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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 20th June – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Bridging the Propulsion Gap Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: India remains heavily reliant on imported aircraft engines, affecting its defence capabilities and strategic autonomy Decoding Context:  Key Developments: HF-24 Marut: India’s first indigenous fighter jet, developed in the 1950s-70s, underperformed due to lack of a powerful indigenous engine, relying instead on imported engines. Kaveri Engine Project: Launched in 1986 for the LCA Tejas, it failed to meet requirements even after decades of development and ₹2,000 crore in spending. Why It Matters: Engine Dependency: Recent disruptions (e.g., GE F404 engine delivery delays from the U.S.) highlight how foreign engine delays hinder military programs like the LCA Mk1A. Import Bottlenecks: India depends on imported engines for air, sea, and land systems—impacting tanks, submarines, aircraft, and ships. This creates strategic vulnerability. Impact on Future Projects: India’s 5th-gen AMCA and other defence programs risk delays unless engine self-sufficiency is prioritized. Strategic Importance: Indigenous propulsion tech is crucial for: Sustained military readiness. Reducing foreign dependency. Withstanding geopolitical shocks. It’s not just a technical issue but a national security imperative. Learning Corner: HF-24 Marut (India’s first indigenous fighter jet) Developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in the 1950s with German assistance (engineer Kurt Tank). A milestone in India’s aerospace history. Faced engine issues due to lack of indigenous jet engine. Used underpowered British Orpheus engines. Retired in 1990 due to poor engine performance and limited upgrades. Kaveri Engine Project Initiated in 1986 to power the LCA Tejas fighter. Developed by Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE). Project delayed and unsuccessful due to technical challenges. ₹2,000+ crore spent without producing a viable combat-ready engine. Never inducted into the armed forces. AMCA Programme India’s 5th generation Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). Needs a more powerful indigenous engine (110 kN thrust). HAL negotiating with GE to co-develop an engine for AMCA. PM Modi announced $1 billion GE-HAL partnership to manufacture GE-414 engines in India. Source: THE HINDU International Conference to decipher Indus script Category: HISTORY Context: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) will organize a major international conference titled “Decipherment of Indus Script: Current Status and Way Forward” Purpose and Structure Aims to bring together global scholars and researchers to discuss the undeciphered Indus script. Will feature thematic sessions, presentations (in-person and virtual), and discussions. Registration and paper submission deadline: June 30, 2025. Background The Indus script, dating back to 3300–1300 BCE, remains undeciphered despite over a century of study. Found on seals, tablets, and pottery of the Harappan civilization across India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Conference Goals Assess the current research status. Outline future research directions. Promote interdisciplinary collaboration and support young scholars. Key Challenges Inscriptions are very short, limiting grammatical analysis. No bilingual texts exist for comparison. Underlying language remains unknown. Limited number and high symbol variation complicate interpretation. Recent Developments Renewed global interest, including a $1 million prize for decipherment. New archaeological finds in Tamil Nadu show possible links to Indus symbols. Ongoing debates connect the script to Dravidian languages and other cultural traditions. Learning Corner: Indus Valley Civilization (IVC Time Period: ~3300 BCE to 1300 BCE Mature Phase: ~2600 BCE to 1900 BCE Geographical Extent: Spread across present-day Pakistan, and northwestern India (Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat, Rajasthan). Major sites include: Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan) Mohenjo-daro (Sindh, Pakistan) Dholavira (Gujarat, India) Rakhigarhi (Haryana, India) Kalibangan, Lothal, Banawali Key Features of the Civilization Urban Planning: Grid-pattern streets, drainage systems, granaries, and citadels. Architecture: Use of burnt bricks, standardized weights and measures. Economy: Trade (including overseas with Mesopotamia), agriculture, crafts (beads, pottery, metallurgy). Society: Evidence suggests a relatively egalitarian structure; no clear evidence of kings or temples. Religion: No temples found; likely worship of nature, fertility cults, proto-Shiva (pashupati seal), mother goddess figurines. Decline: Gradual—due to environmental shifts (climate change, river drying), and possible socio-economic disruption. Indus Script: Key Points Nature: Pictographic or logo-syllabic script found on seals, pottery, tablets, and copper tools. Undeciphered: Despite over a century of study, the script has not been conclusively deciphered. First Reported: In the 1931 excavation report of Mohenjo-daro. Writing Direction: Generally, right to left. Number of Symbols: Around 400–600 distinct signs. Usage: Mostly short inscriptions (average 5 symbols), often used on seals for trade or identification. Challenges in Decipherment: No bilingual inscriptions (like Rosetta Stone) Very short texts—no grammar context Unknown language base Variations in signs Source: THE HINDU Arak Heavy Water Reactor Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context :  Israël strike-hit Arak heavy water reactor was part of Tehran’s nuclear deal. About Arak Heavy Water Reactor  Located ~250 km southwest of Tehran, the Arak reactor has long been a global concern due to its capacity for producing weapons-grade plutonium. Originally designed to generate ~9 kg of plutonium per year—enough for one nuclear bomb annually. Role in the 2015 JCPOA (Iran Nuclear Deal) Iran agreed to redesign the Arak reactor to prevent plutonium production. The original core was disabled and filled with cement. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) verified the reactor was made inoperable and monitored modifications. Recent Developments (2025) June 19, 2025: Israeli airstrike damaged the reactor’s core seal and its heavy water production plant, aiming to prevent future weaponization. The reactor was not yet fueled, and the IAEA confirmed no radioactive risk. Concerns remain that Iran has not fully completed the redesign, with construction reportedly continuing and possible operation by 2026. Learning Corner: Types of Nuclear Reactors Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Moderator & Coolant: Light water (H₂O) Fuel: Enriched uranium (~3–5% U-235) Working: Water is pressurized to prevent boiling; heat is transferred via a steam generator. Example: Most reactors in the USA and France India: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (built with Russian technology) Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Moderator & Coolant: Light water Fuel: Enriched uranium Working: Water boils in the reactor core to generate steam directly for turbines. Example: Fukushima (Japan), Tarapur (India) India: Tarapur Units 1 & 2 (BWRs supplied by the US in the 1960s) Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) Moderator & Coolant: Heavy water (D₂O) Fuel: Natural uranium Working: Uses pressurized heavy water as both moderator and coolant. Allows online refuelling. Example: CANDU (Canada), IPHWR (India) India: Rajasthan, Kakrapar, Kaiga, and other reactors. Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) Moderator: None Coolant: Liquid sodium Fuel: Mixed oxide (MOX) – plutonium + uranium Working: Produces more fissile fuel than it consumes (breeding plutonium from U-238). Example: Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), Kalpakkam (India) India: Key to Stage-2 of India’s 3-stage nuclear program. Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) Moderator & Coolant: Heavy water (moderator), light water (coolant) Fuel: Thorium + Uranium-233 Working: Designed for India’s Stage-3 thorium program. India: Designed indigenously; under development by BARC. Gas-Cooled Reactor (GCR/AGR) Moderator: Graphite Coolant: Carbon dioxide gas Fuel: Enriched uranium Example: AGR (UK), Magnox reactors Not used in India Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) (Experimental) Fuel: Uranium or thorium dissolved in molten salt Coolant: Molten salt Advantages: High temperature, passive safety Status: Under research in USA, China; India exploring for thorium use. Comparison Table (Summary) Type Fuel Moderator Coolant Key Feature PWR Enriched Uranium Light Water Light Water Indirect steam generation BWR Enriched Uranium Light Water Light Water Direct steam generation PHWR Natural Uranium Heavy Water Heavy Water Online refueling, indigenous FBR MOX (Pu + U) None Liquid Sodium Breeds Pu-239, high neutron economy AHWR Thorium + U-233 Heavy Water Light Water Utilizes thorium cycle GCR/AGR Enriched Uranium Graphite CO₂ Gas Used mainly in UK MSR Thorium/Uranium Molten Salt Molten Salt Experimental, passive safety Source :  THE HINDU National Green Hydrogen Mission Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : The government has launched the National Green Hydrogen Mission aiming to produce 5 MMT by 2030. Decoding Context Challenges in Export Demand High production costs ($4–$5/kg) make green hydrogen less competitive compared to grey hydrogen. Global policy uncertainties and delays in foreign incentives are weakening international demand. Limited offtake agreements with countries like those in the EU; discussions are ongoing but export volumes remain low. Infrastructure and financing gaps hinder India’s ability to scale and deliver exports effectively. Domestic Strategy and Demand The government may introduce mandates for fertilizer and refinery sectors to use green hydrogen. Domestic offtake between 2024–2027 will likely be led by refineries and fertilizer producers. Industry bodies recommend blending green hydrogen in existing supply chains and targeting niche sectors like ceramics and glass. Global Outlook The EU is moving forward with hydrogen auctions and incentives. In the US, focus is shifting toward blue hydrogen, with green projects facing policy and connectivity hurdles. Export logistics remain complex and expensive, further limiting India’s competitiveness abroad. Learning Corner: Green Hydrogen Definition: Green hydrogen is hydrogen gas produced by electrolysis of water using renewable electricity (solar, wind, etc.) with zero carbon emissions. Production Process: Electrolysis: Splits water (H₂O) into hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂) using electricity. Renewable Source: The electricity must come from non-fossil sources (solar, wind, hydro). Types of Hydrogen (by source and emission): Type Source Emissions Green Water + Renewable power Zero Blue Natural gas + CCS (capture) Low (with storage) Grey Natural gas/coal High Brown/Black Lignite/Coal Very high Applications: Fertilizer Industry: As a replacement for grey hydrogen (currently used in ammonia). Oil Refineries: For desulphurization processes. Steel Sector: Clean hydrogen can replace coking coal (green steel). Transportation: Especially for long-haul, shipping, and heavy-duty trucks. Power Storage: Acts as energy carrier for grid balancing. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Revised Green India Mission (2021–2030) Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Government has revised Green India Mission under National Action Plan on Climate Change. Here is a concise version of the Revised Green India Mission (GIM) without citations: Key Objectives Afforestation & Restoration on 5 million hectares of forest and non-forest land. Improve forest quality on an additional 5 million hectares. Combat land degradation and desertification, especially in ecologically sensitive zones. Enhance ecosystem services (carbon sequestration, biodiversity, water retention). Strengthen livelihoods for forest-dependent communities. Focus Areas Ecologically vulnerable regions such as: Aravalli ranges Western Ghats Himalayas Mangrove ecosystems Aligns with projects like the Aravalli Green Wall. Implementation Strategy Landscape-based approach tailored to regional ecology. Community participation and integration of traditional knowledge. Convergence with other schemes for synergy. Scientific monitoring based on vulnerability and carbon potential. Progress & Funding From 2015 to 2021, 11.22 million hectares brought under plantation and afforestation. Over ₹624 crore released to 18 states between 2019 and 2024. Challenges include funding gaps, invasive species, and insufficient protection of old-growth forests. Climate Significance Contributes to: India’s goal of 33% forest cover. Creating an additional carbon sink of 2.5–3.0 billion tonnes of CO₂ by 2030. Supports Paris Agreement and UNCCD commitments. Learning Corner: Environmental Schemes in India National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) (2008) Umbrella program addressing climate change through eight missions: National Solar Mission National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency National Mission on Sustainable Habitat National Water Mission National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem National Mission for a Green India (GIM) National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change National Mission for a Green India (GIM) Objective: Enhance forest/tree cover on 5 million ha; improve quality on another 5 million ha by 2030 Revised (2025): Focus on climate-sensitive areas like Aravallis, Himalayas, mangroves Significance: Supports India’s carbon sink and land degradation neutrality targets International Solar Alliance (ISA) Launched by India and France in 2015 (Paris COP-21) Promotes solar energy in tropical countries Headquartered in Gurugram, Haryana National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) Promotes electric vehicles to reduce fossil fuel use Includes FAME Scheme (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles) Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) Promotes organic farming using traditional knowledge Supports formation of organic farmer clusters National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC) Supports adaptation projects in climate-vulnerable sectors (agriculture, forestry, water) Provides 100% central grant to states/UTs Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA) Promotes energy-efficient LED bulbs and appliances Reduces GHG emissions through demand-side management State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCC) State-level versions of NAPCC Tailor-made climate strategies aligned with local needs National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) (2019) Target: 20–30% reduction in PM2.5 and PM10 by 2024 Focuses on 131 non-attainment cities Strategy includes air quality monitoring, capacity building, public awareness National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) Focused on abatement of pollution in major rivers (esp. Ganga, Yamuna) Includes sewage treatment, riverfront development, public participation CAMPA – Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority Utilizes funds collected from diverted forest land for afforestation Managed under Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016 Soil Health Card Scheme Provides farmers with soil analysis and fertilizer recommendations Aims at balanced fertilization and reduced environmental harm Wildlife Conservation Programs Project Tiger (1973) Project Elephant (1992) Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats National Wildlife Action Plan (2017–31) Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS (MAINS Focus) Revised Green India Mission (GS Paper III – Environment) Introduction (Context) Recently, the government has released a revised roadmap for the National Mission for Green India, also known as the Green India Mission (GIM). In addition to the core objectives of increasing and restoring forest and green cover, the mission will focus on restoration in the Aravalli ranges, Western Ghats, Himalayas and mangroves. What is Green India Mission (GIM)? GIM was launched in 2014 and is one of the eight missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). It is implemented by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Its core aim is to combat climate change by increasing forest and tree cover, and the ecological restoration of degraded ecosystems and forests.  It also aims to improve the livelihoods of communities dependent on forest produce. Its objective was to increase forest and tree cover on 5 million hectares and improve the quality of forest cover on another 5 million hectares. Why was the Green India Mission implemented? India’s forests have faced degradation due to deforestation, encroachment, and unsustainable use. Forests are crucial for carbon sequestration, maintaining ecological balance, and supporting biodiversity. The mission supports India’s commitment to create a carbon sink of 2.5–3 billion tonnes of CO₂ and restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 under international climate agreements. It aligns with the global goals under the Paris Agreement and UNCCD Bonn Challenge. Status of Green Cover in India The total forest and tree cover in India is about 24.62% of the country’s geographical area. There has been an increase of 2,261 sq. km in forest and tree cover since the previous assessment. Forest-rich states include Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh in terms of area, and Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, and Meghalaya in terms of percentage coverage. However, challenges like fragmentation, encroachment, and forest fires continue to threaten forest ecosystems. Achievements of Green India Mission So Far Between 2015–16 and 2020–21, plantation and afforestation activities were carried out over 11.22 million hectares through various schemes. From 2019–20 to 2023–24, the Centre released ₹624.71 crore to 18 states, of which ₹575.55 crore has been utilized. Activities under GIM are concentrated in states based on mapping of ecological vulnerability, potential for sequestration (the process by which plants and trees store carbon using photosynthesis), forest and land degradation, and restoration potential. Revised Roadmap of GIM The mission is now more focused on landscape-level restoration using region-specific best practices. A saturation approach will be adopted to restore vulnerable and degraded landscapes thoroughly. Area and landscape-specific restoration activities will occur mainly in three important mountain ranges – the Aravallis, the Western Ghats, and the Indian Himalayas, along with the mangrove ecosystems. Key interventions:  GIM interventions will be synced with the Centre’s recently launched Aravalli Green Wall project, aimed at combating the degradation and desertification in one of the world’s oldest mountain ranges, which acts as a natural barrier against the Thar desert. In the Aravalli region, restoration will cover 8 lakh hectares across 29 districts in 4 states. Native species will be planted to combat desertification and dust pollution. The estimated cost is ₹16,053 crore. In the Western Ghats, the mission will focus on afforestation, eco-restoration of abandoned mines, and groundwater recharge to address deforestation and illegal mining. In the Himalayas and mangrove areas, restoration will aim to strengthen natural buffers against climate impacts and enhance biodiversity. India’s commitments for environment and how GIM will GIM Combat Land Degradation and Desertification? According to the Indian Space Research Organisation’s Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas around a third of India’s geographical area 97.85 million hectares underwent land degradation during 2018-19. According to its national commitments to tackle climate change submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change India aims to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide through additional forest and tree cover by 2030,. The natural carbon sinks of forests, restored grasslands, wetlands, and mountain ecology will help offset greenhouse gas emissions and act as natural sponges and barriers in absorbing climate change impacts. India has also made an ambitious commitment to restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030.  Hence,  The mission will restore open forests, grasslands, wetlands, and catchment areas to enhance ecosystem services. These natural ecosystems will act as carbon sinks, absorbing greenhouse gases and helping adapt to climate impacts. The revised GIM aims to sequester 1.89 billion tonnes of CO₂ by restoring open forests over 15 million hectares. GIM can help India expand its forest and tree cover up to 24.7 million hectares. This would be enough to achieve a carbon sink of 3.39 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2030, as per the FSI’s projections. Value addition: Government Initiatives Supporting Green Cover Enhancement Aravalli Green Wall Project: Aims to develop a 5 km wide green belt along the Aravalli hills to act as a barrier against desertification and reduce dust pollution in northern India. National Afforestation Programme (NAP): Promotes reforestation and eco-restoration of degraded forest lands through community participation and joint forest management committees. CAMPA Funds: Utilised for compensatory afforestation and regeneration activities when forest land is diverted for non-forest purposes like infrastructure or mining. Urban Forest Scheme: Encourages the creation of dense, mini-forests in urban areas using native species to enhance green cover and urban biodiversity. School Nursery Yojana: Engages school students in growing and nurturing tree saplings, promoting environmental education and awareness at a young age. Van Dhan Yojana: Supports tribal livelihoods by enabling value addition and sustainable marketing of minor forest produce collected by forest-dwelling communities. Conclusion The revised Green India Mission represents a shift towards ecological, region-specific, and community-based forest restoration. It aligns with India’s climate goals, biodiversity targets, and land restoration pledges. Successful implementation can strengthen carbon sinks, enhance climate resilience, and promote sustainable livelihoods. Mains Practice Question Q “The revised Green India Mission represents a significant shift towards landscape-level restoration and climate resilience.” Discuss (250 words, 15 marks) Critical Minerals important for India’s growth (GS Paper I – Geography, GS Paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) The 21st century is witnessing a fundamental shift in global resource geopolitics from fossil fuels to critical minerals. As the world moves toward a cleaner, digital, and technologically advanced future, the demand for minerals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements has surged. Hence, India must explore within as iIt is near-impossible to secure mineral supply chains from overseas.  What are Critical Minerals? Critical minerals are metallic or non-metallic elements that are essential for high-tech, clean energy, defence, and economic applications but have high supply chain risks due to limited global sources or monopoly control. Examples include lithium, cobalt, nickel, copper, rare earth elements, graphite, etc. Usage of Critical Minerals Critical minerals are essential components of various clean energy technologies and industries. Their importance can be highlighted across different sectors: Solar energy Critical minerals such as silicon, tellurium, indium, and gallium are vital for the production of photovoltaic (PV) cells used in solar panels. India’s current solar capacity of 64 GW is heavily dependent on these minerals. Wind energy Rare earth elements like dysprosium and neodymium are used in permanent magnets for wind turbines. India aims to increase its wind energy capacity from 42 GW to 140 GW by 2030, necessitating a stable supply of these minerals. Electric vehicles (EVs) Lithium, nickel, and cobalt are key materials used in lithium-ion batteries. Under the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP), India plans to deploy 6–7 million EVs by 2024, leading to increased demand for these critical minerals. Energy storage Lithium-ion batteries used in advanced energy storage systems depend on lithium, cobalt, and nickel. Global Status of Critical Mineral Supply Chains Cobalt: Around 70% of global supply comes from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Nickel: Indonesia accounts for nearly 50% of global production. Lithium: Dominated by Australia, Chile, and China. Rare Earth Elements: China alone contributes over 66% of global mining output. Processing Monopoly: China processes more than 66% of the world’s critical minerals, including copper and aluminium. In the case of rare earth elements, China’s share exceeds 90%, giving it a near-monopoly on global supply chains. China’s control over critical minerals gives it geopolitical and geoeconomic influence, as seen in trade disputes and restrictions on rare earth exports. The US and EU have recognised this threat and are racing to diversify and secure their mineral sources. Status of Critical Minerals in India India is geologically rich but remains under-explored for critical minerals. India currently imports most of its lithium, cobalt, and rare earths, making it vulnerable to supply disruptions. As per the Indian Bureau of Mines India has potential reserves of rare earth elements in states like Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Kerala Khanij Bidesh India Ltd. (KABIL) has been set up to secure supply from overseas (e.g. lithium in Argentina, cobalt in Africa). Despite this, domestic exploration is inadequate, and India lacks processing infrastructure. Critical Minerals and Geopolitics Minerals have also taken centre-stage in the global trade war. China is using its disproportionate control over rare earth materials to threaten the US and the rest of the world with the debilitating consequences of restricted supply. US Policy Response: US want to “annex” Canada and Greenland to have control over their vast mineral wealth.  US wants to solve Russia-Ukraine conflict is the potential for the US to access Ukraine’s rich mineral resources.  US is opening up vast tracts of federal land — previously on no-go lists — for mineral exploration on a fast-track basis, cutting approvals time from a year to less than a month.  India’s Lag: Long clearance timelines. Limited exploration and survey efforts. Absence of commercial-scale refining or recycling infrastructure. Value addition: National Critical Mineral Mission of India The Government of India launched the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) in 2025 to ensure long-term self-reliance in critical minerals essential for clean energy, technology, and national security. Under NCMM, the Geological Survey of India (GSI) will conduct 1,200 exploration projects between 2024–25 and 2030–31. A list of 30 critical minerals was identified by a Ministry of Mines committee in 2022; 24 of these are now under Central Government auction authority via the MMDR Act, 1957. The mission aims to secure critical mineral availability, both domestically and from international sources, and establish a Centre of Excellence on Critical Minerals for strategic planning. Objectives of NCMM Secure domestic and global sourcing of critical minerals. Strengthen the value chain through innovation, processing capacity, skill development, and recycling. Reduce import dependency and enhance India’s role in the global clean-tech supply chain. India’s Exploration Efforts GSI has taken up 195 projects in 2024–25, including 35 in Rajasthan, focused on assessing domestic reserves. Over 100 blocks of critical minerals are ready for auction. Offshore exploration will target polymetallic nodules rich in cobalt, REEs, nickel, and manganese. Exploration follows UNFC classification and MEMC Rules, 2015. GSI previously identified rare earth elements in Rajasthan; the Department of Atomic Energy reported 1.11 lakh tonnes of REO reserves in Balotra. Way Forward for India Accelerate Exploration: Conduct modern, satellite-based mineral surveys to map reserves. Policy Reforms: Fast-track mining leases, reduce approval time, and ensure ease of doing business in the mining sector. Domestic Processing: Set up mineral processing and refining facilities through public-private partnerships. Strategic Reserves: Create a stockpile of critical minerals similar to strategic oil reserves. Global Collaboration: Expand partnerships under platforms like Quad, India-Australia-Japan supply chain initiative, etc. Research & Recycling: Invest in urban mining and battery recycling technologies to reduce import dependence. Mains Practice Question Q  “In the age of the energy transition and digital revolution, control over critical minerals is the new oil.” Analyse. (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 19th June 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 19th June – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Rinderpest Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Bhopal, being designated as a Category A Rinderpest Holding Facility (RHF) by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) and the FAO Decoding Context:  What Is Rinderpest? Rinderpest, or “cattle plague,” was a deadly livestock disease eradicated globally in 2011. However, Rinderpest Virus-Containing Material (RVCM) is still stored in select labs, posing potential biosecurity risks if mishandled. India’s Recognition NIHSAD, Bhopal, is now one of only six Category A RHFs worldwide, alongside facilities in the UK, USA, France, Japan, and Ethiopia. It is a high-containment BSL-3 lab and India’s national RVCM repository since 2012. India applied for this status in 2019, and after a thorough international inspection in March 2025, it was officially granted RHF status at the 92nd WOAH General Session in May 2025. Significance Strengthens India’s role in global biosecurity and disease prevention Validates India’s biosafety protocols and emergency preparedness Supports future research and vaccine material management Enhances India’s standing as a leader in animal health containment Learning Corner: List of important human and animal diseases along with their causative pathogens  Viral Diseases Disease Causative Virus Influenza (Flu) Influenza virus (Type A, B, C) COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Dengue Dengue virus (Flavivirus) Measles Measles virus (Paramyxovirus) Mumps Mumps virus (Paramyxovirus) Rubella (German Measles) Rubella virus Rabies Rabies virus (Lyssavirus) Poliomyelitis Poliovirus (Enterovirus) Hepatitis A & E HAV, HEV Hepatitis B & C HBV (DNA), HCV (RNA) HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus Smallpox (Eradicated) Variola virus Chickenpox Varicella-Zoster virus Rinderpest (Eradicated) Rinderpest virus (Morbillivirus) Foot-and-Mouth Disease FMD virus (Aphthovirus)   Bacterial Diseases Disease Causative Bacterium Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Typhoid Salmonella typhi Cholera Vibrio cholerae Plague Yersinia pestis Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Bordetella pertussis Tetanus Clostridium tetani Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) Mycobacterium leprae Pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae, others Syphilis Treponema pallidum Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Brucellosis Brucella species   III. Protozoan Diseases Disease Causative Protozoan Malaria Plasmodium spp. (P. falciparum, etc.) Amoebiasis Entamoeba histolytica Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma brucei Chagas Disease Trypanosoma cruzi Giardiasis Giardia lamblia Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar) Leishmania donovani Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii   Fungal Diseases Disease Causative Fungus Ringworm Trichophyton spp., others Athlete’s Foot Tinea pedis Candidiasis (Thrush) Candida albicans Aspergillosis Aspergillus spp. Histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum   Prion Diseases (Rare, Degenerative) Disease Causative Agent Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease (CJD) Prions (misfolded proteins) Mad Cow Disease (BSE) Prions Source: PIB Revision of GDP Base Year and Methodology Category: ECONOMICS Context: Revision of GDP Base Year and Methodology Purpose of Revising the Base Year: Reflect Current Economy: As economies evolve, sectoral contributions, consumption patterns, and new industries (like digital platforms and fintech) emerge. A revised base year ensures GDP reflects these changes. Use Better Data and Methods: Improved surveys and administrative records enhance the accuracy of GDP estimates. Methodological updates align with global statistical standards. Capture Post-Pandemic Shifts: Events like COVID-19 altered production and consumption patterns. A new base year captures these realities. Ensure International Comparability: Aligns India’s data with global norms, boosting credibility. How It Works: An expert committee recommends changes. A “normal” year is selected as the base year—free of economic shocks and recent enough to be relevant. Why the 2026 Revision Matters for India Key Implications: Improved Accuracy: Addresses concerns from the 2015 revision and provides more transparent, realistic estimates using 2022–23 as the new base year. Better Policy-Making: More precise data aids in targeting policies, especially in emerging sectors. Boosts Investor Confidence: Up-to-date economic indicators enhance India’s image and trustworthiness in global markets. Refined Growth Trends: Revised data may adjust past GDP growth rates, offering a clearer picture of the economy. Harmonized Indicators: Other indices like CPI and IIP will also be updated, ensuring consistency. Learning Corner: Important terms related to GDP Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Definition: GDP is the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of a country during a specific time period (usually a year). Includes: Production by both domestic and foreign entities within the country Measured at market prices Types: Nominal GDP: At current market prices Real GDP: Adjusted for inflation (base year prices) Gross National Product (GNP) Definition: GNP is the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced by the residents (nationals) of a country in a given period, irrespective of their location. Formula: GNP = GDP + Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA) NFIA = Income earned by Indians abroad – Income earned by foreigners in India Net National Product (NNP) Definition: NNP is the GNP after deducting depreciation (consumption of fixed capital). It shows the net output available for consumption or saving. Formula: NNP = GNP – Depreciation Two measures: NNP at Market Price NNP at Factor Cost (also called National Income) National Income (NI) Definition: National Income is the net monetary value of all goods and services produced by a country’s nationals during a year, measured at factor cost. Formula: National Income = NNP at Factor Cost Includes: Wages and salaries Rent Interest Profits Mixed income of self-employed Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Falcon 2000 Category: ECONOMICS Context :  French aerospace firm Dassault Aviation and Reliance Aerostructure Ltd have announced a joint venture to manufacture Falcon 2000 business jets in Nagpur, India. Key Highlights Location: MIHAN SEZ, Nagpur Aircraft: Falcon 2000; parts of Falcon 6X & 8X Scope: Fuselage and wing assembly to be shifted to India Estimated Capacity: Up to 24 aircraft annually Timeline: First made-in-India jet by 2028 Significance Make in India & Atmanirbhar Bharat: Major boost to domestic aerospace manufacturing Global Positioning: India joins elite countries (US, France, Canada, Brazil) producing business jets Exports: Aircraft will cater to both domestic and international markets Centre of Excellence: Nagpur facility to become Dassault’s first such hub outside France Market & Strategic Impact Cost Efficiency: Local assembly reduces labour and logistics costs Policy Support: Aligned with government aerospace incentives Challenges: Regulatory clearances, technology transfer, and maintaining global aviation standards Conclusion This joint venture places India on the global aerospace map, signalling its capability to manufacture high-end civilian aircraft. It also strengthens industrial self-reliance and positions the country as a competitive player in the business jet market. Learning Corner: Aircraft Manufacturing in India India’s aircraft manufacturing industry is evolving rapidly, driven by defence needs, commercial aviation growth, and the government’s push for indigenous production under the ‘Make in India’ and ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ initiatives. Key Players & Institutions Entity Role / Contribution Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) India’s largest aerospace manufacturer; produces military aircraft like Tejas, Dhruv helicopter DRDO Designs and develops aircraft systems (e.g., AEW&C, Rustom UAV) TATA Advanced Systems Collaborates with Boeing, Airbus, and Lockheed Martin; manufactures fuselage and components Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) Supplies avionics and radars for aircraft Dassault Reliance Aerospace Joint venture to produce Falcon business jets in Nagpur (Falcon 2000 assembly by 2028)   Major Indigenous Aircraft Projects Aircraft Name Type Details Tejas (LCA) Fighter Jet Indigenous light combat aircraft developed by HAL and DRDO HTT-40 Trainer Aircraft Basic trainer aircraft for Indian Air Force Saras Mk II Transport Plane Indigenous light transport aircraft being developed by NAL (CSIR) TAPAS-BH 201 UAV Medium-altitude long-endurance drone developed by DRDO AMCA Fighter Jet (upcoming) 5th-generation stealth aircraft under development   Civil Aircraft Manufacturing Airbus-Tata JV in Vadodara: First Indian facility to manufacture C-295 military transport aircraft for IAF. HAL is collaborating with foreign OEMs to develop civil aircraft like Regional Transport Aircraft (RTA-90). Dassault-Reliance JV: Manufacturing Falcon 2000 business jets in Nagpur by 2028—the first civil aircraft final assembly line in India. Government Support Defence Procurement Policy (DPP) and Make in India push for indigenization PLI Scheme for Aerospace and Drones Incentives for MRO (Maintenance, Repair & Overhaul) industry Setting up of defense corridors in UP and Tamil Nadu Source :  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Operation Sindhu Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : India has launched Operation Sindhu to evacuate its nationals from Iran following the escalation of conflict between Iran and Israel Decoding Context Key Highlights: Evacuation Route: Students were transported by road to Armenia, under the guidance of Indian missions in both Iran and Armenia. Flight Details: The evacuees departed from Yerevan on June 18, 2025, and arrived in New Delhi in the early hours of June 19. Ongoing Efforts: This marks the first phase of Operation Sindhu, with further evacuations planned as the situation evolves. Government Support: Emergency helplines have been established, and India expressed gratitude to Iran and Armenia for their cooperation. Significance: Operation Sindhu underscores India’s commitment to the safety of its citizens abroad and its ability to swiftly respond to international crises. Learning Corner: India’s Overseas Operations  Year Operation Name Country / Region Purpose / Crisis Description 2025 Operation Sindhu Iran via Armenia Ongoing evacuation amid escalating Iran–Israel conflict 2023 Operation Ajay Israel Evacuation during the Israel–Hamas conflict 2022 Operation Ganga Ukraine & Neighbors Evacuation of students during the Russia–Ukraine war 2021 Operation Devi Shakti Afghanistan Evacuation after Taliban’s return to power 2020–21 Vande Bharat Mission Global (COVID-19) Mass repatriation during COVID-19 lockdowns Source: THE HINDU Invasive alien species Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Definition: Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are non-native organisms introduced—intentionally or accidentally—into an ecosystem, where they establish, spread, and negatively impact native biodiversity, ecosystems, agriculture, economy, or human health. Key Points: Global Trade & IAS Risk: The rise in bilateral trade agreements has expanded trade links, increasing opportunities for species to hitchhike across borders. Over 200 countries have formed over 34,000 bilateral trade pairs by the early 2000s, contributing to the accidental or deliberate spread of IAS. India’s Position: India is both a major exporter and importer of exotic species. Several invasive species—like mosquitofish (Gambusia), guppies (Poecilia reticulata), and angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare)—have been introduced through the aquarium trade or for biocontrol purposes. Unregulated Introductions: Accidental introductions can occur through poorly monitored imports like timber, grains, and ornamental plants. Semi-aquatic IAS are often underreported but pose high health and economic risks due to their impact on infrastructure and public services. Biosecurity Weaknesses: India lacks mandatory pest-risk assessments and robust quarantine infrastructure. Many ports lack the capability to screen for biological threats, especially from new trade partners. Policy Recommendations: Implement stricter biosafety protocols and risk assessments. Strengthen infrastructure, institutional frameworks, and monitoring systems. Increase international cooperation and make biodiversity conservation a core part of trade policy. In conclusion, while trade tariffs may block certain goods, they can unintentionally open doors to invasive species, especially when quarantine and regulatory systems are inadequate. India’s increasing role in global trade requires urgent and proactive biosecurity reforms to protect its native ecosystems. Learning Corner: Major Invasive Species in India Species Origin Impact Lantana camara Tropical America Displaces native flora, affects grazing lands Parthenium hysterophorus Central America Allergenic; reduces crop productivity and biodiversity Eichhornia crassipes (Water hyacinth) South America Clogs water bodies, reduces oxygen, impacts fisheries Prosopis juliflora Central America Depletes groundwater; displaces native shrubs Pennisetum setaceum (Fountain grass) Africa Invades drylands; increases fire risk Giant African Snail (Achatina fulica) East Africa Damages crops, spreads rapidly, difficult to eradicate Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Africa Outcompetes native fish species, alters aquatic ecosystems Gambusia affinis North America Introduced for mosquito control; harms native fish Conclusion Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Foreign Campuses in India (GS Paper II – Governance) Introduction (Context) The UGC’s 2023 regulations opened doors for foreign university branch campuses in India. Since then, multiple foreign institutions, including Deakin University, University of Wollongong, and the University of Southampton, have initiated operations. More institutions, such as the University of York and Illinois Institute of Technology, have received Letters of Intent to enter India. While this is a major reform in India’s internationalisation efforts, several challenges are emerging. Key Issues and Challenges: India already boasts renowned public institutions such as the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), which are actively expanding their global engagement and research capabilities.  Notable collaborations, such as IIT Delhi with the University of Queensland and IIT Bombay with Monash University, have set strong precedents for international research partnerships.  Furthermore, a growing number of elite and semi-elite private universities in India now offer joint and double-degree programmes in collaboration with foreign institutions. In this dynamic environment, foreign branch campuses cannot rely solely on the strength of their brand.  Some of the challenges are: 1. Navigating a Competitive Higher Education Ecosystem India already has a dense and competitive education market with top-tier public (IITs, IIMs) and private institutions. New foreign campuses will struggle to stand out unless they offer unique value. 2. Lack of Global Prestige Many of the foreign universities entering India are not top-ranked in their home countries. In India, they risk being viewed as just another “elite” option, not necessarily superior. 3. Narrow, Market-Driven Course Offerings Most offer programs in high-demand fields like business, data analytics, and computer science. While financially beneficial, this limits academic diversity and makes them similar to existing Indian private colleges. 4. Absence of Comprehensive Academic Identity The biggest challenge is to build a distinct academic reputation. Without this, they may be seen as “diploma mills” offering degrees without academic depth. 5. Lack of Research and Multidisciplinary Focus Most planned or existing campuses are small, specialised schools, not full-fledged research universities. This weakens their potential to contribute meaningfully to India’s knowledge ecosystem. 6. Premature Launch and Lack of Transparency Admissions began before sharing essential details such as faculty profiles and curriculum. Raises doubts about the academic readiness and credibility of these institutions. 7. Inadequate Campus Experience Operating from rented, vertical buildings leads to poor student experience. Absence of traditional campus vibrancy may reduce institutional loyalty and identity. Way Forward: Ensure academic transparency before launch such as faculty, curriculum, infrastructure. Encourage broad-based programmes and research initiatives. Mandate minimum campus infrastructure standards to provide vibrant academic life. Build a regulatory framework to screen proposals for academic merit and local utility. Promote quality over quantity to avoid dilution of India’s higher education reputation. India must carefully choose which foreign institutions are allowed to establish campuses. Selection should be based on academic quality, not just brand or origin. Conclusion The establishment of foreign university branch campuses in India marks a significant milestone in the higher education landscape. However, if these ventures are rushed or poorly managed, they risk becoming cautionary tales — short-lived initiatives that erode trust, dilute brand value, and stall the broader momentum toward meaningful internationalisation. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the significance of foreign university campuses in India’s higher education landscape. What are the major challenges associated with them, and how can they be addressed to promote meaningful academic engagement? (250 words, 15 marks)   GDP Base Year revision (GS Paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) India will revise the base year for calculating its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 2011–12 to 2022–23. The revised data series will be released on February 27, 2026, by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). This is part of a routine and necessary statistical exercise to better capture the evolving structure of the Indian economy. What is GDP? Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India refers to the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within the country’s geographical boundaries during a specific time period (quarterly or annually).  GDP includes only final goods and services purchased by end-users. Intermediate goods (e.g. raw materials, parts) used in production are excluded to avoid double counting. Example: A cricket bat is a final good. Its components like wood, rubber grip, adhesives, etc., are intermediate goods not counted separately in GDP. GDP Calculation Methods in India: Production Method: Estimates value added across primary (agriculture), secondary (industry), and tertiary (services) sectors. Income Method: Sums incomes earned by factors of production – wages, rents, interests, and profits. Expenditure Method: Measures total spending on final goods and services – consumption, investment, government expenditure, and net exports. MoSPI, under the Ministry of Statistics, uses a mix of production and expenditure approaches and incorporates data from sources like the Annual Survey of Industries, MCA-21 corporate filings, NSSO surveys, and administrative data from government departments. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the most widely used indicator to assess a country’s economic health and growth. Its significance extends across policymaking, investment decisions, and public welfare. Significance of GDP Measure of Economic Growth: GDP shows whether the economy is expanding or contracting. A rising GDP indicates higher production, income, and employment levels. A declining GDP may signal recession or economic slowdown. Policy Formulation and Evaluation: Governments use GDP trends to design fiscal and monetary policies. Helps determine public spending, taxation, and interest rate decisions. Evaluates the impact of policies like Make in India, PLI scheme, or GST reforms. Investment and Business Confidence: Investors (domestic and foreign) look at GDP growth rates before making decisions. Higher GDP growth attracts FDI, boosts market sentiment, and encourages entrepreneurship. Global Comparisons and Credit Ratings: GDP helps rank countries by economic size (e.g., India is 5th largest in nominal GDP). International agencies (IMF, World Bank, credit rating agencies) use GDP to assess a country’s creditworthiness and economic stability. Budget and Resource Allocation: Used in deciding tax revenues, public expenditure, and debt sustainability. It is essential for planning state-wise devolution of funds and social welfare schemes. Sectoral Analysis: GDP components (agriculture, industry, services) help identify leading and lagging sectors. Enables targeted reforms and policy support for underperforming sectors. Tracking Development Goals: GDP growth is linked to achieving national targets like: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Five-Year/Decadal Economic Plans, India@100 vision, etc.  What is a GDP Base Year? The Base Year is a reference year used to compare real GDP across years, removing the impact of inflation. It helps calculate real growth rates by comparing the output of other years to the price and structural dynamics of the base year. Earlier, GDP base year revisions happened once in a decade, typically in years ending with 1. This aligned with decennial Population Census, which provided workforce data for the informal sector. Since 1993–94, NSSO surveys (Employment & Unemployment) replaced Census for workforce data. Consequently, base year revisions occurred every five years (up to 2015). Current base year: 2011–12 Proposed new base year: 2022–23 Historical Timeline of GDP Base Year Revisions in India: 1948–49 ➝ 1960–61 (in 1967) 1960–61 ➝ 1970–71 (in 1978) 1970–71 ➝ 1980–81 (in 1988) 1980–81 ➝ 1993–94 (in 1999) 1993–94 ➝ 1999–2000 (in 2006) 1999–2000 ➝ 2004–05 (in 2010) 2004–05 ➝ 2011–12 (in 2015) 2011–12 ➝ 2022–23 (in 2026 – upcoming) Rationale Behind Base Year Revisions They capture the changes in the way India’s economy functions — new industries can be included and outdated ones removed from the calculations.  They provide a more accurate picture of the “real” economic growth, which is the economic growth after removing the effect of inflation.  Enables better formulation of fiscal, monetary, and social policies based on up-to-date macro trends. Why was the base year not changed five years after 2011-12? In 2017, the government announced plans to revise the GDP base year to 2017–18. Planned to use results from: Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) – replaced quinquennial Employment-Unemployment Surveys. Both surveys faced issues: PLFS (2017–18) showed unemployment at a 45-year high. CES indicated a rise in poverty (decline in consumer spending). Government questioned data quality and rejected CES findings; PLFS was accepted only after 2019 elections. Due to data reliability concerns and disruptions, 2017–18 was dropped as base year. It must be noted that 2017-18 experienced the ramifications of key policy led-disruptions such as the government’s decision to overnight demonetise 86% of India’s currency base in November 2016 as well as the introduction of a Goods and Services Tax regime (replacing multiple indirect taxes) in July 2017. India’s GDP growth rate registered a sharp deceleration starting 2017-18, falling from more than 8% in 2016-17 to less than 4% in 2019-20. Since the start of 2020, the Covid pandemic-induced disruptions have meant that neither 2020 nor the years immediately after it could be treated as “normal” years. Other Key Updates Alongside GDP Revision Index of Industrial Production (IIP) ➝ New base year: 2022–23 Consumer Price Index (CPI) ➝ New base year: 2023–24 Significance of the 2026 revision Accuracy will affect: Global investor confidence Domestic policymaking Fiscal planning and poverty targeting Aims to restore data credibility amid past controversies and data gaps (e.g., no Census 2021). Value addition: Terminologies MoSPI (Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation): The nodal government agency responsible for statistical data collection, analysis, and GDP estimation in India. CPI (Consumer Price Index): A measure of inflation that tracks changes in the prices of a basket of goods and services consumed by households. IIP (Index of Industrial Production): An indicator that measures the growth rate and performance of various sectors of the industrial economy, including manufacturing, mining, and electricity. PLFS (Periodic Labour Force Survey): A nationwide survey conducted by NSO to estimate employment, unemployment, and labour force participation annually. CES (Consumer Expenditure Survey): A survey to estimate household consumption expenditure, which is crucial for poverty analysis and updating GDP data. MCA-21: An online database maintained by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs that stores financial filings of companies, used for estimating private sector contributions to GDP. SNA 2008 (System of National Accounts 2008): An international statistical standard developed by the UN, IMF, World Bank, OECD, and EU for compiling national accounts, including GDP. Informal Sector: Economic activities that are not regulated by the government and often lack formal employment contracts or social security benefits. Way Forward Adopt transparent methodologies and publish data sources clearly. Ensure third-party review and academic scrutiny of GDP calculation methods. Resume regular base year updates as per National Statistical Commission recommendations (every 5 years). Close data gaps in poverty, employment, and Census statistics. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the rationale for regularly updating the GDP base year in India. How does it impact economic policymaking and international perception? (250 words, 15 marks)   Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba  

[CURRENT AFFAIRS] IAS UPSC REVAMPED Current Affairs Magazine April 2025

    Archives Hello Friends, This is April 2025 of IASbaba’s REVAMPED Current Affairs Monthly Magazine. Current Affairs for UPSC Civil Services Examination is an important factor in this preparation. An effort towards making your Current Affairs for IAS UPSC Preparation qualitative. We hope you make the best use of it! This edition covers all Important current affairs issues that were in the news for the month of April 2025. Kindly leave your feedback in the comment section below on the new design and presentation of the magazine. We would love to hear from you! Download The Magazine - April 2025 Important Topics Covered In The Magazine Includes:   President and State Bills Standard Deposit Facility (SDF) Directed Energy Weapon (DEW) Naini Lake Blue Washing And Much More..... Download The Magazine - April 2025 To get Regular Updates from IASbaba, follow- TELEGRAM Channel – https://t.me/IASbabaOfficialAccount YOUTUBE – https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChvbVdio9Wgj7Z3nQz1Q0ZQ FACEBOOK – https://www.facebook.com/iasbaba/ Also, SUBSCRIBE to the WEBSITE Below, so that you don’t miss out on important posts! Thank You IASbaba

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 18th June 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 18th June – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Evolution of Rice Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: A landmark study shows that rice plants can adapt to cold by altering gene expression through epigenetic changes—specifically in the gene ACT1 Decoding Context:  ACT1 is active in warm temperatures, but exposure to cold triggers an epigenetic tag that turns on ACT1, helping the plant tolerate cold by producing a protective protein. Without this activation, rice plants struggle in cold conditions. Key Findings: These cold-induced epigenetic changes were retained across five generations, even when the original cold trigger was absent. The process provides evidence supporting Lamarckian inheritance—the idea that acquired traits during a lifetime can be passed down. This challenges the traditional Darwinian model, which emphasizes natural selection and DNA sequence mutations. The research suggests that plants can adapt rapidly to environmental stress using heritable epigenetic mechanisms. The Gist: ACT1 gene helps rice plants survive in the cold when epigenetically switched on. Changes observed support Lamarck’s theory in modern molecular terms. The discovery could impact crop improvement strategies, especially for climate resilience. Implication: This study offers a fresh perspective on inheritance and evolution, showing how environmental factors can trigger heritable changes without altering the DNA sequence itself. Learning Corner: Note on ACT1 Gene in Rice Plant The ACT1 gene in rice (Oryza sativa) encodes actin protein, a crucial component of the plant cell’s cytoskeleton. This gene is ubiquitously expressed in most rice tissues and is essential for various cellular and developmental processes. Key Features of ACT1 Gene: Gene Function: ACT1 encodes actin 1, a protein that helps in cell shape maintenance, cytoplasmic streaming, organelle movement, and cell division. Promoter Utility: The ACT1 promoter is widely used in plant biotechnology as a constitutive promoter, meaning it drives gene expression in almost all tissues throughout the plant’s life cycle.   It is often preferred in transgenic rice for stable and high-level expression of introduced genes. Expression Profile: ACT1 is strongly and constitutively expressed in leaves, roots, stems, and reproductive organs, making it ideal for expressing transgenes in both vegetative and reproductive tissues. Biotechnological Applications: Used in gene overexpression studies. Employed in CRISPR/Cas9 systems for effective genome editing in rice. Important in studying plant-pathogen interactions and stress responses. Source: THE HINDU Shakti – 2025 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: India-France Joint Military Exercise Shakti – 2025. Overview: A 90-member Indian Army contingent has departed for France to participate in the 8th edition of Exercise Shakti, scheduled from June 18 to July 1, 2025, at Camp Larzac, La Cavalerie, in southern France. Key Highlights: Indian Representation: Jammu and Kashmir Rifles battalion along with personnel from other units. French Representation: 13th Foreign Legion Half-Brigade (13th DBLE). Objective: Enhance counter-terrorism capabilities, tactical cooperation, and interoperability. Significance: Strengthens defense ties and strategic partnership between India and France. Nature: Biennial military exercise. Learning Corner: Exercise Name Partner Country/Group Type Branch Involved Focus/Remarks Yudh Abhyas United States Bilateral Army Counter-insurgency and interoperability Tiger Triumph United States Bilateral Tri-services Amphibious operations Cope India United States Bilateral Air Force Air combat training MALABAR US, Japan, Australia Multilateral Navy Indo-Pacific security and naval cooperation INDRA Russia Bilateral Tri-services Strategic cooperation, anti-terror ops Garuda France Bilateral Air Force Air warfare training Varuna France Bilateral Navy Maritime security and coordination Shakti France Bilateral Army Counter-terrorism and tactical ops Ajeya Warrior United Kingdom Bilateral Army Counter-insurgency operations Konkan United Kingdom Bilateral Navy Maritime operations Indra Dhanush United Kingdom Bilateral Air Force Air combat tactics AUSINDEX Australia Bilateral Navy Maritime interoperability AUSTRA HIND Australia Bilateral Army Peacekeeping and HADR JIMEX Japan Bilateral Navy Maritime security and interoperability Dharma Guardian Japan Bilateral Army Counter-insurgency Surya Kiran Nepal Bilateral Army Jungle warfare and mountain ops Sampriti Bangladesh Bilateral Army Counter-terrorism Bongosagar Bangladesh Bilateral Navy Maritime cooperation Mitra Shakti Sri Lanka Bilateral Army Counter-terrorism and HADR SLINEX Sri Lanka Bilateral Navy Maritime cooperation Ekuverin Maldives Bilateral Army Counter-insurgency Maitree Thailand Bilateral Army Jungle warfare and disaster response VINBAX Vietnam Bilateral Army United Nations peacekeeping training Nomadic Elephant Mongolia Bilateral Army Counter-insurgency in mountainous terrain RIMPAC US-led Multinational Multilateral Navy World’s largest naval exercise MILAN Multinational (hosted by India) Multilateral Navy Naval diplomacy and cooperation SCO Peace Mission SCO Members (incl. China, Russia) Multilateral Army Anti-terror and joint ops training Cobra Gold Thailand + Indo-Pacific partners Multilateral (Observer) Army/Navy Humanitarian and military cooperation Source: THE HINDU Grand Cross of the Order of Makarios III Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Prime Minister Narendra Modi was conferred with the Grand Cross of the Order of Makarios III, the highest civilian honour of Cyprus. The award was presented by President Nikos Christodoulides in recognition of PM Modi’s contributions to strengthening India-Cyprus ties and global cooperation. Significance of the Award: Named after Archbishop Makarios III, Cyprus’s first President. Established in 1991, it is awarded to distinguished global figures for contributions to peace, diplomacy, and international relations. The Grand Cross is among the highest ranks within the order. Prime Minister’s Remarks: PM Modi dedicated the honour to 1.4 billion Indians, reflecting India’s cultural values and global commitment to peace and cooperation, invoking the spirit of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” – the world is one family. Learning Corner: List of major international awards and honours conferred upon Prime Minister Narendra Modi by various foreign countries,    Award Conferred By (Country) Year Reason / Significance Order of the Nile Egypt 2023 Egypt’s highest state honour for strengthening bilateral relations Companion of the Order of Logohu Papua New Guinea 2023 For championing Global South solidarity Grand Companion of the Order of Fiji Fiji 2023 For leadership and global contributions Ebakl Award Republic of Palau 2023 First foreign head to receive this traditional honour for strengthening Pacific ties Order of the Druk Gyalpo Bhutan 2021 Bhutan’s highest civilian award for India-Bhutan ties Legion of Merit United States 2020 For strengthening Indo-U.S. strategic partnership Order of St. Andrew the Apostle Russia 2019 Russia’s highest civilian award for fostering ties and strategic partnership Order of Zayed United Arab Emirates 2019 UAE’s highest civilian award for strengthening ties King Hamad Order of the Renaissance Bahrain 2019 For enhancing bilateral relations Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud Saudi Arabia 2016 One of the highest civilian honours for efforts in boosting India-Saudi relations Global Goalkeeper Award Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2019 For Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) Grand Cross of the Order of Makarios III Cyprus 2025 Cyprus’s highest civilian award for strengthening diplomatic and cultural ties Source :  PIB Initial Public Offerings (IPO) Category: ECONOMICS Context : 70% of IPOs Listed at a Premium in 2025 Decoding Context Key Highlights Resilient IPO Market: India saw 80 mainboard IPOs, up from 76 in the previous year. Capital Raised: Total capital raised surged to ₹1,630 billion. Listing Gains: The average listing gain in Q1 FY25 was around 70%, though not all IPOs gained. Premium Listings: 70% of IPOs listed above issue price, while the rest either listed at par or discount. Top Performing Sectors: IT, Telecom, and Financial Services showed highest listing-day returns. Small vs. Large IPOs: Smaller IPOs (issue size < ₹2 billion) outperformed larger ones in terms of gains. Market Volatility: H2 FY25 saw reduced IPO activity due to FPI outflows and global uncertainties. Conclusion Despite market volatility, 2025 was a robust year for IPOs in India. However, successful listing outcomes depended heavily on sector, company fundamentals, and timing.   Learning Corner: Key Definitions: Stocks and Listings Term Definition Equity Share A unit of ownership in a company that entitles the holder to a share in profits (via dividends) and voting rights. Preference Share A type of share with fixed dividends, paid before equity shareholders; generally, no voting rights. Face Value (Par Value) The nominal value of a share set by the company, often ₹10 or ₹1 in India. Issue Price The price at which shares are offered during an IPO. It may differ from face value. Listing Price The price at which a share starts trading on a stock exchange on its listing day. Market Price The current trading price of a stock in the secondary market. IPO (Initial Public Offering) The first sale of shares by a private company to the public for raising capital. FPO (Follow-on Public Offer) An additional issue of shares by a listed company to raise more capital. Book Building A price discovery mechanism used during IPOs to determine the final issue price through bids from investors. Listing The process of making a company’s shares available for trading on a stock exchange. Delisting The removal of a company’s shares from a stock exchange, making them untradeable publicly. Oversubscription When demand for an IPO exceeds the number of shares offered. Underwriting A guarantee by underwriters (usually investment banks) to subscribe to the shares if the public doesn’t fully subscribe to an IPO. Grey Market Premium (GMP) An unofficial premium at which IPO shares are traded before official listing. Lock-in Period The time duration during which IPO investors (e.g., promoters, anchor investors) cannot sell their allotted shares. Source: THE HINDU Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a remote sensing technology that uses microwave radio waves to produce high-resolution images of the Earth’s surface. Unlike optical sensors, SAR can operate day and night, and penetrate clouds, fog, and rain, making it ideal for all-weather imaging. How It Works Mounted on Moving Platforms like satellites or aircraft. Emits radar pulses and receives echoes from the ground. Uses the movement of the platform to simulate a large antenna—called a synthetic aperture. Processes time delay, intensity, and phase of reflected signals to generate 2D images or 3D surface models. Key Features High spatial resolution due to synthetic aperture effect. Operates in all weather and lighting conditions. Provides detailed imagery even in inaccessible or obscured areas. Applications Earth observation: land use, agriculture, urban mapping. Disaster monitoring: floods, landslides, earthquakes. Environmental studies: deforestation, glacier tracking. Military surveillance and planetary exploration (e.g., imaging Venus). Learning Corner: Brief note on different types of radars,  Types of Radars – Overview Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) systems use radio waves to detect, locate, and track objects. Based on purpose and operating principles, radars can be classified into various types: Continuous Wave Radar (CW Radar) Function: Transmits a continuous signal. Use: Measures speed (Doppler shift), not range. Application: Police speed guns, missile guidance. Pulsed Radar Function: Transmits pulses and measures the time for the echo to return. Use: Measures distance (range). Application: Air traffic control, weather monitoring, defense. Doppler Radar Function: Detects motion via Doppler shift in frequency. Use: Measures speed of a moving object. Application: Weather forecasting (storm tracking), aviation. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Function: Uses motion of radar to simulate a large antenna. Use: High-resolution 2D/3D images, even through clouds and darkness. Application: Earth observation, reconnaissance, planetary exploration. Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) Function: Target moves instead of the radar (opposite of SAR). Use: Imaging moving targets like ships and aircraft. Application: Naval and airborne surveillance. Phased Array Radar Function: Uses multiple antenna elements; beam steering via electronic phase control. Use: Rapid tracking of multiple targets. Application: Missile defense, modern fighter jets, naval systems. Over-the-Horizon Radar (OTH) Function: Uses ionospheric reflection or surface waves. Use: Long-range detection beyond the radar horizon. Application: Strategic early warning systems. Monopulse Radar Function: Compares signal strength in multiple beams simultaneously. Use: Accurate angle measurement. Application: Missile tracking, precision targeting. Bistatic and Multistatic Radar Function: Transmitter and receiver are at different locations. Use: Covert surveillance, anti-stealth. Application: Passive detection, networked radar systems. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) India needs an inclusive pension system (GS Paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) India’s pension system is fragmented, inadequate, and largely excludes the informal sector. With rising old-age dependency, inflation, and healthcare costs, there is an urgent need to redesign a universal, inclusive, and sustainable pension system. What is a Pension? A pension is a regular payment made to individuals after retirement from active service, typically to provide financial security and dignity in old age. It can be funded by employers, the government, or individuals. Significance of Pension Old-age Security: Offers income continuity post-retirement, especially as earning capacity declines. Social Stability: Prevents old-age poverty and promotes intergenerational equity. Pensions empower individuals to be financially independent in their later years, reducing their reliance on family members or charity.  Economic Growth: Pension savings can fund long-term investments, supporting infrastructure and national development. Health and Well-being: Regular pension income helps the elderly afford healthcare and other essentials, improving their quality of life. Encouragement for Formal Employment: A well-designed pension system can incentivise formalisation of jobs and labour compliance, contributing to better workforce organization. Current Status of India’s Pension System Only 12% of India’s workforce is covered under formal pension schemes. Public sector and organized private sector enjoy multiple protections, while informal sector workers remain largely uncovered. Informal sector coverage depends on voluntary schemes like Atal Pension Yojana (APY) and National Pension System (NPS). These reached only 5.3% of the population in FY24. Pension assets in India stand at 17% of GDP, much lower than 80% in advanced economies. Key Challenges Fragmentation of Schemes Multiple overlapping schemes without unified regulation. Gig workers and informal workers are covered through limited voluntary channels or aggregator-based schemes, causing duplication and confusion. In contrast, countries like Japan and New Zealand offer universal coverage through flat-rate or residency-based pensions. Lack of Awareness and Sensitisation Pension enrolment is low due to poor financial literacy and limited understanding of long-term retirement planning. International examples: Australia integrates pension literacy in school curriculum. UK uses auto-enrolment (opt-out) models. Netherlands provides annual pension disclosures. Nigeria enhances reach through digital pension infrastructure. Sustainability and Liquidity Issues According to the Mercer CFA Institute Pension Index 2024, India scored 44%, reflecting poor adequacy of pension funds. Countries like China face unsustainable public pension burdens due to demographic shifts. Models from Denmark, Netherlands, and the US highlight the importance of private funds and targeted investments for long-term returns. Value Addition Major Government Pension Schemes Atal Pension Yojana (APY): A voluntary, government-backed scheme aimed at unorganised sector workers, offering a guaranteed monthly pension (₹1,000–₹5,000) after the age of 60, based on contribution. National Pension System (NPS): A market-linked, contributory pension scheme open to all citizens, including private and informal workers, offering flexible investment choices and tax benefits under Section 80C and 80CCD. Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS): Mandatory for workers in the organised sector; a part of the Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF) contribution goes into EPS to provide pension after retirement or on disability. Way Forward – Three-Tiered Pension Framework India should integrate fragmented pension schemes under a single regulator to streamline administration and ensure uniform standards across all sectors. Tier 1: Basic Pension Guarantee The first tier would comprise a mandatory basic pension guarantee, offering a flat-rate contributory pension for all, irrespective of employment status. . Tier 2: Occupational Pensions It would cover occupational pensions that may be mandatory, or on an opt-out basis, establishing employer-based schemes with auto-enrolment, subject to minimum contribution standards would cover occupational pensions that may be mandatory, or on an opt-out basis, establishing employer-based schemes with auto-enrolment, subject to minimum contribution standards Tier 3: Voluntary Pension Savings It would include voluntary pension savings, incentivised through tax benefits, market-linked returns, and flexible products to supplement retirement income. Other Reforms Financial Literacy Campaigns: Especially at school and college levels to build pension awareness. Digital Access: Easy-to-use platforms for enrolment and pension management, especially for informal workers. Annual Disclosures: Mandatory reporting of pension entitlements to improve transparency and public trust. Robust investment regulation and performance oversight of pension funds. Guarantees long-term liquidity and solvency of pension payouts. With India’s ageing population rising, an inclusive pension framework is crucial for retirement dignity, poverty reduction, and economic resilience. Conclusion As India transitions to an ageing society, the need for an inclusive, scalable, and sustainable pension ecosystem is paramount. A universal pension guarantee, backed by awareness, digital access, and financial security, will not only reduce old-age poverty but also ensure a dignified retirement for all citizens formal and informal alike. Policymakers must act now to build future-ready pension architecture in line with India’s development goals for 2047. Mains Practice Question  Q “India’s pension system is fragmented and inadequately equipped to handle the growing old-age dependency. Critically examine the key challenges and suggest a framework to design an inclusive and sustainable pension system for all sections of society. (250 words, 15 marks)   International Big Cat Alliance (GS Paper III – Environment) Introduction (Context) The first Assembly of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) was held in New Delhi, marking a global initiative led by India to protect big cat species. It was presided over by the Union Minister for Environment, Forests and Climate Change including nine countries in attendance at the meeting – Bhutan, Cambodia, Eswatini, Guinea, India, Liberia, Suriname, Somalia and Kazakhstan. What is IBCA? Announced by PM Narendra Modi in 2023 (Mysuru) during the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger. Established by: Government of India in March 2024 through the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Mandate: Conservation of seven big cats – Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma. Objective: It aims “to facilitate collaboration and synergy among stakeholders, consolidating successful conservation practices and expertise and replicating them in range countries.” Funding: The Union government has allocated Rs 150 crore for the purpose from 2023-24 to 2027-28. Membership & Governance Assembly President: Union Minister of India. There are 95 range countries (falling within the natural distribution of a species) for the big cats, including Canada, China, Congo, Ghana, Brazil, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia and the United States.  Confirmed Members (as of Sep 2024): Twenty-five countries have consented to be members of the IBCA, as of September 2024, including Bangladesh, Nigeria, Egypt, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Kenya and Rwanda. Membership Criteria: All UN members can join after signing the framework agreement and sending a Note Verbale (diplomatic communication). Status of tiger population Tiger population in India fell from 40,000 (1947) to 1,800 (1970) due to poaching and habitat loss. Project Tiger launched in 1973. As on January 30, 2025, tiger numbers in India have increased two-fold since 2010. There are now over 3,600 tigers in India; that’s 75% of the world’s tiger population. This increase is largely attributed to successful conservation efforts and environmental protection measures that have safeguarded tigers from habitat loss and poaching.  Significance of conservation of Big cats Each big cat species Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma occupies unique ecological niches across continents. Conserving all seven ensures global ecological balance. Some are discussed below: Regulation of Prey Population: Big cats play a vital role in controlling herbivore populations such as deer and antelope. This helps maintain the food web and ensures no single species dominates the ecosystem. Ecosystem Health: By regulating prey, big cats prevent overgrazing, which can cause soil erosion and reduce vegetation cover. Their presence supports the long-term stability of forests and grasslands. Wildfires: Overgrazed land becomes dry and fire-prone; predator presence helps reduce this risk. Spread of Diseases: Balanced animal populations limit disease transmission between overpopulated species. Habitat Destruction: Predators preserve biodiversity and prevent habitat fragmentation by maintaining species diversity. Habitat Protection: Protecting big cats means protecting large landscapes, as these species require vast territories. These habitats also support numerous other species, including endangered plants and animals. Climate and Disaster Resilience: Healthy ecosystems supported by big cat conservation improve local climate stability and act as buffers during floods, landslides, and droughts. Climate Adaptation: Natural habitats help species and communities adapt to climate variability. Disaster Prevention: Dense forests prevent soil erosion, landslides, and regulate water cycles. Soil & Water Systems: Big cat habitats preserve soil fertility and maintain watershed health. Carbon Storage: Forests that support big cats act as carbon sinks, absorbing atmospheric CO₂. This contributes directly to global climate change mitigation goals. Pandemic Control: Intact ecosystems limit human-wildlife conflict and reduce the risk of zoonotic disease spillovers, as species live within balanced habitats and natural buffers. Key Challenges Deforestation and land-use change threaten ecological corridors and prey base. Expansion of human settlements increases encounters and conflict with wildlife. Modern poachers have adopted leaner, more mobile networks with links to narcotics and arms syndicates. Way Forward Strengthen global coordination under IBCA. Invest in surveillance tech, community-based conservation, and transboundary cooperation. Mainstream biodiversity goals into climate, disaster, and development policies. India must lead by example through science-based policy and inclusive ecological governance. Value Addition  Project Tiger (India) Launched in 1973, Project Tiger is a flagship wildlife conservation initiative by the Government of India to protect the endangered tiger population.  It began with 9 tiger reserves and now includes over 50 reserves across the country.  The project aims to ensure a viable population of tigers in their natural habitat, protect biodiversity, and reduce human-wildlife conflict.  It is implemented by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). Keystone Species A keystone species is one that has a disproportionate impact on its ecosystem relative to its abundance.  Its presence or absence significantly affects the structure and functioning of the ecosystem.  Big cats, like tigers and lions, are keystone species because they regulate prey populations, maintain ecological balance, and preserve biodiversity.  The removal of a keystone species can lead to ecosystem collapse. Conclusion The International Big Cat Alliance is a testament to India’s vision of leading global environmental diplomacy. With deep experience in species conservation and ecological management, India now shoulders a greater responsibility to protect not only its own wildlife but to guide and support global efforts to conserve the majestic big cats that define the health of our planet’s ecosystems. Mains Practice Question  Q “Apex predators like big cats play a vital role in maintaining ecosystem balance. Examine the role of the International Big Cat Alliance in this context” (250 words, 15 marks)   Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba  

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UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 17th June 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 17th June – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Census 2027 Category: POLITY Context: Registrar-General of India issues notification for Census Decoding Context:  Overview The 16th Census of India will be held in two phases: House-listing (March 1 to September 30, 2026) Population enumeration (early 2027) It will be India’s first digital Census, using mobile apps and a new coding system. Conducting a Census Enumerators: ~30 lakh (mainly school teachers) Supervisory Staff: ~1.2 lakh functionaries Training: ~46,000 persons Preparation Includes: Freezing administrative boundaries Training Methodology revision Phase 1: House-listing Enumerators visit homes to record: Type of building Use (residential/commercial/mixed) Material used Water source Sanitation Electricity Head of household info Timeline: March 1 – September 30 of the year before population enumeration Output: Profile of housing stock, living conditions, amenities Phase 2: Population Enumeration Focus on individual data: Name, age, gender, DOB Relationship to head Marital status, education Occupation, religion, caste/tribe Disability, migration, nativity Goal: Create a full statistical profile of every person in India Why the Census Matters Helps track demographic, social, economic changes Assists in: Policy-making Resource distribution Planning welfare schemes Basis for: Delimitation of constituencies Reservation (SC/ST seats under Articles 330 & 332) Central grants to states New Features & Technology Mobile App Usage: Replaces paper-based enumeration Unique ID generation for entries CMMS (Census Management and Monitoring System): Supervision Issue resolution GPS Tagging: Geolocate houses and address data gaps Validation & Correction: Real-time error checks during data entry Digital Signatures: Enumerators will sign entries digitally New Information Captured Availability of drinking water Usage of smartphones and mobile phones Access to bank accounts Transgender identification option Caste enumeration (questionnaire prepared) – pending decision Political Implications First Census Since 1931 to collect caste data beyond SC/ST. Timing Critical: Will impact delimitation, reservation in Parliament. Changes in Content Detailed questionnaire was already prepared in 2018-19 Updated data variables introduced Household listing in 2026 will cover 28 columns Challenges Anticipated Digital Literacy: App training for enumerators Language barriers in app interface Logistics: Device provisioning, supervision Exclusion risks: Transient or homeless populations Verification: Authenticating digitally recorded data Conclusion The 2027 Census will mark a technological shift in India’s data collection process, offering granular and real-time demographic insights. However, its execution will require robust training, digital readiness, and efficient supervision to overcome inherent challenges. Learning Corner: Note on the History of Census in India The Census in India is one of the oldest and most comprehensive administrative exercises in the world. It provides vital data for governance, planning, and policymaking. Here’s a concise overview of its historical development: Historical Background First Attempt (1872): The first population count was conducted in 1872 during British rule under the supervision of W.C. Plowden. It was not synchronous and was conducted in different provinces at different times. First Complete Census (1881): Conducted under Lord Ripon, with Sir William Hunter as the Census Commissioner. This was the first synchronous and systematic Census across India and marked the beginning of the decennial tradition. Census in Independent India After independence, the first Census was conducted in 1951 under the Census Act of 1948. Since then, India has conducted seven Censuses: 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, and 2011. The 2021 Census was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and is now expected in 2026–2027. Census Act, 1948 Provides the legal framework for conducting the Census in India. Empowers the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India to manage the process. Key Features of India’s Census Conducted every 10 years. Two-phase process: House-listing and Housing Census Population Enumeration One of the largest administrative exercises globally, covering over 1.4 billion people. Significance Provides data on population, literacy, migration, employment, housing, and amenities. Forms the basis for: Policy formulation Delimitation of constituencies Reservation of seats Distribution of central funds Source : THE INDIAN EXPRESS 2025 Bonn Climate Change Conference Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Bonn Climate Change Conference to be held from June 16 to 26, 2025. Decoding Context:  Purpose & Focus Acts as a mid-year preparatory meeting between COP29 (Baku, 2024) and COP30 (Belém, Brazil, 2025) Brings together representatives from nearly 200 countries to: Advance the Global Goal on Adaptation (from concept to implementation) Mobilize climate finance (goal: $1.3 trillion under the Baku-Belém Roadmap) Finalize rules for UN-backed carbon markets (Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement) Strengthen Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Side Themes Emphasis on: Just transition Gender-responsive climate action Youth and Indigenous Peoples’ engagement Nature-based solutions Significance A key platform to: Evaluate progress on climate adaptation and resilience Lay the technical groundwork for COP30 Keep the 1.5°C Paris goal within reach Influence future climate negotiations on adaptation, finance, and carbon markets Learning Corner: Note on UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) The UNFCCC is an international treaty adopted in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit to address the global challenge of climate change. Key Features: Objective: To stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Entered into force: March 21, 1994 Parties: 198 countries (referred to as Parties to the Convention), making it nearly universal. Important Elements: Differentiated Responsibilities: The principle of “Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities” (CBDR-RC) is central—developed countries are expected to take the lead in reducing emissions. Annexes: Annex I: Industrialized countries and economies in transition. Annex II: Subset of Annex I—required to provide financial and technological support to developing countries. Non-Annex I: Developing countries. Major Protocols and Agreements under UNFCCC: Kyoto Protocol (1997): Legally binding emission reduction targets for developed countries. Came into force in 2005. Paris Agreement (2015): Legally binding international treaty. All countries submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Aim: Limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C. Institutional Mechanism: COP (Conference of the Parties): Supreme decision-making body of the UNFCCC. Held annually (e.g., COP28 in 2023, COP30 in Brazil in 2025). SBSTA & SBI: Subsidiary bodies that meet in mid-year sessions (like the Bonn Climate Change Conference) to carry out technical work and implementation discussions. Significance for India: Provides a platform to push for climate equity, climate finance, and technology transfer. India is an active participant and has submitted updated NDCs under the Paris Agreement. Aligns climate actions with national goals such as energy transition and sustainable development. Source: THE HINDU Shipki La Pass Category: GEOGRAPHY Context : Himachal Pradesh has opened the Shipki La pass. Significance of Shipki La Pass Historical Trade Corridor Historically a key trade route between India and Tibet. Facilitated exchange of goods like textiles, tea, spices, wool, silk, and herbal medicines. Trade was disrupted after the 1962 war, briefly resumed in 1992, but has been stalled since 2020. Strategic and Geographical Importance Located at 3,930 meters in Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh. One of three official Indo-Tibet trade routes, alongside Nathu La and Lipulekh. The Sutlej River enters India here, adding to its geographical relevance. Lies close to the Line of Actual Control (LAC), making it vital for border security. Economic and Tourism Potential Recently opened for domestic tourism to boost the local economy. Aims to promote border tourism and provide livelihoods in remote areas. Could help revive cross-border trade and support border village development. Cultural and Pilgrimage Route Considered a potential new route for the Kailash Manasarovar Yatra. Historically fostered cultural exchange between Indian and Tibetan communities. Policy and Security Relevance Part of India’s strategy to balance development and national security in border regions. Access remains regulated and monitored by security forces. Learning Corner: Major Himalayan Passes  Pass Name Location Connects / Significance Karakoram Pass Ladakh Connects India with China in the Karakoram Range; ancient Silk Route; currently not used for public transport. Khardung La Ladakh Leads to Nubra Valley from Leh; strategic military use; among the highest motorable roads. Zoji La J&K–Ladakh border Connects Srinagar with Leh; critical for military and civilian transport. Banihal Pass Jammu & Kashmir Lies in Pir Panjal range; connects Jammu with Srinagar (replaced by Banihal Tunnel). Rohtang Pass Himachal Pradesh Connects Kullu Valley with Lahaul & Spiti; Atal Tunnel built under it. Baralacha La Himachal Pradesh On Manali–Leh highway; links Himachal with Ladakh. Shipki La Himachal Pradesh Trade route with China; used by locals for cross-border trade. Niti Pass Uttarakhand Connects India with Tibet (China); used for Indo-Tibetan trade. Mana Pass Uttarakhand One of the highest vehicle-accessible passes; close to the pilgrimage site of Badrinath. Lipulekh Pass Uttarakhand (Pithoragarh) Connects to Tibet via Nepal; route for Kailash Mansarovar Yatra; subject of territorial dispute with Nepal. Nathu La Sikkim Trade route with China; reopened in 2006; highly strategic and militarized. Jelep La Sikkim Lies east of Nathu La; historically important but not in use now. Bum La Pass Arunachal Pradesh Near Tawang; site of 1962 India-China war; currently a Border Personnel Meeting point. Diphu Pass Arunachal Pradesh Tri-junction of India, China, and Myanmar; significant in India’s Act East Policy. Source :  THE HINDU Trade deficit Category: ECONOMICS Context : India’s Trade Deficit Narrows – May 2025 Decoding Context Key Trade Indicators Total Exports (Goods + Services): $71.12 billion (↑2.77% YoY) Merchandise exports: $38.73 billion (↓2.2%) Services exports: $32.39 billion (↑9.4%) Total Imports: $77.75 billion (↓1.02%) Overall Trade Deficit: $6.62 billion (↓from $9.35 billion in May 2024) Cumulative Growth (Apr–May 2025) Exports: $142.43 billion (↑5.75%) Imports: $159.57 billion (↑6.52%) Sectoral Trends Export Strengths: Services, electronics, pharmaceuticals, marine products, textiles. Declines Noted In: Petroleum products, gems & jewellery, cotton yarn. Key Drivers Growth in services sector (with $14.65 billion surplus). Policy support like the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme. Improvement in non-oil export performance. Significance The narrowed trade deficit reflects resilience in India’s external sector. Seen as a positive sign amid global uncertainties like fluctuating commodity prices and trade volatility. Learning Corner: Key Terminologies in Foreign Trade Trade Balance The difference between the value of a country’s exports and imports. Trade Surplus: Exports > Imports Trade Deficit: Imports > Exports Current Account A component of Balance of Payments (BoP) that includes trade in goods, services, investment income, and unilateral transfers (like remittances). A deficit indicates more outflow than inflow of foreign currency in this account. Merchandise Trade Trade in tangible, physical goods like textiles, machinery, agricultural products, etc. Invisible Trade Trade in services like tourism, banking, IT, consultancy. Includes remittances and income from foreign investments. Balance of Payments (BoP) A comprehensive record of a country’s economic transactions with the rest of the world, including the current account, capital account, and financial account. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) A pact between two or more countries to reduce or eliminate tariffs and trade barriers on goods and services. Most Favoured Nation (MFN) A WTO principle where a country must extend trade advantages (like low tariffs) granted to one nation to all WTO members. Export-Oriented Units (EOUs) Firms registered to export 100% of their production; given tax and regulatory incentives. Tariff A tax imposed on imports to protect domestic industries or generate revenue. Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) Restrictions other than tariffs such as quotas, licenses, or standards that limit imports. Dumping When a country exports goods at a price lower than its domestic price or production cost, often to capture market share. Anti-Dumping Duty A protectionist tariff imposed on imports believed to be priced below fair market value. Exchange Rate The value of one currency in terms of another. Affects the competitiveness of exports and imports. Foreign Exchange Reserves Assets held by a central bank in foreign currencies, used to support exchange rates and pay for imports. Trade Facilitation Simplifying and streamlining procedures to reduce costs and delays in cross-border trade. Source: THE HINDU Governor’s functions and powers Category: POLITY Context : Delay in Governor’s Assent Stalls Kerala’s Private University Plans Decoding Context: The Kerala government’s plan to establish private universities is stalled due to a delay in the Governor’s assent to the relevant legislation. While administrative preparations—such as rules, application processes, and eligibility criteria—are complete, the law cannot be enacted without gubernatorial approval. Key Developments: The government had intended to begin inviting applications in 2025. Several educational groups, including those from outside the state, have shown interest. The rules for establishing private universities, including investment and governance norms, are finalized but not yet notified. Without the Governor’s assent, the process is stuck, delaying reforms aimed at diversifying higher education and attracting private investment. Constitutional and Political Context: This issue reflects a broader trend where Governors in non-BJP-ruled states delay assent to key legislation, leading to tension between state governments and Governors. The Supreme Court has ruled that Governors cannot withhold assent indefinitely, prompting some states to consider legal remedies. In Kerala, multiple bills—including those related to higher education—are affected, with some even being reserved for the President’s consideration. Implications: The standoff has halted the launch of private universities despite strong interest from stakeholders. It raises concerns about federalism and the role of the Governor in the legislative process, particularly in sectors like education. The Supreme Court’s judgment may influence the resolution of such delays, but for now, Kerala’s reforms remain in limbo. Learning Corner: Note on Powers and Functions of the Governor  The Governor is the constitutional head of a state in India, appointed by the President of India under Article 155 of the Constitution. The Governor acts as the link between the Union and the State Government and performs functions similar to those of the President at the central level. Constitutional Powers and Functions of the Governor Executive Powers Appoints the Chief Minister and, on their advice, other ministers (Art. 164). Makes key appointments such as Advocate General, State Election Commissioner, and members of the State Public Service Commission. Acts as the nominal head of the state executive, all executive actions are taken in their name (Art. 154, 166). Has the power to recommend President’s Rule under Article 356. Legislative Powers Summons, prorogues, and dissolves the State Legislature (Art. 174). Addresses the state legislature at the beginning of the first session after each general election and each year (Art. 176). Gives or withholds assent to bills (Art. 200). May: Assent to the bill, Withhold assent, Reserve the bill for the President’s consideration, Return (non-money) bills for reconsideration. Judicial Powers Can grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions for offenses against laws under state jurisdiction (Art. 161). Discretionary Powers Though usually bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers (Art. 163), the Governor can act at their discretion in certain matters: In absence of a clear majority, choosing the CM. Sending a report to the President for invoking Article 356. Reserving bills for the President. Important Case Laws Related to Governor’s Powers Shamsher Singh v. State of Punjab (1974) Key Principle: The Governor must act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers except in matters where the Constitution explicitly gives discretion. It rejected the idea of the Governor as an independent authority. Nabam Rebia v. Deputy Speaker (2016) Held: The Governor cannot act without the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers in matters where discretion is not permitted. Also held that the Governor’s power to summon the House is not absolute and must follow CM’s advice. Rameshwar Prasad v. Union of India (2006) Issue: Dissolution of Bihar Assembly. Held: Governor’s report recommending dissolution was unconstitutional. Reinforced that the Governor’s actions are justiciable and not above the law. Samsher Singh and Nabam Rebia (read together): These cases form the bedrock of constitutional limits on Governor’s discretion and reiterate that the Governor is not an autonomous political agent, but a constitutional functionary. P.D. Tondon vs. State of Uttar Pradesh (1970): Clarified that the Governor cannot be sued for acts done in their official capacity. Recent Relevance: In states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Punjab, delays in Governor’s assent to bills and summoning of assembly sessions have triggered constitutional debates on the limits of the Governor’s discretion. 2024 SC ruling reiterated that Governors cannot indefinitely delay assent to state bills. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) PM Modi visit to Cyprus (GS Paper II – International relations) Introduction (Context) Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Cyprus, marking the first visit by an Indian PM to the island nation in over two decades. It is viewed as a strategic signal to Turkey and a step to deepen India’s outreach in the Eastern Mediterranean. Futher, PM Modi has been conferred with the Grand Cross of the Order of Makarios III of Cyprus, the country’s highest civilian honour. The Order of Makarios III is the senior order of knighthood awarded by the country named after the first President of Cyprus, Archbishop Makarios III. About Cyprus  Cyprus is an island in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, located close to Turkey and Syria.  It is a member of the European Union (EU) despite being geographically in Asia.  Cyprus’s location places it within easy reach of Europe, Asia, and Africa, making it a bridge between these continents.  Cyprus has historically been known for its copper deposits, as well as its agricultural production of wheat, olives, and wine.  Brief History of Cyprus (Turkey-Cyprus Rivalry) 1914: Britain officially takes control of Cyprus after centuries of Ottoman rule. Britain had already occupied it since 1878. 1955: Greek Cypriots begin a fight against British rule, demanding unification with Greece. A group called EOKA leads this armed struggle. 1960: Cyprus becomes independent. A power-sharing system is set up between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. Britain, Greece, and Turkey are given rights to intervene if needed. 1963: Tensions rise when President Makarios proposes changes that reduce Turkish Cypriot rights. Violence breaks out, and Turkish Cypriots leave the government. 1974: A coup by Greek nationalists tries to unite Cyprus with Greece. In response, Turkey invades and takes control of the northern part of the island. 1983: The northern area declares itself the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, recognized only by Turkey. 2001: The UN continues its peacekeeping mission with thousands of peacekeepers managing a buffer zone between the two communities. 2003: For the first time in 30 years, people are allowed to cross between the Turkish and Greek parts of the island. 2004: Cyprus joins the European Union, but remains a divided island. 2008: Cyprus adopts the euro. A key road between Greek and Turkish areas in the capital Nicosia (Ledra Street) is reopened after 44 years. The north-eastern part of the island has declared itself independent as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which only Turkey recognises. India’s Strategic Interests in Cyprus 1. Political and Diplomatic Support Cyprus is seen as a dependable friend of India: Strongly supports India’s bid for permanent UNSC membership. Backed the India–US Civil Nuclear Deal in the NSG and IAEA. India appreciates Cyprus’s consistent stand against terrorism, aligning with India’s strategic narratives. 2. India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) Cyprus lies along the route of the IMEC, a key trade and infrastructure initiative launched on the sidelines of the G20. The island’s proximity to Middle Eastern ports and EU integration make it vital for smooth Indo-European trade. 3. European Union (EU) Presidency Cyprus will hold the rotating presidency of the EU Council in early 2026. As India strengthens its strategic and economic relations with Europe, Cyprus could play a facilitating role in trade negotiations, digital partnerships, and climate collaboration. 4. Poor India and Turkey relations India-Turkey ties have deteriorated due to Turkey’s open support for Pakistan on Kashmir, including at UN forums. India found Turkish-origin drones in Pakistani attacks during the Operation Sindoor conflict 5. Economic benefits One of the biggest banks in Cyprus, Eurobank, has recently announced that it is opening a representative office in Mumbai to help make Cyprus a gateway for Indian businesses entering the European Union and promote the interconnection of capital and businesses between Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia. The island’s advanced financial services sector, favorable tax regime, and established shipping industry make it an ideal hub for Indian companies seeking to access European markets. Cyprus is a significant source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in India, supported by the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) between the two countries. Cyprus is a key player in Eastern Mediterranean natural gas exploration, an area of regional tension due to Turkish drilling. India’s interest in diversifying its energy sources makes Cyprus strategically important for potential energy partnerships. Significance of the visit The visit is seen as a move to counter the growing Turkey-Pakistan axis, especially since Turkey has deepened ties with Pakistan, including support during India’s Operation Sindoor. The visit will strengthens India’s Mediterranean strategy by aligning with a key regional player opposed to Turkey’s assertiveness. Conclusion PM Modi’s 2025 visit to Cyprus is not just a diplomatic courtesy—it reflects a calibrated geopolitical realignment. With deepening Turkey-Pakistan ties, Cyprus emerges as a strategic partner in the EU, Eastern Mediterranean, and IMEC framework. It strengthens India’s multi-vector foreign policy, signaling strategic intent to adversaries and partners alike. Mains Practice Question  Q Discuss the strategic significance of Cyprus for India in the context of regional geopolitics and economic diplomacy. (250 words, 15 marks)   India Census 2027 (GS Paper II – Governance, GS Paper 1 – Indian Society) Introduction (Context) The Ministry of Home Affairs has issued a notification for conducting Population Census in 2027 which will take place in two phases on October 1, 2026, and March 1, 2027, respectively. It will also include the first nationwide caste enumeration since 1931. What is Census? The Census is a decennial exercise under the Census Act, 1948, conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India (RGI). The Indian Census is the most credible source of information on Demography (Population characteristics), Economic Activity, Literacy &amp; Education, Housing &amp; Household Amenities, Urbanization, Fertility and Mortality, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Language, Religion, Migration, Disability and many other socio-cultural and demographic data since 1872. How is the Census Conducted? The process is carried out in two broad phases: the House-listing and Housing Census, followed by the Population Enumeration.  House-listing phase:  In this every structure in the country is visited to record the characteristics of buildings and households.  Enumerators collect data on the head of the household, the number of members, on the use of the building (residential, commercial, etc.), the materials used in its construction, the number of rooms, ownership status, sources of water and electricity, the type of toilet, fuel used for cooking, and the availability of assets like TV, phone, vehicle, etc. This information helps build a profile of housing stock, access to amenities, and living conditions across India. Generally, this phase is conducted between March 1 and September 30 of the year preceding the population enumeration year. Various states, depending upon their convenience, choose the months in which to conduct the house listing exercise. In this census, it is expected to be conducted in 2026. Population enumeration:  This follows the housing census and focuses on individual data: name, age, sex, date of birth, relationship to the head of household, marital status, education, occupation, religion, caste/tribe, disability status, and migration history.  Enumerators fill out a schedule for every person, even the homeless, and the process captures demographic and socio-economic details that form the heart of the Census database. The data is processed centrally and released in stages — first the provisional population totals, then more detailed tables disaggregated by various indicators. Robust quality control mechanisms, including re-checks and audits, are built into the process. New Additions in 2027 Census House-listing Phase: Internet availability, smartphone ownership. Drinking water source inside home. Type of fuel, gas connection. Type of cereal consumed. Mobile number for census updates. Population Enumeration Phase: Caste enumeration. Gender-inclusive options (e.g., transgender). Migration due to climate or disaster. Internet usage. New features in Census 2027 Digital Census: The 2027 Census will be the first digital census in India’s history, with the use of mobile apps, online self-enumeration, and near-real-time monitoring. Self-enumeration of Data: Census plans to allow self-enumeration for the first time, where households can log into a government portal or use an app to fill out their own details. Once self-enumeration is done, the system will generate a unique ID. Individuals who have self-enumerated will have to just present this ID when Census enumerator comes to their house. Digitisation of process: Enumerators would also use handheld devices or smartphones preloaded with the Census app. While a dual system, including paper enumeration is envisaged, sources said it is expected all enumerators will use the digital medium since smartphones are now ubiquitous and remuneration for digital census is higher. This digitisation is expected to reduce errors, speed up processing, and enable tighter quality control. Real time tracking: Real-time dashboards have been planned to track progress, flag inconsistencies, and push updates. The Census Management and Monitoring System (CMMS) would allow supervision and resolution of field issues without delay. GPS integration: While 2011 used physical maps and area lists, 2027 introduces GPS tagging of households and geofencing to avoid coverage gaps. Mobile tracking and validation: Enumerators in 2027 will receive alerts for errors like inconsistent age or unrealistic household size, enabling real-time corrections. Such checks did not exist in 2011. Coding System: For the 2027 Census, the Registrar General of India has introduced a new coding system to make data collection more accurate and efficient. Earlier, in the 2011 Census, information like caste, occupation, or mother tongue was written by hand, often leading to spelling mistakes and confusion during data processing. The 2027 Census will use a digital system where enumerators would select options from pre-loaded lists called code directories with separate code for possible responses — on a mobile app. These lists included standardized codes for things like Scheduled Castes and Tribes, different languages, jobs, and places of birth. This approach required enumerators to select entries from standardised drop-down menus or picklists. This makes sure that entries were uniform across the country and could be quickly processed by computers. It is a major step towards making the census more modern and reducing errors caused by manual entry. Significance of Census It is the basis on which electoral constituencies are drawn and seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.  Central grants to states and districts are often population-based, as are subsidies and ration allocations. Ministries ranging from Education to Rural Development use Census data to locate schools, primary health centers, and infrastructure projects. It helps the judiciary, planners, and scholars alike understand trends in migration, urbanisation, employment, and fertility.  The Census is also crucial to the implementation of constitutional provisions.  Article 82 of the Constitution mandates delimitation of constituencies based on the most recent Census.  Article 330 and 332 reserve seats for SCs and STs in legislatures based on their population proportions. The Women’s Reservation Bill, which reserves one-third of the seats in the Lok Sabha and the state assemblies for women, can only kick in after a census is conducted, followed by the delimitation exercise. Value addition: Terminologies Children (below 15 years): Economically unproductive and dependent on provisions such as food, clothing, education, and medical care. Working Age (15-59 years): Economically productive and biologically reproductive, forming the working population. Aged (Above 59 years): Potentially economically productive but retired; may work voluntarily but not available for employment through regular recruitment. Sex Ratio: The number of females per 1000 males in a specified area and time period. Child Sex Ratio: The sex ratio in the age group 0-6 years, reflecting gender distribution among children. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years (15–49 years), assuming current age-specific fertility rates remain constant. Crude Death Rate: Ratio of total registered deaths to the mid-year population, per 1000, in a specified calendar year. Expectation of Life at Birth: Average years a cohort of newborns may expect to live based on age-specific mortality rates. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Number of deaths of children under one year per 1000 live births. Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR): Death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination, per 100,000 live births. Challenges & Solutions Connectivity in remote areas: The app is built to function offline and auto-synchronise once signal returns. App glitches and updates: Enumerators will be given field support and diagnostic tools to troubleshoot problems in real time. GPS drift or tagging issues: Supervisors will verify and manually adjust coordinates where necessary. Reluctance or fear among respondents: Enumerators have been trained in soft skills and legal provisions, and mobile alerts are built in to document refusal or delayed access. Quality control: Quality control involves supervisors reviewing flagged forms, and periodic checks by Census officers. Errors like unrealistic age ranges or duplicate entries could be caught and corrected before submission. Conclusion The 2027 Census marks a transformative moment in India’s governance and data systems — combining digital innovation, socio-economic depth, and political sensitivity through the inclusion of caste enumeration. As India aspires to become a developed nation by 2047, a robust, inclusive, and accurate Census is vital for evidence-based policymaking, equitable resource allocation, and social justice. The success of this exercise will depend not just on technology, but on public trust, institutional capacity, and ethical use of data. Mains Practice Question  Q “The upcoming 2027 Census of India is more than a data collection exercise; it is a political, economic, and social tool of national transformation.” Discuss. (250 words, 15 marks)   Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba  

[CURRENT AFFAIRS] IAS UPSC REVAMPED Current Affairs Magazine March 2025

    Archives Hello Friends, This is March 2025 of IASbaba’s REVAMPED Current Affairs Monthly Magazine. Current Affairs for UPSC Civil Services Examination is an important factor in this preparation. An effort towards making your Current Affairs for IAS UPSC Preparation qualitative. We hope you make the best use of it! This edition covers all Important current affairs issues that were in the news for the month of March 2025. Kindly leave your feedback in the comment section below on the new design and presentation of the magazine. We would love to hear from you! Download The Magazine - March 2025 Important Topics Covered In The Magazine Includes:   India's Semiconductor Manufacturing IT Act and Content Blocking Priority Sector Lending EUTELSAT Bangus Valley And Much More..... Download The Magazine - March 2025 To get Regular Updates from IASbaba, follow- TELEGRAM Channel – https://t.me/IASbabaOfficialAccount YOUTUBE – https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChvbVdio9Wgj7Z3nQz1Q0ZQ FACEBOOK – https://www.facebook.com/iasbaba/ Also, SUBSCRIBE to the WEBSITE Below, so that you don’t miss out on important posts! Thank You IASbaba

[Compilation] IASbaba’s Think Learn Perform (TLP - Phase 1) 2025 - UPSC Mains Questions and Synopsis Compilation - GS4 (Day 1 to 6)

For Previous TLP (ARCHIVES) - CLICK HERE Hello Everyone,  At IASbaba, we believe that consistent answer writing is the most powerful way to master the UPSC Mains exam. That’s the simple idea behind TLP (Think Learn Perform). By making answer writing a small yet non-negotiable part of your daily routine, TLP helps you improve steadily and sustainably - not overnight, but every single day. But that’s not all - TLP also helps you master one of the most underrated aspects of UPSC Mains - Time Management! To Know More about TLP  -> CLICK HERE For Schedule  -> CLICK HERE   Designed for aspirants aiming for top ranks, this compiled (questions and synopsis) file will boost your conceptual clarity and answer writing skills. Download Day 1 to 6 (GS4) Compilation -> CLICK HERE All the Best :)