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[DAY 29] 60 DAY RAPID REVISION (RaRe) SERIES for UPSC Prelims 2025 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, CURRENT AFFAIRS & CSAT TEST SERIES!

Hello Friends The 60 Days Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series is IASbaba’s Flagship Initiative recommended by Toppers and loved by the aspirants’ community every year. It is the most comprehensive program which will help you complete the syllabus, revise and practice tests on a daily basis. The Programme on a daily basis includes Daily Prelims MCQs from Static (Monday – Saturday) Daily Static Quiz will cover all the topics of static subjects – Polity, History, Geography, Economics, Environment and Science and technology. 20 questions will be posted daily and these questions are framed from the topics mentioned in the schedule. It will ensure timely and streamlined revision of your static subjects. Daily Current Affairs MCQs (Monday – Saturday) Daily 5 Current Affairs questions, based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, would be published from Monday to Saturday according to the schedule. Daily CSAT Quiz (Monday – Friday) CSAT has been an Achilles heel for many aspirants. Daily 5 CSAT Questions will be published. Note – Daily Test of 20 static questions, 10 current affairs, and 5 CSAT questions. (35 Prelims Questions) in QUIZ FORMAT will be updated on a daily basis. To Know More about 60 Days Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series – CLICK HERE   60 Day Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series Schedule – CLICK HERE  Important Note Comment your Scores in the Comment Section. This will keep you accountable, responsible and sincere in days to come. It will help us come out with the Cut-Off on a Daily Basis. Let us know if you enjoyed today’s test πŸ™‚  You can post your comments in the given format  (1) Your Score (2) Matrix Meter (3) New Learning from the Test The following Test is based on the syllabus of 60 Days Plan-2025 for UPSC IAS Prelims 2025. Click Here To Take The Test -> Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 12th April 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT Category: POLITY Context: Congress leader Gaurav Gogoi recently criticized the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, calling it “draconian” and expressing concern that it limits access to information. Decoding the context: Other opposition leaders have also urged Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw to repeal Section 44(3) of the DPDP Act, arguing that it effectively dilutes the RTI framework. Learning Corner: The DPDP Act propose to amend the Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act, 2005. This section prevents a public authority from sharing anyone’s personal information on two main grounds – that the disclosure will have no bearing on any public activity, and that revealing such information would cause unwarranted invasion of the privacy of an individual, unless such disclosure is justified in larger public interest. According to the proposed DPDP law, the two key grounds, that such information could be disclosed provided it serves a larger public interest, have been done away with.  Union Minister Vaishnav, in response to the opposition claims, underlined that protection of personal information was important as the Supreme Court in the Puttaswamy judgment had held privacy to be an integral part of the Right to Life. About RTI Act The RTI Act came into force in October 2005. Roots: Emerged from grassroots movements, notably the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) in Rajasthan, advocating for access to government records in the 1990s. Built on earlier laws like the Freedom of Information Act, 2002 (never implemented) and state-level RTI laws (e.g., Tamil Nadu, 1997; Rajasthan, 2000). Influenced by Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution (freedom of speech and expression), which implies the right to know. According to the official site of the Right to Information, “the basic object of the RTI Act is to empower the citizens, promote transparency and accountability in the working of the Government, contain corruption, and make our democracy work for the people in a real sense.” These are the four pillars of the Act. Key Provisions of the RTI Act, 2005 Scope: Applies to all public authorities (Central, State, and local governments, including bodies substantially funded by the government) across India. Process: Application: Citizens submit a written or electronic request to the Public Information Officer (PIO) or Assistant PIO of the concerned authority with a nominal fee (β‚Ή10; waived for BPL applicants). Timeline: Information must be provided within 30 days (48 hours for life/liberty matters). Appeals for non-compliance go to a First Appellate Authority (FAA) within the organization, followed by the Information Commission (Central/State). Penalties: PIOs face fines (up to β‚Ή25,000) for delays, refusal, or misinformation (Section 20). Exemptions (Section 8): Information affecting national security, sovereignty, or foreign relations. Trade secrets, intellectual property, or personal privacy (unless public interest overrides). Cabinet papers and ongoing investigations (with caveats). Section 4: Mandates proactive disclosure of information (e.g., budgets, policies) by public authorities to reduce RTI requests. Information Commissions: The RTI Act, 2005, provided for a Central Information Commission and State Information Commissions to deal with appeals and complaints against public authorities.  Source : Indian Express DIGITAL THREAT REPORT 2024 Category: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, the Digital Threat Report 2024 for the Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) sector was released by the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In), the Computer Security Incident Response Team in the Finance sector (CSIRT-Fin), and SISA, a global Cybersecurity company. Decoding the context: The report acknowledged the targeting of crypto exchanges as a new strategy. WazirX, one of India’s major crypto exchanges, was hit by a cyber attack where hackers allegedly stole nearly half of the platform’s crypto reserves worth more than $230 million. More recently, hackers stole digital assets worth over $1.5 billion from Dubai-based crypto exchange Bybit, in what is said to be the largest crypto heist till date. Learning Corner: Deepfakes and AI-generated Content: The report identifies deepfakes and AI-generated content as powerful tools for cyber intrusion, particularly in social engineering attacks. Prompt Hacking Risks: Prompt hacking—manipulating AI models into producing harmful or unintended responses—is more common when LLMs are hosted locally (on company servers or devices), compared to when accessed via secure APIs from providers like OpenAI (ChatGPT) or DeepSeek. Jailbreaking of AI Systems Despite using secure APIs, OpenAI’s ChatGPT has faced successful jailbreak attempts. Jailbraking is the process of removing software restrictions imposed by the device’s manufacturer to install unauthorized software, modify the device’s operating system, and access hidden features.  For instance, in 2023, ChatGPT users discovered that they could bypass the AI chatbot’s safeguards by asking it to pretend to be a dead grandmother. This technique came to be known as the ‘grandma exploit’.  Beyond jailbreaking, the report noted that malicious LLMs such as WormGPT and FraudGPT are capable of writing convincing phishing emails, coding highly effective malware programmes, and automating the development of exploits. The report urges policymakers to: Introduce clear and comprehensive regulations for AI and machine learning use in the BFSI sector. Mandate security testing of APIs used in AI-powered applications to detect and fix hidden vulnerabilities. Source : Indian Express VITAMIN D Category: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: A report by the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) has sounded the alarm over a worsening public health crisis in India: Vitamin D deficiency.  Decoding the context: With one in five Indians affected, the think tank has called for a national campaign, pricing reforms, food fortification and better diagnostics to tackle what it describes as a “silent epidemic”. Learning Corner: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for calcium and phosphorus absorption, and thus crucial for bone health. It also plays roles in immune function, cell growth, and inflammation reduction. Type Source D2 (Ergocalciferol) Plant-based sources, fortified foods D3 (Cholecalciferol) Synthesized in human skin on exposure to sunlight; also from animal sources like fish, eggs, liver   ICRIER Report Findings: Prevalence is highest in eastern India (38.81%), with urban areas more affected than rural ones due to lifestyle factors. Despite India’s abundant sunlight, deficiency is widespread due to systemic, cultural, and policy barriers. Causes of Vitamin D Deficiency – The ICRIER report identifies multiple factors driving the crisis Lifestyle Changes: Urbanization: Indoor-centric lifestyles, high-rise buildings, and office work reduce sun exposure, especially in metros (40-60% deficiency). Screen Time: Increased device use among youth limits outdoor activity, particularly affecting adolescents. Environmental Factors: Pollution: High particulate matter in cities blocks UVB rays, hindering Vitamin D synthesis (e.g., Delhi’s air quality index often exceeds 300). Climate: Extreme summers/winters discourage outdoor activity in regions like Rajasthan or Northeast. Dietary Shortfalls: Low Intake: Only 8-14% of Indians meet recommended dairy consumption (rich in Vitamin D). Foods like fish, eggs, and fortified milk are costly or culturally avoided (60% vegetarian population). Lactose Intolerance: Limits milk consumption, especially in southern/eastern India. Unfortified Staples: Wheat, rice, and oils lack mandatory Vitamin D fortification, unlike iodized salt. Biological and Cultural Factors: Skin Tone: Darker skin (high melanin) requires 3-6 times more sun exposure for Vitamin D synthesis, a challenge for most Indians. Clothing Norms: Practices like burqa/purdah or full-body coverage reduce skin exposure, particularly among women. Sunscreen Use: Increasing use in urban areas blocks UVB rays. Socio-Economic Barriers: High Costs: Testing costs β‚Ή1,500+, and supplements range β‚Ή48-130 for 10 tablets, unaffordable for low-income groups. 18% GST on supplements adds burden. Obesity: Impairs Vitamin D metabolism, with India’s obesity rate rising (22% adults, NFHS-5). The ICRIER report underscores Vitamin D deficiency’s far-reaching consequences Skeletal Disorders: 46% of children at risk of rickets; 80-90% of elderly face osteoporosis, increasing fractures and disability. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Linked to cardiovascular diseases (30% higher risk), type 2 diabetes (25% prevalence in adults), and cancers (e.g., breast, prostate). Mental Health: Associated with depression and fatigue, affecting quality of life. Immunity: Weakens resistance to infections (e.g., tuberculosis, COVID-19), straining healthcare systems. Maternal/Child Health: Deficiency in pregnant women correlates with neonatal issues (e.g., low birth weight) Source : Down To Earth BLUE WASHING Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: The Central Pollution Control Board’s 2025 reclassification of waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration from a highly polluting red category to a blue category is criticized as bluewashing, falsely portraying it as an essential environmental service. Decoding the context: Until recently, the waste-to-energy incineration industries were classified by the CPCB as a ‘red category’, a highly polluting industry. Learning Corner: Bluewashing involves organizations making misleading claims about their adherence to social, economic, or ethical standards—such as human rights, labor conditions, or community welfare—to gain public trust, boost brand image, or deflect criticism, without meaningful action. It parallels greenwashing (misleading environmental claims) but focuses on social and economic responsibility rather than ecological concerns. Key Mechanisms Tactics: Vague Claims: Broad statements like “committed to fairness” without measurable outcomes. Selective Disclosure: Highlighting minor initiatives (e.g., a single ethical product) to obscure broader issues (e.g., sweatshops). Symbolic Affiliations: Joining voluntary initiatives (e.g., UNGC) for branding without compliance. Misleading Certifications: Using unverified labels to suggest ethical practices. Recent Example – PepsiCo: Claimed “positive water balance” but criticized by India Resource Center (2022) for incomplete water use accounting in water-stressed Indian regions (e.g., Tamil Nadu). Source : Down To Earth LONG-RANGE GLIDE BOMB ‘GAURAV’ Category: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted the Release Trials of Long-Range Glide Bomb (LRGB) ‘Gaurav’ from the Su-30 MKI aircraft.  Decoding the context: The Long-Range Glide Bomb ‘Gaurav’ enhances the standoff capabilities of the Indian Air Force and reflects India’s commitment to self-reliance under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative in defence manufacturing. Learning Corner: Gaurav is a 1,000 kg class, air-launched, precision-guided glide bomb designed to strike high-value targets at long distances with pinpoint accuracy. Development: Indigenously designed and developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Range: Capable of gliding up to 100 km when launched from high altitudes (e.g., 40,000 feet). Guidance System – Uses a hybrid navigation system combining: Inertial Navigation System (INS): Tracks position via accelerometers and gyroscopes. Global Positioning System (GPS): Ensures precise targeting, with potential integration of NavIC (India’s satellite navigation system) in future iterations. About Glide Bombs A glide bomb is an air-launched, unpowered weapon equipped with aerodynamic surfaces (e.g., wings or fins) that enable it to glide over a long distance toward a target after release from an aircraft.  Unlike traditional free-fall bombs, it uses precision guidance to achieve high accuracy, making it effective for standoff strikes (attacking from a safe distance). Key Characteristics: No Propulsion: Relies on the aircraft’s initial velocity and altitude for range, distinguishing it from missiles (e.g., BrahMos). Guidance Systems: Typically uses Inertial Navigation System (INS), GPS, or laser guidance for precision (e.g., within meters). Range: Varies from 30-100 km, depending on design and release altitude (e.g., Gaurav achieves 100 km). Warheads: Configurable for multiple targets—fragmentation (soft targets like personnel) or penetration (hardened structures like bunkers). Platforms: Deployed from fighter jets (e.g., Su-30 MK-I for Gaurav, Rafale, F-16 globally). How It Works Launch: Dropped from an aircraft at high altitude (e.g., 40,000 feet) and speed (e.g., Mach 0.8). Glide Phase: Aerodynamic wings or fins extend, allowing the bomb to glide, conserving momentum to cover long distances. Guidance: Onboard systems (INS-GPS, laser) track the target, adjusting flight path via control surfaces for accuracy. Impact: Strikes with precision, minimizing collateral damage compared to unguided bombs. Source : PIB Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1. With reference to Vitamin D deficiency in India, consider the following statements: Urban areas in India show a higher prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency than rural areas. Skin tone has no impact on Vitamin D synthesis from sunlight. Lactose intolerance is one of the factors that limits Vitamin D intake in certain regions. Vitamin D can be synthesized only through dietary intake and not via sunlight. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 3 and 4 only   Q2.The term ‘bluewashing’, often seen in the news, refers to: (a) Overuse of water resources by industrial units without accountability. (b) Misrepresentation of social and ethical responsibility by organizations to appear trustworthy. (c) Artificial coloring of water bodies to hide pollution levels. (d) A climate change adaptation practice involving seawater filtration.   Q3.Consider the following statements regarding the Long-Range Glide Bomb ‘Gaurav’: It is developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It uses propulsion to reach distant targets beyond the line of sight. It is launched from high-altitude aircraft and guided by an INS-GPS hybrid system. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3   Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  11th April  – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – a Q.2) – b Q.3) – b

[DAY 28] 60 DAY RAPID REVISION (RaRe) SERIES for UPSC Prelims 2025 HISTORY, CURRENT AFFAIRS & CSAT TEST SERIES!

Hello Friends The 60 Days Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series is IASbaba’s Flagship Initiative recommended by Toppers and loved by the aspirants’ community every year. It is the most comprehensive program which will help you complete the syllabus, revise and practice tests on a daily basis. The Programme on a daily basis includes Daily Prelims MCQs from Static (Monday – Saturday) Daily Static Quiz will cover all the topics of static subjects – Polity, History, Geography, Economics, Environment and Science and technology. 20 questions will be posted daily and these questions are framed from the topics mentioned in the schedule. It will ensure timely and streamlined revision of your static subjects. Daily Current Affairs MCQs (Monday – Saturday) Daily 5 Current Affairs questions, based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, would be published from Monday to Saturday according to the schedule. Daily CSAT Quiz (Monday – Friday) CSAT has been an Achilles heel for many aspirants. Daily 5 CSAT Questions will be published. Note – Daily Test of 20 static questions, 10 current affairs, and 5 CSAT questions. (35 Prelims Questions) in QUIZ FORMAT will be updated on a daily basis. To Know More about 60 Days Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series – CLICK HERE   60 Day Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series Schedule – CLICK HERE  Important Note Comment your Scores in the Comment Section. This will keep you accountable, responsible and sincere in days to come. It will help us come out with the Cut-Off on a Daily Basis. Let us know if you enjoyed today’s test πŸ™‚  You can post your comments in the given format  (1) Your Score (2) Matrix Meter (3) New Learning from the Test The following Test is based on the syllabus of 60 Days Plan-2025 for UPSC IAS Prelims 2025. Click Here To Take The Test -> Click Here

[DAY 26] 60 DAY RAPID REVISION (RaRe) SERIES for UPSC Prelims 2025 HISTORY, CURRENT AFFAIRS & CSAT TEST SERIES!

Hello Friends The 60 Days Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series is IASbaba’s Flagship Initiative recommended by Toppers and loved by the aspirants’ community every year. It is the most comprehensive program which will help you complete the syllabus, revise and practice tests on a daily basis. The Programme on a daily basis includes Daily Prelims MCQs from Static (Monday – Saturday) Daily Static Quiz will cover all the topics of static subjects – Polity, History, Geography, Economics, Environment and Science and technology. 20 questions will be posted daily and these questions are framed from the topics mentioned in the schedule. It will ensure timely and streamlined revision of your static subjects. Daily Current Affairs MCQs (Monday – Saturday) Daily 5 Current Affairs questions, based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, would be published from Monday to Saturday according to the schedule. Daily CSAT Quiz (Monday – Friday) CSAT has been an Achilles heel for many aspirants. Daily 5 CSAT Questions will be published. Note – Daily Test of 20 static questions, 10 current affairs, and 5 CSAT questions. (35 Prelims Questions) in QUIZ FORMAT will be updated on a daily basis. To Know More about 60 Days Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series – CLICK HERE   60 Day Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series Schedule – CLICK HERE  Important Note Comment your Scores in the Comment Section. This will keep you accountable, responsible and sincere in days to come. It will help us come out with the Cut-Off on a Daily Basis. Let us know if you enjoyed today’s test πŸ™‚  You can post your comments in the given format  (1) Your Score (2) Matrix Meter (3) New Learning from the Test The following Test is based on the syllabus of 60 Days Plan-2025 for UPSC IAS Prelims 2025. Click Here To Take The Test -> Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 11th April 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) NILGIRI TAHR Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Kerala and Tamil Nadu will jointly carry out a Nilgiri Tahr census from April 24 to 27. The survey will span 89 census blocks in Kerala and 176 blocks in Tamil Nadu over the four-day period. Decoding the context: Kerala Forest Minister A.K. Sase announced the initiative, stating that the synchronised survey of the mountain ungulate is being conducted to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the establishment of Eravikulam National Park. Learning Corner: Scientific Name: Nilgiritragus hylocrius. Common Name: Nilgiri Tahr (locally called Varayadu in Tamil/Malayalam). Taxonomy: Belongs to the Bovidae family (related to goats and antelopes), it is the only mountain ungulate species in southern India. Status: Classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List due to habitat loss and population decline. Habitat: Found exclusively in the Western Ghats, primarily in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, at elevations between 1,200 and 2,600 meters. Key Locations: Tamil Nadu: Mukurthi National Park, and Anamalai Hills. Kerala: Eravikulam National Park, Silent Valley National Park and Parambikulam Tiger Reserve. Population: Estimated at around 3,000 individuals (as of recent surveys), with Eravikulam hosting the largest population (~700-800). Geographical Significance: Thrives in montane grasslands and shola forests, a unique ecosystem of the Western Ghats. Physical and Behavioral Characteristics Appearance: Males are larger, with curved horns, darker coats (greyish-brown), and a distinctive saddle-like patch after maturity. Females are smaller, with lighter coats and shorter horns. Adaptations: Agile climbers suited to steep, rocky terrains; grazes on grasses and herbs in montane ecosystems. Behavior: Lives in small herds (10-20 individuals), with males often solitary except during mating season (monsoon, June-August). Ecological Importance Role in Ecosystem: As a herbivore, it maintains grassland ecosystems by grazing, preventing shrub overgrowth and supporting shola forest dynamics. Indicator Species: Its presence reflects the health of high-altitude ecosystems in the Western Ghats, sensitive to climate change and habitat disturbance. Conservation Efforts Project Nilgiri Tahr (2023): Launched by the Tamil Nadu government to protect the species, declared the State Animal of Tamil Nadu. Aims to map habitats, boost populations, and raise awareness. Operation Tahr: Efforts to relocate small populations to new habitats (e.g., Mukurthi) to reduce overcrowding risks. International Frameworks: Covered under CITES Appendix I, restricting trade in its parts. Source : The Hindu ARCTIC BOREAL ZONE (ABZ) Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: According to a new study published in Nature Climate Change, the increasing ferocity of wildfires means that more than 30 % of Arctic Boreal Zone has now stopped capturing carbon and is instead releasing it. Decoding the context: The consequences of these changes creates a dangerous feedback loop. According to the study, as wildfires become more common and more intense, they burn through the natural carbon reservoirs that have historically helped regulate the earth’s climate. The carbon released from these fires further fuels global warming, which in turn creates conditions for more frequent and  intense wildfires. Learning Corner: Location: The ABZ spans the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere, roughly above 50°N, encompassing parts of the Arctic and sub-Arctic (boreal) regions. It includes: Countries: Canada, Russia, United States (Alaska), Nordic countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland), and Greenland (Denmark). Area: Covers approximately 26 million square kilometers, including boreal forests (taiga), treeless tundra, wetlands, and permafrost regions. Physiography: Boreal Forests (Taiga): World’s largest terrestrial biome, dominated by coniferous trees (pines, spruces, firs). Tundra: Treeless areas with low shrubs, grasses, and permafrost (permanently frozen soil). Transition Zone: Gradual shift from forested taiga to barren tundra. Climate: Cold, subarctic, with long winters (-50°C to 0°C) and short summers (0°C to 20°C). Annual precipitation is low (15-100 cm), often as snow. Ecological Significance Flora: Cold-tolerant species like conifers, mosses, lichens, and tundra grasses. Fauna: Polar bears, Arctic foxes, caribou, migratory birds (e.g., ducks), and fish in Arctic rivers. The ABZ is a breeding ground for over half of North America’s migratory birds. Historically, the ABZ acted as a carbon sink, storing vast amounts of carbon dioxide (COβ‚‚) in permafrost soils (1,460-1,600 petagrams of organic carbon, nearly twice the atmospheric carbon). Recent studies (e.g., Nature Climate Change, 2025) indicate that 34-40% of the ABZ has become a carbon source, releasing more COβ‚‚ than it absorbs due to permafrost thaw, wildfires, and microbial activity. Arctic Amplification: The ABZ warms 2.5-4 times faster than the global average due to reduced sea ice (albedo effect) and greenhouse gas emissions. Source : The Hindu LORD MAHAVIR Category: ART & CULTURE Context: India celebrated Mahavir Jayanti, a day of deep spiritual significance and profound peace, commemorating the birth of Lord Mahavir, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism. Decoding the context: This year, the spirit of Mahavir Jayanti was powerfully invoked through the inauguration of Navkar Mahamantra Divas by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on April 9. The Navkar Mantra, central to Jain prayer, is more than a collection of sacred syllables, it is a rhythmic flow of energy, stability, and light. Learning Corner: Born as Vardhamana in 599 BCE (traditional date, though some sources suggest 615 BCE) in Kundagrama (modern-day Vaishali, Bihar). Belonged to the Kshatriya clan of the Ikshvaku dynasty, son of King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala of the Licchavi republic. He was spiritual successor of the 23rd Tirthankara Parshvanatha. Title Mahavir (“Great Hero”) reflects his spiritual conquest over worldly attachments. At age 30, after his parents’ death, he renounced royal life to pursue asceticism, seeking liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara). Underwent 12 years of intense meditation, austerity, and penance, achieving Kevala Jnana (omniscience) at 42 under a sal tree in Jrimbhikagrama (Bihar). Philosophical Contributions/ Core Teachings: Five Mahavratas (Great Vows) for ascetics (also guiding laypersons): Ahimsa (Non-violence): Absolute respect for all life forms, influencing diet (strict vegetarianism) and behavior. Satya (Truthfulness): Commitment to honesty in thought, word, and deed. Asteya (Non-stealing): Respecting others’ property and rights. Brahmacharya (Celibacy): Chastity for monks; fidelity for householders. Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness): Detachment from material and emotional attachments. Three Jewels (Triratna): Right Faith (Samyak Darshan): Belief in Jain principles. Right Knowledge (Samyak Jnana): Understanding the nature of reality. Right Conduct (Samyak Charitra): Living ethically per the vows. Karma: Emphasized that actions (good or bad) bind the soul to samsara, and liberation (moksha) requires shedding karmic burdens through austerity. Anekantavada: Doctrine of “many-sidedness,” promoting tolerance by acknowledging multiple perspectives of truth. Syadvada: Logical extension of Anekantavada, suggesting conditional truths (e.g., “in some ways, it is”). Role in Jainism 24th Tirthankara: Mahavir is considered the last of the 24 spiritual teachers (Tirthankaras) in Jainism, who revitalized the faith rather than founding it (Rishabhanatha, the 1st Tirthankara, is credited as the founder). Reformer: Systematized Jain doctrines, organized the monastic community (sangha), and simplified teachings for wider acceptance. Fourfold Order (Chaturvidha Sangha): Established a structured community of: Monks (Sadhus), Nuns (Sadhvis), Laymen (Shravakas), Laywomen (Shravikas). Spread of Jainism: Traveled extensively across Magadha, Kosala, and Anga, gaining followers among kings (e.g., Bimbisara, Ajatashatru) and commoners. Social Reforms: Advocated equality, rejecting caste hierarchies, and emphasized individual effort for salvation, challenging Vedic rituals. Encouraged women in spiritual pursuits; the Jain sangha had a significant number of nuns. Jain Texts: Mahavir’s teachings were initially oral, later compiled by his disciples into Agamas (canonical texts). The Jain Agamas and their commentaries were composed mainly in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit as well as in Maharashtri Prakrit. Key Scriptures : Acharanga Sutra: On monastic conduct. Sutra Kritanga: On philosophical debates. Kalpa Sutra: Biographies of Tirthankaras. Source : PIB NIVESHAK DIDI Category: NATIONAL Context: Phase 2 of the “Niveshak Didi” initiative was launched recently. Decoding the context: During Phase 1, more than 55,000 beneficiaries participated in IPPB Financial Literacy Camps across India, with approx. 60% female beneficiaries mostly in the youth & economically active age group. Learning Corner: Phase 1: Initiated in 2022 by the India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) in collaboration with the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA) under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), with support from the Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications. Phase 2 (April 2025): Expanded to deepen outreach, with a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) signed between IEPFA and India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) to train more women and conduct additional camps. Core Ideology: “By the women, for the women,” recognizing that rural women feel more comfortable discussing financial matters with other women, fostering trust and engagement. Objective: To empower rural and semi-urban women with financial literacy, enabling them to make informed decisions about savings, investments, digital banking, and fraud prevention. Key Features Women-Led Model: Trains women postal workers and community leaders as “Niveshak Didis” (female educators) to deliver financial education in local languages and culturally relatable ways. Leverages the trust and social connect of women like female postwomen (dakiyas) to bridge literacy gaps. Focus Areas: Banking Products: Understanding savings accounts, fixed deposits, and loans. Digital Banking: Promoting UPI, mobile banking, and paperless transactions via IPPB’s platforms. Investment Awareness: Educating on safe investments and risks of unregulated schemes. Fraud Prevention: Teaching how to identify financial scams and protect personal information. Financial Planning: Encouraging responsible money management for household and future security. Delivery Methods: Village-level camps, door-to-door outreach, and interactive sessions. Use of IPPB’s network (1.65 lakh post offices, 3 lakh postal employees) for grassroots penetration. Source : PIB REGIONAL RURAL BANK Category: ECONOMY Context: The Department of Financial Services (DFS) has notified the amalgamation of 26 Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) under the “One State, One RRB” principle. This is the fourth phase of the RRB consolidation process.  Decoding the context: 26 RRBs across 10 states and one Union Territory have been merged, focusing on enhancing scale, efficiency, and cost rationalisation. Currently, 43 RRBs operate across 26 states and two Union Territories. Post-amalgamation, there will be 28 RRBs covering 700 districts with more than 22,000 branches. Around 92 percent of these branches are located in rural and semi-urban areas. Learning Corner: RRBs were created on October 2, 1975, under the Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976, following recommendations of the Narasimham Working Group (1975) to address credit gaps in rural areas left by commercial banks and cooperatives. Objective: To provide affordable banking and credit facilities to small farmers, agricultural laborers, artisans, and rural entrepreneurs, fostering rural economic development. First RRB: Prathama Bank, established in Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, sponsored by Syndicate Bank. RRBs are jointly owned by: Central Government: 50%,  Sponsor Bank (usually a public sector bank): 35%, State Government: 15%. Sponsorship: Each RRB is linked to a sponsor bank (e.g., State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank) for operational and managerial support. Post- the present consolidation, the largest RRB in a state becomes the transferee bank, with its sponsor bank overseeing the amalgamated entity. RRBs are mandated to follow Priority Sector Lending (PSL) targets. As of 2025, the PSL target for RRBs is 75% of ANBC, significantly higher than the 40% required for other commercial banks, reflecting their primary role in rural and agricultural credit. Significance of “One State, One RRB” Amalgamation Scale Efficiency: Larger RRBs reduce operational overlap, streamline administration, and lower costs. Financial Stability: Mergers enhance capital base (deposits: β‚Ή6.6 lakh crore; advances: β‚Ή4.7 lakh crore as of March 2024), reducing reliance on government recapitalization. Technology Adoption: Consolidated entities can invest in modern banking tech (e.g., core banking systems), competing with private banks and small finance banks. Uniform Branding: New names reflecting state identity (e.g., Bihar Gramin Bank) strengthen trust and regional connect. Source : Newsonair Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1. With reference to Lord Mahavir and Jainism, consider the following statements: Lord Mahavir was the founder of Jainism and the first Tirthankara in the Jain tradition. The concept of Anekantavada, attributed to Mahavir, promotes the idea of multiple perspectives or truths. The language used by Lord Mahavir for delivering his teachings was Sanskrit. The Acharanga Sutra is one of the oldest Jain texts and deals with the conduct of monks. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A.2 and 4 only B. 1, 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 2, 3 and 4 only   Q2. Which of the following statements about the “Niveshak Didi” initiative is/are correct? It is a financial literacy program launched by the Reserve Bank of India. The initiative trains women postal workers to act as financial educators in rural areas. The program aims to promote financial literacy among urban youth. Select the correct answer using the code below: 1 and 2 only 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only   Q3. With reference to Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in India, consider the following statements: RRBs are required to maintain Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) norms as mandated by the RBI. RRBs are exempt from maintaining the Capital to Risk-weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR). RRBs are regulated by National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) alone. RRBs are required to maintain the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) similar to Scheduled Commercial Banks. Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 4 only C. 1, 3 and 4 only D. 2 and 3 only   Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  10th April  – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – b Q.3) – a

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 10th April 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) REPO RATE Category: ECONOMY Context: The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI’s) six-member Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) on April 9th decided to cut the repo rate by 25 basis points to 6%. Decoding the context: The rate setting panel also changed the monetary policy stance from “neutral” to “accommodative”, signaling further reductions in the repo rate in the near future. Learning Corner: The repo rate is the interest rate at which a central bank (Reserve Bank of India  – RBI), lends money to commercial banks for a short period.  The term “repo” stands for repurchase agreement, which means that banks borrow funds from the RBI by selling securities (usually government bonds) with an agreement to repurchase them at a later date, typically overnight or within a few days. The repo rate essentially represents the cost of borrowing for these banks. When the RBI lowers the repo rate (like reducing it from 6.25% to 6% on April 9, 2025), it becomes cheaper for banks to borrow money. This typically encourages banks to lend more to businesses and individuals, boosting economic activity, increasing money supply, and potentially stimulating growth About Reverse Repo The reverse repo rate is the interest rate at which the RBI borrows money from commercial banks. It’s essentially the opposite of the repo rate. When banks deposit their excess funds with the RBI, they earn interest at the reverse repo rate. This rate is typically lower than the repo rate and helps the RBI absorb liquidity from the economy.  If the RBI wants to reduce the amount of money circulating (to control inflation, for example), it might increase the reverse repo rate, incentivizing banks to park more funds with it instead of lending them out. Source : Indian Express PANCHAYAT ADVANCEMENT INDEX (PAI) Category: POLITY Context: In a push for data driven governance, the Department of Panchayati Raj has come up with the first ever Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI).  Decoding the context: There are 2.5 lakh gram panchayats in the country. Out of these, data of around 2.16 lakh gram panchayats from 29 States have been assessed. Learning Corner: The Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) is a comprehensive, multi-domain, and multi-sectoral tool introduced by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj in India to assess the holistic development, performance, and progress of Gram Panchayats across the country.  The PAI reflects India’s commitment to achieving the SDG 2030 Agenda through participatory, bottom-up development.  The first baseline report, released for FY 2022-23, analyzed data from 2,16,285 panchayats with validated inputs. Purpose of PAI : Measures the overall well-being and development status of local communities under a panchayat’s jurisdiction. Identifies development gaps and supports evidence-based planning and policy-making at the grassroots level. Encourages panchayats to adopt best practices and set local targets to enhance their performance. Indicators: Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) is a composite Index & has been compiled based on 435 unique local Indicators (331 mandatory & 104 optional) consisting of 566 unique data points across 9 themes of LSDGs (Localization of Sustainable Development Goals) aligned with National Indicator Framework (NIF) of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). Nine Themes of Localized SDGs: Poverty-Free and Enhanced Livelihoods Panchayat Healthy Panchayat Child-Friendly Panchayat Water-Sufficient Panchayat Clean and Green Panchayat Self-Sufficient Infrastructure in Panchayat Socially Just and Socially Secured Panchayat Panchayat with Good Governance Women-Friendly Panchayat Based on the PAI scores & thematic Scores achieved by different Gram Panchayats, these GPs are grouped into one of the five categories Achiever: 90+ score (none achieved this in 2022-23) Front Runner: 75 to <90 (e.g., 699 panchayats, 0.3%) Performer: 60 to <75 (e.g., 77,298 panchayats, 35.8%) Aspirant: 40 to <60 (e.g., 1,32,392 panchayats, 61.2%) Beginner: <40 (e.g., 5,896 panchayats, 2.7%) Source : The Hindu BEAR MARKET Category: ECONOMY Context: The S&P 500 —- a stock market index that tracks the performance of 500 of the largest publicly traded companies in the US — on Monday briefly entered bear market territory for the first time since 2022. Decoding the context: A bear market (or for that matter, all types of market decline) takes place when investors are more motivated to sell than to buy stocks. Learning Corner: A bear market refers to a condition in which a stock index declines by at least 20% from its most recent peak value. This designation lacks an official or standardized determination and serves primarily as an informal term to succinctly indicate a significant downturn in the stock index. A bear market is the opposite of a bull market, which refers to when a stock index has increased at least 20% from its recent low. Note that a bear market is different from a market correction which occurs when there is a decline of at least 10% or more. Why does a bear market occur? There could be a host of different reasons. These include a weak economy, the anticipation of an economic slowdown, or investor sentiment that the market is too hot and prices too high. Events that are not purely economic — such as wars, oil supply shocks, etc — can also spook investors, leading to a dip in the market. A bear market often precedes a recession — a slowdown in economic output and is usually defined as at least two consecutive quarters of decline in gross domestic product (GDP). However, this is not always the case. The Indian stock market has also experienced bear markets over the years. One of the worst bear markets occurred during the 2008 global financial crisis. Between September 8, 2008, and November 6, 2008, the Nifty 50 index had dropped over 35%. Source : Indian Express THAR DESERT Category: GEOGRAPHY Context: The Thar Desert in India saw a striking 38 per cent rise in greening annually over the last two decades, driven by a significant increase in monsoon rainfall and agricultural expansion, a new study showed. Decoding the context: In fact, Thar was the only desert in the world with the highest concurrent increase in population, precipitation and vegetation during the last few decades, scientists from IIT Gandhinagar and Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, NASA Research Park in the US established.  Learning Corner: Location: The Thar Desert is located in northwestern India, primarily in Rajasthan (over 60% of its Indian extent), with parts extending into Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab. It also spills into eastern Pakistan (Sindh and Punjab provinces). Area: Covers approximately 2,00,000 sq. km in India, making it the world’s 17th-largest desert and the 9th-largest hot subtropical desert. Boundaries: North: Punjab plains East: Aravalli Range South: Rann of Kutch West: Indus River valley in Pakistan Physical Features Topography: Characterized by vast stretches of sand dunes (longitudinal and transverse), rocky outcrops, salt lakes, and sparse vegetation. The terrain includes shifting dunes (locally called dhrian) and fixed dunes stabilized by vegetation. Rivers: The Luni River is the only significant seasonal river in the region, flowing southwest into the Rann of Kutch. Most other water bodies are ephemeral. Climate: Arid with extreme temperatures—summers exceeding 45°C and winters dropping to near 0°C. Annual rainfall is low (100-500 mm), mostly during the southwest monsoon, with high variability. Soil: Predominantly sandy and saline, with low organic content, making it less fertile except in areas with irrigation. Ecological Significance Despite its aridity, the Thar supports unique flora and fauna: Flora: Xerophytic plants like khejri (Prosopis cineraria), rohida, and cacti. Fauna: Great Indian Bustard (critically endangered), chinkara, desert fox, and blackbuck. Migratory birds like flamingos visit salt lakes (e.g., Sambhar Lake). National Park: The Desert National Park in Jaisalmer and Barmer districts is a biodiversity hotspot and a conservation area for the Great Indian Bustard. Socio-Economic Aspects Population: Sparsely populated (around 83 persons/sq. km) with communities like Rajputs, Jats, and nomadic tribes (e.g., Banjaras). Livestock rearing (camels, goats, sheep) is a primary livelihood. Agriculture: Limited due to aridity, but irrigation projects like the Indira Gandhi Canal (world’s longest canal, 649 km) have transformed parts of Sri Ganganagar, Bikaner, and Jaisalmer into fertile zones for wheat, cotton, and mustard. Economy: Mineral resources (gypsum, limestone, feldspar) and renewable energy (solar and wind) are emerging sectors. Bikaner and Jodhpur are hubs for solar projects. Culture: Rich heritage with folk music (e.g., Manganiyar tradition), handicrafts, and tourism (e.g., Jaisalmer Fort, camel safaris). Source : Down To Earth CHITTORGARH FORT Category: HISTORY Context: The Rajasthan government informed the Supreme Court that it is “actively considering” a complete ban on mining activities up to 10 kilometres from the outer boundary of the historic Chittorgarh Fort, seeking time to place on record its affidavit. Decoding the context: The matter arises from a long-standing legal battle between Birla Corporation Limited and the State of Rajasthan and others, regarding mining operations near the Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage site.  Learning Corner: Geographical Position: Situated in Chittorgarh (often spelled Chittor Fort), Rajasthan, atop a 180-meter-high hill overlooking the Berach River (a tributary of the Banas River), approximately 112 km from Udaipur. Area: Sprawls over 280 hectares (692 acres), making it one of the largest forts in India and a UNESCO World Heritage Site (listed in 2013 under “Hill Forts of Rajasthan”). Origins: Traditionally dated to the 7th century AD, attributed to Chitrangada Mori of the Mori Kingdom. Rajput Rule: Became the capital of the Mewar kingdom under the Sisodia Rajputs from the 8th century onward. The fort symbolizes Rajput resistance, honor, and sacrifice. Key Events: First Siege (1303): Alauddin Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate attacked. This led to  jauhar (mass self-immolation) by women to avoid capture. Second Siege (1535): Bahadur Shah of Gujarat besieged the fort, leading to another jauhar led by Rani Karnavati. Third Siege (1567-68): Mughal Emperor Akbar captured the fort, marking the decline of Mewar’s dominance. The fort was abandoned as a capital after this—Udaipur became the new capital. Architectural Features Design: A classic example of a hill fort with concentric layers of defense—seven massive gates (e.g., Padan Pol, Bhairon Pol, Ram Pol), thick stone walls, and natural elevation. Monuments Inside: Vijay Stambh (Tower of Victory): Built by Rana Kumbha in 1448 to commemorate his victory over Mahmud Khalji of Malwa. A nine-story, 37-meter-high tower adorned with Jain and Hindu carvings. Kirti Stambh (Tower of Fame): A 22-meter-high, 12th-century Jain tower dedicated to Adinath, showcasing intricate sculptures. Rana Kumbha Palace: The oldest structure, partially in ruins, where Rani Padmini is said to have performed jauhar. Padmini Palace: A picturesque structure near a lotus pool, linked to the legend of Padmini. Temples: Over 20 temples, including the Kumbha Shyam Temple (Vishnu), Meera Temple (dedicated to poet-saint Meerabai), and Kalika Mata Temple (originally a Sun temple from the 8th century, it was later dedicated to Goddess Kali). Water Bodies: 22 surviving reservoirs (e.g., Gaumukh Kund) out of 84 originally built, showcasing advanced water harvesting for self-sufficiency. UNESCO Status: Recognized in 2013 as part of the Hill Forts of Rajasthan (alongside Kumbhalgarh, Ranthambore, etc.) for its architectural grandeur and historical legacy. Source : Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1. Consider the following statements regarding a Bear Market: A bear market is characterized by a decline of at least 100% in stock prices from recent highs. It generally reflects negative investor sentiment and a pessimistic economic outlook. A bear market is always accompanied by a recession. A bear market is the opposite of a bull market. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 4 only C. 1, 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, 3 and 4   Q2. With reference to the Thar Desert, consider the following statements: The Luni River is the only major river flowing through the Thar Desert and it ultimately drains into the Arabian Sea. The Desert National Park located in the Thar region is a critical habitat for the Great Indian Bustard. The Indira Gandhi Canal has contributed significantly to the greening of parts of the desert, especially in Rajasthan. The Aravalli Range forms the western boundary of the Thar Desert. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 4 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1, 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, 3 and 4   Q3. With reference to the Chittorgarh Fort, consider the following statements: The fort served as the capital of the Mewar kingdom under the Sisodia Rajputs. The Kirti Stambh in the fort was built by Rana Kumbha to commemorate his victory over the Malwa Sultan. Chittorgarh Fort is one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites listed under “Hill Forts of Rajasthan.” The fort witnessed three major sieges, the last one being by Emperor Akbar. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1, 3 and 4 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 2 and 4 only D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  8th April  – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – b Q.3) – b

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 8th April 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) BREAKTHROUGH PRIZE 2025 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The 2025 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics was awarded to 13,508 physicists across four collaborative projects at CERN, the European particle physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland. Decoding the context: The award was announced on April 5th as part of the 11th annual Breakthrough Prizes. Six prizes worth $3 million each were announced in Life Sciences, Mathematics and Fundamental Physics. Learning Corner: The Breakthrough Prize is one of the most prestigious awards in science, often referred to as the “Oscars of Science”.  The awards were established in 2013 by Mark Zuckerberg and his wife Priscilla Chan, former Google chief Sergey Brin, genomics company 23&Me founder Anne Wojcicki, and tech investor couple Yuri and Julia Milner to recognize groundbreaking achievements in Life Sciences, Fundamental Physics, and Mathematics. Breakthrough Prize In Life Sciences – The award in this category was given to three groups of scientists: Weight-loss drugs : Five scientists — Daniel J. Drucker, Joel Habener, Jens Juul Holst, Lotte Bjerre Knudsen, and Svetlana Mojsov — were awarded a prize for discovering and characterizing the GLP-1 hormone, which led to the development of weight loss and diabetes drugs like Ozempic and Wegovy. Multiple Sclerosis treatment : Multiple Sclerosis is an unpredictable chronic disease caused by the immune system attacking the protective sheath that covers nerve fibres of the central nervous system. Alberto Ascherio and Stephen L. Hauser were awarded the Prize for identifying the role of the B-cells of the immune system in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and devising treatments targeted at the same.  Gene-editing technologies : David R Liu was awarded the Prize for developing the base editing and prime editing technologies widely used to edit the DNA of living organisms. These are significant as they can edit the DNA without cutting its double helix, and rewrite entire stretches of defective DNA with a corrected version. Breakthrough Prize In Fundamental Physics The Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics was awarded to four collaborations at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in CERN – ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb. The LHC is the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator, causing protons to accelerate and collide, thus helping scientists study the properties of matter. The four collaborations studied the Higgs boson. The Higgs boson, also known as the ‘God Particle’, is known to impart mass to every other particle. Source : Indian Express CAPTCHA Category: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: In the ever-changing world of Internet technology, keeping users safe and verifying their identities is important. One of the most important security systems for this is CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) Decoding the context: CAPTCHA was introduced in the early 2000s when the internet was flooded with automated bots. Learning Corner: CAPTCHA stands for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart. It is a security mechanism used on websites to differentiate between human users and automated bots. The test is designed to be easy for humans to solve but difficult for machines. Purpose of CAPTCHA Prevent spam (e.g., in comments or registrations) Block brute-force attacks Protect online polls from manipulation Limit abuse of online services (like ticket booking) Types of CAPTCHA Text-based CAPTCHA – Distorted letters/numbers that users must type in. Image-based CAPTCHA – Users select images matching a given prompt (e.g., “select all images with traffic lights”). Audio CAPTCHA – For visually impaired users; users type spoken words or numbers. ReCAPTCHA – Developed by Google. Includes: Checkbox (“I’m not a robot”) Invisible CAPTCHA (analyzes user behavior without requiring input). How CAPTCHA Works It presents a challenge that is easy for humans but difficult for bots. Bots struggle with image recognition, distorted text, and behavioral analysis. Advanced CAPTCHAs use AI-based detection to analyze user interactions. Turing Test The Turing Test was proposed by British mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing in 1950 as a way to assess a machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from that of a human. How It Works In the test, a human judge communicates with both a human and a machine (AI) via text-based conversation. If the judge cannot reliably determine which one is the machine, the AI is said to have passed the Turing Test, demonstrating human-like intelligence. While early computers struggled with this challenge, modern AI systems have made significant progress, creating more natural, human-like conversations. Connection Between Turing Test & CAPTCHA – CAPTCHA is actually a reverse Turing Test—instead of a human testing a machine, CAPTCHA is designed so that a machine tests whether the user is human. Source : The Hindu SHYAMJI KRISHNA VERMA Category: HISTORY Context: Recently, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi paid tributes to the great freedom fighter Shyamji Krishna Verma on his death anniversary. Decoding the context: Shyamji Krishna Verma is remembered as a pioneer of the Indian revolutionary movement in Europe. Learning Corner: Shyamji Krishna Varma was a prominent freedom fighter, lawyer, scholar, and nationalist revolutionary during the Indian independence movement. He was a pioneer of Indian nationalism in Europe. Key Facts & Contributions Born: 4 October 1857, Mandvi, Gujarat (Kutch region) Education: Studied Sanskrit and law; later went to Oxford University in England. Profession: Barrister; also appointed Diwan of a princely state in India for a short period. Major Contributions: India House (1905, London): Founded India House, a hostel and hub for Indian students and revolutionaries in London. India House  Became a center of nationalist and revolutionary activity abroad. The Indian Sociologist (1905): Started this monthly journal to promote nationalist ideas and expose British colonial rule. The British government banned its publication for spreading seditious content. Support to Revolutionaries: Mentored and supported Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Lala Har Dayal, and Madam Cama. Advocated armed revolution against British rule. Exile: Faced persecution in Britain; moved to Paris and later Switzerland, continuing his work in exile. Died in Geneva, Switzerland in 1930. In 2003, his ashes were brought back to India by the Government of Gujarat and enshrined at Kranti Teerth, Mandvi (Kutch). Source : PIB INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION (IPU) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla, during a series of bilateral meetings held on the sidelines of the 150th Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) Assembly in Tashkent, highlighted the deep-rooted historical and cultural ties between India and Uzbekistan. Decoding the context: Birla is leading the Indian Parliamentary Delegation (IPD) for the 150th Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) Summit. Learning Corner: The Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) is a global organization that fosters cooperation among national parliaments to promote peace, democracy, and sustainable development.  Established in 1889, it is the oldest international parliamentary organization and plays a crucial role in parliamentary diplomacy. Slogan is: For democracy. For everyone. Key Facts About IPU Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland. Members: 180 national parliaments and 15 associate members. Motto: “For democracy. For everyone.” Core Objectives: Strengthening democratic governance and parliamentary institutions. Promoting gender equality and youth participation in politics. Defending human rights of parliamentarians worldwide. Supporting peace-building efforts through parliamentary dialogue. Structure of IPU IPU Assembly: The main decision-making forum where global political and social issues are discussed. Governing Council: Sets policies and elects the Executive Committee. Executive Committee: Oversees operations and administration. Standing Committees: Focus on key themes like peace, democracy, development, and cooperation Source : DD News CRISIS IN THE COTTON FIELDS Category: ECONOMY Context: India’s cotton economy isn’t in great shape. This, despite the advantage the country has as a producer of the natural fibre and its textile exports facing only 27% duty – as against China’s 54%, Vietnam’s 46%, Bangladesh’s 37%, Indonesia’s 32% and Sri Lanka’s 44% – under US President Donald Trump’s “reciprocal tariff” policy. Decoding the context: The pink bollworm has brought down India’s cotton production by a quarter in the last decade. While a few seed companies have developed new genetically modified hybrids resistant to the dreaded insect pest, regulatory barriers are coming in the way of their commercialisation. Learning Corner: India’s cotton output in the 2024-25 marketing year (October-September) is projected at just over 294 lakh bales (lb; 1 lb=170 kg), the lowest since the 290 lb of 2008-09. Production has been on a declining path since the peak of 398 lb in 2013-14. The cultivation of genetically modified (GM) cotton hybrids – incorporating alien genes isolated from a soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis or Bt – had led to not only a near-trebling of production (from 136 lb to 398 lb), but also a 139-fold jump in exports (from 0.8 lb to 117 lb), between 2002-03 and 2013-14. The above production slide, and India turning from a large cotton exporter to a net importer, is mainly courtesy of the pink bollworm (PBW). About pink bollworm (PBW) The pink bollworm (PBW), known among farmers as gulabi sundhi, damages the cotton crop by burrowing its larvae into the cotton bolls. This results in the lint being cut and stained, making it unfit for use. The GM cotton now grown in India have two Bt genes, ‘cry1Ac’ and ‘cry2Ab’, coding for proteins toxic to the American bollworm, spotted bollworm and cotton leafworm pests. The double-gene hybrids initially provided some protection against the PBW too, but that effectiveness has dissipated over time. The reason for it is that the PBW is a monophagous pest, which feeds exclusively on cotton. This is unlike the other three pests that are polyphagous and survive on multiple host crops. Being monophagous enabled the PBW larvae to gradually build resistance to the toxins from the existing Bt cotton hybrids. The PBW population that became resistant from continuously feeding on these plants eventually overtook and replaced the ones that were susceptible.  The pest’s short life cycle (25-35 days from egg laying to adult moth stage), allowing it to complete at least 3-4 generations in a single crop season of 180-270 days, further accelerated the resistance breakdown process. Source : Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1. With reference to Shyamji Krishna Varma, consider the following statements: He founded the India House in London to support Indian students and promote nationalist ideas. He started the journal The Indian Sociologist to propagate revolutionary thought against British rule. He was associated with the Swadeshi Movement led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in India. His ashes were brought back to India and enshrined at Kranti Teerth in Gujarat. Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1, 2 and 3 only B. 1, 2 and 4 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 3 and 4 only   Q2.The Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) is best described as: (a) A UN agency for electoral reforms. (b) A global organization of national parliaments promoting democratic governance. (c) An EU body coordinating legislation among member states. (d) A financial institution supporting parliamentary infrastructure.   Q3.With reference to the recent crisis in India’s cotton economy, consider the following statements: The pink bollworm (PBW) is a polyphagous pest that feeds on multiple host crops, including cotton. Bt cotton hybrids contain genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that were initially effective against pink bollworm. The effectiveness of Bt cotton against PBW has reduced over time due to the pest developing resistance. India’s cotton production has remained stable over the last decade despite pest-related challenges. Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1, 3 and 4 only D. 2, 3 and 4 only Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR  7th April  – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – c Q.2) – a Q.3) – c

[DAY 26] 60 DAY RAPID REVISION (RaRe) SERIES for UPSC Prelims 2025 POLITY, CURRENT AFFAIRS & CSAT TEST SERIES!

Hello Friends The 60 Days Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series is IASbaba’s Flagship Initiative recommended by Toppers and loved by the aspirants’ community every year. It is the most comprehensive program which will help you complete the syllabus, revise and practice tests on a daily basis. The Programme on a daily basis includes Daily Prelims MCQs from Static (Monday – Saturday) Daily Static Quiz will cover all the topics of static subjects – Polity, History, Geography, Economics, Environment and Science and technology. 20 questions will be posted daily and these questions are framed from the topics mentioned in the schedule. It will ensure timely and streamlined revision of your static subjects. Daily Current Affairs MCQs (Monday – Saturday) Daily 5 Current Affairs questions, based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, would be published from Monday to Saturday according to the schedule. Daily CSAT Quiz (Monday – Friday) CSAT has been an Achilles heel for many aspirants. Daily 5 CSAT Questions will be published. Note – Daily Test of 20 static questions, 10 current affairs, and 5 CSAT questions. (35 Prelims Questions) in QUIZ FORMAT will be updated on a daily basis. To Know More about 60 Days Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series – CLICK HERE   60 Day Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series Schedule – CLICK HERE  Important Note Comment your Scores in the Comment Section. This will keep you accountable, responsible and sincere in days to come. It will help us come out with the Cut-Off on a Daily Basis. Let us know if you enjoyed today’s test πŸ™‚  You can post your comments in the given format  (1) Your Score (2) Matrix Meter (3) New Learning from the Test The following Test is based on the syllabus of 60 Days Plan-2025 for UPSC IAS Prelims 2025. Click Here To Take The Test -> Click Here

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 10th April 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test πŸ™‚ After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

[DAY 25] 60 DAY RAPID REVISION (RaRe) SERIES for UPSC Prelims 2025 POLITY, CURRENT AFFAIRS & CSAT TEST SERIES!

Hello Friends The 60 Days Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series is IASbaba’s Flagship Initiative recommended by Toppers and loved by the aspirants’ community every year. It is the most comprehensive program which will help you complete the syllabus, revise and practice tests on a daily basis. The Programme on a daily basis includes Daily Prelims MCQs from Static (Monday – Saturday) Daily Static Quiz will cover all the topics of static subjects – Polity, History, Geography, Economics, Environment and Science and technology. 20 questions will be posted daily and these questions are framed from the topics mentioned in the schedule. It will ensure timely and streamlined revision of your static subjects. Daily Current Affairs MCQs (Monday – Saturday) Daily 5 Current Affairs questions, based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, would be published from Monday to Saturday according to the schedule. Daily CSAT Quiz (Monday – Friday) CSAT has been an Achilles heel for many aspirants. Daily 5 CSAT Questions will be published. Note – Daily Test of 20 static questions, 10 current affairs, and 5 CSAT questions. (35 Prelims Questions) in QUIZ FORMAT will be updated on a daily basis. To Know More about 60 Days Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series – CLICK HERE   60 Day Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series Schedule – CLICK HERE  Important Note Comment your Scores in the Comment Section. This will keep you accountable, responsible and sincere in days to come. It will help us come out with the Cut-Off on a Daily Basis. Let us know if you enjoyed today’s test πŸ™‚  You can post your comments in the given format  (1) Your Score (2) Matrix Meter (3) New Learning from the Test The following Test is based on the syllabus of 60 Days Plan-2025 for UPSC IAS Prelims 2025. Click Here To Take The Test -> Click Here