Aug 1, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 1st August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Tenth Schedule Category: POLITY Context:  The Supreme Court has strongly criticized the Telangana Assembly Speaker for delaying the decision on disqualification petitions. A Bench led by Chief Justice B.R. Gavai stated that anti-defection cases must be resolved within three months to uphold the dignity of the Speaker’s office and prevent political defection from going unpunished. The Court noted that such proceedings often die a “natural death” due to intentional delays by Speakers, making a mockery of the Tenth Schedule (anti-defection law). It criticized the Telangana Speaker for issuing notices only after the matter was brought to the Supreme Court in January 2025, despite a seven-month delay. Chief Justice Gavai emphasized that no constitutional immunity protects the Speaker from judicial review when acting under the Tenth Schedule, and questioned whether the Speaker acted in an expeditious manner as expected by Parliament. Learning Corner: 52nd Amendment Act and Anti-Defection Law: 52nd Amendment Act, 1985: Added the Tenth Schedule to the Indian Constitution. Aimed at curbing political defections by legislators. Enacted during Rajiv Gandhi’s tenure as Prime Minister. Came into effect on 1 March 1985. Anti-Defection Law (Tenth Schedule): Provides for disqualification of legislators (MPs/MLAs) on grounds of: Voluntarily giving up membership of their party. Voting/abstaining against party directives (whip) without permission. Exceptions: Merger provision: If 2/3rd members of a party merge with another, disqualification does not apply. Decision Authority: The Speaker/Chairman of the House decides disqualification petitions. Source: THE HINDU Linguistic reorganization of states Category: POLITY Context: Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi criticized the linguistic reorganization of states, claiming it created “second-class citizens” by dividing people based on language. Key Highlights: Historical Background: Before 1956, India’s states were categorized as Part A, B, C, and D, based on colonial legacy and integration history. Linguistic and administrative demands led to calls for restructuring post-Independence. Reorganization of 1956: The States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was formed in 1953 following widespread protests (notably Potti Sriramulu’s fast for Andhra). The SRC report (1955) emphasized language but also recommended balanced reorganization for national unity. The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganized India into 14 states and 6 union territories. Learning Corner: Background: India Post-Independence (1950) After the Constitution came into effect in 1950, Indian territory was categorized into: Part A States: Former British provinces (e.g., Bombay, Madras) Part B States: Former princely states (e.g., Hyderabad, Mysore) Part C States: Chief Commissioner’s provinces (e.g., Delhi, Himachal Pradesh) Part D State: Andaman & Nicobar Islands This structure was temporary and inefficient, prompting demands for reorganization, especially on linguistic lines. Major Movements and the First Linguistic State (1953) Demand for linguistic states gained momentum, especially among Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, and Kannada speakers. The death of Potti Sriramulu after a hunger strike led to the formation of Andhra State (1953) from the Telugu-speaking areas of Madras. Key Committees on Reorganization Committee Year Members Key Recommendations Dhar Commission 1948 S.K. Dhar (Chairman) Opposed reorganization solely on linguistic lines; favored administrative convenience. JVP Committee 1949 Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, Pattabhi Sitaramayya Rejected linguistic states initially; favored national unity over linguistic aspirations. States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) 1953 Fazl Ali (Chairman), K.M. Panikkar, H.N. Kunzru Recommended reorganization primarily on linguistic lines, with a focus on administrative viability and national integration. States Reorganisation Act, 1956 Based on SRC recommendations: Abolished the A/B/C/D classification. Created 14 states and 6 Union Territories. Realigned boundaries largely on linguistic basis. Subsequent State Formations and Changes Year Reorganization 1960 Bombay split into Maharashtra (Marathi) and Gujarat (Gujarati). 1966 Punjab reorganized to form Haryana (Hindi), with Chandigarh as UT. 1971-72 Manipur, Tripura, and Meghalaya became full-fledged states. 1987 Goa, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram became states. 2000 Creation of Chhattisgarh (from MP), Uttarakhand (from UP), Jharkhand (from Bihar). 2014 Telangana formed as India’s 29th state, bifurcated from Andhra Pradesh. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Grant in aid to National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) Category: GEOGRAPHY Context : The Union Cabinet, has approved a Central Sector Scheme titled “Grant in aid to National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)”. Key Highlights: Objective: To help NCDC raise up to ₹20,000 crore from the open market to finance cooperatives. Usage: Funds will support loans for new cooperative projects, expansion of existing units, and working capital needs. Beneficiaries: Around 2.9 crore members from 13,288 cooperative societies across sectors like dairy, fisheries, sugar, textile, food processing, storage, and women-led cooperatives. Model: NCDC, with a 99.8% loan recovery rate and zero NPAs, will use the grant to enhance institutional financing for the cooperative sector. Learning Corner: National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) Established: 1963, by an Act of Parliament: National Cooperative Development Corporation Act, 1962. Objective: To plan, promote, and finance programs for the production, processing, marketing, storage, export, and import of agricultural produce, foodstuffs, industrial goods, and livestock based on cooperative principles. Key Functions: Provides financial assistance to cooperatives for: Agro-processing and marketing projects Storage and cold chain facilities Dairy, poultry, fishery, and livestock development Rural sanitation, healthcare, and infrastructure projects Promotes integrated cooperative development projects in rural areas. Facilitates capacity building and skill development of cooperative members. Organizational Structure: Headquartered in New Delhi with 18 regional and state directorates. Operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Cooperation, Government of India. Key Initiatives: Sahakar Mitra: Internship programme for young professionals in the cooperative sector. Yuva Sahakar Scheme: Promotes startup ventures in cooperatives for youth. NCDC Ayushman Sahakar: Provides financial assistance for healthcare infrastructure in the cooperative sector. Source:  PIB Project 17A Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context The Indian Navy received INS Himgiri, an advanced stealth frigate and the third ship under Project 17A, on 31 July 2025 at GRSE, Kolkata Key Highlights: Project 17A Overview: Seven Nilgiri-class frigates are being built—four by MDL (Mumbai) and three by GRSE (Kolkata). Project cost is approximately ₹45,000 crore. Himgiri is GRSE’s first in the series and the third overall. Design & Capabilities: Length: 149 meters; Displacement: 6,670 tons. Developed by the Warship Design Bureau with 75% indigenous content. Features stealth design to minimize radar, acoustic, infrared, and magnetic signatures. Successor to the earlier INS Himgiri (Leander-class), decommissioned in 2005. Propulsion & Weapons: CODOG system (diesel + gas turbines), top speed over 28 knots, range of 5,500 nautical miles. Equipped with: BrahMos anti-ship missiles Barak-8 LR-SAMs (VLS) 76mm gun, CIWS, torpedoes, and anti-submarine rocket launchers Advanced AESA radar, sonar systems, and a combat management suite. Supports helicopter operations from its flight deck and hangar. Strategic Significance: Enhances India’s blue-water naval capabilities and maritime self-reliance. Built with involvement from over 200 MSMEs, creating 4,000 direct and 10,000 indirect jobs. Expected to be commissioned by August 2025, alongside sister ship Udaygiri. The induction of Himgiri reflects India’s growing strength in naval design, technology, and defense manufacturing. Learning Corner: Major Defence Projects in India India has undertaken several key defence projects to boost indigenous capabilities under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. Below are some important defence projects across the Army, Navy, and Air Force: Project 75 (Submarine Development – Navy) Objective: Build six Scorpene-class diesel-electric submarines at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Mumbai. Status: Five commissioned (INS Kalvari, Khanderi, Karanj, Vela, Vagir); the sixth (INS Vagsheer) is under sea trials. Collaboration: With Naval Group, France. Project 75I (Submarine Development – Navy) Objective: Build six advanced submarines with air-independent propulsion (AIP) under the Strategic Partnership model. Status: In the bidding stage; L&T and MDL shortlisted as builders. Goal: Strengthen underwater warfare capability. Project 17A (Frigate Construction – Navy) Objective: Build seven stealth frigates (Nilgiri-class). Builders: MDL (4 ships) and GRSE (3 ships). Features: Stealth, indigenous sensors and weapons, modular design. Status: INS Nilgiri and INS Udaygiri (MDL), INS Himgiri (GRSE) delivered. Project 18 (Next-Gen Destroyers – Navy) Objective: Design and build future-ready stealth destroyers with cutting-edge technology. Status: In preliminary design phase by the Warship Design Bureau. Planned tonnage: ~13,000 tonnes. Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas – Air Force Objective: Indigenous fighter aircraft for IAF. Developer: HAL and ADA. Variants: Mk1 (in service), Mk1A (in production), Mk2 (development stage). Tejas Mk1A: 83 units ordered for delivery from 2024. Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) – Air Force Objective: Fifth-generation stealth fighter. Developer: DRDO + HAL. Status: Final design approved, prototype development expected soon. Twin-engine, stealth, with internal weapons bay. K-15 and K-4 Missile Projects (SLBMs – Navy) Part of the Strategic Forces Command. K-15: Short-range SLBM (~750 km). K-4: Intermediate-range SLBM (~3,500 km), tested from INS Arihant-class submarines. Arjun Main Battle Tank (Army) Indigenous third-generation tank developed by DRDO. Arjun Mk1A: Enhanced variant with 72 upgrades. Inducted into the Indian Army in limited numbers. Future Infantry Combat Vehicle (FICV) – Army Goal: Replace ageing BMP-2 vehicles. Indigenous design under procurement with participation from private sector. Features: Armored mobility, modular weapons, night vision. Akash, Astra, and Pralay Missiles Akash: Surface-to-air missile system (SAM). Astra: Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile (AAM) for fighter jets. Pralay: Surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile with high-precision strike. Source: PIB The Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025 Category: ECONOMICS Context The Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025 modernizes India’s banking framework with key reforms in governance, compliance, audit, and investor protection. Key Provisions: Substantial Interest Threshold Revised: Increased from ₹5 lakh to ₹2 crore or 10% of paid-up capital (whichever is lower). Enhances transparency and updates disclosure norms. Director Tenure in Cooperative Banks: Maximum tenure (excluding chairpersons/full-time directors) raised from 8 years to 10 years. Aligns with the 97th Constitutional Amendment for cooperative governance. Unclaimed Assets to IEPF: PSBs and SBI must now transfer unclaimed dividends, shares, and bond amounts to the Investor Education and Protection Fund (IEPF) after 7 years. Audit Reforms in PSBs: PSBs can now fix auditor remuneration independently. Aims to strengthen audit independence and attract top-tier professionals. Modernized Reporting to RBI: Shifts from weekly (Friday) reporting to fortnightly/monthly/quarterly basis. Reduces compliance burden and aligns with global norms. Minimum Capital Requirement Raised: Paid-up capital for new banking companies increased from ₹5 lakh to ₹2 crore. Legal Coverage: Amendments made to: RBI Act, 1934 Banking Regulation Act, 1949 SBI Act, 1955 Banking Companies Acts of 1970 and 1980 Learning Corner: Major Committees on Banking Reforms in India Narasimham Committee I (1991) – Committee on Financial System Purpose: To reform the financial system post-liberalization. Key Recommendations: Reduce Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) and Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR). Phase out priority sector lending gradually. Recapitalize public sector banks (PSBs). Set up Asset Reconstruction Funds. Impact: Initiated major banking sector liberalization and autonomy for RBI. Narasimham Committee II (1998) – Committee on Banking Sector Reforms Purpose: To strengthen the banking system further. Key Recommendations: Creation of stronger banks through mergers. NPA management: Set up Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs). Reduce government ownership in PSBs to under 33%. Professionalize bank boards. Impact: Paved the way for Basel norms and banking consolidation. Verma Committee (1999) – Committee on Weak Public Sector Banks Chairperson: M. S. Verma Purpose: Revive weak PSBs. Recommendations: Clear performance benchmarks. Incentivize performing employees. Strengthen internal controls and MIS systems. Tarapore Committee (1997 & 2006) – Capital Account Convertibility Purpose: Examine the feasibility of full capital account convertibility. Key Recommendations: Fiscal consolidation, inflation targeting, and strong financial institutions as prerequisites. Gradual liberalization of capital flows. Impact: Guided India’s cautious approach to capital account openness. Raghuram Rajan Committee (2008) – Financial Sector Reforms Official Name: Committee on Financial Sector Reforms Purpose: Propose a comprehensive roadmap for inclusive financial growth. Recommendations: Open up banking licenses to private players. Encourage financial inclusion and small banks. Strengthen financial literacy. Impact: Influenced new bank licensing policy and payments banks framework. Nachiket Mor Committee (2013) – Financial Inclusion Purpose: Promote financial access for the underserved. Key Recommendations: Establish Payments Banks and Wholesale Banks. Universal access to bank accounts by 2016. Impact: Led to RBI issuing licenses for Payments Banks. J. Nayak Committee (2014) – Governance of Bank Boards Purpose: Improve governance in PSBs. Recommendations: Set up Bank Investment Company (BIC) as a holding company for PSBs. Reduce government interference in appointments and operations. Board-level reforms and enhanced autonomy. Impact: Influenced discussions on PSB privatization and governance reforms. Usha Thorat Committee (2010) – Licensing of New Urban Cooperative Banks Purpose: Suggest licensing norms for new UCBs. Recommendations: Strengthen supervisory control and improve fit-and-proper criteria. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) India-Maldives relations (GS paper II - International relations) Introduction (Context) Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently concluded a two-day state visit to the Maldives, signalling a reset in ties between the countries, after a period of strain following the election of President Mohamed Muizzu in November 2023.  Mr. Modi was also the Guest of Honour at the country’s 60th Independence Day celebrations, held in the capital Male on July 26, 2025.  History of India – Maldives relations India and the Maldives have shared a historically friendly and strategic partnership based on geographical proximity, cultural ties, economic interdependence, and security cooperation.  India and Maldives established diplomatic relations on November 1, 1965, soon after the latter gained Independence from the British.  It was the third nation to do so, after the United Kingdom and Sri Lanka. The first resident mission of the Maldives in India was established in 2004, with a consulate established in Thiruvananthapuram in 2005. Significance of Maldives for India Maldives lies near crucial International Sea Lanes (ISLs) between the Gulf of Aden, Strait of Hormuz, and Strait of Malacca. Over 80% of India’s trade by volume and energy supplies pass through these waters. Maldives helps India monitor the chokepoints in the Indian Ocean, essential for anti-piracy and maritime surveillance. Cooperation in intelligence sharing and joint naval exercises (like Exercise Ekatha) boosts regional stability. Indian professionals (teachers, doctors, engineers) contribute to Maldives’ public services. Cultural and religious similarities foster soft power diplomacy. Maldives is a partner in SAARC, IORA, SASEC, Colombo Security Conclave and supports India’s position in forums like the UN Security Council India–Maldives Strategic and Diplomatic Ties The two nations have engaged in peaceful bilateral co-operation and trade Conducted bilateral defence exercises such as: Bi-annual series of Coast Guard maritime joint training exercises, launched in 1991, codenamed DOSTI.  Colombo Security Conclave: Regional security initiative led by India. The two nations have held joint army training exercises titled Ekuverin. Maldives and India are both members of the South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC), and have been aligned on issues of regional security.  Maldives has reportedly supported India’s bid to become a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. India has also offered military support during the November 3, 1988 coup attempt in the Maldives.  India has also offered humanitarian assistance to Maldives, such as in the aftermath of the devastating 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean. In turn, Maldives has offered assistance post natural disasters such as the Gujarat earthquake in 2001. India has also contributed to infrastructure projects in the area, including the Greater Male Connectivity Project. Reasons for recent constraints Post‑Muizzu’s election (Nov 2023), Maldives adopted an India‑Out stance. The inking of several agreements with China also deepened the Indian government’s concerns about growing Chinese influence in the region.  Established INS Jatayu naval base in Minicoy (Lakshadweep) to enhance maritime surveillance near Maldives. Recent Initiatives Leaders from both nations announced the commencement of discussions on a Free Trade Agreement.  India announced a ₹4,850 crore line of credit for the Maldives, and reduced the annual debt repayment obligation of the Maldives by 40% (from $51 million to $29 million).  An India-Maldives Parliamentary Friendship Group has also been created in the 20th Majlis. Way forward Reduce visible military footprint; focus more on capacity-building, education, health, and green technology. Use platforms like SAARC, IORA, and Colombo Security Conclave to align mutual interests. Promote public diplomacy and cultural exchanges to counter anti-India narratives. Establish long-term MoUs, FTA, and track-2 dialogues to deepen ties beyond short-term politics. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the strategic importance of the Maldives for India. In light of recent political developments in Maldives, analyse the challenges faced by India in maintaining its influence in the region. Suggest measures to strengthen bilateral ties. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/the-maldives-a-brief-history-of-the-nation-and-its-ties-with-india/article69858239.ece Kerala’s Literacy–Unemployment Paradox (GS paper II - Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) Kerala has long stood out as a success story with near-universal literacy, strong gender parity in education, and robust public schooling systems, it is often held as a model State in India’s educational discourse. According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2022-23, Kerala reports a graduate unemployment rate of 42.3%, one of the highest in the country.  For a State often viewed as educationally forward, this statistic raises troubling questions about the relationship between academic learning, employability, and the structural design of our higher education policy. Issues in higher education system 1. Elite Capture of Higher Education Access to quality higher education in India remains limited to a privileged few, often determined by socio-economic background, not merit. Elite institutions (IITs, IIMs, top central universities) are disproportionately accessed by students with better schooling, coaching, and financial support. Reservation and scholarships offer limited symbolic inclusion but fail to significantly alter structural inequalities. 2. Inequality Between Institutions A large quality gap exists between elite and non-elite colleges. Students from top institutions secure high-paying jobs, while those from others face low employability and stagnant wages. This has created an educational hierarchy that favors institutional brand over individual potential. 3. Mass Enrolment, Minimal Gain Over 90% of students attend non-elite institutions with poor teaching quality and weak industry links. Underemployment is widespread even among graduates, especially in general and arts streams. Additional years in college are no longer a guarantee of employment or upward mobility. 4. Growing Skills-Job Mismatch According to the Graduate Skill Index 2025 Employability fell from 44.3% in 2023 to 42.6% in 2024. This reflects a growing disconnect between curriculum and market needs. 5. Persistent Social Inequities Despite growth in overall enrolment, caste-based disparities in participation remain. Female enrolment now exceeds male, but it’s unclear whether this will lead to equitable employment and empowerment. Marginalized groups still face significant barriers to access and success. 6. Unregulated Privatisation and Declining Quality Rapid expansion of private colleges without oversight has led to low teaching standards, high costs, and poor placement outcomes. The growth has been quantitative, not qualitative. 7. Parallel Education Industry The coaching and private tutoring ecosystem has grown alongside formal institutions. It further commercializes education and reinforces the divide between the well-prepared elite and the rest. Key Issues with respect to Kerala Kerala’s educational model has traditionally emphasized formal academic pathways with relatively less focus on vocational or skill-based education. As per the Kerala State Planning Board’s Economic Review 2023, while higher education enrolment is robust, nearly 70% of courses offered are in general streams like humanities and pure sciences, with minimal alignment to industry-specific or emerging sectors. Colleges and universities in Kerala are not linked with industries or job markets. Unlike Germany (with its dual vocational education system), Kerala does not have enough practical training during studies. Most courses are not updated to include new technologies or current job trends (like AI, data, green energy).  NSDC (2022) points out, only 17% of Indian youth receive formal vocational training, compared to 52% in the United States and 75% in Germany. This gap reflects both cultural and institutional inertia against vocational pathways, often stigmatized as inferior to mainstream degrees. According to the Kerala Economic Review (2023), less than 10% of state-funded higher education institutions offer STEM-oriented vocational programs, despite rising job demand in such sectors. The Centre for Development Studies reports that over 2.1 million Keralites live and work abroad, primarily in the Gulf, many of whom are graduates unable to find appropriate jobs at home. While remittances help the State’s economy, they also reflect a failure of domestic job creation and talent retention. Examples from other states Tamil Nadu has built a relatively stronger network of polytechnic institutions and vocational training centers. As per NSDC’s Tamil Nadu Skill Gap Report, the state’s industrial linkages and sector-focused skilling have helped reduce the incidence of graduate unemployment to 23.4% (NSDC, 2022). Karnataka, with its growing tech ecosystem, has similarly diversified its post-secondary offerings through public-private training collaborations that provide students with both soft and hard skills.  In Bihar, the graduate unemployment rate stands at 33.9% (PLFS 2022-23), while only 25.7% of youth aged 18–23 are enrolled in any form of higher education (AISHE, 2021-22). The challenge here is dual: improving access to quality education while ensuring it meets market relevance. Key reforms needed A robust career guidance system must be introduced in secondary schools. Lack of guidance leads students to choose degrees without understanding job prospects or industry relevance. Vocational education should be treated as equal to academic education, not inferior. Kerala can draw from Germany’s Berufsschule model or Singapore’s Institute of Technical Education, which blend classroom learning with real-world apprenticeships. States must establish employment-linked metrics in evaluating higher education institutions. Tamil Nadu’s recent move to integrate placement statistics into college rankings could be adapted across States. National bodies like NSDC and the Ministry of Education must work together to ensure skilling programs are not isolated from formal education. There must be institutional collaboration between universities and skill development agencies. The government can form a National Skills Registry that can track student outcomes across degree programs, job sectors, and geographies can aid both planning and accountability. Conclusion In sum, Kerala’s graduate unemployment is not merely a state-specific problem; it is a mirror reflecting the structural inefficiencies in India’s education-employment continuum. The nation must move beyond celebrating enrolment numbers and focus instead on educational utility. Mains Practice Question Q Kerala’s high graduate unemployment despite near-universal literacy reveals deep structural flaws in India’s education-employment ecosystem. Critically examine (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/education/the-kerala-paradox-of-100-literacy-but-only-42-graduate-unemployment-a-policy-misalignment/article69874393.ece

Aug 1, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 1st August 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Jul 31, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 31st July 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Jul 31, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 31st July – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Depreciation of Rupees Category: ECONOMICS Context:  The rupee recorded its biggest single-day fall in nearly 3 months, depreciating by 61 paise to close at ₹87.42 per USD. Cause: Trump Tariff Announcement: US President Donald Trump warned of 20–25% tariffs on Indian goods. Month-end dollar demand. Aggressive FPI selling. Market Reaction: Rupee fell sharply after touching an intraday low of ₹87.66. The rupee has depreciated by 161 paise in the last 11 sessions. Contributing Factors: Fears of economic impact from new US tariffs. Heavy outflows by FPIs (₹16,370 crore in a week). Dollar demand from importers (especially oil firms). Stronger dollar globally. Learning Corner: Currency Appreciation & Depreciation: Appreciation: When the value of the Indian Rupee rises relative to foreign currencies (e.g., ₹75/USD becomes ₹70/USD). Depreciation: When the Rupee falls in value (e.g., ₹75/USD becomes ₹80/USD). Link with Inflation: Depreciation → Costlier Imports → Imported Inflation India depends heavily on oil, electronics, and capital goods imports. A weaker rupee makes these imports more expensive, leading to higher domestic prices. It fuels cost-push inflation (e.g., higher transport and input costs). Appreciation → Cheaper Imports → Helps Tame Inflation A stronger rupee reduces the import bill, especially for crude oil. It can ease inflationary pressure, particularly in sectors dependent on imported inputs. Broader Impact on Indian Economy: Aspect Depreciation of Rupee Appreciation of Rupee Exports Boosts competitiveness (positive) Hurts competitiveness (negative) Imports Becomes costlier (negative) Becomes cheaper (positive) Inflation Increases (especially WPI, CPI) May reduce inflation Current Account Deficit (CAD) May worsen May improve (if exports stay stable) Foreign Investment Can deter if seen as unstable Can attract stable flows RBI Intervention via the Forex Market: Objective: To stabilize the exchange rate of the rupee. When the Rupee Depreciates Sharply: RBI sells US Dollars from its foreign exchange reserves. This increases the supply of dollars and demand for rupees, supporting the rupee. Helps curb imported inflation (e.g., oil becomes less costly in rupee terms). When the Rupee Appreciates Excessively: RBI buys US Dollars, injecting rupees into the market. Prevents exports from becoming uncompetitive. Avoids disinflation or deflation risk due to excess appreciation. Tool Used: Spot and forward transactions, swaps, open market operations in forex. RBI Intervention via Monetary Policy: Objective: To control domestic inflation and manage capital flows. When Inflation Rises (Often Due to Depreciation): RBI may increase the repo rate (tight monetary policy). Higher interest rates attract foreign capital inflows, strengthening the rupee. Also reduces domestic demand, controlling demand-pull inflation. When Growth Slows and Inflation is Low: RBI may cut interest rates to boost credit and investment. This may lead to mild rupee depreciation, which can support exports. Tool Used: Repo rate, CRR, SLR, Open Market Operations (OMOs)   RBI Tool Purpose Impact on Rupee Impact on Inflation Selling USD Curb rupee fall Strengthens rupee Controls imported inflation Buying USD Curb excess rise Weakens rupee Boosts exports Raising Repo Rate Tame inflation Attracts FPI, strengthens rupee Controls inflation Cutting Repo Rate Boost growth May weaken rupee Mild inflation rise possible Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Mangroves Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Restoring Mangroves Can Turn the Tide on India’s Coastal Security Why Mangroves Matter: Natural Barriers: Protect coastal areas from cyclones, tidal surges, and erosion. Climate Mitigation: Act as carbon sinks; trap carbon dioxide and store blue carbon. Biodiversity Hotspots: Provide habitat for fish, crabs, molluscs, and migratory birds. Cultural/Economic Value: Vital to local communities for fishing, farming, and traditional practices. Major Threats to Mangroves: Urban expansion, pollution, shrimp farming, altered hydrology, and climate change. Over 50% of mangroves globally are at risk of collapse by 2050 (IUCN report). Learning Corner: Mangroves Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs found in coastal intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical regions. They grow in brackish water, where freshwater mixes with seawater, especially in estuaries, lagoons, and deltas. India has about 4,975 sq km of mangrove cover (as per ISFR 2021), mainly in Sundarbans, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh. Unique Features of Mangroves Salt Tolerance (Halophytic Nature) Survive in saline conditions through salt-excreting leaves and special root adaptations. Special Root Systems Have stilt roots, pneumatophores (breathing roots), and prop roots for oxygen absorption and anchorage in soft, waterlogged soils. Tidal Adaptability Thrive in highly dynamic tidal zones, tolerating both flooding and exposure to air. High Carbon Sequestration Store large amounts of “blue carbon” in both biomass and deep, anoxic soils  crucial for climate change mitigation. Nursery Grounds Serve as breeding and nursery habitats for fish, crabs, shrimps, and molluscs — vital for coastal livelihoods. Natural Coastal Barriers Protect shorelines from cyclones, tsunamis, storm surges, and coastal erosion. Species Diversity India hosts over 40 mangrove species, with Avicennia, Rhizophora, and Sonneratia being common genera. Ecological and Economic Significance Provide ecosystem services, such as biodiversity support, carbon storage, fisheries productivity, and livelihoods. Act as bioshields, especially in disaster-prone coastal areas like the Sundarbans and Odisha coast. Mangrove Cover in India by State/UT (Descending Order): Rank State/UT Mangrove Area (sq km) % of India’s Total Mangrove Cover Key Mangrove Regions 1 West Bengal 2,114 42.3% Sundarbans (World’s largest mangrove delta) 2 Gujarat 1,141 23.6% Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Khambhat 3 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 617 12.3% North, Middle & South Andaman coastlines 4 Andhra Pradesh 404 8.1% Godavari and Krishna estuaries 5 Maharashtra 304 6.4% Thane Creek, Raigad, Ratnagiri 6 Odisha 251 5.0% Bhitarkanika delta 7 Tamil Nadu 45 1.0% Pichavaram, Muthupet 8 Goa 26 0.5% Mandovi and Zuari river estuaries 9 Kerala 9 0.2% Kannur, Kozhikode estuaries 10 Karnataka 3 0.1% Uttara Kannada coast Total Mangrove Area in India: 4,975 sq km (approx. 0.15% of total geographical area) Source:  THE HINDU Kamchatka Quake Category: GEOGRAPHY Context : A massive 8.8 magnitude earthquake struck Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula, one of the strongest in recent times. What Happened? It occurred on the Circum-Pacific Seismic Belt (Ring of Fire), which accounts for 80% of the world’s strongest quakes. Triggered a tsunami with waves up to 3–4 metres in parts of Kamchatka and up to 2 feet in Hawaii. No casualties were reported despite significant flooding. Context & Rarity Only five quakes of magnitude 8.5+ have occurred globally in the past 20 years. Kamchatka is within the Ring of Fire, a highly active seismic zone with frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Last earthquake of similar magnitude in the region was in 1952. Why It Happened – Subduction Zone Caused by subduction: movement where a denser oceanic plate dives beneath a lighter continental/oceanic plate. The Pacific Plate is being subducted under surrounding plates, leading to frequent high-magnitude quakes. The Pacific Ocean bed is the most seismically active region due to this tectonic process. Other Vulnerable Zones The Circum-Pacific Belt includes: Japan, Chile, Indonesia, Alaska, and Russia Also compares to the Alpide Belt and Mid-Atlantic Ridge, though those are less active. Learning Corner: Earthquakes Sudden release of energy in the Earth’s lithosphere due to faulting, volcanic activity, or tectonic movements. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries, especially convergent and transform margins. Tsunamis Series of large ocean waves triggered mainly by undersea earthquakes at convergent boundaries (especially subduction zones). Can also result from submarine landslides or volcanic eruptions. Not caused by every earthquake—only vertical displacement of the sea floor triggers tsunamis. Circum-Pacific Belt (Ring of Fire) A horseshoe-shaped zone encircling the Pacific Ocean with intense seismic and volcanic activity. Accounts for ~75% of the world’s volcanoes and ~90% of earthquakes. Formed due to subduction of oceanic plates beneath continental plates (e.g., Pacific Plate under the North American, Eurasian, and Indo-Australian Plates). Geographical Features Formed at Convergent Boundaries At convergent plate boundaries, two tectonic plates move toward each other, leading to intense geological activity. Depending on the type of plates involved (continental or oceanic), different geographical features are formed: Oceanic–Continental Convergence Subduction: The denser oceanic plate is forced beneath the lighter continental plate. Geographical Features: Oceanic Trench: Deep linear depressions (e.g., Peru-Chile Trench). Fold Mountains: Formed due to compression and uplift (e.g., Andes Mountains). Volcanic Arc: Chain of explosive volcanoes on the overriding continental plate (e.g., Andean Volcanic Belt). Earthquake Zones: Including deep-focus earthquakes (Benioff zone). Oceanic–Oceanic Convergence One oceanic plate subducts under another. Geographical Features: Oceanic Trench: (e.g., Mariana Trench, the deepest on Earth). Volcanic Island Arc: A curved chain of volcanic islands (e.g., Japan, Philippines, Aleutian Islands). Submarine Earthquakes & Tsunamis: Common in these zones. Continental–Continental Convergence Both plates are buoyant, so neither subduct easily. Instead, they crumple and uplift. Geographical Features: Fold Mountains: Massive mountain ranges formed from crustal shortening (e.g., Himalayas, Alps). High Plateaus: Thickened crust results in elevated regions (e.g., Tibetan Plateau). Seismic Activity: Intense earthquakes due to crustal stress. Additional Features Metamorphic rocks: Formed due to high pressure and temperature. Ophiolite sequences: Oceanic crust obducted onto continental crust (in rare cases). Geographical Features Formed at Divergent Boundaries Mid-Ocean Ridges Definition: Underwater mountain chains formed where oceanic plates diverge. Example: Mid-Atlantic Ridge (between Eurasian & North American plates). Process: Magma rises, cools, and solidifies, forming new oceanic crust. Rift Valleys (on land) Definition: Deep valleys formed by the pulling apart of continental plates. Example: East African Rift Valley, Baikal Rift in Russia. Process: Crust stretches and thins, forming faults and depressions. Volcanoes Where: Along mid-ocean ridges or rift valleys. Nature: Generally non-explosive basaltic eruptions due to low viscosity magma. Example: Volcanic islands like Iceland (formed at mid-Atlantic ridge above sea level). Shallow Earthquakes Caused by the tensional forces as plates move apart. Typically, lower in magnitude compared to those at convergent boundaries. New Ocean Basins Over time, continental rifting can lead to the formation of a new sea. Example: The Red Sea is forming where Africa is rifting from the Arabian Peninsula. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS NISAR Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context India and the United States have successfully launched the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) Earth observation satellite on July 30, 2025, from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, India What is NISAR? NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a joint Earth observation satellite by ISRO and NASA. Launching in July 2025, it is the world’s most powerful Earth-observation satellite, built at a cost of $1.5 billion. Designed to track changes on Earth in near real-time, especially in land, ice, and vegetation. What Makes NISAR Special? Uses two types of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): L-band SAR (from NASA) – penetrates deeper into vegetation and ice. S-band SAR (from ISRO) – for high-resolution surface mapping. Operates in two frequency bands simultaneously, allowing 3D imaging and detection of subtle changes over time (e.g., landslides, glacial movement, earthquakes, etc.). Uses large radar antenna (12 m in diameter) and deployable solar arrays for power. Scientific Benefits Will help in studying: Deformation of Earth’s crust (e.g., due to earthquakes, volcanoes) Glacial dynamics and melting Forest biomass and carbon cycle Groundwater level changes Agricultural changes Disaster impact analysis ISRO-NASA Collaboration NASA contributed L-band SAR and launch mission planning. ISRO contributed S-band SAR, the satellite bus, and will launch it from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. NASA invested $1.1 billion; ISRO spent ₹900 crore. Technology Highlights Radar Antenna Reflector: 12 m across, folds up for launch. 3L-Band SAR: Penetrates through ice, vegetation. 4S-Band SAR: Surface-sensitive, can’t penetrate deep. Deployable Solar Arrays: Provide required power. Learning Corner: Earth Observation Satellites  India (ISRO) EOS Series (Earth Observation Satellites) EOS-04 (Launched Feb 2022): Radar imaging satellite (in all weather conditions). Used for agriculture, forestry, soil moisture, and flood mapping. EOS-06 (Oceansat-3) (Launched Nov 2022): Ocean color monitor, sea surface temperature, and wind vector measurements. Supports fisheries and cyclone monitoring. EOS-02 (Part of SSLV’s maiden launch in Aug 2022): Launch unsuccessful, but satellite was aimed at infrared imaging. International Satellites Landsat 9 (NASA & USGS — Launched Sep 2021) Successor to Landsat 8, provides high-resolution multispectral imagery. Tracks urban growth, deforestation, glacier retreat, etc. Sentinel Series (ESA’s Copernicus Program) Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich (Launched Nov 2020): Tracks sea-level rise with radar altimetry. Successor of Jason missions. Sentinel-1C & 2C (To be launched soon — part of ongoing expansion). Gaofen Series (China) Gaofen-3, 5, 7 & 11 satellites (Multiple launched from 2020–2023): High-resolution optical and radar satellites for agriculture, urban planning, and disaster monitoring. GOSAT-2 (Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite-2) Joint project of JAXA, measures CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations globally. Highly significant for climate change data. KOMPSAT-6 (South Korea) (Launched 2022) High-resolution radar satellite for land mapping, disaster assessment, and military applications. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS New GDP series Category: ECONOMICS Context: The Indian government will release a new GDP series on February 27, 2026, using FY 2022–23 as the new base year, replacing the current 2011–12 base Updates on Other Indicators: Index of Industrial Production (IIP): New base year: 2022–23 Revised series to begin from FY 2026–27 Consumer Price Index (CPI): New base year: 2024 Updated weights from 2023–24 Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey (HCES) New CPI series to be released in Q1 of 2026 Current Data Release Schedule: CPI: 12th of every month at 4 PM IIP: 28th of every month The base year revisions aim to improve the accuracy and relevance of India’s macroeconomic statistics, aiding better policy formulation and analysis. Learning Corner: Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Definition: GDP is the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within a country’s domestic territory in a given period (usually a year). It includes: Output from agriculture, industry, and services. Taxes on products (like GST) minus subsidies. Formula: GDP at Market Prices = GVA at Basic Prices + Product Taxes – Product Subsidies Gross Value Added (GVA): Definition: GVA is the value of output minus the value of intermediate consumption. It measures the actual value added in the production process. It is calculated at: Basic Prices (i.e., excludes taxes & subsidies on products). Sectoral contributions like agriculture, manufacturing, construction, and services are first measured using GVA.   Key Differences: Aspect GDP GVA Definition Value of all final goods/services Value added in production Includes Taxes? Yes (includes taxes minus subsidies) No (measured at basic prices) Used For? Measuring overall economic performance Measuring sectoral performance Indicator Type Demand-side measure Supply-side measure Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) ICJ Advisory Opinion on Climate Obligations (GS paper III - Environment) Introduction (Context) On July 23, 2024, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered its advisory opinion on the obligations of States to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the legal consequences of failing to do so.  The case was initiated by Vanuatu, a Pacific island nation with a population of just 3,00,000. In March 2023, it led a coalition of small island states to secure consensual approval from the United Nations General Assembly to ask the ICJ two questions: What are states legally required to do to address climate change, and what are the consequences if they do not fulfil these duties? The opinion, sought by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), reaffirms key principles of international climate law, but also raises interpretational concerns and highlights the development-versus-environment tensions. Key Takeaways Reinforced Multilateral Climate Framework: ICJ emphasised the combined legal force of the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. Rejected the notion, often pushed by developed countries, that the Paris Agreement alone is binding Reinforcement of Obligations for Developed Countries ICJ underlined that developed nations must provide climate finance, facilitate technology transfer and support capacity building for developing countries These obligations flow directly from UNFCCC Articles. Also reiterated the continued relevance of Annex-I and Annex-II lists, which define developed countries with additional responsibilities Rejection of Annex-Based Dilution Some developed countries and academics have claimed that the Annex-based differentiation (from UNFCCC) is obsolete after the Paris Agreement. The ICJ strongly rejected this claim, affirming that Annex I/II obligations continue. CBDR-RC as the Core Guiding Principle ICJ declared Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC) as the core principle for interpreting climate treaties. (A norm that guides obligations beyond climate treaties e.g., for biodiversity or other environmental issues). Based on Article 3 of the UNFCCC, CBDR-RC remains foundational to climate justice. Acknowledgement of Evolving National Circumstances The Court noted that the Paris Agreement introduced a nuance by saying CBDR-RC should be applied “in the light of national circumstances.” ICJ interpreted this to mean that the classification of nations (developed/developing) is not permanent, and may change over time. This introduces interpretational complexity and may challenge fixed North–South divisions in future climate talks. Issues/Gaps Issue in Temperature Goal Interpretation The ICJ opinion says that the original temperature target mentioned in Article 2.1(a) of the Paris Agreement — which is to keep global warming well below 2°C and try to limit it to 1.5°C — is no longer valid to define countries’ climate obligations. Instead, the Court says that because countries agreed during two major climate meetings (COP26 and COP28) to focus on the 1.5°C target, this shows they have unofficially updated the Paris Agreement. So, according to the ICJ, countries must now shape their climate actions only to meet the 1.5°C goal, and not the original range (below 2°C with efforts for 1.5°C). This is a surprising conclusion, because: The world is likely to cross the 1.5°C mark in the next few years. The Court does not discuss what will happen if this goal is missed. It also seems unusual that the Court treats decisions made after the agreement as if they can change the meaning of the agreement itself. Nature of Obligations: Conduct vs. Result The ICJ did not establish new enforceable obligations. The Court agreed with the usual interpretation followed by developed countries (Global North) that Actions like reducing emissions or helping developing countries with finance and technology are only “obligations of conduct.” This means countries just need to try to meet their goals they are not legally required to succeed. Only procedural duties, like regularly submitting their climate action plans (Nationally Determined Contributions or NDCs), are considered stronger and more enforceable. The opinion argues that even as obligations of conduct, the requirements on countries to meet their commitments can be sufficiently stringent. However, it depends on suitable courts with the requisite jurisdiction to enforce them and is contingent on the circumstances of every individual case. Neglect of Global South’s Development Challenges Failed to address developmental trade-offs faced by the Global South: On the one hand southern nations will be increasingly unable to meet their energy needs for rapid poverty eradication and sustainable growth in the absence of adequate carbon space, while on the other hand low-carbon development requires finance and technology on a scale that remains out of reach. No new enforcement framework has been formed to ensure Global North compliance with climate finance or technology obligations. Public policy challenges for India due to ICJ verdict 1. Legal Preparedness Indian courts already recognise the right to a healthy environment under the right to life (Article 21). The ICJ opinion could trigger new legal cases demanding stronger climate action from the government. India may even face lawsuits from neighbouring island nations affected by climate change. Urgent need to prepare legal standards and frameworks to handle such litigation, or risk policy instability. 2.Weak Enforcement of Environmental Laws India’s environmental laws are strong on paper but often poorly implemented. Pollution control boards are often underfunded and understaffed Compliance varies widely across states and industries The ICJ opinion highlights the importance of “due diligence” by states. India must urgently strengthen regulatory institutions and ensure better enforcement capacity nationwide. 3. Fossil Fuel Subsidies Subsidies for fuels like LPG, kerosene, and diesel help poor households, but they delay the transition to cleaner energy. India must rethink how to support the poor without locking them into polluting fuel use. Conclusion The milestone ICJ opinion is not just a verdict from afar, but a compass. It signals the end of voluntary climate ambition and invites all countries to chart a harder, but fairer course. For India, the challenge now is to align duty with dignity and ambition with justice. Mains Practice Question Q Critically analyse the ICJ’s advisory opinion on climate obligations in the context of equity and the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC).  (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/what-did-the-icj-opinion-say-on-climate-obligations-explained/article69869053.ece#:~:text=The%20ICJ’s%20opinion%20has%20several,Protocol%20and%20the%20Paris%20Agreement. Legal Aid in India (GS paper II - Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) The India Justice Report 2025 revealed that despite a legal mandate, only 15.5 lakh people received legal aid between April 2023 and March 2024—far below the scale envisioned. This highlights a growing concern about the capacity, budget, and outreach of India’s legal aid system. What is Legal aid Legal aid refers to free legal services provided to persons who are unable to afford legal representation and access to the court system due to social and economic constraints. These services are governed by Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and headed by the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA). Provision of free legal aid may include: Representation by an Advocate in legal proceedings. Payment of process fees, expenses of witnesses and all other charges payable or incurred in connection with any legal proceedings in appropriate cases; Preparation of pleadings, memo of appeal, paper book including printing and translation of documents in legal proceedings; Drafting of legal documents, special leave petition etc. Supply of certified copies of judgments, orders, notes of evidence and other documents in legal proceedings. Free Legal Services also include provision of aid and advice to the beneficiaries to access the benefits under the welfare statutes and schemes framed by the Central Government or the State Government and to ensure access to justice in any other manner. Free legal aid is not confined to cases before the subordinate Courts. Legal Aid is provided to the needy from the lowest Court to the Supreme Court of India. Legal Aid Counsel represent such needy persons before the lower Courts, High Courts and also before the Supreme Court of India. Constitutional & Legal Provisions Article 39A (Directive Principle): Mandates the State to provide free legal aid by suitable legislation or schemes. Article 14 & 21: Right to equality before law and right to life and personal liberty form the basis for access to justice. Benefits of Free Legal Aid in India Enables economically weaker sections to obtain legal representation and justice. Upholds the principle of equality before law. Educates marginalized communities about their rights and legal remedies. Empowers citizens to protect their rights and seek redressal. Guarantees fair representation irrespective of socio-economic background Helps individuals tackle legal hurdles that obstruct economic and social mobility. Assists vulnerable groups in cases of domestic violence, child abuse, discrimination, etc. Organizes workshops, campaigns, and outreach activities. Spreads awareness of rights, legal procedures, and grievance redress mechanisms. Offers mediation, conciliation, and arbitration services. What is NALSA? The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) has been constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 to provide free Legal Services to the weaker sections of the society and to organize Lok Adalats for amicable settlement of disputes. NALSA lays down policies, principles, guidelines and frames effective and economical schemes for the State Legal Services Authorities to implement the Legal Services Programmes throughout the country. Primarily, the State Legal Services Authorities, District Legal Services Authorities, Taluk Legal Services Committees, etc.  Functions: To Provide Free and Competent Legal Services to the eligible persons; To organize Lok Adalats for amicable settlement of disputes and To organize legal awareness camps in the rural areas. NALSA works in close coordination with the various State Legal Services Authorities, District Legal Services Authorities and other agencies for a regular exchange of relevant information, monitoring and updating on the implementation and progress of the various schemes. Key Highlights from India Justice Report 2025 Poor Reach:  Legal aid reached only 15.5 lakh persons in 2023–24, though nearly 80% of the population is eligible. Despite a 28% rise from previous year, numbers remain low for a population of over 1.4 billion. Legal aid clinics:  In rural and remote areas, legal aid clinics serve village clusters. Nationally, there is one legal service clinic for every 163 villages, as per the India Justice Report 2025, the availability and presence of these services is dependent on financial and human resources available. Budgetary gaps:  Legal aid receives less than 1% of the total justice budget, funded jointly by the Centre (via NALSA) and the States.  From 2017–18 to 2022–23, overall legal aid allocations nearly doubled from ₹601 crore to ₹1,086 crore, driven primarily by increased state contributions.  Thirteen states, led by Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh, increased their legal aid budgets by over 100%. In contrast, NALSA’s central funds declined from ₹207 crore to ₹169 crore, with utilisation dropping from 75% to 59%.  As per the NALSA Manual (2023), spending from central funds is restricted and capped 50% for legal aid/advice, 25% for awareness, and 25% for ADR/mediation. For the rest of the work, prior approval is needed. National per capita spending on legal aid rose from ₹3 (2019) to ₹7 (2023), with Haryana spending the highest (₹16) and states like West Bengal, Bihar, and UP spending below average. Para-Legal volunteers Para-legal volunteers (PLVs) serve as vital community-level legal support, creating awareness and facilitating dispute resolution.  However, their numbers declined by 38% from 2019 to 2024, with only 3.1 PLVs per lakh population in 2023 (down from 5.7), and states like West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh had just one PLV per lakh. The decline is attributed to low budgets, irregular deployment, and inadequate honorariums.  Despite training over 53,000 PLVs in 2023–24, only 14,000 were deployed, a sharp fall from 22,000 in 2019–20.  Honorariums remain below minimum wage in most states—Kerala being the only one paying ₹750/day. Twenty-two states pay ₹500/day, three pay ₹400, and three others (Gujarat, Meghalaya, Mizoram) offer just ₹250/day, insufficient to cover basic costs. Obstacles to Legal Assistance in India The legal aid movement in India is now unorganised, dispersed, and intermittent. There is a lack of coordination.  Lawyers do not participate in pro bono work for a variety of reasons. Financial resources are scarce. Earlier legal education did not include social education. As a result, they do not comprehend or embrace their role, and members of the profession do not often interact with people of the community who require legal aid. Illiteracy is another significant barrier to legal help. The lack of legal understanding leads to exploitation and deprivation of the poor’s rights and advantages. Steps needed Educate people on legal rights and remedies through local language campaigns Collaborate with grassroots organizations to spread awareness in remote areas Introduce social responsibility modules in legal education. Encourage voluntary legal service among law professionals. Establish accountability for aid delivery and outcomes. Invest in court-based and community-based legal aid services. Conclusion While states are working towards enhancing funding for legal aid, persistent challenges like uneven service quality, weak accountability, and limited public confidence continue to hinder its impact. Many of these problems can be addressed by increasing financial and human resources. Strengthening the capacity of legal aid mechanisms is crucial to ensure their effectiveness. Without adequate support, the system cannot deliver the standard of justice promised by the Constitution. Mains Practice Question Q Access to legal aid is essential for ensuring justice for the marginalised in India. Critically examine. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/boost-the-capacity-of-legal-aid-systems/article69874191.ece

Jul 30, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 30th July – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Gini Index Category: ECONOMICS Context:  The Gini Index ranked India among the world’s more equal societies It fails to capture ground-level realities of urban-rural, gender, wealth, and digital inequalities. Its methodology overlooks informal sector employment, access disparities, and social norms that perpetuate inequality. Forms of Inequality in India: Wealth Inequality: A small fraction holds most of the nation’s wealth. The top 10% own a disproportionate share of income. Informal jobs and non-taxable income make wealth inequality hard to quantify. Gender Inequality: Women make up only 35.9% of the workforce. Only 12.7% of leadership roles are held by women. Startups founded by women are just 7.5% of the total. Patriarchal norms result in fewer resources for girl children and less inheritance. Digital Inequality: Only 53.9% of schools have Internet, and 52.7% have functional computers. Only 25% of rural women vs 49% of rural men have internet access. School closures during pollution seasons show how unequal internet access affects education. Learning Corner: Gini Coefficient The Gini Coefficient (or Gini Index) is a statistical measure of income or wealth inequality within a population. Definition: It ranges from 0 to 1 (or 0% to 100%): 0 represents perfect equality (everyone has the same income). 1 represents perfect inequality (one person has all the income, others have none). How It’s Measured: Based on the Lorenz Curve, which plots the cumulative share of income against the cumulative share of the population. The Gini Coefficient is the ratio of the area between the line of equality and the Lorenz curve to the total area under the line of equality. Applications: Used globally by economists, policymakers, and institutions like the World Bank and UNDP to assess income distribution. Helps compare inequality across countries or over time. Limitations: Does not capture non-income inequalities (e.g., gender, digital access). Insensitive to the location of inequality (whether at the top or bottom of the income scale). Similar Gini scores may mask very different economic structures. Source: THE HINDU Atmanirbhar Oil Seeds Abhiyan Category: POLITY Context: Launched in 2024-25, this mission aims to make India self-reliant in oilseed and edible oil production by 2030-31 Key Objectives: Achieve self-sufficiency in key oilseeds like mustard, soybean, groundnut, sunflower, sesame, and others. Enhance research in high-yield, climate-resilient varieties. Promote modern farming practices and digital technologies. Provide financial incentives and input subsidies. Strengthen post-harvest management, market linkages, and processing infrastructure. Expand crop insurance coverage. Boost secondary oil extraction from sources like rice bran, cottonseed, and tree-borne oilseeds. Implementation & Targets: Duration: 2024-25 to 2030-31 Budget: ₹10,103 crore Target: Raise oilseed production from 39 to 69.7 million tonnes Goal: Meet 72% of projected domestic edible oil demand Support Measures: Launch of SATHI portal for seed supply coordination. Increased MSP and schemes like PM-AASHA to ensure fair pricing. Higher import duties to protect domestic producers. Emphasis on environmental sustainability and rural employment. Learning Corner: Oilseeds Production in India: India is one of the largest producers of oilseeds globally but remains a net importer of edible oils, meeting over 50% of its domestic demand through imports. Major oilseeds grown include: Groundnut, Soybean, Mustard/Rapeseed, Sunflower, Sesame, Linseed, Niger, Safflower, and Castor. Cultivated mainly in rain-fed areas; productivity is often lower due to climate variability, low input use, and limited irrigation. Key Government Schemes: National Mission on Edible Oils – Oilseeds (NMEO–Oilseeds) (2024–25 to 2030–31) Aims to make India self-reliant in edible oils. Targets to increase oilseeds production to 69.7 million tonnes by 2030–31. Key components: High-yielding seeds, climate-resilient varieties Financial incentives, input subsidies Crop insurance, SATHI portal for seed coordination Post-harvest management and value addition Focus on both primary and secondary sources (e.g., rice bran, cottonseed) National Food Security Mission (NFSM – Oilseeds & Oil Palm) Promotes productivity and area expansion for oilseed crops. Provides financial support for inputs, training, and cluster demonstrations. Price Support Scheme (PSS) Under PM-AASHA, ensures Minimum Support Price (MSP) procurement for oilseeds by government agencies. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) A flexible scheme to fund state-led initiatives, including support for oilseeds based on local needs. Source:  PIB Ladakh’s hot springs Category: GEOGRAPHY Context : Ladakh’s hot springs and the origin of life Why They Matter: Unique Carbonate Chemistry: Unlike global focus on silica, Ladakh’s hot springs (notably in Puga Valley) show rapid calcium carbonate (travertine) formation, which preserves organic molecules like amino acids and fatty acids—key to prebiotic chemistry. Natural Laboratory: These springs offer a real-world setting resembling early Earth, ideal for studying how life might have formed. Extremophile Insights: Harsh conditions (UV radiation, temperature extremes) mirror early Earth and Mars. Microbes here produce protective substances, offering clues to how life adapts and survives in extreme environments. Astrobiological Significance: Mars Analog: Similarities to Martian hydrothermal systems make Ladakh valuable for space science. Biomarker Clues: Helps identify where and how to search for biosignatures on Mars, guiding missions by ISRO and NASA. Key Takeaways: Carbonates are crucial for preserving life’s building blocks. Supports new directions in astrobiology, synthetic biology, and Mars exploration. Strengthens India’s contribution to the search for life beyond Earth. Learning Corner: Hot Springs: Definition: A hot spring is a natural discharge of geothermally heated groundwater at the Earth’s surface. Formed when groundwater seeps deep into the Earth, gets heated by magma or hot rocks, and rises back to the surface. Temperatures can vary — from lukewarm to boiling. Found in tectonically active regions, especially volcanic zones. Notable Indian examples: Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh) Tapovan (Uttarakhand) Bakreshwar (West Bengal) Geysers: A geyser is a special type of hot spring that erupts periodically, shooting steam and hot water into the air. Occur when pressure builds in underground chambers filled with boiling water and steam. Require: Intense geothermal heat Abundant groundwater A unique plumbing system with narrow conduits Much rarer than hot springs. Famous geysers: Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park (USA) El Tatio in Chile No significant true geysers in India. Geological Importance: Indicators of geothermal energy potential Support unique microbial ecosystems Sites of tourism and religious importance Source:  PIB Pralay missile Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context Pralay missile and its recent tests Key Highlights Conducted from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha. Aimed at validating both maximum (500 km) and minimum (150 km) range. Achieved pinpoint accuracy with all subsystems performing as intended. Technical Features: Type: Solid-fuel, quasi-ballistic, surface-to-surface missile. Range: 150–500 km. Payload: Conventional warheads (350–1,000 kg). Guidance: Advanced navigation and mid-course maneuverability to evade missile defenses. Operational Utility: Targets include command centres, airbases, and logistic hubs. Offers a strategic edge through high mobility and tactical precision. Strengthens India’s conventional deterrence posture, especially against regional threats. Development & Induction: Designed by Research Centre Imarat (DRDO) with Indian industry collaboration. Twin tests mark completion of Phase-1 trials, paving the way for military induction. Learning Corner:  Indian Missiles Comparable to Pralay: Missile Key Features Comparison with Pralay Prahaar 150 km range, solid-fuel SRBM, highly mobile Shorter range and payload; Pralay is more advanced with better guidance and longer range Shaurya 700–1,900 km range, hypersonic, nuclear-capable Longer range and dual-use; Shaurya is strategic, while Pralay is tactical and conventional BrahMos 290–450 km range, supersonic cruise missile, air/sea/land-launched Cruise missile (not ballistic); lower altitude, more manoeuvrable; Pralay is faster on a ballistic arc Foreign Missiles Similar to Pralay: Country Missile Notes China DF-12 (CSS-X-15) Tactical SRBM, solid-fuel, similar range and role as Pralay USA ATACMS (Army Tactical Missile System) Used by U.S. Army; ~300 km range; used for deep-strike precision Russia Iskander-M Highly accurate, maneuverable SRBM; used in battlefield roles like Pralay Iran Fateh-110 Short-range tactical ballistic missile; similar range and conventional payload Source: THE HINDU Kaziranga Tiger Reserve Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Kaziranga Tiger Reserve: 3rd Highest Tiger Density in India (2024) Key Stats: Tiger Density: 18.65 tigers per 100 sq km (3rd in India) Tiger Population: 148 tigers in 1,307 sq km Increase from 2022: Up from 104 tigers, due to the inclusion of the Biswanath Wildlife Division (added 27 tigers) Top Three Tiger Densities (2024): Bandipur (Karnataka): 19.83 tigers/100 sq km Corbett (Uttarakhand): 19.56 tigers/100 sq km Kaziranga (Assam): 18.65 tigers/100 sq km Why It Matters: Advanced camera traps and spatial analysis ensured accurate estimates. Highlights success in habitat protection, landscape connectivity, and anti-poaching efforts. Reflects the effectiveness of conservation policies under the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). Learning Corner: Kaziranga National Park Overview: Location: Assam, India (spanning Golaghat, Nagaon, and Karbi Anglong districts) Established: 1905 (as a reserve forest), declared a National Park in 1974 UNESCO World Heritage Site: Since 1985 Key Highlights: Feature Details Famous For Largest population of One-Horned Rhinoceros in the world Other Fauna Tigers, Elephants, Wild Buffaloes, Swamp Deer, Water Birds Flora Tall elephant grass, marshland, tropical moist broadleaf forest River System Lies along the Brahmaputra River floodplains Tiger Reserve Status Declared a Tiger Reserve in 2006 Tiger Density (2024) 18.65 tigers per 100 sq.km – 3rd highest in India (after Bandipur and Corbett) Area Covered ~1,307 sq.km (including newly added Biswanath Wildlife Division) Ecological Importance: Acts as a critical biodiversity hotspot in the Eastern Himalayan foothills. Important for floodplain ecosystem conservation. One of the few areas in the world where multiple mega herbivores (rhino, elephant, buffalo) coexist naturally. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Child Trafficking (GS paper I - Indian Society, GS Paper II - Governance) Introduction (Context) Recently, over 271 girls were rescued in Bihar, 153 of them trafficked into orchestras, the remaining 118 forced into the flesh trade. The Patna High Court took cognizance of the issue and directed the Bihar Government to act urgently to ban employment of minors in such orchestras. The incident sheds light on systemic child trafficking driven by poverty, lack of regulation, and socio-cultural exploitation. What is Child Trafficking? As per the UN Palermo Protocol, child trafficking involves the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of children for exploitation, including forced labour, sexual abuse, and slavery. Common forms of child trafficking Vulnerable children may be exposed to many different forms of exploitation, including: Sexual exploitation: This can include abusing children for commercial sexual exploitation or the production of child sexual abuse material. Forced labour: When children work under harsh conditions in various sectors, including agriculture, factories, mining or as domestic workers. Begging and petty crimes: Putting children to beg on streets or commit other crimes, such as theft. Children in armed conflict: Children are recruited as fighters, sexually exploited, or kept in domestic servitude during a conflict. Child marriage: Girls are married off to third parties for money or social status, often as part of harmful traditional practices. Illegal adoption: Trafficking babies and children for illegal adoption for their exploitation, often through deception or coercion of their parents or guardians. Sometimes victims of child trafficking are exposed to multiple forms of exploitation at once. For example, a child made to beg on the streets may also be exploited sexually. Data: According to the National Crime Record Bureau report the number of victims rescued (below 18 years) during the last five years are given below: S.No. Year Victims rescued (below 18 years) 1 2018 2484 2 2019 2746 3 2020 2151 4 2021 2691 5 2022 3098 Many cases never reach a police station because families are either complicit or fear to speak How do children become vulnerable to exploitation? Child trafficking thrives in environments of family dysfunction, lack of parental care, poverty, inequality and inadequate child protection. Traffickers often target children from extremely poor households or those who have been abandoned.  Conflict, economic challenges and environmental disasters make children, especially unaccompanied and separated migrant children, increasingly vulnerable to trafficking. Traffickers also use online platforms, social media and the dark web to approach, exploit and control children, taking advantage of modern technology to evade detection and disseminate exploitative content. Unsupervised use of the internet and social media by children, often without appropriate safeguards, can further expose them to traffickers Why has Bihar become a Trafficking Destination? Absence of Regulation and Oversight No strict regulatory framework exists to monitor orchestra groups or dance troupes. Law enforcement agencies fail to identify and dismantle trafficking fronts. Lack of local-level monitoring enables trafficking networks to thrive. Geography  The State’s porous border with Nepal and seamless railway connectivity to trafficking-prone States such as West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Assam and Uttar Pradesh facilitate trafficking flows through Bihar. Exploiting Cultural Aspirations In states like West Bengal, music and dance are valued pursuits. Traffickers exploit these aspirations by dance training, stage careers, or film opportunities convincing parents of assured income and fame. Presence of ‘orchestra belt’  In districts such as Saran, Gopalganj, Muzaffarpur, Rohtas and West Champaran — the ‘orchestra belt’ — girls, some as young as 12, are being sold to orchestras for as little a sum as ₹10,000.  They are forced to wear inappropriate clothing and dance to vulgar songs before inebriated men.  How does child trafficking affect victims and society? This crime has devastating consequences for the physical, cognitive and socio-emotional development of children.  Victims often suffer lifelong health issues, severe trauma-related disorders, anxiety, depression and difficulties in social integration.  Child trafficking undermines healthy societal structures and perpetuates cycles of poverty and exploitation.  It destroys childhood and can trap trafficked children in a cycle of violence and exploitation when they become parents themselves; it disrupts education and hinders community development.  Laws against child trafficking and issues 1. The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (ITPA Enacted to prevent and combat trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation Criminalises activities such as running brothels, procuring or detaining persons for prostitution, especially minors. Provides powers to law enforcement to rescue victims and rehabilitate them. 2.The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 Focuses on the care, protection, and rehabilitation of children in conflict with law or in need of care.  Includes provisions to tackle child trafficking, abuse, and neglect.  Establishes Child Welfare Committees and Juvenile Justice Boards for case handling. 3.The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 A comprehensive law to protect children from sexual abuse, assault, and pornography.  Provides child-friendly procedures for reporting, recording, and trial of offences.  Defines a child as anyone below 18 years and prescribes stringent punishments. 4.The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976 Abolishes all forms of bonded and forced labour, including child bondage. Declares any agreement leading to bonded labour null and void. Empowers district magistrates to free and rehabilitate bonded labourers. 5.The Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (Amended 2016) Prohibits employment of children below 14 years in any occupation and adolescents (14–18 years) in hazardous processes. Allows work only in family enterprises under specific conditions.  Prescribes penalties for employers and mechanisms for enforcement. 6.Provisions under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 Replaces the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and includes offences related to child trafficking, forced labour, and sexual exploitation. Provides for enhanced punishment for trafficking of minors and repeated offenders. Emphasises victim-centric justice through stricter procedural safeguards. 7. Lacunaes Laws are comprehensive but poorly enforced Conviction rates remain low Most cases filed as “missing persons” or “kidnapping” Anti-Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs) underfunded Investigations that concern multiple States often collapse due to jurisdictional confusion and bureaucratic delay.  When girls are rescued, many are sent right back to the same families that sold them. Key Measures for Prevention and Enforcement of Anti-Trafficking Efforts 1.School and Community-Based Prevention Schools must monitor student attendance consistently. If a child is absent for an extended period, it should trigger alerts and mandatory reporting Panchayats must maintain migration registers to track children leaving or arriving in villages. Parental sensitisation programs are essential to inform families about the dangers of trafficking. 2.Strengthening Transport Vigilance Railway Protection Force (RPF) should continue to monitor vulnerable corridors and conduct awareness campaigns at stations. This model must extend to inter-State bus routes, local terminals and private carriers.  Transport department staff should be trained to spot signs of trafficking and report suspicious activity. 3.Reforming Anti-Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs) This model must extend to inter-State bus routes, local terminals and private carriers. Transport departments must train their staff to identify signs of trafficking. 4.Strengthening Labour and Justice Mechanisms The Labour Department must be mandated to inspect, report and act. Prosecution must be time-bound and rehabilitation must be long-term and state-supervised.  Children must not be sent back to the environments that enabled their exploitation.  Victim compensation schemes must be activated and implemented without delay. Steps Towards Prevention: The “PICKET” Strategy A comprehensive approach to eliminate child trafficking: P – Policy: Clear, zero-tolerance policies against child exploitation. I – Institutions: Dedicated units to monitor, prosecute and rehabilitate C – Convergence: Inter-agency cooperation with shared digital data. K – Knowledge: Grassroots awareness and survivor-informed intelligence. E – Economy: Make trafficking financially unviable through seizure and penalties. T – Technology: Use AI, heatmaps, tracking software to detect patterns and routes. Mains Practice Question Q Child trafficking in India is not merely a law and order problem, but a systemic failure of socio-economic, cultural and governance structures. Suggest a multipronged strategy to address the crisis. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/bihars-dark-side-the-hub-of-girl-child-trafficking/article69870523.ece Contractualisation in India’s formal manufacturing (GS paper III - Economy) Introduction (Context) In recent decades, India’s formal manufacturing sector has witnessed a significant negative change in its employment structure.  According to the Annual Surveys of Industries (ASI), the share of contract labour in the manufacturing workforce doubled from 20% in 1999-2000 to 40.7% in 2022-23, cutting across all industries.  Contractualisation is detrimental to productivity when misused, highlighting the need to promote formalisation to sustain long-term productivity growth. What are Contractual jobs? Contractual jobs involve working for a specific period or on a project basis, as defined by a contract between the employer and the employee.  These jobs can be full-time or part-time, and their duration can vary significantly.  Contractual work offers flexibility for both employers and employees, allowing them to address specific needs or projects without long-term commitments.  Issues of contract labours The primary motivation behind contractualisation is not to enhance skills or adaptability but to reduce labour costs and bypass legal obligations under core labour laws. Contract labourers in India face numerous challenges, including unequal pay, job insecurity, lack of social security benefits, and vulnerability to exploitation.  These issues stem from a combination of factors such as weak implementation of labor laws, lack of awareness among workers, and the inherent nature of contract employment, which often prioritizes flexibility over worker welfare.  Some issues are discussed below: Contract workers earn on average 14.5% less than regular workers. The wage gap widens to 31% in large enterprises, indicating systemic exploitation. In some industries, employers spend 50–85% less on contract labour compared to regular employees. Being hired through contractors, these workers often fall outside the ambit of key protections under laws like the Industrial Disputes Act, making them more vulnerable to unfair dismissals and poor working conditions. Short-term contracts lead to high labour turnover and discourage investment in skill development or on-the-job training, harming both the workers’ long-term employability and firm-level innovation. Impact on Productivity Contract workers are hired for specific roles or durations and help firms remain flexible, especially in volatile markets. They allow quick scaling up or down of operations without long-term commitments. However, long term impacts are: Principal-Agent Problem refers to the misalignment of goals between two parties (in this case, the employer (principal) and the contractor (agent)). Contractors may prioritize their own profits over the employer’s quality standards, leading to poor supervision and inefficient labour use. In contract work, workers may shirk responsibilities leading to moral hazard, knowing that accountability is diffused between the employer and the contractor. Contractual jobs are usually short-term, leading to high turnover rates. This deters employers from investing in skill development or innovation, negatively affecting long-term productivity. Labour productivity (measured as real net value added per worker) is 31% lower in Contract Labour-Intensive (CLI) enterprises compared to Regular Labour-Intensive (RLI) enterprises. In small enterprises (less than 100 workers), the gap widens to 36%, due to greater dependence on contract workers Medium enterprises (100–300 workers) show a 23% gap, while labour-intensive sectors face the worst—a 42% productivity deficit. Capital-Intensive CLI Enterprises: Capital-intensive firms rely more on machines than human labour. In such firms, contract workers may still be productive because they’re used in supportive roles. These firms show a 17% productivity gain, but they form only 20% of formal manufacturing. Despite a few exceptions, 80% of formal enterprises suffer due to excessive contractualisation. This undermines productivity, job security, and economic growth in the long run. Steps Needed Implement Labour Code on Industrial Relations (2020) The central government, in 2020, introduced a labour code on industrial relations, which aims to provide greater flexibility in hiring and firing. The code allows firms to hire non-regular workers on fixed-term contracts directly without third party contractors, though it also seeks to curb the exploitation of non-permanent workers by mandating the provision of basic statutory employment benefits.  However, as the labour code awaits implementation, labour unions warn that the increased flexibility in hiring non-regular workers could accelerate informalisation and further erode quality of jobs in the formal sector. Incentivising Longer Fixed-Term Contracts: Policymakers could offer concessions in social security contributions to firms adopting longer-duration contracts. Could also provide subsidised access to government skilling programs to firms. This would promote workforce stability, skill development, and address union concerns over precarious employment. Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY): Launched in 2016 to promote formal job creation in manufacturing. Government paid the employer’s 12% contribution to EPS and EPF for new employees. Benefited over 1 crore workers before being discontinued in March 2022. Revive and extend the scheme to encourage formalisation and reduce reliance on contract labour in the formal sector. Value Addition: Laws Governing Contractual Labour in India Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970: Regulates the employment of contract labour and seeks its abolition in certain cases. Ensures basic welfare provisions like canteen, first-aid, and wages but implementation is weak. Code on Industrial Relations, 2020 (yet to be fully implemented): Allows for fixed-term employment directly by employers and mandates social security benefits for non-permanent workers, attempting to formalise contract roles without third-party contractors. Factories Act, 1948 and Minimum Wages Act, 1948 apply to all workers including contractual ones, but enforcement remains inadequate. Building and Other Construction Workers Act offers some safeguards for contract workers in construction. Conclusion Contractual labour, if used strategically in high-skill sectors with safeguards, can contribute to industrial flexibility. However, its overuse as a cost-cutting tool in labour-intensive sectors is counterproductive.  To ensure inclusive growth and long-term productivity, India must shift from exploitative informalisation to genuine formalisation. Mains Practice Question Q “The increasing contractualisation of labour in India’s formal manufacturing sector undermines both workers’ welfare and industrial productivity.” Critically examine. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/adopt-formalisation-to-power-productivity-growth/article69870561.ece

Jul 30, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 30th July 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Jul 29, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 29th July 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Jul 29, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 29th July – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Golden jackals Category: ENVIRONMENT Context:  Golden jackals in Kerala have shown remarkable adaptability to human-dominated landscapes, thriving beyond traditional forests in areas like agricultural lands, village edges, and peri-urban zones They exploit food sources from human activities, such as waste and livestock carrion, demonstrating a flexible diet and strong scavenging ability. This ecological plasticity allows them to survive habitat fragmentation and loss. However, their growing presence near human settlements raises concerns about potential conflicts and disease transmission, highlighting the need for effective management of human-wildlife interactions. Learning Corner: Golden Jackal (Canis aureus) IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC) Distribution: Native to South Asia, Middle East, North and East Africa, and Southeastern Europe. In India, they are found across the subcontinent — from forests and grasslands to rural, agricultural, and urban fringes. Habitats: Golden jackals occupy a diverse range of habitats, including: Dry deciduous forests Scrublands Grasslands and savannas Mangroves and wetlands Agricultural fields Peri-urban and rural areas Key Features: Size: Medium-sized canid (8–10 kg on average) Color: Golden to reddish-brown fur Diet: Omnivorous and opportunistic — includes rodents, birds, fruits, insects, carrion, and human food waste Behavior: Can be solitary, in pairs, or small family groups; mostly nocturnal Ecological Role: Important scavenger, helps control rodent populations and clean up carrion Conservation Concerns: Human-wildlife conflict (livestock predation, urban presence) Disease transmission (rabies, canine distemper) Habitat loss and fragmentation Source: THE HINDU Private Test Facility for Heavy Water Upgrade Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: India has inaugurated its first private test facility for upgrading depleted heavy water (D₂O), a critical component for nuclear reactors. Located in Palghar, Maharashtra Key highlights: The facility will test equipment needed to upgrade depleted D₂O to 99.9% purity, required for Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs). Earlier, components were manufactured and tested in-house by BARC; this move aims to cut time by at least two years. TEMA India will also manufacture parts for the distillation process and ensure correct results before deployment. The facility has already dispatched components for Unit 8 of the Rajasthan Atomic Power Project (RAPP-8). The project supports India’s aim of achieving 100 GW nuclear capacity by 2047. India currently operates 24 nuclear reactors with a combined capacity of 8,780 MW, with more under construction. Learning Corner: Heavy Water (D₂O)  Definition: Heavy water is a form of water in which the hydrogen atoms are replaced with deuterium (²H or D), a stable isotope of hydrogen that has one neutron in addition to the proton. Key Features: Chemical Formula: D₂O Appearance: Looks like ordinary water but is about 10% denser Non-radioactive Uses: Primarily used as a moderator and coolant in Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) Slows down neutrons to sustain the nuclear fission chain reaction Also used in scientific research and isotope production Importance in Nuclear Power: Maintains neutron economy by reducing neutron absorption Enables the use of natural uranium as fuel without enrichment Purity Requirement: Must be 99.9% pure to function effectively in reactors Gets contaminated over time and needs re-upgrading through distillation or other methods India’s Context: India uses heavy water extensively in PHWRs BARC oversees heavy water production and upgrading Now, private firms like TEMA India are also contributing to testing and upgrading processes Safety: Non-toxic in small quantities, but not suitable for drinking in large amounts Not radioactive but handled with care in nuclear facilities Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Monsoon Category: GEOGRAPHY Context : Monsoon at Mid-Season – India Records 8% Above-Normal Rainfall As of July 28, 2025, India’s southwest monsoon has performed well, with 8% above-normal rainfall (440.1 mm) from June 1 to July 28. Most regions recorded normal or above-normal rainfall, except east and northeast India, which saw a deficit of 23%. Regional Rainfall (June 1–July 28): Central India: 574.4 mm (+24%) Northwest India: 447.8 mm (+6.9%) South Peninsula: 351.8 mm (+1.6%) East & Northeast: 316.9 mm (−23%) Key Points: Punjab, Bihar, Sikkim, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, and Meghalaya have seen persistent rain deficiency. July is the most crucial monsoon month and has shown 5.4% above-normal rainfall so far. Back-to-back low-pressure systems and depressions over Bay of Bengal sustained rainfall across most parts of India. Learning Corner: Monsoon  Definition: Monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal of winds accompanied by changes in precipitation. In South Asia, it primarily denotes the Southwest Monsoon, which brings the majority of India’s annual rainfall. Types of Monsoon in India: Southwest Monsoon (June–September): Brings ~75% of India’s annual rainfall Caused by differential heating of land and ocean Divided into two branches: Arabian Sea Branch and Bay of Bengal Branch Northeast Monsoon (October–December): Affects mainly southeastern India (Tamil Nadu, parts of Andhra Pradesh) Importance of Monsoon: Agriculture: Supports kharif crops like rice, maize, and pulses Water Resources: Replenishes rivers, lakes, and groundwater Economy: Impacts rural demand, food security, and hydropower Factors Influencing Monsoon: El Niño and La Niña events Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) Western disturbances Low-pressure systems and depressions in Bay of Bengal Challenges: Uneven distribution causes floods or droughts Delayed onset or withdrawal affects sowing cycles Climate change is increasing unpredictability in monsoon behavior Source :  THE INDIAN EXPRESS National Education Policy (NEP) Category: POLITY Context Five Years of NEP What Has Worked School Curriculum Revamp: The 10+2 system is being replaced by the 5+3+3+4 structure. NCERT has published new books for classes 1–8, emphasizing experiential learning. Early Childhood Education: Pre-primary learning is being strengthened with materials like NCERT’s Jaadui Pitara. Foundational Learning Focus: National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with Understanding and Numeracy (NIPUN Bharat) launched to ensure reading and math skills by class 3. Academic Credit System: National Credit Framework allows flexible credit transfer and course entry/exit. CUET (Common University Entrance Test): Implemented in 2022 as a common entrance test for undergraduate admissions. Indian Campuses Abroad: IITs and IIMs have set up campuses in Africa and the Gulf; foreign universities are coming to India. What’s In Progress Board Exam Changes: From 2026, CBSE to allow class 10 students to choose subjects and take board exams twice a year. Holistic Report Cards: PARAKH under NCERT is developing assessments with self-evaluation and skills focus. Four-Year UG Degrees: Being rolled out slowly due to infrastructure gaps. What’s Stuck and Why Three-Language Formula: Remains controversial; some states like Tamil Nadu oppose Hindi imposition. Teacher Education Overhaul: 4-year integrated B.Ed. course announced but not yet implemented. UGC’s Replacement Delayed: The Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) bill is still pending. Mother Tongue in Schools: Implementation from pre-primary to class 5 is partial. No School Breakfast Yet: Financial Ministry rejected the breakfast proposal for schools. Centre–State Divide: States like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal have pushed back against several key reforms. Learning Corner:  History of the National Education Policy (NEP) in India The National Education Policy (NEP) is India’s vision document for guiding the development of the education system. Since independence, India has had three major NEPs: National Education Policy 1968 First NEP, based on the recommendations of the Kothari Commission (1964–66). Emphasized free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14. Advocated the three-language formula, improvement in the quality of education, and equal educational opportunities. National Education Policy 1986 (Modified in 1992) Introduced by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and later modified under P.V. Narasimha Rao in 1992. Focused on removal of disparities, education for women, and improving teacher education. Introduced Operation Blackboard, Navodaya Vidyalayas, and the Programme of Action (1992). Emphasized vocationalisation, open learning systems, and child-centric education. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Textile sector Category: ECONOMICS Context: Govt working on ‘living wage’ Key Points: Issue at Hand: Low wages are a key barrier to women’s participation in formal employment. 54% of blue- and grey-collar women employees are unhappy with pay; 80% earn less than ₹20,000/month. High costs (transport, childcare, caregiving, migration) and low pay force many women out of the workforce. Current Government Initiative: The Ministry of Labour and Employment is working on defining a “living wage”—a wage that goes beyond the minimum wage and considers housing, education, healthcare, and nutrition. Aimed at addressing gender disparity, especially in the low female labour force participation rate (LFPR), which is just 32% (vs. 77% for men). Survey Insights: Based on a survey of over 10,000 women, especially in peri-urban zones and manufacturing sectors. Shows high dissatisfaction with current income benchmarks. Challenges Identified: Women’s workforce participation is hindered by: Inadequate income, Lack of supportive services (like child care), Safety and transport issues, Unsuitable job timings (e.g. night shifts). Policy Direction: Living wage to be state-specific. Emphasis on building a “social dialogue” between employers and employees. Learning Corner: Types of Wages in India Minimum Wage The lowest remuneration legally payable to workers. Fixed by the Central or State Government under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948. Varies across states, skill levels (skilled/unskilled), and industries. Ensures basic sustenance (food, shelter, clothing). Fair Wage Higher than minimum wage, but lower than living wage. Considers the industry’s capacity to pay and standard of living. Aims to strike a balance between workers’ needs and employers’ financial health. Living Wage The ideal wage, which covers not only basic necessities but also education, health, insurance, transportation, and some comfort. Not legally enforced in India yet, but under consideration for implementation. Designed to improve quality of life and encourage women’s workforce participation. Need-Based Minimum Wage Recommended by the 15th Indian Labour Conference (1957) and accepted by the Supreme Court in 1992 (Reptakos Brett case). Based on calorie intake, clothing, housing rent, education, and other essentials. A more realistic and humane version of minimum wage. Statutory Wage vs. Market Wage Statutory wage: Mandated by law (e.g., minimum wage). Market wage: Determined by demand and supply in the labor market (often higher for skilled sectors). Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS (MAINS Focus) Pendency of Cases and Access to Justice (GS paper II - Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) India’s judicial system is facing a severe backlog, with over 5 crore pending cases across the Supreme Court, High Courts, and subordinate courts, raising concerns over timely justice delivery. Despite reforms, structural bottlenecks, human resource shortages, and inefficient case management continue to delay justice, undermining public trust and access to speedy justice. Litigation Pendency In India Pendency means undecided, undetermined case by court of law. Pending cases are increasing day by day this shows the incapability of the judiciary to deliver justice on time. The Right to Fair and Speedy trial is guaranteed as fundamental right under Article 21 (Right to life and personal liberty) of the Constitution of India, 1950, delay in justice delivery system infringe this right.  Law commission stated that the delay in decision is as old as the law itself. The inordinate delay results in the miscarriage of justice and increases the cost of litigation.  Data: Over 4.6 crore cases are pending in district and subordinate courts. 63.3 lakh in High Courts and 86,700 in the Supreme Court. Civil cases at the district court level are the most delayed, with only 38.7% resolved within a year; nearly 20% drag on for over 5 years. India has 15 judges per 10 lakh population; even at full strength, it would be only 19, against the Law Commission’s 1987 recommendation of 50. The judicial system is operating at 79% of sanctioned strength. Between 2021 and March 2025, National Lok Adalats resolved over 27.5 crore cases, including 22.21 crore pre-litigation cases. Reasons for Delay in Deciding Cases in India India’s judicial system is plagued by massive pendency due to multiple structural, procedural, and administrative factors. The major causes are as follows: Shortage of Judges and Court Infrastructure India has an extremely low judge-to-population ratio — about 11 judges per million, compared to 107 per million in the US. Vacancies across all levels remain unfilled for long periods, affecting timely case disposal. Subordinate courts alone require over 5,000 new courtrooms and nearly 40,000 staff positions to support existing and additional judicial officers Many courts lack basic infrastructure, trained staff, or digital case management systems, resulting in inefficiency and delays.   Administrative and Procedural Inefficiencies Lack of case management tools and uniform use of IT systems means cases are not tracked or prioritised efficiently. Judges often deal with both civil and criminal matters, reducing specialisation and slowing case analysis. Frequent transfers, absenteeism, and strikes by advocates disrupt the judicial schedule. Traditional, manual processes still dominate many courtrooms, lacking automation and speed.   High Volume of Cases and Low Disposal Rates A rising number of cases filed daily, coupled with a slow disposal rate, especially in subordinate courts, contributes to pendency. Government is the largest litigant, accounting for nearly half of all pending cases, often with ministries or departments suing one another. Large volumes of frivolous or repetitive cases, and Public Interest Litigations (PILs) filed without genuine public interest, further clog the system.   Frequent Adjournments and Litigation Misuse Deliberate adjournments by lawyers or litigants, even in trivial matters, delay proceedings significantly. Abuse of procedural tools and filing of false or frivolous cases take up valuable court time.   Legal and Social Factors Increasing legal awareness and growing rights-consciousness among citizens has led to higher litigation rates. There is a rise in criminal cases, particularly crimes against women, increasing the burden on police, judiciary, and prisons. Constant amendments to laws and complex, overlapping legislations require more judicial time to interpret and apply.   Lack of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Promotion Insufficient push towards mechanisms like mediation, arbitration, or conciliation keeps minor disputes in the court system. A lack of awareness and institutional support for ADR increases dependency on formal litigation. What is the Impact of Pendency of cases on the Judicial System? Justice delayed is justice denied. Delay in case disposal undermines the right to life and liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution Even simple civil matters take years to resolve; many criminal cases have remained pending for over 15 years, with undertrial prisoners languishing in jails. Prolonged pendency leads to overcrowded prisons, often exceeding 150% of their capacity. Undertrials, many not yet proven guilty, remain incarcerated for extended periods, infringing their basic human rights and dignity. Lengthy delays discourage people from seeking legal remedies, leading to loss of faith in the system. Many resort to extra-legal methods like bribery or informal settlements to avoid slow judicial processes, indirectly fostering corruption. Suggested Reforms to Reduce Pendency of Cases 1. Expanding Court Capacity Increase Working Days & Shifts: Extend court functioning hours, including holidays, by introducing morning/evening shifts and additional benches Fast Track Courts: Expand the fast-track court model beyond criminal cases to include civil and commercial matters. 2. Filling Vacancies and Appointing Ad-Hoc Judges Vacancy Backlog: Expedite the appointment of judges at all levels, especially in subordinate courts. Ad-Hoc Appointments: Utilize provisions under Articles 127 and 128 of the Constitution for appointing retired or eligible judges to tackle backlog. 3. Strengthening Court Administration Appointment of Court Managers: Deploy trained professionals to assist judges in administrative tasks, allowing them to focus solely on adjudication. Trained Support Staff: Skilled clerical and technical staff should be recruited for efficient court management. 4. Effective Case and Time Management Time-Bound Disposal: Set time limits for routine matters, supported by annual action plans and monitoring systems. Discouraging Adjournments: Enforce Order 17 of the Civil Procedure Code strictly—limit adjournments to three and impose penalties for delays. Avoiding Frivolous Litigation: Filter out baseless cases early through stringent scrutiny by the judiciary. 5. Leveraging Technology Digital Courts: Continue and expand e-filing, virtual hearings, online document submission, and real-time tracking of case status. of AI: Deploy Artificial Intelligence for routine, repetitive, and pattern-based cases (e.g., traffic fines, cheque bounce cases). 6. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Mediation, Arbitration, Lok Adalats: Promote out-of-court settlements to reduce litigation load Success of Lok Adalats: Between 2021 and March 2025, Lok Adalats resolved over 27.5 crore cases, including 22.21 crore pre-litigation and 5.34 crore pending cases. Conclusion Judicial reforms are imperative to ensure timely, affordable, and accessible justice in India. Persistent pendency and delays have eroded public trust in the legal system and undermined the principle of speedy justice enshrined in the Constitution.  A multi-pronged approach—strengthening court infrastructure, appointing adequate judges, enforcing strict timelines, integrating technology, and institutionalizing case management—can drastically improve judicial efficiency.  Mains Practice Question Q “Despite several reforms, judicial pendency continues to hamper access to timely justice in India.” Critically analyse the causes and suggest measures to overcome the delays in India’s judicial system. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://epaper.thehindu.com/reader?utm_source=Hindu&utm_medium=Menu&utm_campaign=Header&_gl=1*a9fyy3*_gcl_au*NTM5MTIxNzU2LjE3NTI0MjkwMzQuMTkzOTM3NzM4LjE3NTM3NjA1MTEuMTc1Mzc2MDUxMQ.. Financial Inclusion (GS paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) As per the Financial Inclusion Index (FI-Index) released by the RBI, financial inclusion across the country improved to 67 in March 2025, up from 64.2 in March 2024. Hence, in this article we are analysing the concepts associated with financial inclusion. What is Financial Inclusion? Financial inclusion may be defined as the process of ensuring access to financial services and timely and adequate credit where needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low income groups at an affordable cost These include not only banking products but also other financial services such as insurance and equity products RBI identified six strategic objectives of a national strategy for financial inclusion: universal access to financial services, providing basic bouquet of financial services,  access to livelihood and skill development,  financial literacy and education,  customer protection and grievance redressal, and  effective coordination.  Role of Financial Inclusion in Sustainable Development Financial inclusion plays a key role in achieving 7 out of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It boosts economic growth, supports job creation, and helps in reducing poverty. By offering access to credit, savings, insurance, and digital payments, it helps small businesses grow, create employment, and increase productivity. Access to insurance protects people from financial shocks, giving them confidence to take economic risks. It empowers women by giving them tools to manage finances, start businesses, and improve their decision-making power, helping reduce the gender gap. It builds climate resilience by enabling people and businesses to adopt sustainable practices, invest in climate-friendly technologies, and recover faster from natural disasters. Over 80% of adults without bank accounts live in climate-vulnerable areas, making financial inclusion critical for both economic and environmental stability. What is Financial Inclusion Index? It is a composite index created by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to measure the level of financial inclusion in India. It was first published in August 2021, for the financial year ending March 2021. The index covers data from five key sectors: Banking, Investments, Insurance, Postal services and Pension. The score ranges from 0 to 100:  0 = Complete financial exclusion 100 = Full financial inclusion The index has three major parts with different weights: Access (35%) – Availability of services (like bank branches, ATMs) Usage (45%) – How frequently people use financial services Quality (20%) – Includes: Financial literacy, Customer protection and Service quality and fairness Financial inclusion index 2025: Data FI index for Financial Year 2025 has improved and stands at 67 percent as compared to 64.2 percent for FY 2024. As per RBI, the improvement in FI Index in FY25 is largely due to usage and quality dimensions, reflecting deepening of financial inclusion, and sustained financial literacy initiatives.  Government flagship initiatives for financial inclusion Financial inclusion has been a key tool used by policymakers and governments globally to reduce inequalities, strengthen livelihoods of people at the bottom of the pyramid, and spur growth.  Some of the important schemes are: Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY):  It was launched in 2014, with a mission of financial inclusion to ensure access to financial services, namely, basic savings & deposit accounts, remittance, credit, insurance, pension in an affordable manner. Under the PMJDY, there are no account opening charges, no account maintenance charges, and no minimum balance charges.  Free RuPay debit card, with in-built accident insurance cover of Rs 2 lakh, and access to overdraft facility of up to Rs 10,000, are other major features of the scheme. PMJDY accounts are eligible for Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT), Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY), Atal Pension Yojana (APY), Micro Units Development & Refinance Agency Bank (MUDRA) scheme. As of July 9 2025, over 55.83 crore accounts have been created. These accounts give people direct access to government benefits and a safe place to save money. Digital India Programme It was launched in 2015, with the vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.  It comprises various initiatives under a single programme, each targeted to prepare India for becoming a knowledge economy and for bringing good governance to citizens through synchronised and coordinated engagement of the entire government. Bharat Interface for Money (BHIM) App, Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN), Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA), Aarogya Setu app, Digital India BHASHINI, and Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) are some of the initiatives under the Digital India programme. India’s Unified Payments Interface is also now the world’s number one real-time payment system. It has surpassed Visa to take the lead in processing daily transactions. UPI handles more than 640 million transactions every day, compared to Visa’s 639 million. (PIB). Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY):  It is a one-year life insurance Scheme renewable from year to year.  It offers coverage of Rs. Two lacs for death due to any reason and is available to people in the age group of 18 to 50 years having a bank account. Aadhar inclusion:  The pillar of financial inclusion is the JAM (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile) trinity, which has expanded the coverage of direct benefit transfers.  Through the implementation of its biometric identification system ‘Aadhar’, the government has enabled easy accessibility for opening bank accounts, and thus leading to financial inclusion. Atal Pension Yojna:  Launched in 2015 by the Government of India, the scheme is particularly targeted at unorganised sector workers, who often lack access to formal pension schemes.  APY encourages workers to save voluntarily for their retirement, thereby ensuring a secure financial future. Under APY, the subscribers would receive the fixed minimum pension of Rs. 1000 per month, Rs. 2000 per month, Rs. 3000 per month, Rs. 4000 per month and Rs. 5000 per month at the age of 60 years, depending on their contributions, which itself would be based on the age of joining APY. The age bracket for joining APY is 18 to 40 years. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY):  It is a one-year personal accident insurance Scheme, renewable annually.  It provides coverage for death/disability due to an accident and is available to people in the age group of 18 to 70 years, having a bank account and who give their consent to join and enable auto-debit. Key Challenges to Financial Inclusion in India Low Financial Awareness: Many people, especially in rural areas, are unaware of the benefits of banking, insurance, and credit, leading to low participation in formal finance. Weak Infrastructure: Lack of bank branches, ATMs, reliable electricity, and internet in remote regions limits access to financial services. Digital Gaps: Many lack smartphones, internet access, or the skills to use digital financial tools, making online services difficult to use. High Delivery Costs: Serving remote locations involves higher costs for banks, often making it financially unviable. Lack of Trust: People with little experience or negative past interactions with banks often hesitate to engage with formal institutions. Language Hurdles: Limited use of local languages in banking materials and apps creates barriers for non-English speakers. Gender Gaps: Cultural and social norms often restrict women’s access to banking services, resulting in fewer women owning or using accounts. Cash-Driven Informal Economy: Heavy reliance on cash and informal transactions slows the adoption of digital and formal financial tools. Dormant Accounts: Many accounts opened under schemes like PMJDY are inactive, showing a gap between access and usage. Limited Credit Access: Low-income individuals and informal businesses often struggle to get affordable loans due to lack of credit history or proper documentation. Complex Regulations: KYC and other compliance norms can be difficult to navigate for the financially excluded, as well as challenging for service providers. These barriers highlight the need for holistic solutions—combining better infrastructure, education, trust-building, gender inclusion, and simpler digital tools—to make financial inclusion truly meaningful across India. Mains Practice Question Q “Financial Inclusion is not just about opening bank accounts but about meaningful participation in the economy.” Elaborate. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-essentials/knowledge-nugget-rbi-financial-inclusion-index-economy-upsc-10144929/

Jul 28, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 28th July – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Ceasefire agreement Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and M23 rebels Category: INTERNATIONAL Context:  A ceasefire agreement in Doha, Qatar, between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Rwanda-backed M23 rebels Both sides committed to a “permanent ceasefire” and pledged to engage in dialogue, including the voluntary return of refugees and displaced persons. This deal follows years of intense conflict, especially after a renewed M23 offensive seized key cities like Goma and Bukavu in early 2025. Despite the breakthrough, the ceasefire is considered fragile due to several factors: Lack of International Support: Analysts warn that without strong international backing, the peace process could falter, as previous mediation attempts failed until Qatar’s surprise intervention. Ground Realities: Violence and mistrust persist, with the M23 threatening to resume fighting unless certain conditions are met, and some rebels have stated they will not retreat from their positions. Control and Administration: The M23 and its allies control vast territories in North and South Kivu provinces, raising concerns about security and the government’s ability to protect civilians. Deep-rooted Grievances: The conflict stems from overlapping ethnic, political, and economic issues, with external actors accused of supporting armed groups for their own interests. Key questions on disarmament and reintegration remain unresolved. Humanitarian Crisis: The long-running conflict has caused widespread displacement, leaving thousands in dire conditions. Learning Corner: Rebel Group Country/Region M23 (March 23 Movement) Democratic Republic of Congo TPLF (Tigray People’s Liberation Front) Ethiopia Taliban Afghanistan Houthis (Ansar Allah) Yemen PKK/YPG/Kurdish Groups Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) Colombia ISIS (Islamic State) Iraq, Syria, Global Source: THE HINDU Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Category: GEOGRAPHY Context: India’s preparation against Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) events A recent GLOF event in Nepal caused significant damage and led to the destruction of the Seti River’s bridge, emphasizing the rising risk of GLOF events in the Himalayas. India, particularly in the Himalayan region, is working to mitigate these risks through measures like improving early warning systems, monitoring glacial lakes, and strengthening infrastructure to resist such disasters. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is focused on enhancing mitigation efforts using scientific tools, including satellite technology and remote sensing data to predict GLOF events. Moreover, transboundary cooperation between India and Nepal is emphasized, given the shared watersheds and increasing risks from glacial lakes. Both countries have faced catastrophic GLOF events, and regional collaboration is critical for developing solutions to manage such risks effectively. India’s efforts include research on glacial lakes and climate patterns, community involvement in preparedness programs, and using advanced technologies like SAR interferometry for better risk assessment. However, the effectiveness of these strategies will depend on the continuous monitoring and collaboration between neighboring nations. Learning Corner: Natural Disasters in the Himalayan Region Type Description Examples Earthquakes Due to tectonic collision between Indian and Eurasian plates; region is seismically active 2015 Nepal Earthquake, 2005 Kashmir Earthquake Landslides Triggered by intense rainfall, deforestation, or seismic activity; frequent in steep terrains Kedarnath disaster (2013), frequent in Uttarakhand & Sikkim Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) Sudden release of water from glacial lakes due to moraine breach or heat Chamoli disaster (2021), Lhonak Lake threat in Sikkim Flash Floods Caused by cloudbursts or sudden glacial melt Leh flash floods (2010), Himachal flash floods (2023) Avalanches Sudden snow slides, especially in higher altitude regions during winters 2022 Gulmarg Avalanche, 2023 Siachen Avalanche Cloudbursts Intense, localized rainfall (>100 mm/hr) causing devastating floods and landslides Kedarnath (2013), Kinnaur (2021), Amarnath (2022) Source:  THE HINDU Brownian motion Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Scientists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have developed a groundbreaking microscope technique that enables real-time observation of molecular motion down to tens of angstroms Instead of imaging individual molecules directly, this new method detects them indirectly by analyzing how they interact with light and leveraging Brownian motion—the random jittering caused by molecular collisions. Key components of the method include: Use of a streak camera to track nanoscale dynamics with picosecond-level speed. Observation of an ensemble of molecules (hundreds of billions at once), with enough precision to infer individual molecular motion. A non-intrusive, label-free, and fast imaging process, making it suitable for applications in biomedical research, disease diagnostics, and nanomaterial fabrication. The technique involves directing a laser through a sample, then capturing the scattered light using a system that includes a digital micromirror device (DMD) and the streak camera. The interaction patterns and fluctuations in light provide information about molecular size and movement. This is now the world’s fastest single-molecule imaging technique, offering new possibilities in visualizing molecular behavior at unprecedented speeds and precision, without the need for fluorescent labels or direct visual observation. Learning Corner: Brownian Motion Brownian motion refers to the random, irregular movement of microscopic particles suspended in a fluid (liquid or gas), resulting from collisions with the fast-moving molecules of the fluid. Key Features: Discovered by: Robert Brown (1827), who observed pollen grains in water moving randomly under a microscope. Explained by: Albert Einstein (1905), who mathematically modeled it and linked it to molecular theory. Confirmed by: Jean Perrin, whose experimental work validated Einstein’s equations and helped establish the existence of atoms. Scientific Significance: Evidence of molecular motion: Brownian motion provided strong proof for the kinetic theory of matter, supporting the atomic nature of substances. Statistical mechanics: It is a cornerstone concept in the development of modern statistical and quantum physics. Mathematical modeling: Brownian motion forms the basis of stochastic processes, including Wiener processes in probability theory. Applications: Colloidal stability analysis Stock market modeling (in financial mathematics) Diffusion studies in chemistry and biology Source :  THE HINDU Chola dynasty Category: HISTORY Context Prime Minister Narendra Modi, during the Aadi Thiruvathirai festival at Gangaikonda Cholapuram, described the Chola dynasty as an “ancient roadmap” for realizing the vision of a developed India (Viksit Bharat). Military and Naval Strength: Highlighted the Cholas’ powerful navy and called for strengthening India’s maritime and defense capabilities. Cultural Unity: Praised the Cholas for fostering cultural integration, linking it to current initiatives like Kashi-Tamil Sangamam. Democratic Traditions: Cited the kudavolai system to emphasize India’s indigenous democratic roots. Water Management: Lauded the Cholas’ advanced irrigation systems as models for sustainable environmental practices. Art and Architecture: Recognized their enduring legacy in temple architecture, sculpture, and literature. Contemporary Actions: Announced statues of Raja Raja Chola and Rajendra Chola I, and highlighted efforts to recover cultural artifacts. Learning Corner:  Chola Dynasty  The Chola Dynasty was one of the longest-ruling and most powerful South Indian empires, flourishing primarily between the 9th and 13th centuries CE. Origin and Early Cholas The early Cholas are mentioned in Sangam literature (circa 300 BCE–300 CE), with rulers like Karikala Chola being notable. The imperial phase began with Vijayalaya Chola (850 CE), who captured Thanjavur from the Pallavas and laid the foundation of the later Chola Empire. Important Rulers Rajaraja I (985–1014 CE) Expanded the empire across Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and parts of Sri Lanka. Built the famous Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur (UNESCO World Heritage Site). Reorganized administration and revenue system. Rajendra I (1014–1044 CE) Took the empire to its greatest extent—conquering Sri Lanka, Andaman-Nicobar, Malay Peninsula, and even sending a naval expedition to the Srivijaya Empire (modern Indonesia). Built a new capital at Gangaikonda Cholapuram. Administration & Governance Highly centralized administration with efficient revenue collection. Use of village assemblies (sabhas) and the famous Kudavolai system for elections. Well-documented land grants and temple inscriptions. Naval Power & Foreign Trade The Cholas built one of the strongest navies in ancient India. Maintained active trade with Southeast Asia, China, and the Arab world. Art & Architecture Dravidian style temple architecture reached its zenith. Grand temples like Brihadeeswarar, Gangaikonda Cholapuram, and Airavatesvara Temple reflect architectural brilliance. Patronized Tamil literature and bronze sculpture, especially the Nataraja icon. Decline Began in the late 12th century due to internal strife and rising powers like the Pandyas and Hoysalas. The final blow came with Malik Kafur’s invasion in the early 14th century. Legacy Played a major role in spreading Tamil culture and Shaivism in Southeast Asia. Left behind enduring architectural, artistic, and literary contributions. Source: THE HINDU Textile sector Category: POLITY Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi has emphasized the growing importance of India’s textile sector, positioning it as a key pillar of economic growth, cultural identity, and self-reliance. Key Highlights: Economic Growth: The sector’s market value has grown from under ₹7 lakh crore in 2014 to over ₹12 lakh crore in 2024, with a 25% rise in yarn, fabric, and apparel production. Employment: As the second-largest employer after agriculture, the textile industry empowers rural artisans, women, and youth, and supports over 3,000 start-ups. Cultural Link: Textiles are seen as an expression of India’s rich heritage. The “farm to fibre to foreign” model reflects a blend of tradition and technology. Policy Support: Key initiatives include the National Technical Textiles Mission, PLI scheme, MITRA parks, and the Samarth skill development scheme. MSMEs contribute 80% to the sector. Export Goals: The government aims to boost textile exports from ₹3 lakh crore to ₹9 lakh crore by 2030, with recent export growth of 7%. Innovation & Quality: Emphasis on R&D, GI tagging, and quality control to enhance global competitiveness. Sustainability: The sector is addressing challenges like textile waste through resource-efficient practices. Vision 2047: Modi envisions the textile sector as central to building a self-reliant, developed India by 2047, benefiting farmers, artisans, and entrepreneurs alike. Learning Corner: Government Schemes for the Textile Sector Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Textiles (2021) Aims to boost production of man-made fibres (MMF) and technical textiles. Provides financial incentives over 5 years for incremental production. Focuses on high-value products to increase global competitiveness. PM MITRA (Mega Integrated Textile Region and Apparel) Parks Launched to develop world-class industrial infrastructure for textiles. 7 PM MITRA Parks to be set up with plug-and-play facilities and value chain integration. Inspired by the 5F vision: Farm to Fibre to Factory to Fashion to Foreign. SAMARTH (Scheme for Capacity Building in Textile Sector) Focuses on skill development in the textile value chain. Targets unemployed youth, especially from rural and marginalised sections. Includes placement-linked skilling programs. National Technical Textiles Mission (2020–2024) Aims to position India as a global leader in technical textiles. Promotes research, innovation, and indigenous development of high-performance textiles used in agriculture, defence, healthcare, etc. Integrated Wool Development Programme (IWDP) Supports the wool sector, particularly in Himalayan and tribal regions. Focuses on improving sheep breeding, shearing, wool processing, and marketing. Silk Samagra 2.0 A comprehensive scheme to boost silk production. Supports research, seed production, rearing infrastructure, and marketing. Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS) Provides capital subsidies for technology upgradation in textiles. Encourages modernization of machinery to improve productivity and quality. PowerTex India Focuses on power loom sector modernization. Offers subsidies for loom upgrades, common facilities, and solar power use. Handloom & Handicrafts Schemes Includes National Handloom Development Programme (NHDP) and Comprehensive Handicrafts Cluster Development Scheme (CHCDS). Aims at financial assistance, marketing support, and infrastructure development for artisans. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) World Bank report on Indian cities (GS paper I - Indian Society, GS Paper II - Governance) Introduction (Context) The World Bank, in collaboration with the Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), released a report titled “Towards Resilient and Prosperous Cities in India”. It estimates that Indian cities will need $2.4 trillion by 2050 to build climate-resilient infrastructure and urban services. Key highlights of the Report The report stated that India’s urban population is expected to almost double by 2050 to 951 million and more than 144 million new homes will be needed by 2070. The rapid growth of built-up areas will increase the temperature. Intense heat waves and urban heat island effects are already causing temperatures in city centres to rise by over 3-4 degrees over surrounding areas.  It is also reducing cities’ capacity to absorb storm water, making them more vulnerable to floods. The report said that climate change and urbanization patterns are the main drivers of stormwater-related or pluvial flooding risks, with a forecasted increase in risk of 3.6 to 7 times by 2070.   Annual estimated losses just from pluvial or storm water related flooding are likely to increase from $4 billion in 2023 to up to $14-30 billion by 2070, exposing up to 46.4 million people. Heat-related deaths can double to over 3 lakh each year by 2050 due to global warming and the urban heat island phenomenon.  In addition, flash floods are recurring events in urban spaces. In India, flash floods are often associated with cloudbursts – sudden, intense rainfall in a short period of time. Himalayan states further face the challenge of overflowing glacial lakes, formed due to the melting of glaciers, and their numbers have been increasing in the last few years. Terminologies Urban Heat Island: An urban heat island is a local and temporary phenomenon experienced when certain pockets within a city experience a higher heat load than surrounding or neighbouring areas on the same day. The variations are mainly due to heat remaining trapped within locations that often resemble concrete jungles. The temperature variation can range between 3 to 5 degrees Celsius. Heat Wave:  A period of abnormally high temperatures, often accompanied by high humidity, lasting for several days or weeks. In India, IMD defines it as a temperature of 40°C or more in plains and 30°C or more in hilly regions for at least 2 consecutive days. Stormwater: Water that originates from rainfall or melted snow and flows over surfaces such as roads, rooftops, and open land, often entering drainage systems. Pluvial Flood: A type of flooding caused by intense rainfall overwhelming urban drainage systems or ground infiltration capacity, leading to surface water accumulation in streets and low-lying areas, irrespective of river overflow. Flash Flood: A sudden and intense flood occurring within 3 to 6 hours of heavy rainfall or events like cloudbursts or dam breaks. It is highly localized, often occurs in urban areas or hilly terrain, and causes rapid water accumulation and destruction. Practices adopted in cities to make resilience against climate change  Ahmedabad has developed a Heat Action Plan model which aims to strengthen early warning systems, improve healthcare readiness, increase green cover and shift work schedules for outdoor laborers. Kolkata has adopted a city-level flood forecasting and warning system. Indore has invested in a modern solid waste management system, improving cleanliness and supporting green jobs. Chennai has adopted a climate action plan based on thorough risk assessment and targeting both adaptation and low-carbon growth. Recommendations The report has studied 24 Indian cities, with a special focus on Chennai, Indore, New Delhi, Lucknow, Surat and Thiruvananthapuram, and finds that timely adaptation can avert billions of dollars of annual losses from future weather-related shocks.  For example, annual pluvial flood-related losses can be averted and can amount to $5 billion by 2030, and $30 billion by 2070. Investments in adaptation will also save over 130,000 lives from extreme heat impacts by 2050. To urgently help Indian cities and support vulnerable populations, this report outlines key recommendations: Implement programs to address extreme urban heat and flooding, including better regulation of stormwater, green spaces, installation of cool roofs, and effective early warning systems. Invest in resilient infrastructure and municipal services, energy efficient and resilient housing, modernize solid waste management, and make urban transport flood resilient. Improve access to urban finance through better private sector engagement. The report estimates that investments of over $2.4 trillion will be needed by 2050 to meet the need for new, resilient, and low-carbon infrastructure and services in cities. The private sector’s role will be critical in meeting these investments. Conclusion The World Bank report has rightly emphasized that without robust urban governance, financial planning, and local autonomy, India’s urban transition could become a disaster-in-waiting. For sustainable development and inclusive growth, India must treat cities not just as growth engines, but as resilient ecosystems needing urgent investments in infrastructure, institutions, and innovation. Mains Practice Question Q “India’s urban transition is occurring alongside intensifying climate risks. In this context, examine the role of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in making Indian cities resilient and prosperous. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-essentials/knowledge-nugget-world-bank-report-urban-bodies-cities-ulbs-upsc-10147022/ China’s mega dam on Brahmaputra & concerns in India (GS paper III – Environment, GS Paper II - International relations) Introduction (Context) China has officially commenced construction of a massive hydroelectric dam on the Yarlung Zangbo (Brahmaputra) river near the Arunachal Pradesh border.  The project ($167.8 billion hydropower project), expected to be the world’s largest, raises significant hydrological, ecological, and strategic concerns for India and Bangladesh. Location of the Project The dam on the Yarlung Zangbo (or Tsangpo), as the Brahmaputra is known in Tibet, is being built at the “Great Bend”, where the river makes a U-turn in Medog county before entering India at Gelling in Arunachal Pradesh. The river is called Siang in Arunachal Pradesh. The dam will have a generation capacity of 60,000 MW, three times that of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze, which is currently the world’s biggest hydropower station. Key concerns for India Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister Pema Khandu has once described China’s Brahmaputra mega dam as a “water bomb” and “existential threat”. The Brahmaputra is the lifeline of Assam, fundamental to its economy, and central to its history, culture, and ecology. Any significant disruption in the flow of the river in the state will have far-reaching consequences. Meaning of Water Bomb The term “water bomb” has been used for weaponised water release. If China were to suddenly release a large volume of stored water whether by accident, natural disaster, or deliberately it could trigger catastrophic flash floods in downstream regions like Siang valley in Arunachal Pradesh and parts of Assam. Tibet is a seismically active zone where the Indian tectonic plate collides with the Eurasian plate, and the region where the dam is coming up is considered to be earthquake-prone and ecologically extremely fragile. Meaning of “existential threat” Indigenous communities in the Siang belt depend heavily on the river for fishing, agriculture, and daily life. Any major disruption like flooding or long-term depletion would threaten their survival and cultural identity. Sudden changes in water flow can harm the rich biodiversity and fragile ecosystem of the Eastern Himalayas. Riverine flora and fauna could face extinction or habitat loss. In the long run Siang and Brahmaputra rivers could dry up considerably. China’s Stand The Chinese Foreign Ministry claims the project is within its sovereign rights. Assures cooperation via data sharing, flood control, and disaster reduction. India’s Response India issued no official reaction after the July 19 ceremony but has said it is monitoring Chinese infrastructure interventions on the river. The Chinese side has been urged to ensure that the interests of downstream states of the Brahmaputra are not harmed by activities in upstream areas. Increased Diplomatic Engagement through: Foreign Secretary-led dialogue in March discussed cross-border cooperation. Kailash Mansarovar Yatra resumed in June 2025. Tourist visas to Chinese citizens resumed in July 2025. Mitigation measures India should make scientific calculations about the Chinese dam project, and build its own capability and capacity to preempt any deliberate actions in the future. India could plan storage on rivers of the Brahmaputra system to absorb potential variations in flows (periods of flooding and reduced flows).  The Upper Siang project in Arunachal Pradesh, with its 300-metre-high dam, is seen as important not just for its formidable hydropower potential, but also as a strategic imperative in view of the Chinese projects in Tibet.  The dam’s storage can serve as a buffer against variations in the flow of the river. However, progress on the project has been slowed by local resistance against the potential adverse environmental impact of the dam. There is a need to build more inland channels to carry the flow of excess water in the future. The National Water Development Authority has proposed two links to connect the Brahmaputra and its tributaries to the Ganga basin with the aim of transferring surplus water to water-scarce regions. There is the need to utilise diplomatic channels to seek detailed hydrological and project-related data from China in order to assess downstream impacts on a continuous basis. India should also have conversations with other low riparian neighbours — Bhutan, Bangladesh and even Myanmar — on developing a coordinated protocol for advance warning and disaster preparedness. Mains Practice Question Q China’s construction of a mega dam on the Brahmaputra river poses serious ecological and geopolitical challenges for India. Examine the implications for India’s water security and suggest a multi-pronged response strategy.(250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/chinas-mega-dam-on-brahmaputra-concerns-in-india-10151594/

Jul 26, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 26th July – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) E3 Group Category: INTERNATIONAL Context:  Iran held nuclear talks in Istanbul with diplomats from Britain, France, and Germany (E3 countries) to resolve the deadlock over its nuclear programme. The meeting ended with an agreement to continue discussions. The focus was on whether to reimpose UN sanctions on Iran using the “snapback” mechanism, especially if progress isn’t made by August. The E3 had warned of sanctions if Iran fails to meet its nuclear obligations. While Iran remains skeptical of Western intentions, European leaders are concerned about Iran’s lack of transparency. Both sides agreed to meet again, but tensions remain over trust and commitment. Learning Corner: E3 Group: The E3 refers to a group of three major European countries: France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. They often coordinate on foreign policy, especially on global security and non-proliferation issues. Origin: The E3 format emerged during negotiations with Iran over its nuclear program in the early 2000s, even before the broader P5+1 (which includes the US, China, and Russia). Role: They act together to uphold the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), also known as the Iran nuclear deal. Focus: Nuclear non-proliferation, diplomacy, sanctions enforcement, and maintaining international agreements. Current Relevance: The E3 continues to engage Iran diplomatically to prevent nuclear escalation and uphold UN resolutions. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Delimitation Category: POLITY Context: The Supreme Court of India has rejected a plea seeking the start of the delimitation process for constituencies in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana A bench of Justices Surya Kant and N.K. Sinha ruled that the delimitation carried out in Jammu & Kashmir under a special provision cannot be used as a precedent for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, as J&K is a Union Territory governed by a distinct constitutional framework. The Court emphasized: Article 170 (which governs State Assemblies) does not apply to Union Territories like J&K. Section 26 of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 already provides for delimitation, but only after the first census post-2026. The existing notifications are not arbitrary and do not violate Article 14 (Right to Equality). Learning Corner: Delimitation in India  Delimitation refers to the act of redrawing the boundaries of electoral constituencies to ensure fair representation based on population changes. Constitutional Basis: Article 82: Empowers the Parliament to enact a Delimitation Act after every census. Article 170: Deals with the composition of State Legislative Assemblies and requires delimitation of constituencies based on population. Delimitation Commission Act: Based on this Act, the Delimitation Commission is constituted to carry out the delimitation process. Article 329(a): Bars courts from questioning the validity of delimitation once finalized by the Commission. Key Points: The last delimitation was based on the 2001 Census; future delimitation is frozen until after the 2026 Census, to ensure population control is not disincentivized. Jammu & Kashmir underwent delimitation under a distinct constitutional framework post its reorganization as a Union Territory in 2019. The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 (Section 26) provides for delimitation only after the first census post-2026. Purpose: Ensure equal representation. Maintain the principle of “one person, one vote”. Adjust constituencies as per population shifts. Delimitation is thus a constitutional tool to uphold democratic fairness while balancing administrative and political considerations. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Exercise Talisman Sabre (TS25) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Air Marshal Ashutosh Dixit, Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (CISC), is visiting Australia from July 26 to 28, 2025, to witness the 11th edition of Exercise Talisman Sabre (TS25). TS25 involves 19 countries and features complex joint training across air, land, sea, space, and cyber domains, including live-fire and amphibious operations. For the first time, six Indian officers are participating as Staff Planners, marking a shift from previous observer roles in 2021 and 2023. Their involvement includes planning and coordination in joint operations. The visit reflects India’s growing role in regional defense cooperation and its commitment to strengthening military interoperability and partnerships in the Indo-Pacific. Learning Corner: Military Exercises by India India conducts a wide range of bilateral, multilateral, and domestic military exercises aimed at strengthening military preparedness, enhancing interoperability, and fostering diplomatic ties. Types of Military Exercises: Bilateral Exercises: Garuda – With France (Air Force) MALABAR – Initially bilateral (India-US), now quadrilateral with Japan and Australia (Navy) Yudh Abhyas – With United States (Army) Shakti – With France (Army) Varuna – With France (Navy) Sampriti – With Bangladesh (Army) Hand-in-Hand – With China (Army) Multilateral Exercises: RIMPAC – Rim of the Pacific (World’s largest naval exercise led by the USA) TSENTR / Vostok – With SCO countries and Russia Cobra Gold – Hosted by Thailand, includes India and several Asia-Pacific nations Exercise Talisman Sabre (TS25) – Multinational drill hosted by Australia and the US, with India’s increasing role Tri-Service Exercises: INDRA – With Russia (All three services) Tiger Triumph – With USA (India’s first tri-service exercise with any country) Domestic Exercises: Dakshin Shakti, Gagan Shakti, Vayu Shakti, etc., are large-scale joint or single-service readiness drills conducted within India. Source :  PIB Thai and Cambodian border disputes Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Clashes between Thai and Cambodian forces near their disputed border have resulted in at least 11 deaths The fighting has centered around contested areas near the ancient temples of Prasat Ta Muen Thom and Preah Vihear. The use of heavy artillery and fighter jets marks a major escalation. Both nations blame each other for starting the conflict and have recalled ambassadors and closed border crossings. Over 138,000 Thai civilians and thousands of Cambodians have been displaced. International appeals for a ceasefire and diplomatic resolution have intensified amid fears of a broader regional conflict. Learning Corner: Preah Vihear Temple: An 11th-century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, located on the Dangrek Mountains along the Thailand-Cambodia border. Built in the Khmer architectural style, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (since 2008). Known for its unique linear axial layout, symbolizing a spiritual ascent toward Mount Meru. Subject of a longstanding territorial dispute between Thailand and Cambodia. In 1962, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) awarded the temple to Cambodia, though tensions have continued. Prasat Ta Muen Thom: A 9th to 11th-century Khmer-era temple, also dedicated to Shiva, located near the Thai-Cambodian border in the Surin Province (Thailand). Built along the ancient Khmer royal road linking Angkor with other sacred sites. Strategically located at a mountain pass, it features a sanctuary, laterite walls, and sacred lingas. Its borderline location has led to military and diplomatic tensions, with both Thailand and Cambodia claiming proximity rights. Source: THE HINDU Export Promotion Mission (EPM) Category: POLITY Context: The Export Promotion Mission, launched in the Union Budget 2025–26, aims to drive export-led growth by empowering MSMEs Key Objectives Boost global competitiveness of Indian exports. Improve MSMEs’ access to credit, infrastructure, and global markets. Reduce non-tariff barriers and promote ESG-aligned exports. Accelerate digitalisation and logistics efficiency. Major Components Credit Support: Collateral-free loans, interest equalisation, trade finance tools. Infrastructure: Modern ports, customs digitisation, export hubs. Digital Trade: Unified trade portals and paperless systems. Market Expansion: FTAs, overseas offices, branding assistance. Capacity Building: Skill training and awareness on global standards. Green Export Incentives: Support for ESG-compliant exports to advanced markets. Special Initiatives NIRYAT PROTSAHAN: Trade finance, credit cards for e-exporters, support for first-time exporters. NIRYAT DISHA: Helps in branding, warehousing, and compliance for global access. Support for Women & First-time Exporters: Dedicated funding windows and training. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Kargil, Pahalgam and a revamp of the security strategy (GS paper III – Internal Security) Introduction (Context) Kargil war (fought between India and Pakistan) and in April, 2025, Pakistan-based terrorists launched a terror attack on innocent civilians at a popular tourist spot in Pahalgam.  Kargil was a watershed moment for India in its conventional fighting capability, Pahalgam has set the bar against any future terror attack in India. Over two decades, India has steadily re-strategized its security policies, sending out a clear message to Pakistan and the world that India will not tolerate any future mis-adventure. Key Events Kargil War (May–July 1999) Fought between India and Pakistan in Kargil district, J&K. Caused by infiltration of Pakistani soldiers disguised as militants. India evicted Pakistani forces through Operation Vijay. Outcome: Restored status quo ante along LOC; highlighted intelligence gaps, lack of high-altitude warfare preparedness, and spurred military reforms. Pahalgam Attack (April 22, 2025) Pakistan-based terrorists killed 26 tourists in Pahalgam, Kashmir. In retaliation, India launched Operation Sindoor (May 7-10, 2025) and struck terror bases and military airbases across Pakistan. Outcome: Ceasefire was signed between India and Pakistan Lessons from Kargil Intelligence failure Neither military nor civilian intelligence agencies had worked on the possibility of any large-scale military infiltration by Pakistani forces in Kargil.  The absence of real-time intelligence and effective aerial surveillance led to a delayed decision making and early losses.  Shortcomings of the system There were serious shortcomings in terms of equipment, logistics and the operational readiness of India’s armed forces.  India’s troops lacked the wherewithal to fight war in high altitude areas as they did not have specialised high-altitude gear, adequate artillery support, and real-time communications. What changed after Kargil? Formation of new agencies and departments: New agencies such as Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) set up in 2002 and National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) established in 2004 ere set up. To avoid future intelligence failures like Kargil, the government improved teamwork between different intelligence agencies – RAW (external intelligence), IB (internal intelligence) and Military intelligence units This led to a revamp of key institutions like National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) and Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) The post of National Security Adviser (NSA) was made permanent. The NSA now plays a central role in India’s security and strategic decisions, directly advising the Prime Minister. Military Modernisation Kargil war showed that India needed to modernise its army, both in terms of weapons and war strategy. It also became clear that India cannot always depend on other countries, so it must become self-reliant in defence. The acquisition and the deployment of modern weapon platforms such as Rafale fighters, Apache attack helicopters, Chinook heavy-lift helicopters, and S-400 missile defence systems, home-grown artillery and BrahMos missiles are some of the results. Cold Start Doctrine India developed a new military strategy called the Cold Start Doctrine. It aimed at rapid mobilisation and swift, limited incursions without breaching the nuclear threshold. Focus on Mountain Warfare Kargil war highlighted the importance of being prepared for high-altitude warfare. As a result, India raised a special Mountain Corps for operations in mountainous areas. Joint Coordination in Armed Forces The war also exposed the lack of coordination between the Army, Navy, and Air Force. To fix this India created the post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) in 2019. Steps were taken to create integrated theatre commands where all three forces can work together during operations. Evolution of India’s Counter-Terror Strategy Hijacking of IC-814 – It occurred just after Kargil and India agreed to release dreaded terrorists. Terror attack on Parliament – led to a year-long mobilisation of Indian armed forces under ‘Operation Parakram’, but it did not result in any direct punishment to Pakistan. The 26/11 Mumbai terror attack (November 2008) also did not lead to any punishment for Pakistan. Uri Attack – changed the response mechanism and first surgical strikes occurred in Pakistan-occupied territory. Pulwama attack (2019) – Balakot air strikes targeting JeM camps in Pakistan. Pahalgam (2025) – Deep strikes on terror and military infrastructure, signalling end of strategic restraint. Conclusion Kargil (1999) to Pahalgam in 2025, India’s security doctrine has evolved from reactive defense to decisive deterrence. Strategic reforms, military modernisation, and political will have together redefined India’s stance on cross-border terrorism. However, the Indian political and military leadership has to remain vigilant and stay ahead of the curve.  Mains Practice Question “From Kargil to Pahalgam, India’s national security strategy has undergone a paradigm shift.” Critically analyse the evolution of India’s conventional and counter-terrorism responses since 1999. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/kargil-pahalgam-and-a-revamp-of-the-security-strategy/article69855894.ece M.S Swaminathan and Mangroves (GS paper III – Environment) Introduction (Context) Until the late 1980s, the value of mangroves was primarily understood by the communities that lived around them and relied on them for fishery resources and their livelihoods. However, mangroves now occupy a central position in the area of disaster risk reduction in coastal areas, climate adaptation through carbon sequestration, enhancement of coastal fishery resources, or the conservation of shoreline bird sanctuaries. 26th July is celebrated as World Mangrove Day which commemorates the significance of mangroves in coastal resilience and climate mitigation. What are Mangroves? Mangroves are salt-tolerant coastal forests that thrive in brackish water. Known for their dense root systems, mangroves provide critical ecosystem services by stabilizing coastlines, preventing soil erosion, and acting as nurseries for various marine species.  Common mangrove species in India include Rhizophora, Avicennia, and Sonneratia. Key Benefits of Mangroves: Coastal Protection: Act s buffer against tsunamis, cyclones, storm surges, and coastal erosion. Carbon Sequestration: Known as ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems, mangroves capture and store carbon at a much faster rate than terrestrial forests. Biodiversity Hotspot: Home to fish, crustaceans, birds, and even endangered species. Livelihood Security: Support fisheries, aquaculture, and eco-tourism for local communities. Water Filtration: Trap sediments and pollutants, improving coastal water quality. Status of mangroves cover in India Total mangrove cover: 4,992 square kilometers (4,991.68 sq km). Percentage of total geographical area: 0.15%. State with the largest mangrove cover: West Bengal. Second largest: Gujarat. Third largest: Andaman & Nicobar Islands.  ISFR 2019 to the ISFR 2023, there has been a significant increase, of 16.68 km2, in the country’s mangrove coverage. How Swaminathan initiated Mangrove conservation? At the Climate Change and Human Responses conference in Tokyo in 1989, M.S. Swaminathan proposed a leading role for mangroves in managing the impact of climate change in coastal areas. He stated for sustainable management of mangrove wetlands are important because:  rising sea levels due to climate change would cause a salinisation of land and water resources in coastal areas, leading to the loss of food production and employment. further, a rise in the frequency of cyclones due to rising sea surface temperatures could cause the loss of life, livelihoods, and natural resources.  Hence restoration of mangroves is important, based on the principles of ecology, economics, and equity as well as research on the utilisation of mangrove genetic resources to develop new saline-tolerant crops (by transferring genes for salinity tolerance from mangroves to rice and other crops).  As a result, the International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME) was established in 1990 in Okinawa, Japan and M.S. Swaminathan served as its Founding President till 1993. He co-created the Charter for Mangroves and included it in the World Charter for Nature, prepared by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992.  He has also contributed in the development of GLObal Mangrove database and Information System (GLOMIS), a searchable database on mangrove experts, research, and species, including the Mangrove Ecosystem Information Services, which focused on documenting genetic resources.   In 1992, a team of scientists surveyed and evaluated 23 mangrove sites in South, Southeast Asia, and Oceania over nine countries, with scientific inputs from M.S. Swaminathan, to establish a global network of Mangrove Genetic Resource Centres. These centres are now conserved, monitored and managed as ‘Protected Areas’ by the respective governments. Role of International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME)  It conducted an assessment of the economic and environmental values of mangrove forests, including those in India, as well as the current state of their conservation. It also organised a series of workshops on mangrove conservation and sustainable utilisation Published a manual of mangrove ecosystem restoration Produced a World Mangrove Atlas.  The ISME is promoting applied research, providing training to various stakeholders, and acting as a centre of knowledge products on mangroves. Conservation of Mangroves in India During British rule and even after Independence, mangroves (especially in Sundarbans) were cleared for agriculture and settlements. A method called “clear-felling” (cutting down mangroves completely) was widely used until the Indian Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 was enacted. State Forest Departments of independent India attempted for restoration of mangroves in clear-felled areas but yielded minimal results. Researchers from the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) worked with forest departments starting in 1993. They founded that Biophysical changes caused by poor management practices were the main reason for mangrove degradation. Steps taken were: A scientific and eco-friendly technique was developed, called the “Fishbone Canal Method”. This method helped restore natural water flow and improve mangrove regeneration. It was pilot-tested in the mangroves of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and West Bengal. This method later evolved into a Joint Mangrove Management programme, which the then Ministry of Environment and Forests, evaluated in 2000 through a committee and recommended for replication in all suitable areas. This resulted in more investment by the Central and State governments for mangrove restoration and conservation.  Case study: Mangroves has played a key role during the 1999 Odisha super cyclone and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, in reducing the loss of life and damage to property and natural resources, paved the way for valuing large-scale restoration of mangroves, in India and globally. Conclusion Mangroves have evolved from being viewed as expendable marshy lands to becoming global symbols of ecosystem-based resilience, thanks to the pioneering efforts of Dr. M.S. Swaminathan. His vision integrated science, policy, and community participation, making mangrove conservation central to both disaster risk reduction and sustainable development. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the ecological and economic significance of mangrove forests in the context of climate change and coastal resilience. Highlight India’s efforts in mangrove restoration. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-scientist-who-made-mangroves-a-buzzword/article69855942.ece