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Sep 17, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 17th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) TYPHOON YAGI Syllabus Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: Millions of people in Southeast Asia continue to struggle with torrential rains, floods, and landslides triggered by Typhoon Yagi — the strongest tropical cyclone Asia has seen this year and the second most powerful storm in the world so far this year after Hurricane Beryl. Background: – While Typhoon Yagi has severely impacted multiple countries, including the Philippines, China, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand, it has hit Vietnam the hardest, where the death toll stands at around 233. Key takeaways Tropical cyclones form over warm ocean waters near the equator. When the warm, moist air from the ocean surface rises upward, a lower air pressure area is formed below. Air from surrounding areas with higher air pressure rushes into this low pressure area, eventually rising, after it also becomes warm and moist. As warm, moist air rises, it cools down, and the water in the air forms clouds and thunderstorms. This whole system of clouds and winds gains strength and momentum using the ocean’s heat, and the water that evaporates from its surface. Typhoon Yagi started as a tropical storm in the western Philippine Sea on September 1. It made landfall in the Philippines the next day and started to weaken. However, due to unusually warm waters in the South China Sea, the storm intensified again. By September 4, it strengthened into a strong typhoon with Category 3 winds. The next day, it became a Category 5 typhoon with peak maximum sustained winds of 260 kmph. The category of a tropical cyclone is determined by its sustained wind speed, as measured by the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. It is classified into five categories — Category 1 to Category 5. While Category 1 tropical cyclones bring winds of 119 to 153 kmph, Category 5 tropical cyclones, which are the strongest, have winds of 252 kmph or higher. Storms that reach Category 3 and higher are considered major tropical cyclones due to their potential to inflict significant damage. Additional information: What is the difference between a hurricane and a typhoon? Hurricanes and typhoons are the same weather phenomenon: tropical cyclones. A tropical cyclone is a generic term used by meteorologists to describe a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or subtropical waters and has closed, low-level circulation. The weakest tropical cyclones are called tropical depressions. If a depression intensifies such that its maximum sustained winds reach 63 kmph, the tropical cyclone becomes a tropical storm. Once a tropical cyclone reaches maximum sustained winds of 119 kmph or higher, it is then classified as a hurricane, typhoon, or tropical cyclone, depending upon where the storm originates in the world. In the North Atlantic, central North Pacific, and eastern North Pacific, the term hurricane is used. The same type of disturbance in the Northwest Pacific is called a typhoon. Meanwhile, in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean, the generic term tropical cyclone is used, regardless of the strength of the wind associated with the weather system. Source: Indian Express COMMONS AND TRAGEDY OF COMMONS Syllabus Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Delhi recently hosted a first-of-its-kind dialogue on the conservation, restoration and governance of common resources such as forests, community lands, and water bodies like lakes or rivers, all usually referred to just as Commons. Background: – Nearly one-fourth of India’s landmass, about 205 million acres, is estimated to be Commons. Key takeaways Commons is a term used to refer to resources that are not owned by any individual or group or the government, but belong to, and are shared by, the community as a whole. Forests, local ponds, grazing lands, rivers, sacred sites, parks and lakes are all Commons. Commons could be intangible too. Language, folk art or dance, local customs, and traditional knowledge are all shared resources, and thus are Commons. In the digital age, most Internet and open-source software are Commons. Digital resources with creative commons licences are meant to be used freely by everyone. At the international level, the polar regions, the Arctic and Antarctica, are considered global Commons. No country is allowed to take ownership of these areas, even though everyone can use them for certain activities. Outer space, the Moon, and other planetary bodies are also global Commons. Commons are critical for several reasons. They provide a variety of ecological and other services that are beneficial for the entire community. As these resources are accessible to all, they face a greater threat of over-exploitation and damage. Since no one owns Commons, the responsibility of maintenance and upkeep often becomes a problem. Commons have also come under increased stress due to climate change. Different kinds of governance mechanisms have evolved to manage Commons depending on the context. There are international agreements, for instance, for the use and management of polar regions, outer space, and high seas. In India, the 2006 Forest Rights Act (FRA) is considered a good template for managing common forest resources. Additional mInformation: what is the tragedy of the commons? The tragedy of the commons refers to a situation in which individuals with access to a public resource—also called a common—act in their own interest and, in doing so, ultimately deplete the resource. This economic theory was conceptualized in 1833 by British writer William Forster Lloyd. In 1968, the term “tragedy of the commons” was used for the first time by Garret Hardin in Science Magazine. This theory explains individuals’ tendency to make decisions based on their personal needs, regardless of the negative impact it may have on others. In some cases, an individual’s belief that others won’t act in the best interest of the group can lead them to justify selfish behavior. Source: Indian Express EMERGENCY PROVISIONS AND THE IMPACT ON CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The recent spate of renewed violence in Manipur has once again triggered the discussion around Centre-State relations and the use of emergency provisions by the Centre. Background: Large-scale violence against innocent civilians, women and children; looting of ammunition from police armoury; drone and missile attacks targeting civilians cannot be viewed as just an ordinary breakdown of law and order. Key takeaways India operates as a federation with governments at both the Centre and State levels. The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution distributes powers between them. Maintaining law and order is primarily the responsibility of State governments. Emergency Provisions: The emergency provisions are found in Part XVIII of the Constitution. Articles 355 and 356 deal primarily with the affairs of government in a State under this part. Article 355 obliges the Centre to protect States from external aggression and internal disturbance and ensure State governments function according to the Constitution. Article 356 allows for President’s rule if a State government fails to operate in line with constitutional provisions. While similar federal roles exist in countries like the U.S., they lack provisions to remove State governments. R. Ambedkar emphasized that Article 355 ensures the Centre only intervenes under constitutional duty, preventing misuse of Article 356. Judicial Interpretations: Ambedkar had hoped that Articles 355 and 356 would remain inactive, but Article 356 has been misused in the past to remove State governments. This changed after the S.R. Bommai case (1994). The court held that Article 356 should be imposed only in the event of a breakdown of constitutional machinery, as distinguished from an ordinary breakdown of law and order. It also held that the imposition of the President’s rule is subject to judicial review and should not be misused for political reasons. On the other hand, the scope of Article 355 has broadened in cases like Naga People’s Movement of Human Rights (1998) and Sarbananda Sonowal (2005), allowing the Centre more leeway in fulfilling its duty to protect States and ensure constitutional governance. Commission Recommendations: Several commissions, including the Sarkaria Commission (1987), National Commission (2002), and Punchhi Commission (2010), recommended that Article 356 be used only as a last resort in serious crises. They emphasized that Article 355 grants the Centre both the duty and power to act as needed to ensure constitutional governance. Current Relevance (Example of Manipur): In situations like the Manipur violence, the breakdown of law and order, including civilian attacks and looting of police arms, should not be seen as ordinary unrest. While Article 356 hasn’t been invoked due to political expediency, all actions under Article 355 should be pursued to restore order. Source: The Hindu PALAMAU TIGER RESERVE Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: Forest officials from the Palamau Tiger Reserve have informed the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) that Naxal insurgency is negatively impacting the reserve. Background: – Left-wing extremism and security personnel movements inside Palamau Tiger Reserve have reduced prey availability, causing tigers to move to neighbouring Chhattisgarh and Odisha. The reserve has faced extremism issues since the 1990s. Recruitment of staff has been pending since then, with over 60% of positions, including forest guards, vacant. About Palamau Tiger Reserve Location: Situated in the Latehar district of Jharkhand.It is the only Tiger Reserve in Jharkhand state. The reserve covers an area of approximately 1,129.93 square kilometers, including the core area of Betla National Park and the Palamau Wildlife Sanctuary. Established: It was one of the first nine tiger reserves established in India under Project Tiger in 1973. Geography: The reserve lies within the Chota Nagpur Plateau and is known for its rich biodiversity, including dry deciduous and tropical forests. Palamau Tiger Reserve is drought-prone area due to rain-shadow effect. Most of the rainfall is received from the southwest monsoon. Fauna: The keystone species are Tigers, Elephants, Leopards, Grey Wolf, Gaur, Sloth Bear, Four- horned Antelope, Indian Ratel, Indian Otter and Indian Pangolin. Source: The Tribune INTERNATIONAL DAY OF DEMOCRACY Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Karnataka on Sunday marked the ‘International Day of Democracy’ by forming a ‘historic’ 2,500-km-long human chain as a symbol of equality, unity, fraternity, and participative governance Background: – The state government has taken the lead in organising the large-scale event to mark the day in association with civil society. About International Day of Democracy The International Day of Democracy is celebrated annually on September 15th. It was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2007 to promote and uphold the principles of democracy worldwide. The idea for this observance originated from the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), which adopted a Universal Declaration on Democracy in 1997. This declaration outlines the principles of democracy and the elements of democratic governance. The first International Day of Democracy was celebrated in 2008. The day aims to: Raise public awareness about the importance of democracy. Encourage governments to strengthen and consolidate democratic institutions. Promote the values of freedom, respect for human rights, and the rule of law. This year’s theme for the International Day of Democracy is ‘Artificial Intelligence as a tool for good governance’, with a focus on ensuring effective governance of AI at all levels, including internationally, to harness its benefits while mitigating its risks. The UN Secretary-General, Antonio Guterres, underlines the potential of AI to enhance public participation, equality, security and human development but warns of its dangers if left unchecked. Source: Hindustan Times CASTE CENSUS Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Opposition has been intensifying its call for a caste census, while the RSS recently expressed its support for the initiative. However, the organization emphasized that the census should not be used for political or electoral gains. Background: – The nearly century-old exercise to last count castes in a Census (1931) in India gives a good idea of the challenges the enumerators can face in any fresh effort, plus the complexities of the exercise. Caste Census: It includes caste-wise tabulation of India’s population in the Census exercise. In India, caste data has been published from 1951 to 2011. But it includes the data of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes only. It also includes data related to religions, languages, and socio-economic status. The last caste census was conducted in 1931. The caste section put the numbers of Other Backward Classes (OBC) at 52% of the total 271 million population. This figure became the basis of the Mandal Commission’s recommendation in 1980 to grant 27% reservations to OBCs in education and government jobs, which was implemented only in 1990. In the 2011 Census, the caste data was collected but the data were never made public. Significance of Caste Census: In India still, caste continues to be a foundational social construct so the caste census becomes a social imperative. Only about 5% of Indian marriages were inter-caste as of 2011-12, the use of caste surnames and caste marks, residential segregation by caste persists and even choices of candidates for elections and ministers for Cabinets continue to be dictated by caste considerations. It is a legal imperative as the constitutionally-mandated policies of social justice which include reservations in electoral constituencies, education, and public employment cannot be pursued effectively without detailed caste-wise data. It is an administrative imperative as detailed caste-wise data is necessary to avoid/correct wrongful inclusions of undeserving castes and exclusions of deserving castes, and to guard against a few dominant castes in a reserved category crowding out others. It helps in sub-categorizing castes within a reserved category and determining the income/wealth criterion for the creamy layer. It is a moral imperative as the absence of detailed caste-wise data has helped a coterie of elites, among upper castes and dominant Other Backward Classes (OBCs), to corner a disproportionate share of the nation’s assets, incomes, and positions of power. Concerns/Issues with Caste Census: It is socially divisive as India’s social divisions predate Census efforts by nearly 3,000 years. The Census counts of the SCs and STs since 1951 have not led to any conflicts among these castes or tribes. Further, India’s Census enumerates religion, language, and region which are as divisive as caste, if not more. It is an administrative nightmare, unlike race which is a fuzzy concept, but is still enumerated in many countries such as the U.S., where there is little or no ambiguity about anyone’s caste. The GOI has been able to smoothly enumerate 1,234 castes in the SC category and 698 tribes in the ST category. Therefore, it is difficult to understand why the enumeration of the 4,000-odd other castes, most of which are State-specific, should pose an intractable problem. Defining castes is a complex issue, as there are thousands of castes and sub-castes in India which could lead to confusion, disputes, and further divisions within society. It would fuel demands for increased reservations. On the contrary, the availability of caste-wise Census data would help curb arbitrary demands from caste groups and capricious decision-making by governments. Policymakers would be able to objectively debate and address the claims of, say, the Marathas, Patidars, Jats, or any other groups for reservations. However, governments prefer fuzzy data because it gives them the latitude to implement reservations arbitrarily for electoral considerations. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding the International Day of Democracy: The International Day of Democracy was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2007 based on the Universal Declaration on Democracy adopted by the United Nations. The International Day of Democracy is celebrated annually on September 15th. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding Palamau Tiger Reserve: Palamau Tiger Reserve was one of the first nine tiger reserves established in India under Project Tiger in 1973. The reserve is situated in the rain-shadow region of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, making it drought-prone. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding the emergency provisions in the Indian Constitution: Article 355 imposes a duty on the Union to protect States from external aggression and internal disturbance and ensure that the State government functions according to the Constitution. Article 356 allows the imposition of the President’s Rule in a State if the President is satisfied that the State government is not functioning according to the constitutional provisions. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 17th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 16th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) -a Q.3) – b

Sep 17, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 17th September 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Sep 16, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 16th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL (NGT) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: A plea before the National Green Tribunal (NGT) by an advocate has raised questions of propriety and potential conflict of interest against Justice Sudhir Agarwal, one of the tribunal’s six judicial members. Background: – In his plea admitted on May 22, advocate Gaurav Bansal alleged that Justice Agarwal had heard a case in which his son, Gaurav Agarwal, was appointed as an amicus by the Tribunal. About National Green Tribunal (NGT) Establishment: The National Green Tribunal was established in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010. Objective: To provide effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection, conservation of forests, and other natural resources. It aims to enforce any legal right related to the environment and provide relief and compensation for damages caused to persons and property. The Tribunal has a presence in five zones- North, Central, East, South and West. The Principal Bench is situated in the North Zone, headquartered in Delhi. The Central zone bench is situated in Bhopal, East zone in Kolkata, South zone in Chennai and West zone in Pune. The Tribunal is headed by the Chairperson who sits in the Principal Bench and has at least ten but not more than twenty judicial members and at least ten but not more than twenty expert members. Key Features: Composition – The tribunal consists of: Chairperson & Judicial Members: A person shall not be qualified for appointment as the Chairperson or Judicial Member of the Tribunal unless he is, or has been, a Judge of the Supreme Court of India or Chief Justice of a High Court: Provided that a person who is or has been a Judge of the High Court shall also be qualified to be appointed as a Judicial Member. Expert Members: Environmental experts with professional qualifications and experience. Jurisdiction – Any person seeking relief and compensation for environmental damage involving subjects in the legislations mentioned in Schedule I of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 may approach the Tribunal. The statutes in Schedule I are: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977; The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991; The Biological Diversity Act, 2002. Principles Applied: The Tribunal is not bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, but shall be guided by principles of natural justice. Polluter Pays Principle: The party responsible for pollution should bear the costs of managing and rectifying it. Precautionary Principle: Preventive action should be taken to avoid environmental harm. Sustainable Development: Balancing environmental conservation with developmental needs. Powers: The NGT has the power to order: Compensation for environmental damage. Restoration of damaged ecosystems. Imposition of fines on entities violating environmental laws. Appeals: The Tribunal has powers to review its own decisions. If this fails, the decision can be challenged before the Supreme Court within ninety days. The Supreme Court has ruled that the NGT Act, 2010 doesn’t take away the jurisdiction of the High Court.So a decision of NGT can be appealed in high court also. Additional Information : Conflict of Interest Conflict of Interest means “any interest which could significantly prejudice an individual’s objectivity in the decision-making process, thereby creating an unfair competitive advantage for the individual or the organisation he/she represents”. Source: Indian Express MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE (MSP) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: With soyabean prices in the market falling below the minimum support price (MSP), the Centre is set to procure 13 lakh metric tonnes of the oilseed from Maharashtra, which is a major producer of the crop and is scheduled to go to Assembly polls soon. Background: – A kharif season crop, soyabean is used as feed and for oil extraction. It is sown in June-July and harvested in September-October. About Minimum Support Price (MSP) Definition: The Minimum Support Price is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices. It is the price at which the government purchases crops from the farmers, regardless of the market price. Objective: To protect farmers from distress sales and ensure them remunerative prices for their produce. To encourage higher investment in agriculture and ensure food security by guaranteeing price stability. Announcement and Implementation: The MSP is announced at the beginning of the sowing season by the Government of India, based on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). MSP is not legally enforceable; it acts as a floor price, but the government procures only a few crops under it. Crops Covered: MSP is announced for 23 crops, including: 7 cereals (such as rice, wheat, maize) 5 pulses (like gram, arhar) 7 oilseeds (including groundnut, mustard) 4 commercial crops (cotton, sugarcane, jute, copra) Factors Considered for MSP Calculation: Cost of production (both paid-out costs and imputed costs like family labor). Supply-demand situation in the market. Price trends in domestic and international markets. Inter-crop price parity (balancing the price of crops). Farmers’ input-output price parity. Terms of trade between agriculture and non-agriculture sectors. Types of Costs Considered: A2 Costs: It covers all paid-out costs directly incurred by the farmer — in cash and kind — on seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, hired labour, leased-in land, fuel, irrigation, etc. A2+FL Costs: A2 costs + the value of unpaid family labor. C2 Costs: It is a more comprehensive cost that factors in rentals and interest forgone on owned land and fixed capital assets, on top of A2+FL. CACP Recommendation: The CACP suggests MSP based on the A2+FL formula. However, farmers’ organizations often demand the MSP to be fixed at 1.5 times the C2 cost, in line with the recommendations of the Swaminathan Commission. Significance of MSP: Price Assurance: Ensures farmers receive a fair price, reducing the risk of exploitation by middlemen. Food Security: Helps maintain buffer stocks of key food grains like rice and wheat, critical for the Public Distribution System (PDS). Economic Stability: Stabilizes agricultural income, contributing to rural development and poverty alleviation. Incentive for Diversification: MSP on diverse crops encourages farmers to grow different varieties of crops, promoting crop diversification and reducing over-reliance on water-intensive crops like rice and wheat. Challenges: Limited Reach: Only about 6% of farmers benefit from MSP, mostly in states like Punjab and Haryana, where government procurement is high. Procurement Issues: The procurement system is heavily focused on wheat and rice, neglecting other crops like pulses and oilseeds. Market Distortions: Distorts market signals, leading to overproduction of certain crops (e.g., wheat, rice) and underproduction of others, resulting in unsustainable agricultural practices. Cost for Government: Procuring at MSP leads to increased subsidies and fiscal burden on the government. Environmental Impact: Overemphasis on wheat and rice has led to depletion of water resources and soil degradation, especially in water-scarce states like Punjab. Source: Indian Express PINK BOLLWORM (PBW) ATTACK Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Haryana has seen an overall fall in acreage under cotton cultivation to 4.76 lakh hectares (lh) this kharif season from 6.65 lh in 2023. The reduction in the cotton area — also reported in neighbouring Rajasthan and Punjab — has been attributed mainly to PBW infestation. Background: The pink bollworm first appeared in north India during the 2017-18 season in a few districts in Haryana and Punjab, primarily cultivating Bt cotton, and spread to Rajasthan by 2021. The pest’s infestation has not been the only factor. In May-June this year, at the time of sowing, the price of kapas (raw unginned cotton) averaged Rs 6,700-6,800 per quintal in Haryana mandis. This was against the average Rs 11,100-11,200 per quintal two years ago. Key takeaways Pink Bollworm (PBW) is a destructive pest affecting cotton crops worldwide, including India. PBW, known among farmers as gulabi sundhi, damages the cotton crop by burrowing its larvae into the cotton bolls. This results in the lint being cut and stained, making it unfit for use. Impact on Cotton: The pest reduces cotton yield and affects fibre quality, leading to economic losses for farmers. Infestation leads to premature boll opening, lint damage, and poor seed development, which diminishes the commercial value of cotton. Geographical Spread: The pest was first detected in North India during the 2017-18 season and has since caused considerable damage in the region. The infestation has also been reported in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka. The pest has historically been a threat in both irrigated and rain-fed cotton areas. PBW primarily spreads through the air. Residue of infected crops, often left by farmers on the field to be used as fuel, can also harbour PBW larvae which can then infect future crops. Infected cotton seeds are another reason behind the pest’s spread. Source: Indian Express PM ELECTRIC DRIVE REVOLUTION IN INNOVATIVE VEHICLE ENHANCEMENT (PM E-DRIVE) SCHEME Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Under the PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) Scheme, fiscal incentives have been extended to electric two- and three-wheelers, buses, trucks, and even ambulances. However, unlike its predecessor, the FAME-2 scheme, the latest subsidy makes a significant omission–electric cars. Background: – Electric cars have been excluded from the new scheme after Minister of Road Transport and Highways, Nitin Gadkari, stated that the EV sector no longer needs subsidies. He cited falling lithium-ion battery costs and economies of scale, predicting that EV prices will match petrol and diesel vehicles within two years. About PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) The PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) Scheme is a significant initiative by the Indian government to promote electric mobility across the country. The PM E-DRIVE scheme replaces the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME India) scheme, which was in operation from April 1, 2015, till March 31, 2024, in two phases. Launch Date: September 2024 Duration: Two years Budget: ₹10,900 crore The scheme aims to: Promote the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) to reduce pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. Enhance the infrastructure for EVs, including charging stations. Support the development and deployment of various types of EVs, including two-wheelers, three-wheelers, buses, trucks, and ambulances. Key Components Subsidies and Incentives: Subsidies/Demand incentives worth Rs.3,679 crore have been provided to incentivize e-2Ws, e-3Ws, e-ambulances, e-trucks and other emerging EVs. The scheme will support 24.79 lakh e-2Ws, 3.16 lakh e-3Ws, and 14,028 e-buses. E-Vouchers: Process: At the time of purchase, an Aadhaar-authenticated e-voucher is generated for the buyer. This voucher is used to avail demand incentives and is essential for Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to claim reimbursement. Infrastructure Development: Charging Stations: Installation of 88,500 electric vehicle charging stations across major cities and highways. Testing Facilities: ₹780 crore allocated for enhancing vehicle testing infrastructure. Special Initiatives: E-Ambulances: ₹500 crore allocated for the deployment of electric ambulances to promote greener healthcare solutions. E-Buses: ₹4,391 crore for the procurement of electric buses by state transport undertakings and public transport agencies. Source: PIB GULF OF MEXICO Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: About 42% of crude oil production and 53% of natural gas output in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico were shut last week in the wake of Hurricane Francine. Background: – Francine tore through the U.S. Gulf of Mexico’s prime oil and gas producing areas and slammed into the Louisiana coast as a Category 2 hurricane. About Gulf of Mexico The Gulf of Mexico is a large ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, bordered by the United States, Mexico, and Cuba. Geography and Size Area & Depth: Approximately 1.55 million square kilometers in area. The average depth is about 1,615 meters, with the deepest point, the Sigsbee Deep, reaching around 4,384 meters. Shape: Roughly oval, the Gulf is about 1,500 kilometers wide. Boundaries North and Northeast: Bordered by the U.S. states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. South and Southwest: Bordered by the Mexican states. Southeast: Bordered by Cuba Hydrology Major Rivers: The Mississippi River and the Rio Grande are the primary rivers draining into the Gulf. Connections: Linked to the Atlantic Ocean through the Straits of Florida and to the Caribbean Sea via the Yucatán Channel. Climate and Currents Climate: Ranges from tropical to subtropical. The Gulf Stream, a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current, originates here. Water Temperature: Surface temperatures vary from 18°C in the northern parts during winter to about 32°C in the summer. Hurricanes: The warm waters of the Gulf are a breeding ground for powerful hurricanes, particularly during the hurricane season from June to November. Ecological and Economic Importance Biodiversity: Home to diverse marine life, including fish, crustaceans, and coral reefs. Oil and Gas: One of the world’s most important offshore petroleum production regions, contributing significantly to the U.S. oil supply. Fisheries: Supports a robust fishing industry, providing shrimp, oysters, and various fish species. Environmental Concerns Pollution: Oil spills, such as the Deepwater Horizon spill in 2010, have had significant environmental impacts. Dead Zones: Areas with low oxygen levels, primarily due to agricultural runoff, affecting marine life. Source: Reuters Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding the Gulf of Mexico: The Gulf of Mexico is connected to the Caribbean Sea via the Straits of Florida and to the Atlantic Ocean through the Yucatán Channel. The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most significant regions for offshore petroleum production, contributing heavily to the U.S. oil supply. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding the Pink Bollworm (PBW): The Pink Bollworm affects cotton crops by burrowing its larvae into cotton bolls, leading to lint damage and reducing the commercial value of the cotton. The pest was first detected in India during the 2017-18 season in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding the National Green Tribunal (NGT): The decisions of the National Green Tribunal can be appealed before the Supreme Court of India only. The Polluter Pays Principle and the Precautionary Principle are key guiding principles followed by the NGT in its judgments. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 16th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 14th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – a Q.2) – b Q.3) – a

Sep 16, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 16th September 2024

Sep 14, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 14th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) EXTRADITION TREATY BETWEEN INDIA AND BANGLADESH Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The chief prosecutor of Bangladesh’s International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) has announced plans to seek the extradition of ousted leader Sheikh Hasina from neighbouring India. Background: – Hasina sought refuge in India in August after a mass uprising compelled her to step down. Since her departure, numerous criminal cases have been lodged against her and her aides, encompassing charges of murder, torture, abduction, crimes against humanity, and genocide. Key takeaways India and Bangladesh have a bilateral extradition treaty in place that could allow for sheikh Hasina’s return to face trial. 2013 Extradition Treaty (Amended in 2016): Originally aimed to address insurgency and terrorism along shared borders. Facilitated extradition of fugitives like two convicts in Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s assassination and ULFA leader Anup Chetia. Conditions for Extradition: Crimes must carry a minimum sentence of one year. Dual criminality required, meaning the offence must be punishable in both countries. Since the charges against Ms. Hasina are prosecutable in India, and the penalties for her alleged crimes are also substantial, she qualifies for extradition on these grounds. 2016 amendment eased extradition by only requiring an arrest warrant issued by a competent court in the requesting country for initiation of extradition process. Grounds for Refusal: Political Nature: Extradition can be refused for politically motivated offences, but crimes like murder and terrorism are excluded from this exemption. Good Faith Clause (Article 8): Extradition can be denied if the accusation is not in good faith or involves military offences not considered general crimes. India could potentially refuse extradition on the ground that the charges against Ms. Hasina have not been levelled in good faith and there is a possibility of her being subjected to political persecution or an unfair trial upon her return to Bangladesh. Implications: Extradition is not guaranteed and will depend on diplomatic negotiations. Denial of the request may only cause minor political tension without significantly impacting bilateral relations as per experts. Bangladesh is India’s largest trade partner in South Asia, with bilateral trade valued at $15.9 billion in FY 2022-23. India has pledged continued support to Bangladesh under the new interim government, despite the regime change. Source: The Hindu CHALLENGES TO ROAD SAFETY IN INDIA Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: The “India Status Report on Road Safety 2024,” prepared by the TRIP Centre at IIT Delhi, highlights India’s slow progress in meeting goal of reducing road accident fatalities. Background: – The report analyses road safety in India, using data from First Information Reports (FIRs) from six States and audits of State compliance with Supreme Court directives on road safety governance. Key takeaways from the report India is lagging in reducing road accident fatalities and is unlikely to meet the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety goal of halving traffic deaths by 2030. Public Health Challenge: Road traffic injuries were the 13th leading cause of death and the 12th leading cause of health loss in India in 2021. In some States (Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh), road injuries rank among the top 10 causes of health loss. Need for Crash Surveillance: India’s national road safety data systems are insufficient for guiding public policy. Currently, there is no national crash-level database. Road safety statistics at both State and national levels are compiled from individual police station records, which are aggregated at district, State, and national levels before being published. These tables allow only the most basic analyses, preventing effective intervention or program evaluation. Significant variance in road safety across States: Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and Chhattisgarh recorded the highest death rates, at 21.9, 19.2, and 17.6 per 1,00,000 people, respectively. In contrast, West Bengal and Bihar had the lowest rates, at 5.9 per 1,00,000 in 2021 Six States – Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu – account for nearly half of all traffic fatalities. Pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists are the most affected; trucks are the leading impacting vehicles. Traffic Safety Gaps: Helmet usage is low in rural areas, especially among motorcyclists. Only eight States have audited more than half of their National Highway lengths, and very few States have done the same for their State Highways. Basic traffic safety measures, including traffic calming, markings, and signage, are still lacking in most States. Global Comparison: India fares poorly in comparison to developed nations, with road fatalities much higher in 2021 compared to 1990, indicating worsening road safety conditions. The report questions whether better-equipped vehicles with more advanced safety features are the solution, given that two-wheeler riders, cyclists, and motorcyclists represent the majority of road fatalities. Way Forward: Central and State governments need to scale up road safety interventions. Establish a national fatal crash database with public access to improve risk understanding and intervention effectiveness. Tailored strategies are essential to address the diverse road safety challenges across different States. Source: The Hindu CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM INDIA’S TRANSPORT SECTOR Syllabus Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Carbon dioxide emissions from India’s transport sector could be reduced up to 71 per cent by 2050 if high-ambition strategies are adopted on few parameters, said a new study by World Resources Institute (WRI) India. Background: The study noted that following a high emission reduction target in the transport sector would also be pivotal in achieving India’s net-zero target by 2070. Key takeaways Emission Reduction Potential: India’s transport sector CO2 emissions could be reduced by up to 71% by 2050 with high-ambition strategies on: Electrification of vehicles. Improved fuel economy standards. Shifting to cleaner modes of transport. Current Emissions: India’s transport sector accounted for 14% of total energy-related CO2 emissions in 2020. 90% of these emissions came from road transport, with major contributors being: Two-wheelers: 16%, Cars: 25%, Buses: 9%, Freight LDVs: 8%, Freight HDVs: 45%. The study, using the energy policy simulator, found that simultaneously implementing fuel economy, electrification, and modal shift strategies at their highest levels can lead to a 71% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050 compared to the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. Adding a carbon-free electricity standard (75% renewable energy) could result in a 75% reduction by 2050. Decarbonising India’s transport sector can be achieved by implementing least-cost policies. The simulation suggests that shifting to low-carbon transport for both freight and passenger segments is the most cost-effective policy in the long term, with estimated savings of Rs. 12,118 per tCO2 (tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent) abated. The mandate of expanding electric vehicle sales is most effective in terms of CO2 emissions reduction, with an annual abatement potential of 121 MtCO2e (Metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent). The study added that the decarbonisation of electricity generation could complement the electrification targets in the transport sector. Business-as-Usual (BAU) Scenario: Without any changes, the consumption of fossil fuels is expected to quadruple over the next three decades. Such consumption will be driven by passenger travel demand, which is estimated to triple between 2020 and 2050, and freight travel demand, which is likely to increase seven times during the same period. Source: Indian Express TARDIGRADES Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Detailed 3D images of the first tardigrade fossils ever discovered have helped scientists predict when tardigrades evolved their near-indestructibility (tun state)— a trait that might have helped them survive multiple mass extinctions. Background: – Researchers have reexamined ancient fossils trapped in amber, uncovering when these tiny creatures first developed their ability to enter a “tun state.” This special state allows them to survive in harsh conditions by shutting down their bodies. About Tardigrades Tardigrades, also called “water bears” or “moss piglets,” are tiny, water-dwelling micro-animals measuring just 0.3 to 0.5 millimeters in length. Body Structure: They have a cylindrical shape with four segments, each bearing a pair of legs. Each leg ends in tiny claws or suction disks. They are known for their toughness and ability to survive in extreme environments. Unique Survival Abilities: Tun State: Tardigrades can enter a “tun state,” where they lose almost all water from their bodies and and shrivels into a structure about one-third its original size, called a tun. In this state, their metabolism slows down drastically, helping them survive extreme conditions. A tun state is a type of cryptobiosis. Cryptobiosis is a reversible ametabolic state—the suspension of metabolism—that has inevitably been compared to death and resurrection. In the cryptobiotic state, all measurable metabolic processes stop, preventing reproduction, development, and repair. This death-like survival state could have helped tardigrades survive several major extinction events dating back to the Permian extinction, or Great Dying, around 252 million years ago, when massive volcanic explosions triggered uninhabitable changes in the Earth’s climate. Extreme Survivors: They can withstand: Temperatures from -272°C to 150°C. The vacuum of space and intense radiation (They possess a unique protein called Dsup (damage suppressor) that protects their DNA from radiation) High pressures that are several times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches. Desiccation (drying out) for decades and then revive when exposed to water. Where are they found? Tardigrades live almost everywhere on Earth, from mountaintops to ocean floors and from tropical rainforests to Antarctica. They are often found in moss, lichen, soil, and leaf litter. Diet: Tardigrades feed on plant cells, algae, and small invertebrates. Some species are even known to eat other tardigrades. Reproduction: They reproduce both sexually and asexually (parthenogenesis). Female tardigrades lay eggs, which can hatch into new tardigrades. Scientific Importance: Tardigrades are studied for their ability to repair DNA, protect cells from radiation, and survive desiccation. Understanding these mechanisms might have implications for medical research and space exploration. Source: Live Science MEXICO TO ELECT JUDGES Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRRENT EVENT Context: Mexico reformed its judicial appointment process and became the first country to allow voters to elect judges at all levels. The reform also allows cases involving organised crime to be heard by judges who do not have to reveal their identity. The idea behind “faceless” judges is to protect them from threats. Background: – Opponents — including court employees and law students — have held a series of protests against the plan, under which all judges including local, high-level and Supreme Court judges would be chosen by popular vote. Arguments raised in support of the reforms Accountability to the Public: Electing judges through popular vote ensures that they are directly accountable to the citizens, promoting transparency and responsiveness. Reduction of Elite Influence: Supporters argue that the reform will reduce the judiciary’s dependence on the elite and powerful groups, as claimed by President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who has accused the judiciary of serving white-collar crime. Strengthening Democracy: Proponents see this reform as a way to further democratize the judiciary, aligning it with the will of the people rather than allowing lifetime appointments where judges are insulated from public opinion. The introduction of anonymous judges in organized crime cases is intended to protect judges from threats, enhancing their personal security in dangerous trials. Arguments against the reforms Threat to Judicial Independence: Critics argue that the reform threatens the independence of judges, as they may prioritize popular decisions over impartial and legally sound rulings to win votes. Undermining Checks and Balances: Electing judges could weaken Mexico’s system of checks and balances, potentially giving the executive branch more influence over the judiciary, compromising the separation of powers. Risk of Politicization: Elections could make judicial positions more political, with judges campaigning for votes, which could lead to biased rulings influenced by public opinion rather than law and justice. Potential for Unfair Trials: The reform’s provision for “faceless judges” in organized crime cases has raised concerns from human rights bodies which argues that it undermines the right to a fair trial by obscuring potential conflicts of interest. Economic Impact: Investors have expressed concern about the reforms, as demonstrated by the fall in the peso (Mexican Currency) ahead of the vote, fearing the destabilization of the judicial system and its potential impact on Mexico’s economy. International Concerns: US voiced concerns that electing judges directly may pose a significant risk to Mexico’s democracy, reflecting apprehension from international observers. Additional information : About Mexico Location: Mexico is located in southern North America, bordered by the United States to the north, Guatemala and Belize to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea to the east. About 80% of Mexicans live in urban areas, with Mexico City being the largest and most populous city. Government Type: Mexico is a federal republic with a president as the head of state and government. GDP: It is one of the largest economies in Latin America, with a GDP (PPP) estimated at $3.434 trillion in 2024. Source: BBC Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding the geographical location of Mexico: Mexico is bordered by both the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The Tropic of Cancer passes through Mexico. Mexico shares its northern border with Guatemala and Belize. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding the geographical relationship between India and Bangladesh: The Brahmaputra River originates in Bangladesh and flows into India. The Sundarbans mangrove forest is located in the delta region of the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers and is shared by both India and Bangladesh. Bangladesh is bordered by the Bay of Bengal to the west and south. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding Tardigrades: Tardigrades can enter a “tun state,” a form of cryptobiosis, where their metabolic activity is completely suspended, allowing them to survive extreme conditions. The protein Dsup found in tardigrades helps protect their DNA from radiation damage. Tardigrades are exclusively found in cold, polar regions and cannot survive in warmer climates. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 only 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 14th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 13th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – a Q.2) – c Q.3) – a

Sep 14, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 14th September 2024

Sep 14, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 13th September 2024

(PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Union Cabinet cleared the expansion of the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) to provide health coverage to all senior citizens aged 70 years and above irrespective of their income. Background: – Ayushman Bharat was launched as recommended by the National Health Policy 2017, to achieve the vision of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). About Ayushman Bharat Ayushman Bharat adopts a continuum of care approach, comprising of two inter-related components, which are – Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) About AB PM – JAY: Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) is a flagship health insurance scheme launched by the Government of India in 2018 under the broader Ayushman Bharat Mission. It aims to provide financial protection to economically vulnerable families by offering free healthcare services through a health insurance model. Key Features AB PM-JAY is the largest publicly funded health insurance scheme globally, aiming to cover over 12 crores poor and vulnerable families (approximately 55 crore beneficiaries) that form the bottom 40% of the Indian population. PM-JAY is fully funded by the Government and cost of implementation is shared between the Central and State Governments. Insurance Coverage: Each eligible family receives annual health insurance coverage of up to ₹5 lakh for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization. Cashless and Paperless Access: The scheme provides cashless treatment at public and empaneled private hospitals, covering over 1,500 procedures, including critical illnesses like cancer, heart disease, and kidney ailments. It covers up to 3 days of pre-hospitalization and 15 days post-hospitalization expenses such as diagnostics and medicines. There is no restriction on the family size, age or gender. Nationwide Implementation: The scheme is implemented across all states and union territories, with both urban and rural poor beneficiaries identified based on the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) 2011 data. Empanelment of Hospitals: Public and private hospitals are empaneled to deliver services, making quality healthcare accessible even in remote areas. Benefits of the scheme are portable across the country i.e. a beneficiary can visit any empanelled public or private hospital in India to avail cashless treatment. Public hospitals are reimbursed for the healthcare services at par with the private hospitals. Objectives Reduce Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE): AB PM-JAY is designed to reduce the financial burden on poor families by covering expensive treatments that often push households into poverty. Access to Quality Healthcare: By empaneling private hospitals and offering treatment for a wide range of diseases, the scheme aims to ensure access to quality healthcare for all beneficiaries. Strengthen Health Infrastructure: The scheme incentivizes investment in healthcare infrastructure, especially in underserved areas, by promoting the empanelment of private hospitals. Universal Health Coverage (UHC): It is a step towards achieving UHC by ensuring financial protection for healthcare services, in line with the global Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 (Good Health and Well-being). Source: Indian Express FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Effectuation of fundamental duties is and will always be a continuing task, calling for duty-specific legislations, schemes and supervision, Attorney General R Venkataramani told the Supreme Court recently. Background: – The top court was hearing a plea filed by lawyer Durga Dutt which sought direction to the Centre for enacting well defined laws/rules to ensure adherence to the fundamental duties as enshrined in the Constitution. Key takeaways The Fundamental Duties were introduced into the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee. They are enshrined in Part IV-A of the Constitution under Article 51A. These duties are a set of moral obligations that every citizen is expected to follow. Key Features: Not Justiciable: Unlike Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties are not enforceable by law and cannot be claimed or defended in a court of law. However, Parliament has the authority to enact laws to enforce specific duties. Moral Obligations: They represent a set of guidelines that aim to remind citizens of their moral and civic duties toward the nation. Inspiration: The concept of Fundamental Duties in India is inspired by the Constitution of the former Soviet Union. As per Article 51A, it shall be the duty of every citizen of India: To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag, and the National Anthem. To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India, transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture. To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures. To develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform. To safeguard public property and abjure violence. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement. (Added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002): To provide opportunities for education to children between the ages of six and fourteen years and ensure that they receive education. Examples of laws that effectuate Fundamental Duties: Duty to Abide by the Constitution and Respect National Symbols (Article 51A(a)): Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971: This law ensures respect for the National Flag, National Anthem, and the Constitution. It penalizes acts of disrespect, such as burning or defacing the National Flag or disrupting the National Anthem. Duty to Uphold and Protect Sovereignty, Unity, and Integrity of India (Article 51A(c)): Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA): UAPA is aimed at preventing unlawful activities and associations that threaten the sovereignty and integrity of India. Duty to Defend the Country (Article 51A(d)): National Service Act, 1972: This act allows the government to call citizens for compulsory national service in times of emergency to defend the country. Territorial Army Act, 1948: Encourages citizens to voluntarily join the Territorial Army to support the defense forces when required. Duty to Promote Harmony and Renounce Practices Derogatory to Women (Article 51A(e)): Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005: Provides protection to women from domestic violence, a major issue that goes against gender equality and dignity. Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961: Prohibits the giving and taking of dowry, a practice derogatory to women’s dignity. Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006: Prevents child marriages, protecting the rights and dignity of young girls. Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013: Protects women from sexual harassment in the workplace. Duty to Preserve the Rich Heritage of India’s Composite Culture (Article 51A(f)): Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958: Provides for the preservation of ancient monuments, archaeological sites, and remains of national importance. Duty to Protect the Environment (Article 51A(g)): Environment Protection Act, 1986, Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, Forest Conservation Act, 1980, Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR PROTECTION OF CHILD RIGHTS (NCPCR) Syllabus Prelims – POLITY Context: The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) has told the Supreme Court that madrasas are unsuitable or unfit places for children to receive proper education. Background: The submissions by NCPCR were in response to petitions challenging an Allahabad High Court judgment which struck down the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madrasa Education Act, 2004. The High Court had ordered the transfer of madrasa students to regular schools. The apex court stayed the implementation of the High Court decision in April. About National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) is a statutory body established in 2007 under the Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005. The commission works under the Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India. NCPCR’s mandate is to ensure that all laws, policies, programs, and administrative mechanisms are aligned with the child rights perspective as enshrined in the Constitution of India and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). A child is defined as a person falling in the age group of 0 to 18 years. Functions: Examine and Review Laws: Examine and review the safeguards provided by or under any law for the time being in force for theprotection of child rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation. Inquiries into Child Rights Violations: It can inquire into violations of child rights, either through complaints received or suo motu (on its own). Monitor Implementation of Laws: NCPCR monitors the implementation of laws like the Right to Education Act, 2009, Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, and Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. Conduct Research and Studies: The commission conducts studies and research on issues related to child rights. Spread Awareness: NCPCR undertakes initiatives to spread awareness about child rights among various stakeholders including schools, civil society, and the general public. Composition: The Chairperson is appointed by the Central Government, preferably a person with experience in child welfare. It has six members, of whom at least two should be women. These members are also appointed by the Central Government. NCPCR enjoys powers akin to a civil court. It can: Summon individuals and examine them on oath. Demand documents and public records. Issue recommendations for action against violators of child rights. Source: The Hindu AMAZON RAINFOREST Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Nearly 40 per cent of the areas of the Amazon rainforest most critical to curbing climate change have not been granted special government protection, as either nature or indigenous reserves, according to an analysis by nonprofit Amazon Conservation. Background: – Those parts of the Amazon have the biggest, densest trees and the most continuous canopy cover, meaning that the areas hold the most carbon. Key takeaways The Amazon Rainforest, also known as Amazonia, is a vast tropical rainforest that covers much of the Amazon Basin in South America. Location: The Amazon spans across nine countries: Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. Weather: The Amazon experiences high rainfall, high humidity, and consistently high temperatures throughout the year. Size: It covers approximately 6 million square kilometers (2.3 million square miles), making it the largest rainforest in the world Biodiversity: The Amazon is home to about 10% of all known species of flora and fauna. Carbon Sink: The rainforest plays a crucial role in regulating global climate by absorbing 2 billion tons of CO2 annually, making it one of the largest carbon sinks in the world. River System: The Amazon River, the second-longest river in the world, flows through the rainforest and discharges more water than any other river, contributing 20% of Earth’s freshwater supply. Climate Regulation: As the largest rainforest, it plays a significant role in regulating global climate patterns and producing 20% of the Earth’s oxygen. Brazil’s Role: Brazil holds the largest portion of the Amazon and is critical for any global conservation efforts. It has seen fluctuating government policies regarding deforestation. Source: Deccan Herald MUMBAI’S SALT PANS Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: Recently, the Centre approved the transfer of 256 acres of salt pan land in Mumbai to the Dharavi Redevelopment Project Pvt Ltd (DRPPL), a joint venture between Adani Realty Group and the Maharashtra government, for building rental housing for slum dwellers. Background: – In a rapidly expanding city, the salt pans are among the last few crucial natural belts that maintain a delicate balance in the ecosystem. About Mumbai’s Salt pans Salt pan lands are low-lying areas where seawater flows in and evaporates, leaving behind salt and minerals. According to the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification of 2011, the ecologically sensitive salt pans fall under CRZ-1B category, where no economic activity is allowed with the exception of salt extraction and natural gas exploration. Mumbai Salt Pan Lands: 5,378 acres, nearly nine times the size of Dharavi. 31% located in residential/commercial belts; 480 acres encroached upon. 1,672 acres considered “developable” (State Govt. study, 2014). National Distribution: 60,000 acres spread across Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Gujarat, and Karnataka. Andhra Pradesh (20,716 acres) boasts the largest expanse of such land, followed by Tamil Nadu (17,095 acres) and Maharashtra (12,662 acres). Risk to Mumbai’s Salt Pan Lands Land Demand: Salt pans are among the last undeveloped lands in Mumbai, making them a target for development projects. State Governments’ Proposals: State government is proposing to use the salt pan lands for slum relocation, rehabilitation and affordable housing. Importance of Salt Pans Flood Prevention: Salt pans collect rainwater and seawater, preventing flooding in Mumbai’s eastern suburbs. Ecological Role: Host various species of birds and insects, and complement mangroves in flood prevention. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR): NCPCR can conduct suo motu inquiries into violations of child rights. The Chairperson of NCPCR is appointed by the President of India and must be a retired supreme court judge. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding Salt Pan Lands: Salt pan lands are low-lying areas where seawater flows in and evaporates, leaving behind salt and minerals. Salt pans play an important role in flood prevention by collecting rainwater and seawater, particularly in the eastern suburbs of Mumbai. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY): AB PM-JAY is the largest publicly funded health insurance scheme globally. The scheme provides health insurance coverage of up to ₹5 lakh per family annually for both primary and tertiary healthcare services. Beneficiaries can avail cashless treatment in empaneled public and private hospitals across India, regardless of the state they belong to. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 13th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 12th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – a Q.2) – a Q.3) – a

Sep 13, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 13th September 2024

Sep 12, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 12th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (AMR) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Ahead of the September 26 UN General Assembly High-Level Meeting on antimicrobial resistance, the World Health Organization last week published its first-ever guidance on antibiotic pollution from manufacturing. Background: – AMR — and consequently, the creation of “superbugs” — affects healthcare everywhere, but has especially poor outcomes in patients suffering from multiple diseases. Key takeaways Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global health threat that occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve to resist the effects of antimicrobial drugs like antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics. This resistance makes infections harder to treat, leading to prolonged illness, higher medical costs, and increased mortality. Causes of AMR: Misuse and Overuse of antimicrobials: The primary drivers of AMR are the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in humans, animals, and agriculture. For example, using antibiotics for viral infections or not completing prescribed antibiotic courses can contribute to resistance. Excessive use of antimicrobial drugs can lead to the creation of resistant or extremely resistant superbugs, which can circulate in hospitals, through drinking water, or sewers. Infections caused by these pathogens will not respond to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Poor Infection Control: Inadequate infection prevention and control practices in healthcare settings can also accelerate the spread of resistant microorganisms. Impact on Health: Treatment Challenges: AMR makes common infections harder to treat and increases the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death. It also complicates medical procedures like surgeries and cancer treatments, which rely on effective antimicrobials to prevent infections. Economic Burden: The economic impact of AMR is substantial, with significant healthcare costs and potential losses in global GDP. Preventive Measures: Infection Prevention: Enhancing infection prevention and control measures in healthcare settings and communities. Vaccination: Promoting vaccination to reduce the need for antimicrobials by preventing infections. Global Collaboration: International cooperation is essential to tackle AMR effectively, as resistant pathogens do not respect borders. Source: Indian Express CYBER SECURITY Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT, GS 3 Context: Recently, Home minister Shah inaugurated four Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) platforms — Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC), the ‘Samanvaya’ platform, a Cyber Commandos programme and a Suspect Registry. Background: – Cyber security is no longer limited to the digital world and has become an important aspect of national security. Key takeaways The changing geo-political and economic shifts have compelled the Indian government to take active steps to evolve in cyberspace. This includes strengthening internal safety and security under the Ministry of Home Affairs, investment in defence infrastructure, and having bilateral agreements with countries across the globe, to remain coordinated and have defensive-offensive strategies for the interest of the nation, its citizens, and the industry. The I4C, established in 2018, is a department under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) tasked with establishing a national-level coordination centre to address cybercrime-related issues. Home minister Shah inaugurated four I4C platforms — Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC), the ‘Samanvaya’ platform, a Cyber Commandos programme and a Suspect Registry. Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC) The Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC) has been established at the Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) in New Delhi. It involves representatives from major banks, financial intermediaries, payment aggregators, telecom service providers, IT intermediaries, and law enforcement agencies from various states and union territories. The primary goal of CFMC is to facilitate immediate action and seamless cooperation to tackle online financial crimes. This initiative exemplifies “Cooperative Federalism” in law enforcement. Samanvaya Platform (Joint Cybercrime Investigation Facilitation System) The Samanvaya Platform is a web-based module designed to act as a one-stop portal for cybercrime data repository, data sharing, crime mapping, data analytics, and cooperation among law enforcement agencies across the country. It aims to streamline the process of cybercrime investigation and enhance coordination among various agencies. Cyber Commandos Programme The Cyber Commandos Programme involves the creation of a special wing of trained “Cyber Commandos” within states, union territories, and central police organizations. These commandos are trained to counter cyber security threats and assist in securing the digital space. The programme aims to bolster the cyber defense capabilities of the country. Suspect Registry In the Suspect Registry system, the I4C will share a list of all the repeat offenders in their server, which can be accessed by police personnel of any state and also by the bank officials before opening bank accounts. Source: PIB NATIONAL BOARD FOR WILDLIFE (NBWL) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: The standing committee of the National Board for Wildlife (SC-NBWL) has cleared multiple projects – a transmission line in Little Rann of Kutch, a controversial transmission line project in Goa’s Mollem national park as well as a clutch of infrastructure projects in tiger corridors of central India, among others. Background: The NBWL is primarily responsible for promotion and conservation of wildlife. About National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) is a statutory organization under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. It was constituted in 2003, replacing the Indian Board for Wildlife, which was formed in 1952. Chaired by the Prime Minister of India, it serves as the top advisory body on matters concerning wildlife conservation and protection. Key Functions: Policy and Planning: The NBWL is responsible for formulating policies and plans for the conservation of wildlife and forests in India. Approval of Projects: It evaluates projects like construction, mining, or development activities in or around protected areas such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. No project can be carried out in such areas without NBWL’s clearance. Advisory Role: It advises the central and state governments on wildlife-related issues, including the creation and management of protected areas. Conservation of Endangered Species: The NBWL plays a significant role in identifying and protecting endangered species. It helps in creating programs and laws to ensure their protection. Monitoring Protected Areas: It oversees the functioning of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves, ensuring their proper management. Safeguarding Biodiversity: The board promotes measures for the conservation of biodiversity, aligning with international treaties like the Convention on Biological Diversity. Boundary Alterations: No changes to the boundaries of protected areas can be made without the NBWL’s approval. Composition: The NBWL has 47 members including the chairperson. Among these, 19 members are ex-officio members. Every new government constitutes a new board, based on the provisions of the WLPA, with the new PM as the chair. Chairperson: The Prime Minister. Vice-Chairperson: The Minister of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change. Under the provisions of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (WLPA), the NBWL can constitute a Standing Committee (SC-NBWL). This committee focuses on project clearances, while the NBWL deals with broader policy-level decisions. Key takeaways from NBWL meeting The SC-NBWL, headed by Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav, pulled up the Madhya Pradesh tourism department for carrying out constructions in Son Gharial sanctuary and adjacent tiger corridors without permits. Even after intense protests against deforestation in Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park, the NBWL conditionally cleared the 400 k/V transmission line on 27 hectares of forest. Two approvals were granted for erection of transmission lines in Gujarat. One in the Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary in the Great Rann of Kutch and another in the Wild Ass sanctuary in Little Rann of Kutch over 100 hectares. The board approved widening of the National Highway 46 between Itarsi and Betul through the tiger corridor between Satpura and Melghat tiger reserve. The project will use 101 hectares of forest land and approval was granted with the condition that the National Highways Authority of India will build animal passages. Source: Indian Express DIGITAL PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE (DPI) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: India’s G20 task force’s release of comprehensive report outlining global strategy for digital public infrastructure development has triggered public debate about DPI. Background: – DPI has the power to dramatically improve the lives of citizens and transform governance. About Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) refers to the foundational digital systems and services that enable efficient, inclusive, and secure delivery of public and private services to citizens. DPI is designed to serve as a shared platform, providing public goods that are open, scalable, and interoperable, fostering innovation and economic growth. Key Elements of Digital Public Infrastructure: Digital Identity: A robust and secure digital identity system allows individuals to prove their identity online and access various services. In India, Aadhaar is a prime example, providing a unique identification number to residents, used for accessing government benefits, financial services, and more. Digital Payments: A reliable and inclusive digital payment system ensures that financial transactions can be performed electronically with ease and security. In India, platforms like Unified Payments Interface (UPI) have revolutionized digital payments, enabling seamless real-time bank transfers across the country. Data Exchange: Secure platforms that allow the sharing of data between individuals, businesses, and governments while respecting privacy. For example, India’s DigiLocker enables citizens to store and share documents digitally, reducing paperwork and increasing efficiency. Public Digital Platforms: These platforms provide foundational services that are reusable across multiple sectors. Examples include the India Stack, which includes tools like Aadhaar for identity, UPI for payments, and e-KYC (Know Your Customer) for authentication. Key Benefits: Inclusivity: DPI enables access to essential services (e.g., healthcare, education, banking) for all, especially underserved populations. It reduces the digital divide by creating accessible digital systems. Efficiency: DPI leads to faster, more transparent service delivery. It eliminates manual, paper-based processes and enhances government-to-citizen, business-to-customer, and peer-to-peer interactions. Cost-effectiveness: DPI reduces transaction costs for businesses and governments by minimizing reliance on intermediaries and streamlining operations. Fosters Innovation: By providing open and interoperable digital tools, DPI creates an environment for startups, businesses, and developers to build applications and services on top of it, driving economic growth. Issues to be examined with regard to DPI: DPIs are essentially multi-sided platforms, where the value of the platform on one side increases with the increase in the number of participants on the other side. These inherent network effects of DPIs can lead to winner-takes-all outcomes, resulting in the creation of monopolies or oligopolies. For instance, the UPI payment system has resulted in the creation of a virtual duopoly of service providers. Participants captured these zero-price markets while harvesting vast amounts of user data over time. Concerns regarding the privatisation of public data, data security, and data privacy arise due to the operation of private entities. Source: Indian Express Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Centre has relaxed the automatic exclusion criteria under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G), allowing families owning “two-wheelers, motorised fishing boats, refrigerators, landline phones” and earning “up to Rs 15,000 per month” to now avail the rural housing scheme. Background: – The exclusion criteria revision is significant in view of the Centre’s aim to construct two crore additional houses under the rural housing scheme by 2028-29 About Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is a flagship housing initiative launched by the Government of India with the aim of providing affordable housing to all. The scheme has two components based on the geographical area: PMAY-Urban (PMAY-U) for urban areas and PMAY-Gramin (PMAY-G) for rural areas. It seeks to address the housing needs of the economically weaker sections (EWS), lower-income groups (LIG), and middle-income groups (MIG) in both urban and rural settings. PMAY-Urban (PMAY-U) Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), Government of India is implementing Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana- Urban (PMAY-U). Under the Mission, Ministry has been providing Central assistance to States/ UTs through following four verticals: Beneficiary-led Individual House Construction or Enhancement (BLC): Under this vertical, Central Assistance of ₹1.5 lakh is provided to individual eligible families belonging to EWS categories. Affordable Housing in Partnership with public or private sector (AHP): Central Assistance of ₹1.5 lakh per EWS house is provided by Government of India in projects where at least 35% of the houses in the projects are for EWS category and a single project has at least 250 houses. “In-situ” Slum Redevelopment (ISSR): Slum redevelopment grant of ₹1 lakh per house is admissible for all houses built for eligible slum dwellers using land as Resource with participation of private developer. Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme (CLSS): An interest subsidy was given to eligible beneficiaries seeking housing loans. The Mission is implemented as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) except the CLSS vertical of PMAY-U which is implemented as a Central Sector Scheme. PMAY-Gramin (PMAY-G) Rural housing programme,as an independent programme, started with Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) in 1996. Although IAY addressed the housing needs in the rural areas, certain gaps were identified. To address these gaps, the of has IAY has been re-structured into Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana –Gramin (PMAY-G) w.e.f. 1st April 2016. PMAY-G aims at providing a pucca house, with basic amenities, to all houseless householder and those households living in kutcha and dilapidated house, by 2024. The Centre and states share expenses in the 60:40 ratio in case of plain areas, and 90:10 for Northeastern states, two Himalayan states and the UT of J&K. The Centre bears 100% cost in case of other UTs including Ladakh. Once of the most important features of PMAY-G is the selection of beneficiary. PMAY-G instead of selecting a the beneficiary from among the BPL households selects beneficiary using housing deprivation parameters in the Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC), 2011. The SECC data captures specific deprivation related to housing among households. Using the data households that are houseless and living in 0,1 and 2 kutcha wall and kutcha roof houses can be segregated and targeted . The Permanent Wait List so generated also ensures that the states have the ready list of the household to be covered under the scheme in the coming years. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL): The NBWL is a statutory organization constituted under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, and is chaired by the Prime Minister of India. Projects involving construction or development activities in or around protected areas require the clearance of the NBWL. The NBWL can directly alter the boundaries of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries without further approval from any other authority. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): PMAY-Urban is implemented as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS), except for the Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme (CLSS) vertical, which is a Central Sector Scheme. Under PMAY-Gramin, the cost of unit assistance is shared between the Central and State Governments in a 60:40 ratio in all areas of India. The selection of beneficiaries under PMAY-Gramin is based on housing deprivation parameters in the Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC), 2011. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in India includes platforms like Aadhaar for digital identity and Unified Payments Interface (UPI) for digital payments. DPI fosters innovation by providing closed, proprietary systems that restrict access to startups and developers to ensure data privacy and security. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 12th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 11th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – a Q.3) – a

Sep 12, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

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