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Sep 12, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 12th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (AMR) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Ahead of the September 26 UN General Assembly High-Level Meeting on antimicrobial resistance, the World Health Organization last week published its first-ever guidance on antibiotic pollution from manufacturing. Background: – AMR — and consequently, the creation of “superbugs” — affects healthcare everywhere, but has especially poor outcomes in patients suffering from multiple diseases. Key takeaways Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global health threat that occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve to resist the effects of antimicrobial drugs like antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics. This resistance makes infections harder to treat, leading to prolonged illness, higher medical costs, and increased mortality. Causes of AMR: Misuse and Overuse of antimicrobials: The primary drivers of AMR are the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in humans, animals, and agriculture. For example, using antibiotics for viral infections or not completing prescribed antibiotic courses can contribute to resistance. Excessive use of antimicrobial drugs can lead to the creation of resistant or extremely resistant superbugs, which can circulate in hospitals, through drinking water, or sewers. Infections caused by these pathogens will not respond to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Poor Infection Control: Inadequate infection prevention and control practices in healthcare settings can also accelerate the spread of resistant microorganisms. Impact on Health: Treatment Challenges: AMR makes common infections harder to treat and increases the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death. It also complicates medical procedures like surgeries and cancer treatments, which rely on effective antimicrobials to prevent infections. Economic Burden: The economic impact of AMR is substantial, with significant healthcare costs and potential losses in global GDP. Preventive Measures: Infection Prevention: Enhancing infection prevention and control measures in healthcare settings and communities. Vaccination: Promoting vaccination to reduce the need for antimicrobials by preventing infections. Global Collaboration: International cooperation is essential to tackle AMR effectively, as resistant pathogens do not respect borders. Source: Indian Express CYBER SECURITY Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT, GS 3 Context: Recently, Home minister Shah inaugurated four Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) platforms — Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC), the ‘Samanvaya’ platform, a Cyber Commandos programme and a Suspect Registry. Background: – Cyber security is no longer limited to the digital world and has become an important aspect of national security. Key takeaways The changing geo-political and economic shifts have compelled the Indian government to take active steps to evolve in cyberspace. This includes strengthening internal safety and security under the Ministry of Home Affairs, investment in defence infrastructure, and having bilateral agreements with countries across the globe, to remain coordinated and have defensive-offensive strategies for the interest of the nation, its citizens, and the industry. The I4C, established in 2018, is a department under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) tasked with establishing a national-level coordination centre to address cybercrime-related issues. Home minister Shah inaugurated four I4C platforms — Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC), the ‘Samanvaya’ platform, a Cyber Commandos programme and a Suspect Registry. Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC) The Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC) has been established at the Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) in New Delhi. It involves representatives from major banks, financial intermediaries, payment aggregators, telecom service providers, IT intermediaries, and law enforcement agencies from various states and union territories. The primary goal of CFMC is to facilitate immediate action and seamless cooperation to tackle online financial crimes. This initiative exemplifies “Cooperative Federalism” in law enforcement. Samanvaya Platform (Joint Cybercrime Investigation Facilitation System) The Samanvaya Platform is a web-based module designed to act as a one-stop portal for cybercrime data repository, data sharing, crime mapping, data analytics, and cooperation among law enforcement agencies across the country. It aims to streamline the process of cybercrime investigation and enhance coordination among various agencies. Cyber Commandos Programme The Cyber Commandos Programme involves the creation of a special wing of trained “Cyber Commandos” within states, union territories, and central police organizations. These commandos are trained to counter cyber security threats and assist in securing the digital space. The programme aims to bolster the cyber defense capabilities of the country. Suspect Registry In the Suspect Registry system, the I4C will share a list of all the repeat offenders in their server, which can be accessed by police personnel of any state and also by the bank officials before opening bank accounts. Source: PIB NATIONAL BOARD FOR WILDLIFE (NBWL) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: The standing committee of the National Board for Wildlife (SC-NBWL) has cleared multiple projects – a transmission line in Little Rann of Kutch, a controversial transmission line project in Goa’s Mollem national park as well as a clutch of infrastructure projects in tiger corridors of central India, among others. Background: The NBWL is primarily responsible for promotion and conservation of wildlife. About National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) is a statutory organization under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. It was constituted in 2003, replacing the Indian Board for Wildlife, which was formed in 1952. Chaired by the Prime Minister of India, it serves as the top advisory body on matters concerning wildlife conservation and protection. Key Functions: Policy and Planning: The NBWL is responsible for formulating policies and plans for the conservation of wildlife and forests in India. Approval of Projects: It evaluates projects like construction, mining, or development activities in or around protected areas such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. No project can be carried out in such areas without NBWL’s clearance. Advisory Role: It advises the central and state governments on wildlife-related issues, including the creation and management of protected areas. Conservation of Endangered Species: The NBWL plays a significant role in identifying and protecting endangered species. It helps in creating programs and laws to ensure their protection. Monitoring Protected Areas: It oversees the functioning of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves, ensuring their proper management. Safeguarding Biodiversity: The board promotes measures for the conservation of biodiversity, aligning with international treaties like the Convention on Biological Diversity. Boundary Alterations: No changes to the boundaries of protected areas can be made without the NBWL’s approval. Composition: The NBWL has 47 members including the chairperson. Among these, 19 members are ex-officio members. Every new government constitutes a new board, based on the provisions of the WLPA, with the new PM as the chair. Chairperson: The Prime Minister. Vice-Chairperson: The Minister of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change. Under the provisions of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (WLPA), the NBWL can constitute a Standing Committee (SC-NBWL). This committee focuses on project clearances, while the NBWL deals with broader policy-level decisions. Key takeaways from NBWL meeting The SC-NBWL, headed by Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav, pulled up the Madhya Pradesh tourism department for carrying out constructions in Son Gharial sanctuary and adjacent tiger corridors without permits. Even after intense protests against deforestation in Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park, the NBWL conditionally cleared the 400 k/V transmission line on 27 hectares of forest. Two approvals were granted for erection of transmission lines in Gujarat. One in the Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary in the Great Rann of Kutch and another in the Wild Ass sanctuary in Little Rann of Kutch over 100 hectares. The board approved widening of the National Highway 46 between Itarsi and Betul through the tiger corridor between Satpura and Melghat tiger reserve. The project will use 101 hectares of forest land and approval was granted with the condition that the National Highways Authority of India will build animal passages. Source: Indian Express DIGITAL PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE (DPI) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: India’s G20 task force’s release of comprehensive report outlining global strategy for digital public infrastructure development has triggered public debate about DPI. Background: – DPI has the power to dramatically improve the lives of citizens and transform governance. About Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) refers to the foundational digital systems and services that enable efficient, inclusive, and secure delivery of public and private services to citizens. DPI is designed to serve as a shared platform, providing public goods that are open, scalable, and interoperable, fostering innovation and economic growth. Key Elements of Digital Public Infrastructure: Digital Identity: A robust and secure digital identity system allows individuals to prove their identity online and access various services. In India, Aadhaar is a prime example, providing a unique identification number to residents, used for accessing government benefits, financial services, and more. Digital Payments: A reliable and inclusive digital payment system ensures that financial transactions can be performed electronically with ease and security. In India, platforms like Unified Payments Interface (UPI) have revolutionized digital payments, enabling seamless real-time bank transfers across the country. Data Exchange: Secure platforms that allow the sharing of data between individuals, businesses, and governments while respecting privacy. For example, India’s DigiLocker enables citizens to store and share documents digitally, reducing paperwork and increasing efficiency. Public Digital Platforms: These platforms provide foundational services that are reusable across multiple sectors. Examples include the India Stack, which includes tools like Aadhaar for identity, UPI for payments, and e-KYC (Know Your Customer) for authentication. Key Benefits: Inclusivity: DPI enables access to essential services (e.g., healthcare, education, banking) for all, especially underserved populations. It reduces the digital divide by creating accessible digital systems. Efficiency: DPI leads to faster, more transparent service delivery. It eliminates manual, paper-based processes and enhances government-to-citizen, business-to-customer, and peer-to-peer interactions. Cost-effectiveness: DPI reduces transaction costs for businesses and governments by minimizing reliance on intermediaries and streamlining operations. Fosters Innovation: By providing open and interoperable digital tools, DPI creates an environment for startups, businesses, and developers to build applications and services on top of it, driving economic growth. Issues to be examined with regard to DPI: DPIs are essentially multi-sided platforms, where the value of the platform on one side increases with the increase in the number of participants on the other side. These inherent network effects of DPIs can lead to winner-takes-all outcomes, resulting in the creation of monopolies or oligopolies. For instance, the UPI payment system has resulted in the creation of a virtual duopoly of service providers. Participants captured these zero-price markets while harvesting vast amounts of user data over time. Concerns regarding the privatisation of public data, data security, and data privacy arise due to the operation of private entities. Source: Indian Express Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Centre has relaxed the automatic exclusion criteria under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G), allowing families owning “two-wheelers, motorised fishing boats, refrigerators, landline phones” and earning “up to Rs 15,000 per month” to now avail the rural housing scheme. Background: – The exclusion criteria revision is significant in view of the Centre’s aim to construct two crore additional houses under the rural housing scheme by 2028-29 About Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is a flagship housing initiative launched by the Government of India with the aim of providing affordable housing to all. The scheme has two components based on the geographical area: PMAY-Urban (PMAY-U) for urban areas and PMAY-Gramin (PMAY-G) for rural areas. It seeks to address the housing needs of the economically weaker sections (EWS), lower-income groups (LIG), and middle-income groups (MIG) in both urban and rural settings. PMAY-Urban (PMAY-U) Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), Government of India is implementing Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana- Urban (PMAY-U). Under the Mission, Ministry has been providing Central assistance to States/ UTs through following four verticals: Beneficiary-led Individual House Construction or Enhancement (BLC): Under this vertical, Central Assistance of ₹1.5 lakh is provided to individual eligible families belonging to EWS categories. Affordable Housing in Partnership with public or private sector (AHP): Central Assistance of ₹1.5 lakh per EWS house is provided by Government of India in projects where at least 35% of the houses in the projects are for EWS category and a single project has at least 250 houses. “In-situ” Slum Redevelopment (ISSR): Slum redevelopment grant of ₹1 lakh per house is admissible for all houses built for eligible slum dwellers using land as Resource with participation of private developer. Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme (CLSS): An interest subsidy was given to eligible beneficiaries seeking housing loans. The Mission is implemented as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) except the CLSS vertical of PMAY-U which is implemented as a Central Sector Scheme. PMAY-Gramin (PMAY-G) Rural housing programme,as an independent programme, started with Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) in 1996. Although IAY addressed the housing needs in the rural areas, certain gaps were identified. To address these gaps, the of has IAY has been re-structured into Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana –Gramin (PMAY-G) w.e.f. 1st April 2016. PMAY-G aims at providing a pucca house, with basic amenities, to all houseless householder and those households living in kutcha and dilapidated house, by 2024. The Centre and states share expenses in the 60:40 ratio in case of plain areas, and 90:10 for Northeastern states, two Himalayan states and the UT of J&K. The Centre bears 100% cost in case of other UTs including Ladakh. Once of the most important features of PMAY-G is the selection of beneficiary. PMAY-G instead of selecting a the beneficiary from among the BPL households selects beneficiary using housing deprivation parameters in the Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC), 2011. The SECC data captures specific deprivation related to housing among households. Using the data households that are houseless and living in 0,1 and 2 kutcha wall and kutcha roof houses can be segregated and targeted . The Permanent Wait List so generated also ensures that the states have the ready list of the household to be covered under the scheme in the coming years. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL): The NBWL is a statutory organization constituted under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, and is chaired by the Prime Minister of India. Projects involving construction or development activities in or around protected areas require the clearance of the NBWL. The NBWL can directly alter the boundaries of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries without further approval from any other authority. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): PMAY-Urban is implemented as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS), except for the Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme (CLSS) vertical, which is a Central Sector Scheme. Under PMAY-Gramin, the cost of unit assistance is shared between the Central and State Governments in a 60:40 ratio in all areas of India. The selection of beneficiaries under PMAY-Gramin is based on housing deprivation parameters in the Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC), 2011. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in India includes platforms like Aadhaar for digital identity and Unified Payments Interface (UPI) for digital payments. DPI fosters innovation by providing closed, proprietary systems that restrict access to startups and developers to ensure data privacy and security. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 12th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 11th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – a Q.3) – a

Sep 12, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 12th September 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Sep 11, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 11th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST) COUNCIL Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity Context: The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council meeting held recently broadly agreed on the need to reduce the tax rate for health and life insurance premiums from 18 per cent but the specific proposal has now been referred to the Group of Ministers (GoM) for further discussion. Background: – The GST regime came into force after the Constitutional (122nd Amendment) Bill was passed by both Houses of Parliament in 2016. More than 15 Indian states then ratified it in their state Assemblies, after which then-President Pranab Mukherjee gave his assent. Key takeaways The GST Council is a constitutional body in India responsible for making recommendations to the Union and State governments on issues related to Goods and Services Tax (GST). It was established under Article 279A of the Indian Constitution. Composition of the GST Council: Chairperson: The Union Finance Minister Members: The Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue or Finance. The Minister In-charge of finance or taxation or any other Minister nominated by each State Government. Decision-Making Process of the GST Council: Meetings: The Council meets periodically to discuss issues related to GST, including tax rates, exemptions, the threshold for tax liability, and dispute resolution mechanisms. Voting: Decisions in the GST Council are made based on a voting structure. The Union Government has 1/3rd of the total votes. All the State Governments together have 2/3rd of the total votes. Weighted Voting: Every decision requires a three-fourths majority of the weighted votes of members present. This structure ensures a balance between the Centre and the States, allowing them to work collaboratively on GST-related matters. Consensus: In practice, most decisions of the GST Council are taken by consensus rather than formal voting, promoting a cooperative federalism approach. Role of the GST Council: Tax Rates and Slabs: It decides GST rates for different goods and services, and can modify them periodically based on economic needs. Exemptions and Thresholds: It determines which goods or services should be exempt from GST and sets the threshold for GST registration. Dispute Resolution: The Council can recommend mechanisms to resolve disputes between the Centre and States regarding GST implementation. The GST Council plays a crucial role in harmonizing tax policies across the country, avoiding cascading taxes, and ensuring that GST functions efficiently as a unified tax system. Source: Indian Express NATURAL FARMING Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Finannce Ministry has shot down a proposal from the Agriculture Ministry to provide a one-time incentive of Rs 20,000 per hectare to farmers who adopt natural farming, saying it was much higher than what was earlier approved. Background: – The Agriculture Ministry had circulated a Cabinet note in July last week seeking the Finance Ministry’s approval for the incentives to be provided to farmers under the proposed National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF). Key takeaways The Agriculture Ministry defines natural farming as a “chemical-free” farming system that uses only inputs produced using livestock and plant resources. Natural farming works with the natural biodiversity, encouraging the soil’s biological activity and managing the complexity of living organisms, both plant and animal to thrive along with food production system. Important practices, essential for adoption of natural farming includes: No external inputs Local seeds (use of local varieties), On-farm produced microbial formulation for seed treatment (such as bijamrita), On-farm made microbial inoculants (Jivamrita) for soil enrichment, Cover crops and mulching with green and dry organic matter for nutrient recycling and for creating a suitable micro-climate for maximum beneficial microbial activity in soil. Mixed cropping, Managing diversity on farm through integration of trees Management of pests through diversity and local on-farm made botanical concoctions (such as neemastra, agniastra, neem ark, dashparni ark etc); Integration of livestock, especially of native breed for cow dung and cow urine as essential inputs for several practices and Water and moisture conservation Additional Information The Andhra Pradesh Community Managed Natural Farming (APCNF), a State government’s initiative launched through Rythu Sadhikara Samstha (RySS) seven years ago, has won the 2024 Gulbenkian Prize. APCNF is recognized as the world’s largest agroecology programme, benefiting over a million smallholder farmers across 5,00,000 hectares in Andhra Pradesh.The APCNF programme empowers small farmers by enabling them to switch to natural farming methods. Source: Indian Express SWACHH BHARAT MISSION AND ITS ACHIEVEMENTS Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The recent release of the scientific report in the Nature journal on the Swachh Bharat Mission’s (SBM) impact on the reduction in infant and child mortality broadly coincides with the 10-year anniversary of the programme. Background: Announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his Independence Day speech to the nation from the Red Fort on August 15, 2014, it was formally launched on October 2 of the same year. About Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) India grappled with sanitation challenges, particularly in rural areas, affecting millions. In 2014, only 39% sanitation coverage was achieved, impacting vulnerable demographics, notably women and children. Responding to the imperative for comprehensive sanitation coverage, the Swachh Bharat Mission was launched on October 2, 2014. Main goal: Eliminate open defecation by October 2, 2019, targeting the construction of over 100 million household toilets for 550 million Indians. Behavioral Change: The SBM was a Jan Andolan (mass movement) involving community-led initiatives to achieve Open Defecation Free (ODF) status. Focus on inspiring pride in villages through Gaurav Yatras (pride tours) upon achieving ODF status. Friendly competition among villages, districts, and states helped boost implementation. Phase II of SBM: After October 2, 2019, when all Indian states declared themselves ODF, SBM entered its second phase. SBM Phase II was launched with the objective of achieving Sampoorn Swachhata, i.e., sustaining the ODF status and managing solid and liquid waste by 2024-25 and transforming all the villages from ODF to ODF Plus Model. Health Impact: The Nature journal report (2024) validated SBM’s significant health outcomes, stating that the mission saved 60,000–70,000 lives of infants and children under five annually by reducing diseases caused by poor sanitation. Other health benefits included a reduction in diarrheal diseases and improved public health. Dignity and Security of Women: One of the core benefits was enhancing the dignity and security of women and girls, by providing them access to safe and private sanitation facilities. Economic Benefits: A UNICEF study estimated that villages achieving ODF status saved households approximately Rs 50,000 annually on healthcare costs and time savings. Reduction in medical costs due to lower incidence of water-borne diseases. Global Lessons and Replication: Key global takeaway: the four Ps – Political leadership, Public financing, Partnerships, and People’s participation – recognized globally as essential for successful developmental programs. Example: Nigeria launched the Clean Nigeria Campaign after learning from SBM. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): SBM contributed to the achievement of SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) by improving access to sanitation and hygiene. SBM was part of a broader suite of government initiatives aimed at improving the quality of life, such as: Ujjwala Yojana (cooking gas cylinders), Jan Dhan Yojana (bank accounts), Awas Yojana (housing), Ayushman Bharat (health insurance), Jal Jeevan Mission (water supply). Source: Indian Express APPOINTMENT OF HIGH COURT JUDGES Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Supreme Court has directed the Himachal Pradesh High Court collegium to consider again the names of two judicial officers it had first recommended for elevation to the Bench 21 months ago. Background: – The direction from supreme court is unusual. Procedure for appointing judges of High Courts The collegium system of appointment (and transfer) of judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts was laid down by the Supreme Court in Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association vs Union of India (1993), commonly known as the Second Judges Case. The ruling made the recommendations of the SC collegium binding on the Centre, and gave the power to appoint and transfer judges of the higher judiciary to the judiciary. Under the collegium system, judges choose judges — and while the government can delay their appointments, it cannot reject the collegium’s choice. In 1998, in response to a series of questions from then President K R Narayanan, the SC clarified how the collegium system would function. (Third Judges Case). The court said that collegiums for HC appointments would include the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and the two seniormost judges of the Supreme Court. This collegium would be required to consult the “Chief Justice and senior judges” of the HC concerned, the “seniormost” SC judge from that HC, as well as any SC judges who were “knowledgeable” about that HC. Following the opinion given by the SC in the Third Judges Case, the central government and the SC entered into a Memorandum of Procedure (MOP) in 1998, which detailed the process, from the beginning, for the appointment of HC judges. As a part of this process, the Chief Justice of the HC must consult two other seniormost judges at the HC — together forming the High Court collegium — and send their recommendations, with reasons, to the Chief Minister, the Governor, and the CJI. The Governor, based on the advice of the Chief Minister, will send the proposal to the Minister of Law and Justice at the Centre, who will conduct a background check and send the entire material to the CJI, who will consider it with the rest of the SC collegium. Himachal Pradesh Issue In December 2022, the then HC collegium recommended district judges Chirag Bhanu Singh and Arvind Malhotra for elevation to the HC. On January 4, 2024, the SC collegium sent the recommendation back to the HC Chief Justice for reconsideration. However, on April 23, the High Court collegium recommended two other judicial officers for elevation to the HC, prompting Singh and Malhotra to approach the SC. They argued that the HC collegium had ignored their seniority (as the two seniormost district judges in the state) by recommending two others without first considering them again. The SC had in both the Second and Third Judges cases highlighted the importance of considering seniority among judges while making recommendations for appointments. Source: Indian Express ANUSANDHAN NATIONAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Tuesday (September 10, 2024) convened the first meeting of the Governing Board of the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF). Background: – The ANRF was conceived as a funding body to galvanise science and engineering research in the country. About Anusandhan National Research Foundation The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) was established under the ANRF 2023 Act to promote and direct research and development (R&D) across India. ANRF acts as an apex body to oversee and guide scientific research efforts. The Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), established by an act of Parliament in 2008, has been subsumed into ANRF. Objectives and Functions Promote R&D: ANRF aims to seed, grow, and promote R&D and foster a culture of research and innovation throughout India’s universities, colleges, research institutions, and R&D laboratories. Strategic Direction: It provides high-level strategic direction for scientific research in the country, aligning with the recommendations of the National Education Policy (NEP). Collaboration: ANRF forges collaborations among industry, academia, government departments, and research institutions. Additional information The ANRF aims to establish a ₹50,000 crore corpus with ₹36,000 crore of it coming in from non-government sources. For the current financial year, the ANRF has been earmarked ₹2,000 crore in the Union Budget. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF)? The ANRF was established under the ANRF 2023 Act to promote and research and development (R&D) across India. The Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), established in 2008, has been subsumed into ANRF. ANRF solely focuses on funding research through government sources, aiming to create a ₹50,000 crore corpus. ANRF aligns its strategic direction with the recommendations of the National Education Policy (NEP). Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1, 2, and 4 only (c) 2, 3, and 4 only (d) 1, 3, and 4 only Q2.) Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Natural Farming and the Andhra Pradesh Community Managed Natural Farming (APCNF) program? Natural farming promotes the use of chemical-free inputs derived from livestock and plant resources. Practices like mixed cropping, use of local seeds, and integration of livestock are essential components of natural farming. The APCNF program is recognized as the world’s largest agroecology program, benefitting over a million smallholder farmers in Andhra Pradesh. The APCNF program won the 2023 Gulbenkian Prize for empowering farmers to switch to chemical-intensive farming methods. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 2, and 3 only (b) 1, 3, and 4 only (c) 2, 3, and 4 only (d) 1, 2, and 4 only Q3.) Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the GST Council? The GST Council was established under Article 279A of the Indian Constitution. The voting structure of the GST Council gives the Union Government 2/3rd of the total votes and all State Governments combined 1/3rd. Decisions in the GST Council require a three-fourths majority of the weighted votes of members present. Most decisions in the GST Council are taken by consensus, promoting cooperative federalism. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 3, and 4 only (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 1 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 only Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 11th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 10th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – a Q.3) – a

Sep 11, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 11th September 2024

Sep 10, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 10th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE SYSTEM Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity Context: The opposition parties in India are complaining about the delay in constituting Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees (DRSCs). Background: – Intense negotiations have been going on between the government and Opposition for control over important committees for nearly three months since the election of the 18th Lok Sabha. Origins and Universal Nature: Committees are central to the functioning of parliaments worldwide. In India, the modern committee system was inherited from the British Parliament. The first committee in India was the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) in 1921, under the Government of India Act, 1919. Post-independence, PAC and the Estimates Committee (established in 1950) came under the direct control of the Lok Sabha Speaker. Business Advisory Committee (chaired by the Speaker) and Committee on Government Assurance were the Indian innovations in parliamentary democracy. Another major landmark was the creation of the Committee on Public Undertakings during the third Lok Sabha. Significant expansion occurred in the 1990s with the establishment of Departmental Standing Committees (DRSCs) to enhance parliamentary oversight.By 1993, India had 17 DRSCs, each with 45 members. The expansion aimed to make parliamentary activity effective, enhance the accountability of the executive, and utilise the availability of expertise and public opinion. It may be noted here that the creation of DRSCs coincided with the rise of coalition politics, increasing disruptions in Houses, declining parliamentary oversight, and the ‘guillotine’ of legislation. Structure and Authority: Committees are categorized as standing (permanent) and ad hoc (temporary for specific tasks). Ad hoc committees are created for some specific purposes and they cease to exist after finishing the tasks assigned. The select and joint committees on bills are principal ad hoc committees. In addition, Parliament has standing committees that are permanent (constituted every year) and work on a continuous basis. Committees are composed of MPs appointed or elected by the House or nominated by the Speaker. They derive authority from Article 105 (MP privileges) and Article 118 (Parliament’s authority to regulate its procedure). Significance of Committees: They address the complexities of modern administration, allowing for detailed scrutiny of government activities. Committees involve experts and stakeholders in decision-making, helping MPs from different parties reach consensus. They also foster collaboration between the two houses of Parliament. These committees also accommodate the MPs who could not find a place in the Cabinet of coalition governments. They ensures executive accountability to Parliament and helps to function the system of checks and balances. Challenges: Short tenure of committees limits specialisation and delays in reconstitution disrupt functioning. Political partisanship, absenteeism, and a decline in bills referred to committees have undermined effectiveness. Issues like inadequate resources, staff, and expert advisers were highlighted by the Venkatachaliah Commission (2000). Source: Indian Express PresVu Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Mumbai-based Entod Pharmaceuticals announced that the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI), the nation’s top drug regulatory authority, has approved its innovative eye drops designed specifically to reduce the need for reading glasses in individuals with presbyopia. Background: – According to the company, the eye drop PresVu is the first of its kind in India, and Entod has applied for a patent for this invention in terms of its formulation and the process. Key takeaways Presbyopia is an age-related disorder in which the eyes gradually lose their capacity to concentrate on adjacent objects. Cause: Presbyopia occurs due to the gradual stiffening of the lens inside the eye. The lens becomes less flexible, reducing its ability to change shape and focus light on the retina for close-up tasks. This condition typically becomes noticeable in individuals around the age of 40 and continues to progress with age. Doctors believe that spectacles are one of the most efficient strategies to manage the illness. About PresVu The active ingredient — chemical compounds in medicines that have an effect on the body — in PresVu is pilocarpine. The compound contracts the iris muscles, which control the size of the pupil and help humans see things clearly, thereby enabling one’s eyes to focus better on nearby objects, according to Entod Pharmaceuticals. PresVu also claims to employ “advanced dynamic buffer technology” — effectively, a base solution — to adapt to the pH level of tears. This guarantees that the eye drop has consistent efficacy and safety for extended use, keeping in mind that such drops will be used for years at a stretch. PresVu is a prescription-only medication, and experts say its effects are unlikely to endure more than four to six hours. Additional Information Although Entod’s claims suggest that PresVu is a new therapy, pilocarpine, the key ingredient in the eye drop, has been available in India for decades. In 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration approved a pilocarpine eye drop to treat presbyopia. Source: Indian Express ENEMY PROPERTY Syllabus Prelims – POLITY Context: A parcel of land in Uttar Pradesh, previously belonging to the family of former Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf, is set to be auctioned under The Enemy Property Act. Background: The Union Home Affairs Ministry said in a notice erected on the plot that around 13 bighas of land in the Kotana Bangar village in Baghpat district has been directed for sale through e-auction until September 12. Enemy Property and the Enemy Property Act Enemy Property refers to the properties left behind by individuals who migrated to Pakistan or China following the India-Pakistan wars of 1965 and 1971, and the Sino-Indian War of 1962. These properties were classified as “enemy property” under Indian law, as the people who left India acquired the nationality of an enemy country. The Indian government took control of these properties and vested them in the Custodian of Enemy Property for India, a government-appointed authority, under the Defence of India Rules (formulated under the Defence of India Act, 1962). The Enemy Property Act, enacted in 1968, provided for the continuous vesting of enemy property in the Custodian of Enemy Property for India. The Tashkent Declaration of January 10, 1966, featured a clause stating that India and Pakistan would consider the restitution of property and assets taken over during the fight. However, the Pakistani government disposed of all such properties throughout the country in 1971. Key Features of the Enemy Property Act: Under the Enemy Property Act 1968, Custodian manages enemy properties on behalf of the Government of India, ensuring that these assets cannot be transferred or claimed by anyone. Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Act, 2017: In 2017, the Indian government amended the Enemy Property Act of 1968 to address legal issues and prevent claims by legal heirs. The key amendments included: Expansion of Definitions: The amended Act expanded the definition of the term “enemy subject”, and “enemy firm” to include the legal heir and successor of an enemy, whether a citizen of India or a citizen of a country which is not an enemy; and the succeeding firm of an enemy firm, irrespective of the nationality of its members or partners. Vesting of Property: The amended law provided that enemy property shall continue to vest in the Custodian even if the enemy or enemy subject or enemy firm ceases to be an enemy due to death, extinction, winding up of business or change of nationality, or that the legal heir or successor is a citizen of India or a citizen of a country which is not an enemy. Disposal of Enemy Property: The Custodian, with the approval of the central government, is empowered to sell or dispose of enemy property. The proceeds from such disposals are intended to benefit the government. Purpose of enemy property act amendment The amendment effectively barred any claims of inheritance or succession on enemy property, regardless of whether the legal heir resides in India or a non-enemy country. This move was aimed at preventing prolonged litigation, such as the case of the Raja of Mahmudabad, whose heirs fought a long legal battle to reclaim the properties. Source: Indian Express MPOX Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: A suspected case of mpox has been identified in India, according to a statement issued by the Union Health Ministry on Sunday. Background: – Mpox was declared a ‘Public Health Emergency of International Concern’ — the highest level of alert by the World Health Organization — last month. While India has reported at least 30 cases and one death due to the infection since it was first detected in 2022 (Kerala), this is the first suspected case in the current outbreak. About Mpox Mpox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the Monkeypox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. The disease is similar to smallpox but generally less severe. It can spread from animals to humans (zoonotic transmission) and between humans. History and Background: First Identified: In 1958, the virus was discovered in monkey colonies used for research, hence the name “Monkeypox.” First Human Case: Detected in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Primarily reported in Central and West Africa, but cases outside Africa have occurred due to international travel and animal trade. Transmission: Zoonotic Transmission: Direct contact with infected animals (rodents and primates are primary carriers). Human-to-Human Transmission: Through close contact with respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, or contaminated objects like bedding. Symptoms: Incubation Period: 6-13 days (can range from 5 to 21 days). Initial Symptoms: Fever, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue. Rash: Develops 1-3 days after the fever, beginning on the face and spreading to other parts of the body. It evolves into pus-filled sores before crusting over and healing. Severity and Risk: The disease is typically self-limiting, with symptoms lasting 2-4 weeks. Fatality rates in Africa range from 1% to 10%, depending on the strain and healthcare access. Vaccination and Treatment: Smallpox Vaccine: Provides cross-protection due to the similarity between the viruses. WHO has recommended the JYNNEOS/Imvanex vaccine for high-risk groups. Treatment: No specific antiviral treatment for Mpox, but antivirals like tecovirimat are being investigated. 2022 Global Outbreak: First Major Outbreak: Cases of Mpox in non-endemic countries were reported across Europe, the Americas, and Asia in mid-2022. WHO Renaming: In 2022, WHO renamed the disease from Monkeypox to Mpox to avoid stigma and inaccuracy, aligning with global naming conventions. Source: Indian Express TEAL CARBON Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: India’s first study on ‘teal carbon’, undertaken at Keoladeo National Park (KNP) in Rajasthan’s Bharatpur district, has highlighted the significance of wetland conservation to address the challenges of climate adaptation and resilience. Background: – The concept of teal carbon is a recent addition to the environmental science About Teal Carbon Teal carbon refers to carbon stored in non-tidal freshwater wetlands, encompassing carbon sequestered in vegetation, microbial biomass, and dissolved and particulate organic matter. Teal carbon being a colour-based terminology reflects the classification of the organic carbon based on its functions and location rather than its physical properties. As opposed to teal carbon, black and brown carbon are primarily produced by incomplete combustion of organic matter from sources such as wild fires, fossil fuel combustion, and industrial activities. They contribute to global warming. At the global level, the storage of teal carbon across the ecosystems is estimated to be 500.21 petagrams of carbon (PgC), which is a unit to measure carbon. Peatlands, freshwater swamps, and natural freshwater marshes account for significant amount of this storage. Additional information The study in news has depicted the potential of teal carbon as a tool to mitigate climate change if the anthropogenic pollution in the wetlands can be controlled. Though wetlands play a crucial role in regulating greenhouse gases, they are vulnerable to degradation from pollution, land use changes, water extraction, and landscape modifications. Wetlands, when degraded, could release methane and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Source: The Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements regarding “Teal Carbon” is/are correct? Teal carbon refers to carbon stored in non-tidal freshwater wetlands. Unlike black and brown carbon, teal carbon contributes to global warming. Peatlands, freshwater swamps, and natural freshwater marshes account for a significant portion of global teal carbon storage. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Q2.) Consider the following statements regarding the Mpox (Monkeypox) virus: Mpox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by a virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus. The first human case of Mpox was detected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970. Human-to-human transmission of Mpox occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated objects. There is a specific antiviral treatment for Mpox, and the WHO has recommended tecovirimat as the primary treatment. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 1, 2, and 3 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3, and 4 Q3.) Consider the following statements about the Parliamentary Committee system in India: The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) was the first parliamentary committee in India, formed in 1921 under the Government of India Act, 1919. The Business Advisory Committee in the Indian Parliament is chaired by the Prime Minister of India. The Venkatachaliah Commission highlighted issues like inadequate resources and lack of expert advisers in parliamentary committees. Which of the statements given above is/are incorrect? (a) 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1 and 2 only Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 6th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 5th September – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – c Q.3) – a

Sep 10, 2024 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 10th September 2024

Sep 10, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 7th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) INDIA GENERATES HIGHEST PLASTIC POLLUTION IN WORLD Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: India contributes to a fifth of global plastic pollution according to a study published in the journal Nature recently. Background: – The study was carried out by researchers from University of Leeds. Key takeaways from the study Plastic Waste in India: India burns roughly 5.8 million tonnes (mt) of plastic each year, and releases another 3.5 mt of plastics into the environment (land, air, water) as debris. Total contribution to global plastic pollution: 9.3 mt per year, surpassing Nigeria (3.5 mt), Indonesia (3.4 mt), and China (2.8 mt). Global Plastic Waste Production: The world produces 251 mt of plastic waste annually. Around 52.1 mt (20%) of this waste is unmanaged, i.e., released into the environment. Managed vs Unmanaged Waste: Managed waste is collected and either recycled or sent to landfills. Unmanaged waste includes burnt plastic releasing toxic gases like carbon monoxide and unburned debris (polluting both land and water bodies globally). Unmanaged Plastic Statistics: 43% (22.2 mt) of unmanaged waste is unburned debris. The remaining 29.9 mt is burned in open fires or dumpsites, causing significant air pollution. Global North-South Divide: 69% of plastic pollution comes from 20 countries in Southern Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia. High-income countries (HICs) in the Global North produce more plastic waste but have better waste management, resulting in less pollution. Plastic Pollution in the Global South: Open burning is the dominant form of pollution due to poor waste management infrastructure. The Global South lacks the resources to implement robust waste management systems, contributing to more uncontrolled debris and burning. International Treaty on Plastic Pollution: Negotiations for a legally binding international treaty on plastic pollution began in 2022. In 2022, the UN Environmental Assembly agreed to develop such a treaty — which experts say might be the most important environmental accord since the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2015 — by the end of 2024. Debates around the Treaty: Fossil-fuel producing countries and industry groups, view plastics pollution as a “waste management problem”, and want to focus on waste management instead of curbing production through treaty. Critics on the other hand argue that viewing plastic pollution as a “waste management problem” ignores the need for upstream solutions like reducing production. Managing plastic waste alone may not be enough, as increasing production leads directly to more pollution. Source: Indian Express SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FIRST CLEAR IMAGES OF MERCURY’S SOUTH POLE Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: On Thursday, the BepiColombo spacecraft, operated by the European Space Agency and Japan, made its closest approach to Mercury, capturing sharp images of the planet’s south pole and craters at sunrise. Background: – A joint mission between the European and Japanese space agencies, BepiColombo was launched in 2018. It will go into orbit around Mercury in 2026. Significance of the BepiColombo Mission Studying Mercury: Mercury is the least-studied rocky planet in the solar system. BepiColombo’s two orbiters will study the planet’s composition, geology, and magnetic field, offering insights into its origins and evolution. Challenging Mission: Reaching Mercury is difficult because spacecraft accelerate when approaching the sun. A series of flybys of Earth, Venus and Mercury are helping to slow down BepiColombo, which will eventually maneuver the mission into orbit around Mercury. Thursday’s flyby was the fourth of six planned, bringing the spacecraft just 103 miles above Mercury’s surface. Key Areas of Interest: BepiColombo captured images of 2 peak ring basins (Vivaldi & Stoddart), which could provide clues about ancient volcanic activity. Mercury’s south pole was imaged, offering a preview of better data to come. BepiColombo is expected to collect better data of the southern hemisphere than NASA’s Messenger spacecraft, which the agency crashed into the planet in 2015 after an 11-year mission. Unique Characteristics of Mercury: Mercury has a core that is oversized compared with the rocky shell surrounding it. Water ice exists on its surface, despite scorching exposure to the sun without an atmosphere to protect it. The planet has an unexpected magnetic field and is rich in volatiles — elements like chlorine, sulfur and potassium — thought to readily evaporate on planets with high temperatures. These traits suggest Mercury may have formed farther from the sun than its current location. Next Steps: After the remaining flybys in December and January, BepiColombo will spend nearly two years circling the sun.It is expected to enter orbit around Mercury by end of 2026. Source: Indian Express FINANCIALISATION Syllabus Prelims & Mains : ECONOMY Context: Chief Economic Adviser (CEA) V. Anantha Nageswaran cautioned that financialisation might distort macroeconomic outcomes. Background: India’s stock market capitalisation was about 140% of the GDP, the Indian financial sector is seeing high profitability all pointing towards the surge of finanacialisation. About Financialisation Financialisation refers to the increasing dominance of financial motives, financial markets, financial actors, and financial institutions in the economy. Key Aspects of Financialisation Growth of the Financial Sector: Financialization involves the expansion of financial services, such as banking, insurance, and investment, relative to the overall economy. Securitization: This is the process of turning assets into financial instruments, which can be traded in markets. It has led to a massive increase in the variety and volume of financial products. Shift from Industrial to Financial Capitalism: Economies have moved from being driven by industrial production to being driven by financial activities. Influence on Corporate Governance: Companies increasingly focus on maximizing shareholder value, often prioritizing short-term financial gains over long-term investments. Impacts of Financialization Economic Policy and Corporate Behavior: Financial markets and institutions have a significant influence on economic policies and corporate strategies. Income Inequality: Financialization has contributed to increasing income inequality, as the financial sector often sees higher income growth compared to other sectors. Wage Stagnation: There has been a transfer of income from the real sector (goods and services) to the financial sector, leading to wage stagnation in non-financial industries. Decline in Manufacturing: In some countries, like the U.S., financialization has been linked to the decline of manufacturing jobs as capital is diverted to financial markets rather than industrial investments. Source: Hindu NATIONAL TIGER CONSERVATION AUTHORITY (NTCA) Syllabus Prelims : ENVIRONMENT Context: Conservationist organisations across India have demanded withdrawal of ‘illegal’ relocation of villagers from tiger reserves which is ordered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). Background: – The notification issued on June 19, 2024, identified 89,808 families from 848 villages and directed the state authorities to relocate the residents living inside core areas of tiger reserves on a priority basis. These residents mostly belong to the Adivasi and other forest-dwelling communities and are entitled to live and use the forest produce for their livelihood as enshrined in the Forest rights Act, 2006 as well as The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. About National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. It was established in 2006 under the provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, as amended in 2006. The NTCA is responsible for implementing Project Tiger, a centrally sponsored program aimed at the protection and conservation of tigers in India. Key Functions of NTCA: Policy and Planning: Formulates guidelines and policies for the management of tiger reserves across India. Coordinates and supports scientific monitoring, habitat management, and anti-poaching activities. Legal Oversight: Ensures strict implementation of the Wildlife Protection Act and other legal measures for tiger conservation. Provides legal support to tackle wildlife crimes related to tigers, including poaching and trafficking. Tiger Reserves Management: Oversees the establishment, expansion, and maintenance of tiger reserves. Ensures the involvement of local communities in conservation efforts and addresses issues of human-tiger conflict. Monitoring and Evaluation: Regularly monitors the tiger population, habitat conditions, and other biodiversity in tiger reserves. Publishes the All India Tiger Estimation reports every four years to track the status of the tiger population. Funding and Support: Provides financial assistance to states for the effective management of tiger reserves and conservation activities. Promotes eco-tourism in tiger reserves to create awareness and generate revenue for conservation efforts. Research and Capacity Building: Supports research on tigers, their prey, and habitat to inform conservation strategies. Enhances the capacity of forest staff through training programs and equipping them with necessary tools for conservation. Source: Down To Earth India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) Syllabus Prelims & Mains : CURRENT EVENT Context: External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar recently said that the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) will be a cornerstone of global connectivity. Background: – IMEC, announced during the G20 summit last year, has opened new possibilities according to experts. Key takeaways The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) is a significant initiative aimed at enhancing economic connectivity and integration between Asia, the Persian Gulf, and Europe. IMEC is designed to bolster economic development by creating a multi-modal transport network that includes rail, shipping lines, high-speed data cables, and energy pipelines. Route and Connectivity The proposed route for IMEC includes: India: Starting from India’s west coast. United Arab Emirates (UAE): Connecting via sea routes. Saudi Arabia: Crossing the Arabian Peninsula by rail. Jordan and Israel: Further rail connectivity. Europe: Goods will be transported by sea from the Israeli port of Haifa to the Greek port of Piraeus, and then to various European destinations. Key Components Rail Connectivity: Establishing a rail network across the Arabian Peninsula. Shipping Lines: Enhancing maritime routes between India, the Middle East, and Europe. High-Speed Data Cables: Laying undersea cables to improve internet connectivity. Energy Pipelines: Developing pipelines for the transportation of clean energy. Source: Times of India Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements about Financialisation is/are correct? Financialisation refers to the increasing role of financial markets, financial motives, financial actors, and financial institutions in the economy. One of the impacts of financialisation is the shift from industrial production-driven economies to those driven by financial activities. Financialisation contributes to wage growth in non-financial industries due to increased investment in financial markets. Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Which of the following statements about the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is/are correct? NTCA was established in 2006 under the provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, as amended in 2006. NTCA is responsible for implementing Project Tiger, a program aimed at the conservation of tigers in India. NTCA publishes the All India Tiger Estimation reports annually to track the tiger population. Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) 1 and 2 only b) 1 and 3 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Which of the following statements about the BepiColombo Mission is/are correct? BepiColombo is designed to study Mercury’s composition, geology, and magnetic field to understand the planet’s origins and evolution. The BepiColombo mission reached orbit around Mercury in 2024 after conducting six flybys of Earth, Venus, and Mercury. Which among the statement given above is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ 7th September 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs

Sep 9, 2024 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 9th September 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) FORUM FOR CHINA-AFRICA COOPERATION (FOCAC) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: At last week’s Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) summit in Beijing, China stopped short of providing the debt relief sought by many African countries. Background: – The Forum for China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) launched in 2000 took on an enhanced role after the 2013 inception of President Xi Jinping’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). About Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) is a multilateral platform established to foster cooperation and partnership between China and African countries. Member Countries: FOCAC involves China and 53 African countries (all African nations except Eswatini, which recognizes Taiwan). It also includes the African Union (AU). Objectives: Economic Cooperation: Enhancing trade, investment, and infrastructure development. Aid and Development: China provides loans, aid, and development assistance to African countries. Political Cooperation: FOCAC promotes multilateral cooperation on global governance issues. Cultural and Educational Exchanges: Fostering mutual understanding through student exchanges, training programs, and cultural exchanges between China and Africa. Peace and Security: Supporting African efforts to maintain peace and security, with China providing assistance in conflict zones, UN peacekeeping, and military cooperation. Criticisms and Challenges: China has sought to use FOCAC to counter growing competition in Africa from the United States, the European Union, Japan and others. Debt Trap Diplomacy: Critics argue that Chinese loans to African nations may lead to debt dependency, with concerns that some African countries might struggle to repay Chinese debts, resulting in loss of control over key assets. Labor and Environmental Concerns: There have been concerns about the use of Chinese labor for construction projects instead of hiring local African workers, as well as issues related to the environmental impact of certain Chinese-led projects. Lack of Transparency: Some observers have criticized the lack of transparency in the terms of Chinese loans and agreements, raising concerns about governance and accountability in FOCAC-related projects. Source: Reuters PRADHAN MANTRI SCHOOLS FOR RISING INDIA (PM-SHRI) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: After Punjab, the AAP government in Delhi has also relented under financial pressure and agreed to sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Centre to implement the Pradhan Mantri Schools for Rising India (PM-SHRI) scheme in the Capital. Background: – The Education Ministry had stopped funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), the flagship school education programme, to three Opposition-ruled states — Delhi, Punjab and West Bengal — due to their reluctance to participate in the PM-SHRI scheme. About PM- SHRI Scheme The PM SHRI is a centrally sponsored scheme initiated by the Government of India. Its objective is to establish over 14,500 PM SHRI Schools, overseen by the Central Government, State/UT Governments, local bodies, as well as Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS) and Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS). These schools aim to create an inclusive and welcoming atmosphere for every student, ensuring their well-being and providing a secure and enriching learning environment. The goal is to offer a diverse range of learning experiences and ensure access to good physical infrastructure and appropriate resources for all students. These schools will not only focus on enhancing cognitive development but also creating holistic and well-rounded individuals equipped with key 21st-century skills. The pedagogy adopted in these schools will be more experiential, holistic, integrated, play/toy-based (particularly in the foundational years), inquiry-driven, discovery-oriented, learner-centred, discussion-based, flexible, and enjoyable. The focus will be on the learning outcomes of every child in every grade. Assessment at all levels will be based on conceptual understanding and application of knowledge to real-life situations and will be competency-based. PM SHRI Schools will help showcase the implementation of the National Education Policy 2020 and emerge as exemplar Schools over a period of time. Current issue States must confirm their participation in PM SHRI by signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Education Ministry. Five states — Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Delhi, Punjab and West Bengal — are yet to sign the MoU. While Tamil Nadu and Kerala have indicated their willingness, Delhi, Punjab and West Bengal had earlier refused, prompting the Centre to stop their SSA funds. The AAP-ruled Punjab and Delhi had held out over the implementation of PM-SHRI saying they have their own schemes along similar lines, called Schools of Specialised Excellence in Delhi and Schools of Eminence in Punjab. Both had not received crores worth of SSA funds. Punjab was the first to end the logjam on July 26 when Punjab Education Secretary wrote to Union Education Secretary, expressing willingness to implement the scheme in the state. On September 2, Delhi also relented. Its Secretary (Education) has written saying that Delhi is interested in signing the MoU for establishing PM-SHRI schools in Delhi. With this, West Bengal is now the only state holding out on the implementation of the scheme. The state opposes prefixing ‘PM-SHRI’ to the names of its schools, especially since it bears 40% of the cost. Source: Indian Express INDIA’S STEEL SECTOR Syllabus Mains : GS 3 Context: Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal recently asked the steel industry to target 500 million tonnes steel production by 2034. Background: The steel industry in India dates back to the early 20th century, with the establishment of Tata Steel in 1907, which was the first integrated steel plant in Asia. Post-independence, the sector grew with the establishment of public sector steel plants. Since the liberalization of the 1990s, there has been significant private sector investment. Indias Global Standing: India is the second-largest producer of steel in the world, after China. In recent years, India’s steel production has exceeded 120 million tonnes per year (2022). Structure and Capacity of the Industry: Integrated Steel Plants (ISPs): These are large steel plants that produce steel from iron ore using blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces (BOF). ISPs generally have full-scale operations from raw material processing to finished steel products. Major ISPs include SAIL, Tata Steel, JSW Steel, and JSPL. Mini Steel Plants: These are smaller plants that primarily produce steel by recycling scrap metal in electric arc furnaces (EAF) or induction furnaces (IF). Mini steel plants cater to the demand for long steel products used in construction and local markets. Contribution to the Economy: GDP Contribution: The steel sector contributes about 2% to 3% of India’s GDP. It is a core industry that has a multiplier effect on other sectors such as construction, manufacturing, and transportation. Employment: The sector provides direct and indirect employment to millions of people, including those involved in raw material extraction, steel production, and downstream industries. Exports: India is a significant exporter of steel, with major markets in Europe, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. India also imports certain types of steel, especially specialized steel that is not produced domestically in sufficient quantities. Recent Trends and Developments: Growth in Capacity: India’s steel production capacity has increased significantly in recent years, and the country aims to reach a capacity of 300 million tonnes by 2030, according to the National Steel Policy 2017. National Steel Policy 2017: This policy aims to encourage the domestic steel industry to become self-reliant and globally competitive. Goals include increasing per capita steel consumption to 160 kg by 2030-31 (from about 74 kg currently), making India a global hub for steel production and exports, and promoting environmentally sustainable practices. Infrastructure Push: The Indian government’s focus on infrastructure development, including roads, railways, airports, and smart cities, has boosted demand for steel. As global demand for eco-friendly and low-carbon steel grows, Indian steelmakers are exploring green steel production methods, including hydrogen-based steelmaking, reducing emissions, and increasing the use of scrap metal. Challenges: Raw Material Supply: While India has abundant iron ore, it relies heavily on imported coking coal, making the sector vulnerable to global price fluctuations. Environmental Concerns: Steel production is energy-intensive and generates significant emissions, leading to pressures to adopt cleaner technologies. Competition: Indian steelmakers face competition from global producers, particularly Chinese steelmakers who dominate the global market. Source: Business Standard PUBLIC ACCOUNTS COMMITTEE (PAC) Syllabus Prelims & Mains : Polity Context: Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is set to conduct a performance review of regulatory bodies established by Acts of Parliament, including the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI). Background: – The review will focus on the effectiveness and efficiency of these bodies in fulfilling their mandates. About Public Accounts Committee (PAC) Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is one of the three Financial Parliamentary committees, the other two are the Estimates Committee and the Committee on Public Undertakings. Parliamentary committees draw their authority from Article 105 (on privileges of Parliament members) and Article 118 (on Parliament’s authority to make rules for regulating its procedure and conduct of business). Establishment: The Public Accounts Committee was introduced in 1921 after its first mention in the Government of India Act, 1919 also called Montford Reforms. The Public Accounts Committee is now constituted every year under Rule 308 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha. Appointment: The Chairman of the Committee is appointed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. It is to be noted that the Committee, not being an executive body, can only make decisions that are advisory by nature. It presently comprises 22 members (15 members elected by the Lok Sabha Speaker, and 7 members elected by the Rajya Sabha Chairman) with a term of one year only. No Minister can be a member of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC). This rule ensures that the PAC remains independent and unbiased in its scrutiny of government. Key Functions of the PAC: Examine Appropriation Accounts: Reviews the accounts showing the appropriation of the sums granted by the Parliament to meet the government’s expenditure. Audit Reports: Scrutinizes the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India on the expenditure of the government. Also examines various audit reports on revenue receipts, government expenditure, and accounts of autonomous bodies. Financial Oversight: Ensures that public funds are used efficiently and for the intended purposes. Also checks for any irregularities or deviations from the approved budget. Review of Savings and Excesses: Investigates savings arising from incorrect estimating or procedural defects. It examines any excess expenditure over the approved budget. Accountability: Holds government departments accountable for their financial operations. Ensures that expenditures are made within the “scope of demand” approved by the Parliament. Recommendations: Makes recommendations to improve financial management and accountability. It suggests measures to rectify any identified issues or irregularities. Source: The Hindu INDIA – SINGAPORE BILITERAL RELATIONS Syllabus Prelims & Mains : CURRENT EVENT Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently met with his Singaporean counterpart, Lawrence Wong, to discuss and strengthen bilateral ties between India and Singapore. Background: – The leaders agreed to elevate the bilateral relationship to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, reflecting the depth and breadth of their cooperation. Key takeaways Singapore, is an island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It is about one degree of latitude north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait to the south along with the Riau Islands in Indonesia, the South China Sea to the east, and the Straits of Johor along with the State of Johor in Malaysia to the north. India and Singapore share a robust and multifaceted relationship, which has evolved significantly over the years. Historical Context Colonial Era: The relationship dates back to 1819 when Sir Stamford Raffles established a trading station in Singapore. Singapore was governed from Kolkata until 1867. Post-Independence: Both countries have maintained strong ties since their independence, with regular political engagement and cooperation. Economic Relations Trade: Singapore is one of India’s largest trading partners, with significant trade volumes. The Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) signed in 2005 has boosted trade and investment. FDI: Singapore is the largest source of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into India, contributing significantly to various sectors. Strategic and Defence Cooperation Strategic Partnership: In 2015, India and Singapore elevated their relationship to a Strategic Partnership, enhancing cooperation in various fields. Defence: Both countries conduct regular joint military exercises and have strong defence ties, focusing on maritime security and counter-terrorism. Recent Developments Comprehensive Strategic Partnership: Recently, the bilateral relationship was further elevated to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. MoUs Signed: During the latest bilateral meeting, four Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) were signed in the fields of digital technologies, semiconductors, health cooperation, and skill development. Cultural and People-to-People Ties Cultural Exchange: The upcoming inauguration of India’s Thiruvalluvar Cultural Centre in Singapore highlights the cultural ties between the two nations. Diaspora: A significant Indian community resides in Singapore, contributing to the vibrant cultural and economic exchanges. Geopolitical Significance Indo-Pacific Region: Both countries share a common vision for a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region, emphasizing the importance of peace and stability in the South China Sea. ASEAN Relations: Singapore is a key member of ASEAN, and India’s engagement with ASEAN is crucial for its Act East Policy. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY ACT (NFSA), 2013 Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, has brought significant changes to the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India. Background: – The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a crucial component of India’s food security framework. About National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, is a significant legislation in India aimed at ensuring food and nutritional security. Objectives Food and Nutritional Security: The NFSA aims to provide food and nutritional security by ensuring access to adequate quantities of quality food at affordable prices. Human Life Cycle Approach: It covers various stages of life, including children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. Coverage Rural and Urban Population: The Act covers up to 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population, ensuring that a large portion of the population receives subsidized food grains. Priority Households and Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY): Beneficiaries are categorized into Priority Households (PHH) and AAY households. PHH are entitled to 5 kg of food grains per person per month, while AAY households receive 35 kg per household per month. Entitlements Subsidized Food Grains: Food grains are provided at highly subsidized prices: rice at ₹3 per kg, wheat at ₹2 per kg, and coarse grains at ₹1 per kg. Nutritional Support: Special provisions for pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children, including maternity benefits and nutritious meals. Implementation Public Distribution System (PDS): The NFSA is implemented through the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), which aims to distribute food grains to eligible households. The Food Corporation of India (FCI) procures food grains from farmers at Minimum Support Prices (MSP). FCI stores and transports food grains to various states. State governments distribute food grains through a network of Fair Price Shops (FPS) to eligible households Grievance Redressal: The Act establishes grievance redressal mechanisms at the district and state levels to address complaints and ensure accountability. Significance Legal Entitlement: The NFSA converts existing food security programs into legal entitlements, ensuring that eligible individuals have a right to receive food grains. Transparency and Accountability: Measures such as digitization of ration cards and online tracking of food grain distribution enhance transparency and reduce corruption. Source: Hindu Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to the Public Accounts Committee (PAC), consider the following statements: The PAC examines the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India on government expenditure to ensure funds are used as intended. The Chairman of the Committee is appointed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. No Minister can be a member of the Public Accounts Committee. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 3 only 2 and 3 only 1,2 and 3 Q2.) Consider the following countries: Malaysia Indonesia Laos Thailand How many of the above-mentioned countries share land border with Singapore? Only one Only two Only three All four Q3.) With reference to the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, consider the following statements: The NFSA aims to provide food and nutritional security by ensuring access to adequate quantities of quality food at affordable prices. It covers various stages of life, including children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. The NFSA is implemented through the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), which aims to distribute food grains to eligible households. How many of the above given statements are not correct? Only one Only two All three None Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! 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