inaugural Events and Highlights Official Launch: The commemoration started in New Delhi with an event attended by Union Minister of Culture and Tourism, Shri Gajendra Singh Shekhawat, emphasizing Dr. Mookerjee’s contributions to national unity and self-reliance. Commemorative Stamp and Coin: A special postage stamp and ₹125 commemorative coin were released, accompanied by cultural performances, exhibitions, and a documentary on Dr. Mookerjee’s life. Cultural Programs: The National School of Drama presented a play and a short documentary to highlight his role as a Bengali thinker and nationalist. Nationwide Activities Exhibitions and Outreach: Multiple exhibitions and outreach programs are being held across India to showcase Dr. Mookerjee’s life and philosophy. State and District Events: Tributes, workshops, and screenings are being organized in states like Sikkim and Assam, reflecting his contributions to education and national unity. Workshops and Educational Initiatives: Workshops are being conducted to engage students and the public, ensuring Dr. Mookerjee’s ideals are passed to future generations. Key Themes of the Commemoration National Unity: Emphasis on his campaign for “one nation, one flag, one Constitution” and his role in the integration of Jammu and Kashmir. Educational and Industrial Reform: Focus on his achievements as Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University and India’s first Minister for Industry and Supply. Legacy and Inspiration: The commemoration aims to inspire citizens by reflecting on Dr. Mookerjee’s vision for a self-reliant and united India. Learning Corner: Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee (1901–1953) was a prominent Indian politician, educationist, and nationalist leader. He played a crucial role in shaping India’s political landscape post-independence and was a key figure in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, which later evolved into the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Mookerjee is widely remembered for his advocacy of national unity, self-reliance, and Hindu nationalism. Key Contributions: Educational Reforms: Dr. Mookerjee was the youngest Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University, where he made significant contributions to improving the educational system. His emphasis on quality higher education and innovation helped shape India’s academic foundation. Political Leadership: As the founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh in 1951, Dr. Mookerjee promoted the idea of “One Nation, One Flag, One Constitution” and staunchly opposed Article 370, which granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu and Kashmir: He is particularly remembered for his strong stance against the special privileges accorded to Jammu and Kashmir, advocating for its complete integration into India. He was arrested during a protest in Kashmir in 1953 and died under mysterious circumstances in prison, making him a martyr for his cause. Industrial and Economic Vision: As India’s first Minister for Industry and Supply, Mookerjee contributed significantly to the establishment of the Indian industrial sector, emphasizing self-reliance and indigenous development. Legacy: Dr. Mookerjee’s legacy remains influential in Indian politics, especially with regard to national unity, educational reforms, and his role in the formation of a more self-sufficient India. His contributions to education, governance, and national integration continue to inspire political leaders and citizens alike. Source :  PIB Nistar Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: The first indigenous Diving Support Vessel (DSV) ‘Nistar’ was formally delivered to the Indian Navy on July 8, 2025, by Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL) at Visakhapatnam Key Features and Capabilities: Indigenous Design and Construction: ‘Nistar’ is the first DSV fully designed and built in India, with approximately 75% indigenous content. Dimensions and Displacement: The vessel measures 118 meters in length and displaces around 10,000 tons. Deep-Sea Operations: Capable of saturation diving up to 300 meters and side diving up to 75 meters, enabling complex underwater missions. Submarine Rescue: Acts as the “Mother Ship” for Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicles (DSRVs), enabling rapid response for submarine emergencies and personnel evacuation. Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs): Equipped for diver monitoring and salvage operations at depths up to 1,000 meters. Strategic Importance: India is now among a select group of nations possessing such specialized rescue and diving capabilities. Significance: The delivery of ‘Nistar’ enhances the Indian Navy’s ability to perform submarine rescue, deep-sea diving, salvage, and underwater logistics operations. It also highlights India’s commitment to indigenous shipbuilding and defense technology development. Importance: The delivery of ‘Nistar’ enhances India’s ability to conduct critical submarine rescue, deep-sea diving, and salvage operations. It underscores India’s growing self-reliance in defense technology and the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative, further strengthening India’s naval and maritime capabilities. Source: PIB Starlink Category:SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Starlink, owned by Elon Musk, has received the final regulatory clearance to offer satellite communication services in India. The company was granted an operator license by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center) Starlink operates the world’s largest satellite constellation with around 7,000 satellites in orbit, aimed at offering internet services to rural and remote areas that lack reliable terrestrial broadband infrastructure. The service will utilize Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites to provide faster internet speeds and more resilient network connections compared to traditional methods. The company plans to roll out its services in India soon, collaborating with Airtel and Jio to offer its services in the country. The clearance paves the way for Starlink to expand its global internet coverage and support India’s connectivity needs, especially in underserved regions. Learning Corner: IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center) is an autonomous agency under the Department of Space, Government of India. It was established in 2020 with the primary aim of promoting private sector participation in the Indian space industry and enabling them to use India’s space resources and infrastructure for various commercial purposes. Key Functions of IN-SPACe: Promotion of Private Sector Participation: IN-SPACe facilitates and promotes private sector entities in the space industry, encouraging innovation, collaboration, and technological advancement. Authorization and Regulation: It is responsible for authorizing and regulating all space activities undertaken by private players. This includes licensing and ensuring that the activities align with national security and legal frameworks. Space Infrastructure Access: IN-SPACe enables private companies to access India’s space infrastructure, such as launch vehicles, satellites, and ground stations, to facilitate satellite launches and space research. Encouraging Startups: The agency works to create an environment conducive to the growth of space startups in India, helping them with resources, expertise, and technology to build their own space capabilities. International Collaboration: IN-SPACe also looks to foster collaboration with international space agencies and companies, positioning India as a key player in the global space market. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) refers to the region of space located between approximately 160 kilometers (100 miles) and 2,000 kilometers (1,200 miles) above the Earth’s surface. It is the closest orbit to Earth, where most Earth observation satellites, communication satellites, and crew missions take place. Key Characteristics of LEO: Proximity to Earth: LEO is closest to Earth compared to other orbits like Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) or Geostationary Orbit (GEO). This allows satellites in LEO to have lower latency and faster communication with the ground. Orbital Period: Satellites in LEO typically complete an orbit around Earth in 90 to 120 minutes, meaning they can pass over different regions of the Earth multiple times a day. Lower Latency: The proximity of LEO satellites to Earth results in lower latency compared to higher orbits, making them ideal for real-time communication services like broadband internet, video conferencing, and satellite phone services. Use in Earth Observation: LEO is widely used for Earth observation satellites that monitor weather, environmental changes, and natural disasters due to its ability to capture high-resolution images with minimal distortion. Cost-Effective Launches: Launching satellites into LEO is generally more cost-effective due to the lower energy requirements for reaching these orbits compared to higher altitudes like GEO. Applications: Communication Satellites: Companies like Starlink use LEO to offer internet services, particularly in underserved and remote areas. Space Stations: The International Space Station (ISS) orbits in LEO, where it supports scientific research and human habitation. Military and Intelligence: LEO is also used for reconnaissance and surveillance satellites. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS (MAINS Focus) Measuring Inequality (GS paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) Recently, a government release claimed that India is “one of the most equal societies today”, citing the World Bank’s latest Poverty and Equity Brief which showed India’s Gini Index at 25.5, making it the fourth most equal country after Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and Belarus. The government’s claim has been contested both by academics who study inequality, as well as observers who see India as a country with high and rising inequality. What is the Gini Coefficient? The Gini Coefficient is a number between 0 and 1 (or 0% to 100%) that measures inequality of income or wealth in a country. 0 = perfect equality (everyone has the same income) 1 = perfect inequality (one person has all the income, others have none) Example: If India’s Gini is 0.25 (25%), it suggests less inequality compared to a country with Gini 0.60 (60%), where few people hold most of the income. Recent data India’s consumption-based Gini index improved from 28.8 in 2011-12 to 25.5 in 2022-23,  The World Inequality Database shows income inequality rising from a Gini of 52 in 2004 to 62 in 2023.  Wage disparity remains high, with the median earnings of the top 10 percent being 13 times higher than the bottom 10 percent in 2023-24. Issues The government’s claim has been contested both by academics who study inequality, as well as observers who see India as a country with high and rising inequality. The issues are: India uses Consumption-based Gini India’s Gini is calculated on consumption, not income. Income varies more than consumption. Rich people save most of their extra income. Hence a Gini Index of inequality using consumption data underestimates the level of inequality in a society. Limititation in survey It is widely acknowledged that the gap between the bottom 10% and top 10% of the population is widening, even if it is assumed that everyone in the country is becoming better off. However, the calculation of inequality is unlikely to capture the widening gap because:  Rich people often refuse to participate (differential non-response). Survey sampling rarely picks up top 1% earners, leading to underestimation of inequality. Similar underestimation occurs in US, UK, Europe. World Inequality Lab uses income tax data, showing rising inequality in India. A way to correct for this lapse in sampling is to use the survey data in conjunction with income tax data, which is uniquely accurate in capturing the incomes of the top earners in a country.  Problems with Gini Index The Gini Index too is not ‘sensitive’ to changes at the extremes of a population, but is overly sensitive to changes in the middle. Experts recommend measures like Palma Ratio, comparing income shares of top 10% vs bottom 50%, for a clearer picture. Way forward Combine survey data with income tax data to measure true inequality. Adopt multiple measures to design targeted policies. Focus on inclusive growth to ensure equitable distribution of economic gains. Conclusion The point of studying inequality is to allow governments to tailor appropriate policies to alleviate excessive inequality. However, an inaccurate reading of inequality can lead to policies that actually exacerbate existing inequalities.  Relying solely on the Gini Index, that too with severe data limitations, can obscure the reality. Hence use multiple measures to design the schemes. Mains Practice Question Q “Consumption-based measures of inequality underestimate the true extent of economic disparity in India.” Critically examine this statement in light of recent debates around the Gini Index and its limitations. (250 words, 15 marks) Catastrophe Bonds (Cat Bonds): Critical analysis (GS paper III – Economy, GS Paper III – Disaster management) Introduction (Context) The frequency and intensity of disasters have increased due to climate change. Further, a low penetration of disaster risk insurance for individual property and livelihoods leaves much of the population exposed to irretrievable damage and loss. Hence there is a growing discussion on innovative disaster financing instruments like catastrophe bonds (cat bonds).  Experts suggest India could sponsor regional cat bonds to strengthen South Asia’s disaster resilience. What is a cat bond? Cat bonds are a hybrid financial instrument combining features of insurance and debt securities.  They convert disaster insurance cover into tradable securities in global financial markets. This means that instead of relying solely on traditional re-insurers, at-risk governments can securitise disaster risks and transfer them to a wider pool of investors with large financial capacity.  The main benefit is the ability to unlock a much larger quantum of funds for immediate post-disaster relief and reconstruction. How do Cat Bonds work? Sovereign governments pay premiums (like insurance premiums) and define risk parameters. Institutions like the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, or reinsurance companies issue bonds on behalf of the sponsor to reduce counter-party risks. Pension funds, hedge funds invest in cat bonds for portfolio diversification. Risk & Returns: Investors earn higher coupon rates than regular bonds due to the inherent risk of principal loss if a disaster strikes. For example, earthquake-related cat bonds have lower premiums (1-2%) than those for cyclones or hurricanes. Advantages of Cat Bonds Immediate liquidity for post-disaster reconstruction. Transfers disaster risk to global financial markets, reducing burden on government finances. Encourages proactive disaster risk reduction measures to reduce coupon rates. Disadvantages of Cat Bonds If a cat bond is poorly designed, it might not trigger payouts despite significant disasters.  For instance, a bond designed to cover earthquakes above 6.6 magnitude might not pay out for a 6.5 magnitude quake that still causes widespread destruction.  This underlines the importance of setting realistic and context-appropriate payout parameters. If no disaster occurs, expenses towards premiums may be questioned despite being preventive financial planning. Does India Need Cat Bonds? The unpredictability and increase in frequency of extreme weather events like cyclones, floods, forest fires and devastating earthquakes in South Asia have increased India’s exposure to disaster-risk Advantages for India: Sponsoring cat bonds would enable India to protect its public finances by ensuring immediate funds for post-disaster reconstruction without sudden fiscal shocks.  India has a strong financial reputation in the world, which means global investors trust its ability to pay. Also, because India faces many natural disasters, issuing cat bonds through trusted organisations like the World Bank can be a cost-effective way to manage these risks. India can create regional bond India, due to its size and financial stability, could lead the creation of a South Asian cat bond.  Such a bond would cover multiple countries exposed to diverse disaster risks, such as earthquakes in Bhutan, Nepal, and India or supra-cyclones and tsunamis impacting India, Bangladesh, Maldives, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka.  A regional cat bond would spread risks, reduce premium costs for each country, and improve financial resilience for the entire region. Terminologies Hybrid insurance-cum-debt financial products: These are financial instruments that combine features of insurance (risk coverage) and debt (raising money from investors), like cat bonds which provide disaster insurance while functioning as tradable bonds. Insurance premium: It is the amount of money paid regularly by an individual or organisation to an insurance company to keep their insurance policy active. Debt securities: These are financial instruments, such as bonds, through which investors lend money to issuers (governments or companies) and receive fixed returns over time. Reinsurance companies: These are firms that provide insurance to insurance companies themselves, helping them spread and manage large risks. Hedge funds: These are investment funds that use various strategies, including high-risk ones, to earn returns for their wealthy investors or institutions. Way forward Evaluate historical disaster costs vs. premium payments for cat bonds through transparent government procedures. Design robust payout structures to avoid technical disqualification of claims. Explore regional collaboration for cost-sharing and greater resilience. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss how catastrophe bonds (cat bonds) can be leveraged by India to strengthen its disaster risk financing framework. Critically analyse. (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  https://iasbaba.com/daily-current-affairs-quiz/

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 9th July 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 9th July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Japonica rice Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  NIPGR (National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Delhi) used CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing in japonica rice to enhance phosphate uptake and yield Key Scientific Findings: Edited rice lines targeted the OsPHT1;2 phosphate transporter gene. Suppressor gene OsWRKY6 was removed to enhance gene expression. Result: 40% higher yield even with only 10% of recommended phosphate fertilizer. More panicles, seeds, and biomass. Better phosphate translocation from root to shoot. Methodology: Focused on root-to-shoot phosphate transporter. Removed repressor binding site to ensure constant gene activity. Plants were tested for off-target effects using PCR, sequencing, and Southern blotting. Strict non-GMO compliance: no foreign DNA (e.g., bacterial vector) used. Regulatory & Ethical Aspects: CRISPR-based editing is not considered GMO if no foreign DNA is inserted. India uses Mendelian segregation to ensure only edited plants without transgenes are propagated. Ongoing negotiations to ease regulatory constraints on such precision-bred crops. Significance: Can help reduce fertilizer dependency. Useful in phosphorus-deficient soils. Gene editing can be a sustainable solution to improve food security without compromising yield or grain quality. Learning Corner: National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR) Established: 1998 Location: New Delhi Autonomous Institute under the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India Mandate: To conduct advanced research in plant genomics and molecular biology to improve crop productivity and stress resistance. Key Functions and Research Areas: Genome sequencing and analysis of major Indian crops. Gene discovery for traits like yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and nutrient efficiency. Use of advanced tools like CRISPR-Cas9 for gene editing. Research in functional genomics, transgenic technologies, and bioinformatics. Collaborations with national and international agricultural and biotech institutions. CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Technology CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats – CRISPR associated protein 9) is a revolutionary genome-editing tool that allows scientists to precisely modify DNA within organisms. Origin: Derived from a natural defense mechanism in bacteria, which use CRISPR sequences and the Cas9 enzyme to cut viral DNA. How It Works: A guide RNA (gRNA) is designed to match the target DNA sequence. The Cas9 enzyme acts like molecular scissors, guided by gRNA to cut the DNA at the desired location. The cell’s natural repair mechanism is then used to add, delete, or replace DNA sequences. Advantages: Highly precise and efficient Faster and cheaper than older gene-editing methods (like TALENs or ZFNs) Can be used in plants, animals, and humans Enables targeted crop improvement without introducing foreign DNA (non-GMO) Applications: Agriculture: Developing crops with higher yield, disease resistance, or nutrient efficiency (e.g., NIPGR’s phosphate-efficient rice) Medicine: Gene therapy, cancer treatment, and research on genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia Research: Studying gene function in model organisms Source: THE HINDU Great Hornbill Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: A recent sighting of the Great Hornbill in Ezhimala, Kannur (Kerala) has drawn attention to the ecological significance of the region. Significance of the Great Hornbill The Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) is a large bird known for its role as a seed disperser and indicator of mature, healthy forests. It is classified as Vulnerable, with declining populations due to habitat loss and hunting. Why the Ezhimala Sighting Matters Ezhimala is not part of the species’ typical range, suggesting the presence of remnant forest patches or ecological corridors. The sighting indicates the region’s biodiversity potential and highlights opportunities for ecological restoration. Conservation Imperatives Protect forest fragments and ecological corridors in Ezhimala and nearby areas. Promote community-based conservation, including habitat monitoring and restoration. Strengthen wildlife protection laws and consider expanding protected area networks. Use the Great Hornbill as a flagship species to raise awareness and inspire conservation action. Broader Implications Highlights the need to curb deforestation and habitat fragmentation. Emphasizes the value of combining scientific research, traditional knowledge, and local participation in conservation. Shows that wildlife recovery is possible with timely and sustained efforts. Learning Corner: Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) The Great Hornbill is one of the largest and most iconic hornbill species found in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Key Features: Distinctive casque (helmet-like structure) on top of its beak. Large, colorful bird with black, white, and yellow plumage. Known for its loud calls and graceful flight despite its size. Habitat: Prefers dense evergreen and moist deciduous forests. Commonly found in the Western Ghats, Northeast India, and parts of Southeast Asia. Ecological Role: Acts as a key seed disperser, aiding in forest regeneration. Considered an indicator species for healthy, mature forests. Conservation Status: Listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Threatened by: Habitat loss due to deforestation Hunting for casque and feathers Loss of nesting trees Conservation Efforts: Protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Community-led programs like the Hornbill Nest Adoption Program promote habitat preservation and awareness. Source: THE HINDU Norman Tebbit Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Norman Tebbit: Key Ally of Margaret Thatcher died at 94. Overview Norman Tebbit (1931–2025) was a prominent British Conservative politician and a key figure in Margaret Thatcher’s government during the 1980s. Known for his toughness and working-class appeal, he played a major role in reshaping British conservatism. Political Career Held key Cabinet roles including Secretary of State for Employment, Trade and Industry, and Chairman of the Conservative Party. Spearheaded trade union reforms, notably through the Employment Act 1982, reducing union power and strengthening employer rights. Famously linked to the phrase “get on your bike”, symbolizing self-reliance and individual effort. Stance on Europe A vocal Eurosceptic, he later led the Bruges Group, opposing deeper European integration. Public Image and Legacy Nicknamed “Thatcher’s Enforcer” for his firm political stance and loyalty. Known for controversial views on immigration and national identity, including the “cricket test” on assimilation. Retired from the Commons in 1992, continued contributing to debates as a life peer in the House of Lords. Learning Corner: Thatcherism Thatcherism refers to the political and economic ideology associated with Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. It represents a significant shift in British politics towards free-market capitalism, individualism, and a reduction in state intervention. Key Features: Free Market Economics: Emphasis on privatization of state-owned industries. Promotion of deregulation and reduced government control over the economy. Monetarism: Focus on controlling inflation over unemployment. Reduced public spending and tight control over the money supply. Tax Reform: Shift from direct to indirect taxation. Lower top income tax rates to incentivize wealth creation. Trade Union Reforms: Curtailment of union powers through strict legislation. Ended closed shops and restricted the right to strike. Individual Responsibility: Advocacy of self-reliance, entrepreneurship, and home ownership. Famous quote: “There is no such thing as society.” Euroscepticism: Opposition to deeper political integration within the European Community. Impact: Led to a transformation of the British economy, with lasting influence on both Conservative and Labour Party policies. Created social and regional divisions, with critics pointing to rising inequality and erosion of the welfare state. Became a defining phase of neoliberal governance in the UK and influenced global policy shifts in the 1980s. Source :  TIMES OF INDIA Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: On July 8, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi was awarded the Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross, Brazil’s highest national honour for foreign dignitaries. About the Honour: The Order of the Southern Cross was established in 1822 to mark Brazil’s independence. It is awarded to foreign nationals for exceptional service to Brazil. The Grand Collar is the highest rank within the order and is conferred by presidential decree. Significance: The award recognizes Modi’s contributions to strengthening India–Brazil relations and enhancing cooperation on global platforms. Modi dedicated the honour to the 1.4 billion people of India, highlighting the deep friendship between the two nations. Learning Corner: International Honours Conferred on PM Narendra Modi Key International Honours: Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross – Brazil (2025) Brazil’s highest civilian honour for foreign dignitaries, recognizing Modi’s efforts in strengthening India–Brazil ties. Order of Zayed – United Arab Emirates (2019) The UAE’s highest civilian award, acknowledging his strategic leadership and promotion of bilateral ties. Legion of Merit – United States (2020) Conferred by the U.S. President for Modi’s role in enhancing strategic partnership and promoting Indo-Pacific security. Order of St. Andrew – Russia (2019) Russia’s highest civilian honour, awarded for exceptional services in promoting bilateral cooperation. Order of the Distinguished Rule of Nishan Izzuddin – Maldives (2019) The highest honour accorded to foreign dignitaries by the Maldives for enhancing bilateral relations. King Hamad Order of the Renaissance – Bahrain (2019) Given for strengthening ties between India and Bahrain. Global Energy and Environment Leadership Award – CERAWeek, USA (2021) For leadership in promoting energy sustainability and environmental responsibility. Source: PIB Fuel Ban on End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) in Delhi Category: POLITY Context: The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) has extended the timeline for implementing its directive to ban fuel supply to End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) in Delhi-NCR due to operational and technical challenges Revised Timeline: From November 1, 2025: Ban will apply in Delhi and five NCR districts—Gurugram, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gautam Budh Nagar, and Sonipat. From April 1, 2026: Ban will extend to the rest of NCR. Until October 31, 2025: Fuel supply to ELVs will continue. What Are ELVs? Diesel vehicles over 10 years old Petrol vehicles over 15 years old Reason for Extension: Issues with the Automated Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) system: Glitches, poor camera coverage, sensor errors Incomplete data integration across NCR states To avoid policy loopholes, such as vehicle owners refueling in neighboring towns To allow for coordinated implementation and technological upgrades Learning Corner: Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) The Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas (CAQM) is a statutory body established by the Government of India to address air pollution in the Delhi-NCR region. Key Features: Established: October 2020 (via an ordinance; later enacted through legislation in August 2021) Jurisdiction: Covers Delhi and adjoining areas in Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. Headquarters: New Delhi Objectives: Ensure coordinated action among central and state agencies to combat air pollution. Oversee the implementation of air quality improvement plans, including Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP). Replace multiple bodies like EPCA (Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority). Functions: Monitor and enforce environmental laws related to air quality. Direct closure or regulation of polluting industries and vehicles. Oversee biomass burning, dust control, and vehicular pollution measures. Coordinate with NCR states on emission reduction and implementation of technologies like PUSA bio-decomposer and ANPR systems. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Melting of glaciers and volcanic eruptions (GS paper I – Geography, GS Paper III - Environment) Introduction (Context) A new study presented at the 2025 Goldschmidt Conference in Prague warned that melting glaciers can trigger more frequent and explosive volcanic eruptions, especially in West Antarctica, due to loss of ice pressure over underground magma chambers. What are glaciers? Glaciers are massive, slow-moving bodies of ice and snow that form on land and flow under their own weight.  Glaciers move due to gravity and the internal deformation of the ice. They can move relatively slowly, but over time, this movement shapes the landscape.  Glaciers are categorized as either alpine (mountain) glaciers or continental glaciers (ice sheets).  Glaciers form in areas where snowfall accumulates faster than it melts or evaporates over many years, eventually compacting into ice.  Locations of major glaciers: Asia: Himalayas (Siachen, Gangotri, Yamunotri), Karakoram (Baltoro) Antarctica: Lambert Glacier (world’s largest) Arctic: Greenland Ice Sheet South America: Patagonian glaciers (Perito Moreno) Europe: Alps (Aletsch Glacier) Why glaciers are melting? Since the early 1900s, many glaciers around the world have been rapidly melting. Human activities are at the root of this phenomenon. Global warming: Rising temperatures accelerate ice melt. Black carbon deposition: Soot reduces albedo, increasing heat absorption. Industrial pollution: Alters atmospheric chemistry, impacting snowfall and melt rates. Changes in precipitation patterns: Reduced snowfall and increased rainfall accelerate melting. Even if we significantly curb emissions in the coming decades, more than a third of the world’s remaining glaciers will melt before the year 2100.  Scientists project that if emissions continue to rise unchecked, the Arctic could be ice free in the summer as soon as the year 2040 as ocean and air temperatures continue to rise rapidly. Link between glaciers and volcanoes Melting glaciers reduce the pressure exerted by ice on underground magma chamber This allows gases and magma to expand, potentially resulting in explosive eruptions. Greatest risk regions: West Antarctica: ~100 volcanoes buried under ice that may melt in coming decades Other regions: North America, New Zealand, Russia. Study of Chile’s Mocho Choshuenco volcano showed thick ice suppressed eruptions during last ice age (26,000–18,000 years ago). Melting 13,000 years ago led to explosive eruptions due to pressure release and magma expansion. Changes in rainfall, also driven by climate change, can infiltrate underground and react with magma systems, triggering eruptions. Impacts of volcanic eruptions Short-term cooling: Release of ash, dust, and sulfur dioxide blocks sunlight, reducing Earth’s surface temperature. Sulfur dioxide goes into the stratosphere and reacts with water to form sulfuric acid aerosols. These aerosols reflect incoming solar radiation, leading to the cooling of the Earth’s surface. According to the US centre for Science Education, the aerosols can stay in the stratosphere for up to three years, moved around by winds and causing significant cooling worldwide.  Long-term warming: Sustained eruptions release greenhouse gases like CO₂ and methane, contributing to further global warming, creating a vicious cycle: As global temperatures rise, there will be a higher rate of melting of ice, which could cause more eruptions and further global warming. Way Forward Strengthen climate change mitigation efforts to limit global warming and reduce glacier melt rate. Enhance glacial monitoring systems for early warning of eruptions and GLOFs. International cooperation for research and disaster preparedness in glacier-rich volcanic regions. Mains Practice Question Q “Melting glaciers can amplify volcanic eruptions, creating a vicious climate cycle.” Analyse the phenomenon and suggest mitigation strategies to reduce such compounded risks of climate change. (250 words, 15 marks) NATO nations decided to increase military expenditure (GS paper II – International Relations) Introduction (Context) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) summit in June had pledged to increase military spending to 5% of the member nations’ GDP (specifically “core defence requirements as well as defence and security-related spending by 2035”). The previous spending target was 2%.  What has been the historical trajectory of military expenditures? In cold war era:  It was 6.1% of the world’s GDP in 1960.  Later it reduced to 3%.  It reached its lowest levels in 1998 at 2.1% (a total expenditure of around $1,100 billion) Whereas, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) in 2024 and 2025: Global military spending was $2,718 billion. The year saw a 9.4% increase, which was the highest year-on-year increase since 1988,  This was due to the Russia-Ukraine war and the Israel-Gaza conflict.  Further in 2025, the world saw two big additional conflicts, between India and Pakistan, and Israel and Iran. This, combined with the NATO pledge, will see further increases in global military spending in the coming years. Top Military Spenders (2024) Country Spending ($ billion) USA 997 China 314 Russia 149 Germany 88.5 India 86.1 NATO (32 members): Combined spending of $1,506 billion (55% of global spending). GDP % among Top 20 (Excluding war-torn nations): Saudi Arabia: 7.3% Poland: 4.2% USA: 3.4% Others: 1.3% – 2.6% Impact of increment in military spending The current wave of remilitarisation threatens to reverse the gains achieved from declining military expenditure after the Cold War. According to the Global Peace Index (2023): Militarisation increased in 108 countries. Highest number of conflicts since World War II recorded. Military-Industrial Complex Effects: The increase in military spending can benefit certain sectors of the economy.  Yet, as studies show (for example, by Masako Ikegami and Zijian Wang, based on 116 countries), there is a significant crowding-out effect that increased military spending has on domestic government health spending, the effects of which are borne more by middle- and low-income countries. Example: Spain: Spends only 1.24% of GDP on defence. Opted out of NATO’s new 5% target, citing it as “unreasonable”. Extra burden of €300 billion would cut welfare spending. Impact on UN The latest budget of the United Nations is only $44 billion with which it should fund development, humanitarian aid, and peacekeeping operations. But the UN, in six months, has only received  $6 billion, and as a result, is seeking to reduce the budget to $29 billion.  This is due to the increase in military conflicts as nations are reducing foreign aids to meet their domestic needs. Example:  The U.S., under President Donald Trump, seeking to cut foreign aid. US has closed down the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) which according to the A Lancet study, USAID assistance in healthcare, nutrition, etc., have prevented 91 million deaths in low- and middle-income countries in the past two decades Effect on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Increased defence spending is upending the progress of achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Example:  To end extreme poverty in the world, only $70 billion per year is needed, which is a very small amount (just 0.1% of the income of rich countries). To end absolute poverty globally, the required amount is $325 billion per year, or 0.6% of high-income countries’ income, which is still far less than their military spending. In 2021, around 4.5 billion people did not have full access to essential health services. Studies show that spending just $1 per person every year on preventing major non-communicable diseases like diabetes and cancer can save about 7 million lives by 2030. The funds which can be used for sustainable development are moving to the military.  Environmental Impact Increased military spending harms the environment and climate goals. 2024 was the hottest year ever recorded, with severe heatwaves. If NATO countries raise their defence spending to 3.5% of GDP, it will add 200 million tonnes of greenhouse gases every year. Spending more on military instead of climate action will only worsen global warming and reduce funds for public welfare. Impact on India India’s Military vs Health Spending: Military spending: 2.3% of GDP. Health spending: Only 1.84% of GDP, which is: Less than National Health Policy target of 2.5%. Much lower than ~10% spent by most developed countries. With increasing tensions and public support for militarisation, there is a risk that spending on essential public services like health and welfare may be reduced. Conclusion While ensuring national security, there is a need to adopt a balanced approach between military spending and social sector investments. Countries must reassess their military targets to avoid diverting critical resources away from health, education, and welfare. Strengthening global governance frameworks, including providing adequate funding for the United Nations and Sustainable Development Goals, is crucial to address the root causes of conflict and promote lasting peace. Additionally, it is important to recognise the environmental impact of defence activities and integrate climate considerations into national security policies. Mains Practice Question Q Rising global military expenditure is often justified in the name of national security, yet it poses significant challenges to human development and environmental sustainability. Critically analyse. (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  https://iasbaba.com/daily-current-affairs-quiz/

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 8th July 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 8th July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Rubin Observatory Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile and its Simonyi Survey Telescope, which is equipped with the world’s largest camera and promises to revolutionize astronomy. Key Highlights Telescope Features: World’s largest digital camera and a wide field of view equivalent to 40 full moons aligned in a row. Utilizes a unique three-mirror system for exceptional image depth and clarity. Will capture 20 terabytes of data every night for 10 years. Major Scientific Objectives: Milky Way Structure – Map and understand the detailed structure of our galaxy. Dark Matter & Dark Energy – Help unravel the nature of unseen forces/substances. Solar System Census – Discover millions of new asteroids and comets. The Changing Sky – Provide a time-lapse view of the dynamic cosmos. Observational Method: Unlike traditional telescopes, Rubin will scan the sky continuously, without pre-selecting targets. Its software can compare new images with old ones to automatically detect changes. Significance Expected to catalogue 17 billion stars, 20 billion galaxies, and around 100,000 near-Earth objects. Has already identified 2,140 new asteroids within 10 hours of engineering data. Named after Vera Rubin, who confirmed the existence of dark matter. Learning Corner: India has established several important space observatories to advance astronomical research and space science. Here are the major ones: Astrosat – India’s First Dedicated Space Observatory Launched by: ISRO (September 28, 2015) Orbit: Low Earth Orbit (~650 km) Purpose: Multi-wavelength space telescope — observes cosmic sources in UV, visible, and X-ray bands simultaneously. Significance: India’s counterpart to NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope Used for studying black holes, neutron stars, supernovae, and galaxy evolution Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO), Hanle – Ground-Based Location: Hanle, Ladakh (4,500 m above sea level) Operated by: Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) Features: One of the highest altitude observatories in the world Home to the Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT) – optical and near-infrared telescope Importance: Ideal location for astronomical observations due to clear skies and low humidity. GROWTH-India Telescope Location: Hanle, Ladakh Joint Project: IIA and IIT Bombay under a global collaboration Purpose: Time-domain astronomy — rapid follow-up of transient events like gamma-ray bursts and gravitational wave sources Vainu Bappu Observatory (VBO) Location: Kavalur, Tamil Nadu Managed by: Indian Institute of Astrophysics Features: Houses the Vainu Bappu Telescope (VBT) — 2.3 m optical telescope Significance: One of Asia’s largest optical telescopes for visible light astronomy Udaipur Solar Observatory (USO) Location: Fatehsagar Lake, Udaipur, Rajasthan Managed by: Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad Focus: Dedicated to solar observations Unique Feature: Located on an island, minimizing air turbulence for better image quality Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Phone Tapping Category: POLITY Context: Two recent Delhi and Madras High Court rulings and the legal framework governing phone-tapping Legal Framework for Phone Tapping Government’s power to intercept communications is defined under three laws: Indian Post Office Act, 1898 – interception of postal communication Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 – tapping of voice calls Information Technology Act, 2000 – interception of electronic communication (emails, messages) Section 5(2) of the Telegraph Act permits interception during: Public emergency In the interest of public safety High Court Rulings Delhi High Court: Upheld interception in a bribery case where corruption was deemed a threat to public safety. Cited the economic scale of the offence (₹2,149.93 crore) as justification. Emphasized the broad impact of corruption on public trust and national security. Madras High Court: Quashed a 2011 MHA interception order due to lack of justification under “public emergency.” Stressed that tax evasion, in that case, did not qualify as a public emergency. Criticized outdated standards and lack of oversight in the interception process. Supreme Court Precedent In 1997, SC upheld Section 5(2) but laid down safeguards: Orders must come from the Home Secretary. Must record “reasonable satisfaction” and the need to use phone-tapping as last resort. Review Committee to examine each order within 2 months. Rule 419-A of Telegraph Rules formalizes these safeguards. Learning Corner: Phone Surveillance and Violation of Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution – A Brief Note In India, the Constitution guarantees several fundamental rights that can be impacted or violated by unauthorized phone surveillance, tapping, or hacking. Fundamental Rights Involved: Right to Privacy (Part of Article 21 – Right to Life and Personal Liberty) Recognized as a fundamental right by the Supreme Court in the landmark Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (2017) judgment. Phone tapping, surveillance, or unauthorized access to personal communication without legal sanction is a violation of this right. Freedom of Speech and Expression – Article 19(1)(a) Constant surveillance can create a chilling effect on free speech, especially for journalists, activists, and opposition leaders. Fear of surveillance may deter individuals from expressing critical or dissenting views. Protection Against Arbitrary Action – Article 14 Any discriminatory or selective surveillance can violate the right to equality before law and equal protection of the laws. Judicial View: In PUCL v. Union of India (1997), the Supreme Court ruled that telephone tapping infringes Article 21, and laid down procedural safeguards. Surveillance must be authorized, proportionate, necessary, and time-bound, or else it will be unconstitutional. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Golden Dome Category:SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : The Golden Dome is a U.S. missile defence initiative announced by President Trump in 2025. What is the Golden Dome? It proposes deploying thousands of satellites in low-Earth orbit, equipped with sensors and interceptors, to detect and neutralize threats like ballistic, cruise, and hypersonic missiles across all phases of their trajectory—even from space. Challenges to Space Law Militarization vs. Weaponization The 1967 Outer Space Treaty bans nuclear weapons in orbit but doesn’t explicitly prohibit conventional arms. The Golden Dome’s deployment of space-based interceptors blurs the line between peaceful use and militarization, raising legal and ethical concerns. Space Arms Race Countries like China warn that the project may provoke a global arms race in space. Since the Cold War, powers have avoided placing weapons in orbit. Golden Dome would break this precedent, potentially triggering copycat programs worldwide. Legal Ambiguities The treaty’s silence on conventional weapons creates ambiguity. Additionally, many of the Dome’s components are dual-use technologies, complicating oversight and raising suspicion about their true intent. Technical and Strategic Hurdles High Cost: Estimated between $175 to $500 billion, the project faces skepticism over feasibility and sustainability. Satellite Constellation: Requires thousands of satellites, increasing the risk of space debris and vulnerability to countermeasures. Integration: Meant to complement existing ground-based defenses, but technical integration is complex. Learning Corner: Outer Space Treaty (OST), 1967 What is the Outer Space Treaty? The Outer Space Treaty, officially known as the “Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies”, is the foundational international legal framework for space activities. It was adopted in 1967 under the auspices of the United Nations and remains the cornerstone of global space law. Key Features: Peaceful Use of Outer Space: Outer space shall be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. No placement of nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction in orbit or on celestial bodies. No National Sovereignty in Space: Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, use, occupation, or any other means. Freedom of Exploration: All countries are free to explore and use outer space without discrimination. Responsibility of States: Nations are responsible for national space activities, whether carried out by government or private entities. States must authorize and continually supervise non-governmental space activities. Liability for Damage: Countries are liable for any damage caused by their space objects to other countries or their property on Earth or in space. Avoidance of Harmful Contamination: States must avoid harmful contamination of space and celestial bodies and must respect the environment of outer space. Signatories and Legal Standing: As of 2025, the OST has been signed by 110+ countries, including major space powers like the USA, Russia, China, and India. It is legally binding, though interpretations vary, especially on issues like militarization vs. weaponization of space. Source :  THE HINDU Rare Earth Minerals Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: In April 2025, China imposed strict export controls on seven key rare earth elements used in magnets, batteries, and high-tech industries. Exporters must obtain licenses, undergo long approval processes, and disclose detailed end-user information. Quotas are now enforced on monthly exports. Why It Benefits Beijing Geopolitical Leverage: China dominates rare earth mining and refining globally. The controls act as a strategic tool in trade negotiations, especially against the U.S. National Security: Restricting exports weakens rival countries’ defense and technology sectors. Diplomatic Pressure: The controls forced urgent engagement from major economies like the U.S., EU, Japan, and India. Influence over Supply Chains: The new licensing regime incentivizes cooperation with China, reinforcing its global dominance. Why It Hurts Chinese Business Plunging Revenues: Chinese exporters suffered massive losses—magnet exports dropped 75% and U.S. shipments fell over 90% year-on-year. Global Disruptions: Auto and electronics industries in the U.S., EU, and India faced production halts. Domestic Strain: Weak EV demand and inventory build-ups forced Chinese producers to cut output by up to 15%. Strategic Risk: Other countries are accelerating efforts to diversify rare earth sources, threatening China’s long-term monopoly. Regulatory Burden: The new process adds red tape, uncertainty, and commercial disclosure risks for both exporters and importers. Learning Corner: Light Rare Earth Elements (LREEs) (Atomic numbers 57–64) Lanthanum (La) Cerium (Ce) Praseodymium (Pr) Neodymium (Nd) Promethium (Pm) (radioactive and rare in nature) Samarium (Sm) Europium (Eu) Gadolinium (Gd) Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREEs) (Atomic numbers 65–71) Terbium (Tb) Dysprosium (Dy) Holmium (Ho) Erbium (Er) Thulium (Tm) Ytterbium (Yb) Lutetium (Lu) Associated Rare Earth Elements (often grouped with REEs): Scandium (Sc) Yttrium (Y) Though not part of the lanthanide series, scandium and yttrium are included in rare earths because they occur in the same ore deposits and have similar chemical properties. Uses of Rare Earth Elements: Magnets (Nd, Dy, Tb) Batteries (La, Ce) Catalysts (Ce, La) Lasers and Optics (Er, Ho, Tm) Nuclear Reactors (Gd, Sm) Green tech & electronics (all) Source: THE HINDU Refugee crisis in Mizoram Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Refugee crisis in Mizoram due to Myanmar’s Chin conflict Violent clashes between rival Chin armed groups—the Chin National Defence Force (CNDF) and the Chinland Defence Force (CDF)—have forced over 4,000 people to flee into Mizoram from Myanmar in the past four days. The displaced, mainly from border villages like Khawmawi and Rihkhawdar, are taking shelter in Mizoram’s Champhai district. Zokhawthar, a key border village, has registered more than 4,000 adult refugees, with total numbers, including children, likely exceeding 5,500. Many are being accommodated by local families or in community and church halls, while civil society groups and the Mizoram government provide aid. The crisis escalated after a June 5 shootout, during which CNDF reportedly captured eight CDF camps, triggering mass civilian displacement. Mizoram’s home minister reaffirmed support for the refugees, citing both ethnic solidarity and humanitarian duty. This latest influx adds to the strain on Mizoram, which is already hosting over 30,000 refugees from Myanmar due to the ongoing civil conflict since the 2021 coup. With continued violence in Myanmar’s Chin State, there is no sign of an early return for the displaced, and the situation remains tense. Learning Corner: Myanmar’s Chin Conflict Background: The Chin conflict is part of Myanmar’s broader civil war that escalated after the military coup in February 2021. The Chin State, located in western Myanmar bordering India’s Mizoram, has seen intense fighting between ethnic armed groups and the Myanmar military (Tatmadaw), as well as internal rivalries between Chin resistance groups. Key Actors: Chin National Defence Force (CNDF) Chinland Defence Force (CDF) Myanmar military (Tatmadaw) Both CNDF and CDF are armed groups primarily composed of fighters from the Zo ethnic community, which shares cultural and ethnic ties with Mizo people in India. Geographical Context: Chin State borders India’s Mizoram and Manipur, making it a frequent refuge route during conflicts. The village of Zokhawthar in Mizoram has been a key entry point for displaced people. Humanitarian Impact: Mizoram is already hosting 30,000+ refugees from Myanmar since 2021. The recent influx has strained local resources and relief mechanisms. Mizoram’s government has extended humanitarian support citing ethnic kinship and moral responsibility. Significance: Highlights the fragile nature of ethnic resistance alliances in Myanmar. Poses security, humanitarian, and diplomatic challenges for India, especially in border management. Raises concerns about a long-term refugee situation with no political resolution in sight. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Maternal Health status in India (GS paper II - governance) Introduction (Context) Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is a key health indicator reflecting the quality of maternal healthcare in a country. As per the Sample Registration System (SRS) 2019-21, India’s MMR stands at 93 deaths per 1,00,000 live births, marking progress from 103 (2017-19). Despite national improvement, regional disparities remain high especially in Empowered Action Group (EAG) States. What is MMR? The maternal mortality rate (MMR) represents the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births during a specific time period.  It’s a crucial indicator of maternal health and the quality of healthcare services during pregnancy and childbirth.  A high MMR indicates poor access to quality healthcare, inadequate management of pregnancy complications, and broader social and economic inequalities.  Whereas, Maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes Major Medical Causes of Maternal Deaths Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH): Excessive bleeding after delivery due to failure of the uterus to contract quickly. Obstructed Labour: Caused by a narrow pelvis in malnourished young mothers Hypertensive Disorders: Conditions like preeclampsia, if undiagnosed, can cause convulsions, coma, and death due to sudden spikes in blood pressure. Sepsis: Deliveries conducted by untrained attendants often lead to infections; lack of timely antibiotics can result in fatal sepsis. Anaemia: Common underlying condition that led to complications Associated Illnesses in EAG States: Diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and chronic urinary tract infections add to pregnancy complications, increasing the risk of maternal mortality. Maternal Heath Data MMR in India has declined over the years — it was 103 in 2017-19, then 97 in 2018-20 and now 93 in 2019-21. Further, to understand the maternal mortality situation better, States have been categorised into three: 1.“Empowered Action Group” (EAG) States that comprise Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Assam;  EAG States: Madhya Pradesh: 175 Assam: 167 Others: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand – range between 100-151 2. “Southern” States which include Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu  Southern States: Kerala: Lowest MMR – 20 Karnataka: Highest among south – 63 Others: Tamil Nadu (49), Telangana (45), Andhra Pradesh (46) 3.“Other” States that cover the remaining States/Union Territories. Other States: Maharashtra: 38 Gujarat: 53 West Bengal: 109 Haryana: 106 Punjab: 98 Causes: The “Three Delays” Model 1.Delay in Recognising Danger and Seeking Help The husband and other family members often experience inertia, thinking that all deliveries are a natural process and so the mother-to-be can wait.  Also they may not have enough money or other issues at the family level that prevent them from going to a hospital.  Solutions:  Empowered, neighbourhood mothers and women’s self-help-groups have resulted in a remarkable change Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) began networking with Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANM) since 2005 (when the National Rural Health Mission (NHRM) was launched), institutional over home deliveries have become the better option.  Government is also providing financial incentives for the mother and ASHA, which proved to be beneficial for mother. 2. Delay in Reaching Healthcare Facilities Due to geographic remoteness, poor transport infrastructure or an overnight journey for a mother-to-be to reach a health facility. Many women die on the way.  Solutions: 108 ambulance service, free referral transport under NHM 3.Delay in Receiving Adequate Care at the Facility Shortage of specialists (66% vacancies in CHCs) Poor infrastructure such as lack of blood banks, functional OTs Solutions: The concept of the operationalisation of a ‘minimum four FRUs [first referral units] per district of two million population, is crucial. The “first level referral unit” with specialists such as an obstetrician, anaesthetist, paediatrician, blood bank and operation theatre was aimed at preventing maternal death at the doorstep of a hospital. Audit and accountability for care quality Steps needed Focus on basic Antenatal care, institutional delivery, staff recruitment Strengthen FRUs, blood banks, emergency transport Fine-tune emergency obstetric care, invest in training Implement maternal death surveillance and response (MDSR) effectively Fill human resource gaps (especially specialists) Expand infrastructure with accountability Enhance community education and women empowerment Case study: Kerala The Kerala has model of a Confidential Review of Maternal deaths, initiated by Dr. V.P. Paily. Kerala MMR is 20. Steps taken The use of uterine artery clamps on the lower segment Application of suction canula to overcome atonicity of the uterus Sharp lookout for and energetic management of amniotic fluid embolism, diffused intravascular coagulation, hepatic failure secondary to fatty liver cirrhosis , etc.  They even address antenatal depression and post-partum psychosis as there were a few cases of pregnant mothers ending their life. Value addition: Government Schemes National Health Mission (NHM): Strengthening infrastructure and service delivery Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY): Financial incentives for institutional births Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA): Free antenatal care on fixed days LaQshya Initiative: Improving quality of maternity care in labour rooms Poshan Abhiyan: Tackling anaemia and malnutrition Ayushman Bharat: Health insurance coverage and Health & Wellness Centres (HWCs) Conclusion Preventable maternal deaths are not just a health issue, but a human rights concern. With political will, community involvement, and robust public health systems, India can move closer to zero preventable maternal deaths and ensure safe motherhood as a right, not a privilege. Mains Practice Question Q “Despite a declining national Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), regional disparities in maternal health outcomes persist in India. Analyse the systemic and structural barriers contributing to maternal deaths. (250 words, 15 marks) Laws related to Phone Tapping (GS paper II - governance) Introduction (Context) Phone tapping or communication interception involves surveillance by the state, raising critical concerns on individual privacy, due process, and state overreach. Recent rulings by Madras and Delhi High Courts have brought to the fore divergent judicial views on when and how such surveillance can be justified. What is Phone Tapping? Phone tapping is the process of secretly listening to or recording conversations conducted over telephone or digital communication channels. It is a form of surveillance employed by law enforcement or intelligence agencies. Purpose: To prevent crimes such as terrorism, corruption, organised crime, espionage, and cybercrimes. To gather evidence during investigations against suspects. To ensure national security, public order, or sovereignty of the country. Used in exceptional circumstances where other means of information gathering are inadequate or impossible. Legal Framework for Phone Tapping in India The government’s powers to intercept communication are laid down in three pieces of legislation. Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 Section 5(2) allows central and state governments to intercept messages “on the occurrence of public emergency or in the interest of public safety”. Given that the right to free speech and the right to privacy are fundamental rights, any encroachment on these rights through surveillance is only permissible on narrow constitutional grounds. Grounds must align with reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2): Sovereignty & integrity of India Security of the State Public order Friendly relations with foreign states Preventing incitement to an offence Information Technology Act, 2000 Governs interception of emails, WhatsApp, and digital communication. Indian Post Office Act, 1898 Permits interception of postal correspondence. Recent Judicial Interpretations Both the Madras High Court and the Delhi High Court dealt with cases where the government had tapped someone’s phone to stop them from encouraging or planning a crime. Preventing someone from committing a crime is one of the legal and valid reasons allowed under the law for phone tapping. Hence the judgments are: Delhi High Court (June 2024) Upheld phone-tapping order by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in a corruption case. CBI tapped phones of an accused trying to secure a ₹2,149 crore contract through bribery. Court’s Rationale: Economic offences of such scale pose a threat to public safety. Corruption undermines governance, public trust, and economic stability. Madras High Court (July 2024) Quashed MHA’s phone-tapping order in a bribery case (₹50 lakh). Court’s Rationale: Tax evasion or bribery does not amount to “public emergency”. Surveillance was procedurally flawed and unlawful. Referred to a 2011 PIB notification: Tax evasion alone doesn’t justify tapping. Violated SC’s 1997 PUCL safeguards; hence, evidence inadmissible Procedural Safeguards: PUCL vs Union of India (1997) In its landmark 1997 ruling in People’s Union Of Civil Liberties vs Union Of India, the Supreme Court examined the constitutional validity of Section 5(2) of the Telegraph Act. While it upheld the law, the court laid down procedural safeguards for its application. SC upheld Section 5(2) but imposed strict procedural controls: Only Home Secretary (Centre or State) can approve interception. Must be reviewed by a three-member committee (Cabinet Secy, Law Secy, Telecom Secy). Valid for 2 months, subject to renewal. Tapping must be a last resort if the objective can’t be achieved by other means. Incorporated into Rule 419A of Telegraph Rules. Key Constitutional Issues Involved  Right to Privacy (Article 21) Recognized as a fundamental right by the Supreme Court in the Puttaswamy judgment (2017). Any surveillance, including phone tapping, must meet the tests of legality, necessity, and proportionality. Freedom of Speech (Article 19(1)(a)) Phone tapping can hinder free expression, especially among journalists, whistle-blowers, and dissenters. The state can restrict this right only on reasonable grounds listed under Article 19(2) (e.g., public order, sovereignty, security of the state). Due Process and Rule of Law The Supreme Court in PUCL vs Union of India (1997) laid down procedural safeguards for lawful interception. Violations of these safeguards make phone-tapping unconstitutional and the evidence inadmissible. Way Forward Enact a dedicated Surveillance Regulation Law with clear definitions and safeguards. Introduce judicial oversight mechanism for approving interception orders. Implement data minimisation, necessity, and proportionality principles. Strengthen institutional accountability for misuse or procedural violations. Public transparency through periodic disclosures and independent audits. Conclusion Phone tapping serves national interest and public security if done lawfully. Hence, balancing national interest and individual liberty remains the cornerstone of a democratic surveillance regime. Mains Practice Question Q What is phone tapping, and under what circumstances is it legally permitted in India? Discuss the constitutional concerns it raises and suggest measures to ensure accountability and protection of individual rights. (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  https://iasbaba.com/daily-current-affairs-quiz/

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 7th July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Balance of Payments Category: ECONOMICS Context: India’s foreign exchange earnings from invisible exports—services and private remittance transfers—now exceed visible goods exports. Decoding context: Key Points: Definition and Shift: Visible trade refers to physical goods exports. Invisible trade includes services (like IT, finance) and private transfers (like remittances). India’s invisible exports in 2024–25: $576.54 billion, surpassing goods exports of $441.79 billion. Tangibles vs Intangibles: Goods exports grew from $66.29 billion (2003-04) to $441.79 billion (2024-25). Invisible receipts jumped sharply post-2020 due to services boom and remittance inflows. Major boost came during 2021–23 due to global recovery post-COVID. Invisible Components: Services exports: $387.54 billion in 2024–25, largely from IT, financial, and professional services. Private transfers (mainly NRI remittances): $135.43 billion, driven by Indian diaspora in the Gulf and West. Economic Significance: Invisibles are resilient to geopolitics, tariffs, and supply shocks, unlike goods trade. India maintains a goods trade deficit (e.g., -$278.1 billion in 2024–25) but balances it via a strong invisibles surplus ($263.85 billion). Strategic Advantage: India’s comparative advantage lies in exporting skills, services, and human capital rather than material goods. This has shielded the economy from global economic disruptions and enhanced macro-economic stability. Learning Corner: Balance of Payments (BoP) The Balance of Payments (BoP) is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world during a specific period, usually a year or a quarter. Main Components of BoP: Current Account Deals with day-to-day transactions of goods, services, and transfers. a) Merchandise Trade (Visible Trade): Export and import of physical goods (e.g., oil, machinery). b) Services (Invisible Trade): Export and import of intangible services like IT, banking, tourism. c) Primary Income: Income from investments and wages, such as dividends, interest, and salaries earned abroad. d) Secondary Income (Transfers): One-way transfers like remittances from NRIs, gifts, and donations. Current Account Balance = Exports – Imports (of goods, services, income & transfers) Capital Account Records capital transfers and acquisition/disposal of non-produced, non-financial assets (minor component). Financial Account Tracks investment flows across borders. a) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) b) Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) c) Loans and banking capital d) Reserve assets (like foreign exchange reserves held by the RBI) Errors and Omissions A balancing item to account for discrepancies due to data mismatches. BoP Status: If inflows > outflows → BoP Surplus If outflows > inflows → BoP Deficit India often has a current account deficit (due to goods import dependency) but maintains BoP stability through strong capital inflows and invisible receipts. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS 17th BRICS Summit 2025 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: PM Narendra Modi addressed the 17th BRICS Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Key Takeaways Emphasized that 20th-century institutions like the UNSC, WTO, and Multilateral Development Banks no longer reflect the realities of the 21st century. Urged for a multipolar and inclusive world order, with reforms in global institutions to ensure fair representation. Highlighted that two-thirds of the global population, largely from developing nations, remain underrepresented. Criticized double standards and tokenism in global commitments on development, climate finance, and technology access. Called for reforms that bring tangible outcomes—restructuring governance, leadership roles, and voting rights. Used analogies like “SIM card without network” and “21st-century software on a 20th-century typewriter” to stress outdated global systems. Welcomed Indonesia as a new BRICS member and praised Brazil’s leadership in expanding the bloc. Reiterated India’s commitment to the Global South and working with BRICS to promote inclusive global cooperation. The summit saw participation from new members such as Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, and Indonesia, focusing on building a more just and sustainable world order. Learning Corner: 17th BRICS Summit (2025) The 17th BRICS Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from July 6–7, 2025. Theme: “Reforming Global Governance for a Multipolar World” Key Highlights: Attended by leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and new members: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, and Indonesia. Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for: Greater representation of the Global South in global institutions Urgent reforms in the UNSC, WTO, and international financial institutions End to double standards in global development, climate finance, and technology access Modi emphasized that 20th-century institutions are outdated for 21st-century challenges. Welcomed Indonesia’s inclusion and praised Brazil’s leadership in driving BRICS expansion. Summit Outcomes: Reaffirmed commitment to inclusive multilateralism Supported expansion of BRICS membership Called for equitable and sustainable global development Emphasized South-South cooperation and reforms in global governance architecture Significance: Marked a shift toward making BRICS a more inclusive platform for the Global South. Strengthened BRICS’ role in shaping a more balanced international order. BRICS BRICS is a multilateral grouping of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. It was established to promote peace, development, and cooperation among developing countries and to reform global governance structures. Key Features: Formation: Originated as “BRIC” in 2006; South Africa joined in 2010, making it BRICS. Purpose: Promote economic cooperation among emerging economies Advocate for a multipolar world order Push for reforms in global institutions like the UN, IMF, and World Bank Strengthen South-South cooperation Core Pillars of Cooperation: Political and Security Economic and Financial Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges Major Initiatives: New Development Bank (NDB): Provides funding for infrastructure and development projects Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): Supports member countries during financial crises BRICS Summit: Annual meeting of leaders to discuss strategic global issues Recent Expansion: In 2024–25, BRICS expanded to include Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, and Indonesia, increasing its global influence. Significance: Represents over 40% of the world population and nearly 25% of global GDP. Acts as a voice for the Global South in shaping a more balanced and equitable international order. Source: THE HINDU Heavy Water Reactors Category:SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Indigenous 700 MW Heavy Water Reactors Get Operational Licence Key Highlights: India’s Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) has granted operational licences to two indigenously built 700 MW Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) at Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS) in Gujarat. KAPS-3 and KAPS-4 are the first Indian-designed reactors of this scale. KAPS-3 reached full power in August 2023; KAPS-4 followed in August 2024. Licensing was granted in July 2025 after safety assessments. Significance: A major step in India’s nuclear self-reliance, reinforcing the country’s capability to design, build, and operate large-scale reactors. NPCIL is now constructing 10 more 700 MW PHWRs in fleet mode across India, expanding clean energy capacity. India already operates 15 PHWRs (220 MW) and 2 PHWRs (540 MW). The 700 MW model is a technological upgrade. Technology Overview: PHWRs use natural uranium as fuel and heavy water as both moderator and coolant. Known for high safety, cost-efficiency, and suitability for India’s resource base. Future Plans: Additional 700 MW PHWRs are under construction or planned in Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka. This progress supports India’s clean energy goals and enhances energy security through indigenous technology. Learning Corner: India’s Nuclear Energy Journey Early Foundations: Visionary Leadership: India’s nuclear program was envisioned by Dr. Homi J. Bhabha, who laid out a three-stage nuclear power program to utilize India’s limited uranium and abundant thorium resources. Institutional Framework: Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) established in 1948 Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) set up in 1954 Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) established in 1987 to construct and operate nuclear power plants  Three-Stage Nuclear Power Program: Stage 1: Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) using natural uranium Stage 2: Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) using plutonium from spent fuel Stage 3: Advanced reactors using thorium-based fuel (yet to be commercially deployed) Key Milestones: 1969: First commercial nuclear power plant, Tarapur Atomic Power Station, commissioned 1974 & 1998: Conducted nuclear tests (Pokhran-I & II), demonstrating strategic capability 2008: India-US Civil Nuclear Agreement ended nuclear isolation, enabling import of uranium and international cooperation 2023–25: Indigenous 700 MW PHWRs like KAPS-3 and KAPS-4 reached full power Current Status (as of 2025): Installed capacity: ~7,500 MW Reactors in operation: 22 nuclear reactors Reactors under construction: 10+ PHWRs in fleet mode Technology mix: PHWRs, Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs), Light Water Reactors (LWRs), Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) Future Outlook: Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) in Kalpakkam expected soon Emphasis on indigenous reactor technology and thorium utilization Nuclear energy seen as critical to achieving net-zero and energy security Different Types of Nuclear Reactors Nuclear reactors are classified based on the type of fuel, moderator, and coolant used. Below are the key types relevant globally and in India: Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) Fuel: Natural uranium Moderator & Coolant: Heavy water (D₂O) Example: Kakrapar (KAPS), Rajasthan (RAPS) Features: High neutron economy Suitable for India’s limited uranium resources Indigenous design (700 MW PHWRs are India’s latest advancement) Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Fuel: Enriched uranium Moderator & Coolant: Light water Example: Tarapur Atomic Power Station Features: Steam is generated directly in the reactor core Simple design but higher risk of radioactive steam leakage Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Fuel: Enriched uranium Moderator & Coolant: Light water Example: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (Russian design) Features: Most widely used globally Coolant is kept under high pressure to prevent boiling Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) Fuel: Plutonium mixed oxide (MOX) Moderator: None Coolant: Liquid sodium Example: Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), Kalpakkam Features: Breeds more fuel than it consumes Essential for India’s second stage of nuclear program Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) (Under development) Fuel: Thorium + Uranium-233 Moderator & Coolant: Heavy water/light water Purpose: Part of India’s third stage Utilizes abundant thorium reserves High safety and passive cooling features Light Water Reactor (LWR) Fuel: Enriched uranium Moderator & Coolant: Light water Note: Includes both BWR and PWR as subtypes Used widely in international civilian nuclear programs Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) is India’s independent nuclear regulatory authority, responsible for ensuring the safe use of ionising radiation and nuclear energy. It functions under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962. Establishment: Established: November 15, 1983 By: Government of India Under: Atomic Energy Act, 1962 Mandate & Functions: Regulatory Oversight: Approves siting, design, construction, commissioning, operation, and decommissioning of nuclear facilities. Radiation Safety: Regulates use of radiation in medicine, industry, agriculture, and research. Standards & Guidelines: Frames safety codes, manuals, and procedures for nuclear and radiation facilities in line with IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) standards. Licensing: Issues licences to nuclear power plants and radiation installations after thorough safety assessment. Inspections & Enforcement: Conducts periodic inspections and enforces safety compliance, including shutdown orders if necessary. Public and Environmental Protection: Ensures that radiation exposure to workers and the public remains within prescribed limits. Structure: AERB reports to the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which is under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). It operates independently of nuclear plant operators like NPCIL to maintain objectivity. Source :  THE HINDU Great Nicobar Project Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: The Great Nicobar Island infrastructure project has sparked criticism for inadequately addressing seismic risks in its Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), despite the region’s vulnerability to major earthquakes. Key Criticisms: Downplaying Seismic Risk: The EIA relies on a limited 2019 study focused mainly on tsunami threats and overlooks broader earthquake hazards, despite the region having a high probability of major quakes. Neglect of Independent Research: Independent studies indicate the region is among India’s most seismically active, with potential for ground shaking, soil liquefaction, and land subsidence, as witnessed in the 2004 tsunami. Lack of Transparency: Critics claim the clearance process was non-transparent and prioritized technical and financial considerations over environmental and safety concerns. Official Stand: The government assures that all construction will follow Indian earthquake-resistant codes and a disaster management plan is in place. It downplays the risk of another 2004-scale earthquake in the near future. Expert Recommendations: Independent Review: Experts urge a transparent reassessment by a high-powered committee focused on seismic vulnerability. Regulatory Oversight: The National Green Tribunal had imposed a temporary stay, calling for re-evaluation of environmental and coastal regulation clearances. Learning Corner: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process used to evaluate the potential environmental consequences of a proposed development project before it is approved or implemented. It aims to ensure that decision-makers consider environmental impacts alongside economic and technical factors. Objectives of EIA: Predict environmental impacts at an early stage of project planning Propose mitigation measures to reduce adverse impacts Promote sustainable development Facilitate informed and transparent decision-making Key Components of an EIA: Screening – Determines if a project requires EIA Scoping – Identifies the key issues and impacts to be studied Impact Assessment – Evaluates potential environmental effects Public Consultation – Involves stakeholders in decision-making Environmental Management Plan (EMP) – Suggests mitigation strategies Monitoring and Compliance – Ensures project follows environmental safeguards Legal Framework in India: Governed by the Environmental Protection Act, 1986 Operationalized through the EIA Notification, 2006 (amended from time to time) Regulated by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) and State Environmental Impact Assessment Authorities (SEIAAs)   Great Nicobar Island Project The Great Nicobar Island Project is a mega infrastructure development initiative aimed at strategically transforming the southernmost island of the Andaman & Nicobar archipelago. It has significant economic, strategic, and environmental implications. Key Features: Location: Great Nicobar Island, located in the Bay of Bengal near the Malacca Strait Project Components: International Container Transshipment Terminal (ICTT) Greenfield Airport Power Plant Township for workers and residents Implementing Agency: Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO), with support from the central government Strategic Importance: Enhances India’s maritime presence in the Indo-Pacific region Aims to counterbalance Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean Facilitates secure maritime trade through proximity to major shipping routes Environmental Concerns: The island is an ecologically fragile zone, rich in biodiversity and tribal heritage Criticisms of EIA: Alleged underestimation of seismic risks, lack of transparency, and insufficient consultation Potential impact on coral reefs, mangroves, tribal communities, and wildlife habitats Current Status: Project has received environmental and coastal regulation clearances, though challenged by environmentalists and civil society groups Subject to review by the National Green Tribunal (NGT) for compliance and risk reassessment Source: THE HINDU Nipah Virus Category:SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Kerala has confirmed fresh cases of Nipah virus, prompting heightened vigilance in Malappuram and Palakkad, with an alert issued in Kozhikode due to risk of further spread Containment and Response Measures: Surveillance & Contact Tracing: Over 400 individuals are under observation across the three districts. Dedicated teams are conducting tracing, symptom monitoring, and quarantines. Medical Infrastructure: Isolation wards and ICU facilities have been activated. Malappuram has 12 patients under treatment, including 5 in ICU, while Palakkad has 4 in isolation. Containment Zones & Awareness: Affected wards have been declared containment zones. Mask mandates and movement restrictions are in place, along with door-to-door awareness campaigns. Emergency Coordination: District authorities, in collaboration with police and health departments, are managing containment, helplines, and tracking unexplained deaths. Ministerial Oversight: Health Minister Veena George is overseeing high-level review meetings to ensure swift and coordinated action. Learning Corner: Nipah Virus Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus (transmitted from animals to humans) that can also spread through contaminated food or direct human-to-human contact. It is considered a highly lethal pathogen with epidemic potential. Key Features: Causative Agent: Nipah virus, belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family Natural Host: Fruit bats of the Pteropus genus Transmission: From bats to humans via contaminated fruit or palm sap From animals (especially pigs) to humans Human-to-human through close contact or bodily fluids Symptoms: Fever, headache, muscle pain Vomiting and sore throat Dizziness, drowsiness In severe cases: encephalitis (brain inflammation), coma, and death Fatality Rate: Ranges from 40% to 75%, depending on outbreak response and healthcare access Geographical Context: First identified in Malaysia (1998–99) In India, outbreaks have occurred in West Bengal (2001, 2007) and Kerala (2018, 2019, 2021, 2023, and 2025) Treatment and Prevention: No specific antiviral treatment or licensed vaccine currently available Management is supportive, focusing on symptom relief and critical care Prevention includes: Avoiding exposure to bats and pigs Not consuming fruits fallen on the ground or palm sap Strict infection control measures in hospitals Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Employment-Linked Incentive scheme (GS Paper II – Governance, GS paper III - Economy) Introduction (Context) The Union Cabinet approved an Employment-Linked Incentive (ELI) scheme with an outlay of ₹99,446 crore. The scheme, a promise made in the 2024-25 budget, is aimed at creating employment, particularly in the manufacturing sector. Status of Employment in India According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): Urban male LFPR increased from 74.3% (2023) to 75.6% (2024). Urban female LFPR rose slightly from 25.5% to 25.8%. Overall urban LFPR increased from 50.3% to 51.0%. All-India LFPR remained steady at 56.2%, despite category-wise variations. Worker Population Ratio (WPR): Slight improvements were seen across all categories, particularly in the overall WPR (47.0% to 47.6%) in Urban areas.  At all India level overall WPR remained relatively unchanged (53.4% to 53.5%).   Unemployment Trends (PLFS 2023–24) Rural unemployment slightly declined from 4.3% to 4.2%. Urban male unemployment increased from 6.0% to 6.1% Urban female unemployment dropped from 8.9% to 8.2%. Overall urban unemployment remained stable at 6.7%. All-India unemployment rate fell slightly from 5.0% to 4.9%. Decline in unpaid female helpers in household enterprises (from 19.9% to 18.1%) contributed to lower WPR and LFPR in rural areas. Salient Provisions of the Scheme Who will implement? The Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) will implement the scheme.  It will run from August 1, 2025 to July 31, 2027. Key provisions: Newly recruited employees, with salaries up to ₹1 lakh, will get a one-month EPF wage up to ₹15,000 in two installments.  The EPFO will pay the first instalment after six months of service and the second instalment after 12 months of service — both as direct bank transfer.  A portion of the incentive will be kept in “a savings instrument of deposit account for a fixed period and can be withdrawn by the employee at a later date”.  The establishments, registered with EPFO, will get up to ₹3,000 per month, for two years, “for each additional employee with sustained employment for at least six months”.  For the manufacturing sector, incentives will be extended to third and fourth years as well. All payments to the First Time Employees under Part A of the Scheme will be made through DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) mode using Aadhar Bridge Payment System (ABPS).  Payments to the Employers under Part B will be made directly into their PAN-linked Accounts. Expert opinion:   K.E. Raghunathan (Association of Indian Entrepreneurs) suggests: Shift the scheme to the Ministry of MSMEs. Provide monthly subsidies to both employee and employer based on actual payroll. Keep the process simple and transparent for wider reach. Proposed benefits The ELI scheme aims to address India’s employment crisis by incentivising the private sector for job creation, retention and skill development. The objectives of the scheme are: Enhance private sector employment opportunities: The initiative encourages private sector companies to recruit additional staff, especially new entrants to the workforce, by providing financial rewards for job creation.   Promote youth employment: The scheme primarily aims to decrease youth unemployment by encouraging businesses to recruit young individuals, especially those joining the workforce for the first time.   Promote job retention: The ELI programme features measures to encourage job retention by offering incentives to employers who maintain elevated workforce levels over time, especially those who recruit beyond a specific threshold.   Encourage skill advancement: The initiative aligns with governmental objectives to improve skills, particularly among young people, by motivating employers to invest in training and upskilling their workforce.   Enhance formal employment: The initiative aims to formalise employment, especially in industries that have historically depended on informal labour. This involves offering incentives to employers who transition workers into the formal economy, providing advantages such as Provident Fund (PF) coverage.   Improve employment in the manufacturing sector: The programme features targeted measures for the manufacturing industry, seeking to boost job opportunities in this vital sector by promoting the recruitment of individuals new to the workforce.   Decrease economic disparity: By prioritising job creation and skill enhancement for young individuals, especially those from underprivileged backgrounds, the initiative seeks to diminish economic disparity and improve social mobility.   Assist employers in recruitment: By providing financial assistance, such as reimbursing employers for their PF contributions for new hires, the programme aims to lower employers’ expenses and motivate them to increase their staffing levels.   The ELI scheme, incentivises creation of more than 3.5 crore jobs over a period of two years. The Centre expects 1.92 crore newly employed people to get the benefit of the scheme, which comes into operation from August 1, 2025 and ends on July 31, 2027. \ View of Trade Unions Barring the RSS-backed Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS), all 10 central trade unions have questioned the scheme.  Other unions fear that workers’ money will be used to incentivise employers.  Citing the fate of the Production-Linked Incentive of 2020, wherein certain sectors were given sops by the Centre to create jobs, but the money had gone into the pockets of big companies.  They argued that the EPFO had to conduct a probe and ban certain companies after finding the scheme was misused for employers’ benefits. With ELI Scheme, the government intends to catalyse job creation in all sectors, particularly in manufacturing sector, besides incentivizing youth joining the workforce for the first time.  An important outcome of the Scheme will also be formalization of the country’s workforce by extending social security coverage for crores of young men and women. Concerns raised by experts As EPFO is only a custodian of savings of employees, how it can act as an agency to implement the scheme.  As the EPFO has no government funds in its books, there are doubts over the reimbursement of the money which could go to the employer or a newly recruited employee. As EPFO is not an agency with the responsibility of creating jobs, there are demands to create a separate agency to implement the scheme. Value Addition: EPFO EPFO is a government body under the Ministry of Labour and Employment. It manages the Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF), a retirement savings scheme for salaried employees in India. Both employee and employer contribute a portion of the salary to the EPF account every month. EPFO ensures safe investment of this money and provides returns along with pension and insurance benefits. It mainly acts as a custodian of workers’ savings, not as a job-creating or welfare-distributing agency. Conclusion In conclusion, the introduction of the Employment-Linked Incentive (ELI) schemes highlights the government’s strategic approach to addressing unemployment while driving economic growth. By offering targeted incentives to employees and employers, these schemes aim to create a more inclusive and dynamic job market. The ELI initiatives not only support workforce expansion and formalisation but also provide significant financial relief to employers, particularly SMEs, making it easy for them to grow and hire. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the key features and objectives of the Employment-Linked Incentive (ELI) Scheme. What are the major concerns raised regarding its implementation? (250 words, 15 marks) Agriculture Reforms and Biotechnology ( GS paper III – Economy, GS paper III - Science) Introduction (Context) Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s call for “Jai Anusandhan” (Hail Innovation), backed by a ₹1 lakh crore Research, Development, and Innovation (RDI) fund, aims to transform Indian agriculture. However, this vision needs the commercial adoption of genetically modified (GM) crops, which have been stuck in regulatory mechanism. What are Genetically Modified Crops? Genetically modified (GM) crops are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques.  The aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species like resistance to certain pests, diseases, environmental conditions, herbicides etc. Genetic modification is also done to increase nutritional value, production of pharmaceuticals, biofuels etc.  GM crops are also referred as genetically engineered (GE) plants, transgenic crops, living modified organisms (LMOs) or biotech crops. Benefits of GM crops: GM crops can lead to higher yields, potentially addressing food security concerns.  Some GM crops, like Bt cotton, reduce the need for synthetic pesticides, benefiting the environment.   Some GM crops are modified to have a longer shelf life, reducing food waste.  Status of GM crops As of 2023, over 200 million hectares of GM soyabean, maize, canola, and more are in cultivation across 76 countries. In India, only Bt cotton is officially approved and widely adopted since 2002. More than 90 per cent of India’s cotton area is under Bt cotton, and its seed is fed to cattle. So, in a way, a GM crop is already in our food system.  Bt Brinjal: Approved by GEAC in 2009, but commercial release is under a moratorium. GM Mustard (DMH-11): Given conditional environmental clearance in 2022, but yet to be commercialised. Impact on cotton Cotton production surged from 13.6 million bales in 2002–03 to 39.8 million bales in 2013–14, a phenomenal 193 per cent growth.  Productivity shot up by 87 per cent (from 302 kg/ha to 566 kg/ha)  Cultivated area expanded by 56 per cent, with Bt cotton dominating.  Farmers’ incomes soared, and Gujarat even witnessed an agrarian boom — the state averaged over 8 per cent annual growth in agri GDP.  India had become the world’s second-largest cotton producer after China and the second-largest exporter after the US, hitting $4.1 billion of net exports during 2011-12. However, after 2015, Cotton yield declined from 566 kg/ha (2013–14) to 436 kg/ha (2023–24). This is below the global average (~770 kg/ha) and far behind China (1,945 kg/ha) and Brazil (1,839 kg/ha). Average annual cotton production dropped by 2% since 2015 driven largely by pest outbreaks like pink bollworm and whiteflies, tangled regulations, and a prohibition on next-generation cotton seeds such as herbicide-tolerant (HT) Bt cotton. Reasons:  HT-Bt cotton, engineered to survive glyphosate spraying, has not been cleared. Despite this, the seeds have leaked into farms across Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Punjab. Industry bodies and surveys estimate that illegal HT-Bt covers 15–25 per cent of cotton acreage.  Since 2015, government intervention in private seed contracts has emerged as a major challenge to innovation in India’s cotton sector. Cotton Seed Price Control Order (2015) has slashed royalty fees, discouraging innovation, capped trait fees at 10% of MSP, with mandatory tech transfer in 30 days which resulted in reduced participation by global biotech firms Consequently, cotton exports began to decline after 2011-12, and by 2024-25, India turned into a net importer of raw cotton, with net imports valued at $0.4 billion. Status of other crops Approval for Bt brinjal and GM mustard (DMH 11), remains on hold. These crops cleared in principle by the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) haven’t received full commercial green light.  Bt brinjal has been under moratorium since 2009, while GM mustard got conditional environmental release in 2022—but commercialisation has stalled pending further regulatory checks and potentially a Supreme Court ruling.  By muzzling trait monetisation and hindering technology transfer, India’s rigid regulatory posture has stalled crop innovation, forced reliance on imports, and squandered a chance to lead the gene revolution. Way forward Create a transparent and science-based regulatory framework Encourage public-private R&D partnerships Support pilot programmes for GM crops cleared by GEAC Review SPCO 2015 to balance affordability with innovation Spread awareness to counter misinformation about GM foods Integrate GM tech with climate-smart agriculture Conclusion From plate to plough, India’s future depends on embracing gene technology. GM crops, if deployed responsibly, can be the key to enhancing productivity, ensuring food security, reducing import dependency, and empowering farmers.  Mains Practice Question Q “India’s cautious approach to genetically modified (GM) crops reflects a deep conflict between scientific innovation and regulatory hesitation.” Critically examine. (250 words, 15 marks)   Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba  

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UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 7th July 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 5th July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Rethinking the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) in the context of geopolitics, climate change, and India’s national interest. Decoding context: Why IWT Needs Rethinking: The Indus Waters Treaty (1960) was signed during a time of new geopolitical realities post-Partition. Pakistan’s location as a lower riparian state made it vulnerable, prompting a Western-brokered agreement. The treaty was never a simple water-sharing agreement but a product of Cold War-era geopolitics involving the World Bank and Western powers. Climate Change & Hydrological Impact: Climate change is a critical factor: altering glacier melt, river flows, and storage needs. The treaty does not account for changing water availability or extreme weather events. India’s need for more storage capacity and hydropower must be factored into a renegotiation. Asymmetry in the Treaty: Pakistan, as the lower riparian, has veto power over Indian projects on the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab). India receives only 20% of the basin’s waters despite contributing significantly to the basin’s geography and climate. The treaty is not reciprocal, giving Pakistan more leverage and delaying Indian hydropower projects. Strategic Need for Renegotiation: India must assert its rights and renegotiate on terms that reflect present realities. A revised treaty should consider: India’s climatic and developmental needs, China and Bangladesh’s influence on other river systems, The scientific understanding of the Indus Basin (e.g., glaciology, hydrology). Learning Corner: Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Signed: 1960 Parties: India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank Objective: Water-sharing of the Indus River System between India (upper riparian) and Pakistan (lower riparian) Key Provisions: Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab): Allocated to Pakistan, with limited use permitted to India (non-consumptive uses like hydropower) Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej): Allocated to India Permanent Indus Commission: Established for cooperation and dispute resolution Dispute Mechanism: Includes negotiation, neutral expert, and international arbitration Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS National Medical Commission (NMC) Category: POLITY Context: Three out of the four autonomous boards under the National Medical Commission (NMC) — India’s apex medical education regulator — have no presidents. Current Problems: 3 out of 4 boards lack presidents; other members have also resigned or completed their tenure. Boards are running in an ad hoc manner, stalling inspections, decisions, and curriculum updates. 11 of 18 board posts and 6 part-time posts are vacant. Even virtual inspections of colleges are being done by non-technical staff, leading to concerns over quality assurance. Lack of official acceptance of resignations has worsened the leadership vacuum. Consequences: New medical college inspections and seat renewals are delayed. Academic changes (e.g., curriculum updates on LGBTQ+ issues, ethics) are stalled. No full Commission meeting has happened in nearly a year. Students and colleges are affected due to regulatory inaction. Learning Corner: National Medical Commission (NMC)  Background: Established: September 2020 By: National Medical Commission Act, 2019 (replacing the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956) Objective: To overhaul the medical education system, improve governance, transparency, and eliminate corruption associated with the Medical Council of India (MCI). Composition of NMC: Chairperson 10 Ex-officio members 22 part-time members 4 autonomous boards (very crucial): Undergraduate Medical Education Board (UGMEB) Postgraduate Medical Education Board (PGMEB) Medical Assessment and Rating Board (MARB) Ethics and Medical Registration Board (EMRB) Each board is headed by a President and performs a specialized regulatory function. Key Functions of NMC: Regulate medical institutions, education, and professionals. Frame curriculum standards for undergraduate and postgraduate education. Grant permission for establishment of new medical colleges and increase of seats. Maintain National Register of licensed medical practitioners. Ensure adherence to ethical codes of conduct. Conduct National Exit Test (NEXT) for final-year MBBS students (will serve as a licentiate exam and PG entrance test). Promote evidence-based medical education and practice. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Remittances Category: ECONOMICS Context : The US House of Representatives has passed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) imposing a 1% tax on non-commercial overseas remittances, effective January 1, 2026. Details of the Tax: Initially proposed at 5%, later reduced to 1%. Applies to cash, money orders, cashier’s checks, or informal transfers like through money service providers. Exemptions: Transfers under $15. Transfers using bank accounts or US-issued debit/credit cards. Impact on India: India may see a limited impact, as: Most remittances use formal channels, which are exempt. Indian remittances may be frontloaded before Jan 2026. The new tax is milder than earlier proposals. According to the Center for Global Development, India will be the second-most affected country after Mexico, but the impact will still be modest. Learning Corner: Remittances to India (2025) India continues to be the top recipient of global remittances, receiving a record $135.46 billion in FY 2024–25, marking a 14% increase from the previous year. These inflows play a critical role in India’s balance of payments, accounting for over 10% of the country’s current account receipts. Key Source Countries: United States (largest contributor) United Kingdom Singapore Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries like UAE, Saudi Arabia Developed countries now contribute around 45% of the total inflow, while GCC nations’ share has slightly declined due to changing migration patterns. Trends and Drivers: Growth in high-skilled Indian migrants to OECD nations Expansion of the Indian diaspora, now exceeding 18 million Strong use of formal banking channels Increased use of digital remittance platforms Economic Significance: Helps offset trade deficits Acts as a stable source of foreign exchange Often exceeds foreign direct investment (FDI) in volume Supports household consumption, rural spending, and financial inclusion Source :  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Ramleela Category: CULTURE Context:Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on a visit to Trinidad, called Lord Ram the “divine link beyond oceans” during a community event, referring to the cultural legacy of Ramleela among the Indian diaspora. Trinidad and Indian Roots: Trinidad and Tobago has a population of ~13 lakh, with a large percentage tracing roots to India. Indian indentured labourers arrived here between 1838 and 1917, mostly from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. They brought with them cultural traditions, especially Ramleela—the dramatic retelling of Tulsidas’s Ramcharitmanas. Carrying Ram Across the Seas: Though they had few possessions, migrants carried texts like the Ramcharitmanas or preserved it in memory. This tradition became a symbol of cultural continuity and identity in a foreign land. Ramleela was performed in rural settings, often with local Bhojpuri songs and participation of all community members. Symbol of Identity: For Indo-Trinidadians, Ramleela remains a cultural anchor and symbol of ‘Indianness’, even in a Westernized Caribbean context. The community continues to absorb and reinterpret Lord Ram’s teachings, reinforcing transnational Indian identity. Learning Corner: Ramleela Ramleela is the traditional, dramatic re-enactment of the life and story of Lord Ram, primarily based on the epic Ramcharitmanas by Goswami Tulsidas. It is a vibrant form of folk theatre that is especially popular in northern India, performed during the Navratri period, culminating in Dussehra with the symbolic burning of Ravana’s effigy. Origins & Significance: Rooted in the Bhakti movement, Ramleela gained popularity in the 16th century with the devotional retelling of Ram’s life. It is not just a religious event, but also a cultural celebration, combining drama, music, and moral education. It reinforces ethical values like dharma (righteousness), sacrifice, and loyalty. Folk Theatre in India Folk theatre in India is a vibrant and diverse form of traditional performance art that combines storytelling, music, dance, drama, and rituals to convey moral, religious, and social messages. Rooted in local culture and dialects, folk theatre has historically served as a medium of education, entertainment, and social reform, especially in rural India. Key Characteristics: Oral tradition: Passed down through generations without written scripts. Community participation: Performed in open spaces, with active audience engagement. Religious and mythological themes: Often based on epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata. Use of local language and idioms: Accessible to rural and semi-literate audiences. Regional Forms: Region Folk Theatre Form Uttar Pradesh Ramleela, Nautanki Maharashtra Tamasha Karnataka Yakshagana Andhra Pradesh Burrakatha West Bengal Jatra Rajasthan Khayal, Maach Punjab Bhand Pather, Naqal Odisha Prahalad Nataka, Daskathia Cultural Significance: Preserves local traditions, language, and history. Acts as a tool for social commentary and political satire. Promotes moral and spiritual values. Encourages community bonding and collective identity. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS India Unveils Aluminium and Copper Vision Documents (2025) Category: GEOGRAPHY Context: The Government of India has released long-term vision documents for the aluminium and copper sectors, aiming to boost domestic capacity, ensure resource security, and promote green manufacturing as part of the goal of achieving “Viksit Bharat” by 2047 Aluminium Vision: Key Highlights Target: Sixfold increase in production to 37 MTPA by 2047. Raw Material Security: Expand bauxite production to 150 MTPA. Sustainability: Double the aluminium recycling rate; adopt low-carbon technologies. Policy Support: Focus on proven reserves, reform frameworks, and industry collaboration with major players like NALCO, Hindalco, and Vedanta. Copper Vision: Key Highlights Target: Sixfold increase in domestic demand by 2047. Capacity Addition: Add 5 MTPA refining capacity by 2030. Recycling Focus: Boost secondary refining to reduce import dependency. Global Strategy: Secure overseas mineral assets and set up foreign refining facilities. Strategic Importance Clean Energy & Infrastructure: Copper and aluminium are essential for solar, EVs, and power grids. Economic Growth: Expected to support construction, transport, and machinery sectors. Sustainability: Emphasis on responsible mining and adoption of the 6 R’s of mine closure (Reclaim, Repurpose, Rehabilitate, Revegetate, Remediate, Relinquish). Learning Corner: Aluminium and Copper Producing Places in India India is rich in non-ferrous metal resources, especially bauxite (for aluminium) and copper ore. These resources are concentrated in specific regions, forming the backbone of the country’s aluminium and copper industries. Aluminium Production (Based on Bauxite Reserves) Major Bauxite-Producing States: Odisha Largest bauxite reserve holder and aluminium producer Key sites: Panchpatmali (Koraput), Kodingamali Major companies: NALCO, Vedanta Chhattisgarh Reserves in Kabirdham and Surguja districts Key for future expansion Jharkhand Notable areas: Lohardaga, Gumla Hindalco operates mining and refining units Maharashtra Kolhapur district is a key mining area Gujarat Bauxite found in Jamnagar and Kutch regions Aluminium Smelter Hubs: Angul (Odisha) – NALCO Jharsuguda (Odisha) – Vedanta Renukoot (Uttar Pradesh) – Hindalco Korba (Chhattisgarh) – BALCO Copper Production Major Copper Ore Producing States: Rajasthan Largest producer of copper ore Key belt: Khetri-Singhana (Jhunjhunu district) Hindustan Copper Ltd. (HCL) is the major operator Madhya Pradesh Malanjkhand (Balaghat district) hosts India’s largest open-cast copper mine Operated by HCL Jharkhand Ghatsila (East Singhbhum district) has long-standing underground mining operations Copper Smelting Units: Thoothukudi (Tamil Nadu) – Sterlite Copper (closed since 2018) Dahej (Gujarat) – Hindalco Bharuch (Gujarat) – Birla Copper Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Functioning of the National Medical Commission (NMC) (GS Paper 2 – Governance, Issues relating to Health, Statutory Bodies) Context The National Medical Commission (NMC), India’s apex medical education regulator, is facing a leadership crisis with three of its four autonomous boards awaiting presidents for over nine months. This has hampered critical decisions, medical college inspections, and academic governance, raising concerns about regulatory credibility and public health outcomes. Introduction The NMC was constituted in September 2020, replacing the Medical Council of India (MCI) to bring in transparency, efficiency, and accountability in medical education. It consists of four key autonomous boards: UG & PG Medical Education Board Medical Assessment and Rating Board (MARB) Ethics and Medical Registration Board (EMRB) Advisory Board (President: NMC Chairperson) Significance of NMC: Aims to create a transparent, merit-based system of regulation. Seeks to align Indian medical education with global standards. Promotes uniformity in standards across states and private/public institutions. Reduces political interference and corruption seen in the MCI era. However, persistent vacancies, ad hoc operations, and procedural paralysis threaten the goals of the historic medical education reform. Key Challenges Faced by NMC Leadership Vacuum: 3 of 4 autonomous boards lack presidents. Over 11 of 18 full-time posts are vacant; 6 part-time members have finished their tenure. Even the President of NMC and one board president have resigned, but their resignations remain unaccepted — creating administrative ambiguity. Poor Functioning: Boards are working in an ad hoc manner. Regular activities like college inspections, seat approvals, and curriculum reforms are delayed or suspended. Meetings of the general body of NMC have not happened since late 2023. Flawed Inspection System: Virtual inspections are conducted using CCTV and biometric data. These inspections rely on self-declared data by colleges, which are often unchecked or falsified. Many inspections are conducted by non-technical personnel, raising questions on validity. Impact on Medical Education: Delay in approval of new medical colleges and seats, affecting student admissions. Reforms such as inclusion of gender sensitivity, LGBTQ+ issues, and medico-legal ethics in curriculum remain stalled. Implications of Dysfunction Public Health Impact: India’s push to increase doctor density (WHO standard: 1:1000) is undermined. Loss of Regulatory Credibility: Colleges are bypassing NMC’s oversight; potential for regulatory capture and corruption resurfaces. Digital Dependence without Checks: CCTV- and document-based inspections lack rigor and can be manipulated. Policy Paralysis: Without meetings of the general body, curriculum reforms, disciplinary action, and ethical standards remain on paper. Way Forward Expedite Appointments: MoHFW must prioritise filling board vacancies through meritocratic, time-bound processes. Strengthen Institutional Autonomy: Reduce bureaucratic delays; empower NMC for decentralised functioning. Transparent, Evidence-Based Inspections: Combine virtual monitoring with randomised physical audits. Stakeholder Engagement: Consult medical colleges, associations, and civil society for inclusive reforms. Capacity Building: Train NMC staff in medical education technology, ethics, and digital evaluation systems. Conclusion The NMC was envisioned as a next-generation medical regulator, but its effectiveness now hinges on robust leadership, procedural stability, and accountability mechanisms. Reviving its institutional integrity is essential for India to meet its public health and medical education goals in the Amrit Kaal. Value Addition Data Point: As of 2024, India had ~1.4 million registered doctors; shortfall still exists in rural and Tier-2/3 India. WHO recommends 1 doctor per 1000 people – India still lags in several states. Q. “The effectiveness of any regulatory body lies not just in its structural design, but in its operational integrity.” Examine the recent challenges faced by the National Medical Commission (NMC) and their implications for medical education governance in India. (250 words) Indus Waters Treaty and India’s Strategic Reassessment (GS Paper 2- International relations Context The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), brokered by the World Bank in 1960 between India and Pakistan, has come under renewed scrutiny amid evolving geopolitical tensions and climate change impacts. Introduction: The Indus Waters Treaty is often hailed as one of the most successful transboundary river agreements in the world, having survived multiple wars between India and Pakistan. However, changing hydro-political realities, increasing water stress, and climate variability have prompted a re-evaluation of the treaty’s relevance.  Historical Background and Structure of IWT: Signed in 1960, the IWT allocates western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan and eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India. India can use western rivers for non-consumptive use (hydropower, irrigation) under specific restrictions. The World Bank played the role of neutral arbiter, a mechanism still active in resolving disputes. India’s Concerns: Asymmetry in obligations: India, the upper riparian, has limited usage rights, while Pakistan enjoys broader entitlements. Diplomatic misuse by Pakistan: Frequent escalation of technical disagreements to political and legal fora (e.g., arbitration on Kishanganga and Ratle projects). Climate change impacts: Altered precipitation patterns, glacial retreat, and extreme weather events were not accounted for in 1960. “Keeping treaty in abeyance”: India’s current position reflects a calibrated strategic shift, indicating possible withdrawal or renegotiation. Strategic and Environmental Imperatives: Water security is vital for India’s growing agricultural and energy needs, especially in Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh. Need for modernisation of treaty provisions in line with: Climate resilience Technological advancements (e.g., satellite hydrology) Cooperative basin management The treaty does not reflect contemporary principles of equitable and reasonable utilisation or integrated river basin development. Regional and Geopolitical Context: China’s upstream role on the Brahmaputra and other rivers highlights the need for a pan-Himalayan water policy. Bangladesh’s lower riparian concerns and Nepal’s untapped potential suggest India must also shape broader South Asian hydro-diplomacy. Way forward: While the IWT has demonstrated remarkable resilience and stability, its rigidity in the face of new challenges undermines India’s long-term water sovereignty and climate security. A renegotiated or restructured treaty, based on principles of mutual benefit, equitable use, and modern scientific inputs, is essential.  Conclusion: India must move from being a passive signatory to a proactive shaper of regional water governance, aligning water diplomacy with national interests and sustainable development goals (SDGs). Important Keywords for UPSC Answer: Upper and Lower Riparian Rights Hydro-diplomacy Water Sovereignty Strategic Restraint Climate Resilience Asymmetrical Treaty Framework Transboundary Water Management Integrated River Basin Development Glacio-hydrological Variability Vested Interests and Treaty Abuse Cooperative Federalism in Water Governance Quote for Enrichment: “Water treaties must reflect hydrological realities, not just historical compulsions.” Q. “Water diplomacy is the new frontier in India’s foreign policy.” In light of this statement, assess the role of the Indus Waters Treaty in shaping India’s hydro-diplomatic engagements in South Asia. (250 words)   Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba  

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 5th July 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 4th July 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here