IAS Baba

Jan 16, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 15th January 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) INDIAN ARMY DAY 2025 Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Indian Army Day is observed every year on January 15. Background: – Army Day is celebrated to mark the occasion when General (later Field Marshal) K M Cariappa took over the command of the Indian Army from General Sir F R R Bucher, the last British Commander-in-Chief, in 1949 and became the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of Independent India. Key takeaways Pune is hosting the Army Day parade for the first time, marking a historical event. This will be the third occasion on which a city other than New Delhi will host the Army Day Parade, keeping in line with the Union government’s decision to hold events of national importance outside the national capital. This is the second occasion when the Pune-headquartered Southern Command is hosting the event in its area of responsibility after Bengaluru, where it was held in 2023. In addition to being home to the strategically significant Southern Command, Pune is also home to some major defence establishments. The over-200-year-old Bombay Engineer Group and Centre, which will coincidently host the Army Day Parade, stands as a major centre of military engineering. Premier defence training establishments like the National Defence Academy, Armed Forces Medical College, College of Military Engineering, Military Intelligence Training School and Depot, and INS Shivaji put Pune on the global map of military training. Additional Information – Year of Defence Reforms India has declared 2025 the year of defence reforms. The focus will be on rolling out integrated theatre commands to boost tri-services synergy and ensure simpler and time-sensitive military procurement, with a broader aim of transforming the military into a technologically advanced force. Source: Indian Express INTERNAL MIGRATION Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: According to the 2011 Census, 37% of India’s population comprises internal migrants, up from 31% in 2001. The Periodic Labour Force Survey 2020-21 estimated a migration rate of 28.9%. Recent report from Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM) shows slowing domestic migration. Background: – Understanding India’s migration story requires a deeper engagement with data that captures its various dimensions. Key takeaways Rural-urban migration is the most dominant form of migration in India, often attributed to better employment opportunities, especially in the informal sector. At the same time, agricultural issues, poverty, unemployment, and environmental degradation in rural areas are also seen as drivers of rural-urban migration. Studies have found that in–migration in India is more prevalent in states with higher per capita Net State Domestic Product like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab. In contrast, states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, and Odisha send a large number of migrants to the economically advanced states. Regional stories of migration Kerala has emerged as a “new Gulf of India” as internal migrants from the Northern, Eastern, and North-Eastern parts of the country come to the state for livelihood opportunities. Interestingly, Kerala is also known for its high out-migration overseas. This outward migration is driven by the state’s high education and skill levels along with the reluctance of its youth to take up non-white collar jobs. The resulting labour gap in sectors like construction and blue-collar work is filled by in-migration from other states. The example of Uttarakhand can also be noted to understand how migration patterns differ across regions. The 2011 Census data reveals a stark contrast in population growth between hill districts (0.7%) and plain districts (2.8%). A key reason behind this disparity can be attributed to the large-scale emigration from the hill districts, driven by dependence on the subsistence economy, lack of employment opportunities, and the impact of climate and natural disasters. This has led to significant depopulation of villages and given rise to “ghost villages” – villages that are not inhabited by a single person but still retain their land and houses. The paradox of internal migration For migrant-sending states, studies have also highlighted the role of remittances in improving the lives of those left behind. It has been found that age has been a crucial determinant of both migration and remittance patterns. Around 25-60% of the total remittances in India are sent by individuals aged 15-45 years. Furthermore, studies have also focussed on the experiences of left-behind women in migrant households and the emerging processes of “feminisation of agriculture” or “feminisation of labour”. For migrant-receiving states, there is a need to understand how increasing in-migration places rising pressure on housing, water availability, sanitation, health, and education. The risks of urban poverty, the rise in urban slums, and the expansion of the urban informal economy need to be addressed more actively. Why upward mobility remains elusive for migrant workers Studies have highlighted that caste and class hierarchies, along with landlessness and debt – factors that shape migrant’s political and socio-economic status in source areas – often accompany them to their destination areas. Therefore, upward mobility for migrants from marginalised groups becomes very difficult, with only a small fraction able to marginally improve their condition after settling in urban areas. Migrant workers often become a “footloose” labour force, with little to no access to social protection mechanisms and social security benefits. However, there are policies that aim to address the challenges faced by informal workers. These include the Unorganised Workers’ Social Security Act 2008, Maternity Benefits Act 1961 (Amendment 2017), Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana, the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulations of Street Vending) Act, 2014, the Rajasthan Platform Based Gig Workers Act, and the Karnataka State Gig Workers Insurance Scheme. Effective implementation of such policies can ensure that migrant-receiving states provide better opportunities and protection to their migrant informal workers. Source: Indian Express RUPEE DEPRECIATION Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The rupee weakened to its all-time low on Tuesday, hitting a record low of 86.6475 before closing at 86.63 against the US dollar. Background: In the last three months, the Indian rupee has depreciated by around 3.2 percent against the US dollar. Key takeaways Rupee depreciation refers to a decline in the value of the Indian Rupee (₹) relative to foreign currencies, for example to the US Dollar ($). It means more rupees are required to buy a unit of foreign currency. Reasons behind current fall of rupee The strong dollar, rise in crude oil prices and selling by foreign investors in the equity market are the major reasons for depreciation in the rupee. US jobs report came out which was higher than market consensus. Robust economic data in the US has pushed US 10-year yields higher, triggering capital outflows from emerging markets like India. Sharp rise in crude oil prices. How does a weak rupee affect the economy? A weak rupee increases the import bill since importers pay in dollars. Weaker rupee means more expensive imports which hike inflation in the country. For example, higher oil prices lead to higher transport costs, making food items costlier. Higher import bill worsens trade deficit. Pharmaceuticals, textiles and IT sectors will benefit from an improvement in export revenues in rupee terms since these are export-centric sectors. A weaker rupee will help make exports more competitive and by protecting the interest of domestic manufacturers from cheap import substitutes. Import-dependent sectors (energy, electronics, chemicals, transportation) will be negatively impacted. Debt servicing costs of companies that have raised funds from overseas will go up. Those who want to study abroad will be hit hard by a weakening rupee, paying more than before for their studies. A weakening rupee stoking inflation will make the RBI’s job to control inflation harder and also lower possibilities of a rate cut which many expect due to the recent slump in India’s GDP growth rate. Source: Economic Times RAT-HOLE MINING Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: An oral question from the Supreme Court to the Union government continues to remain unanswered even as rescue workers recover bodies of workers who died trapped in a flooded rat-hole coal mine at Dima Hasao district in Assam. Background: – Unlike in Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, coal seams in Meghalaya are very thin. This, miners say, makes rat-hole mining more economically viable than opencast mining. Key takeaways Rat-hole mining refers to an unscientific and hazardous coal extraction method involving small tunnels barely allowing workers to crawl in and out. It is of two types: Side-Cutting Mining: Conducted on hill slopes by following visible coal seams (dark brown or black-banded coal within rock layers). Box-Cutting Mining: Involves digging a circular or square pit (approximately 5 sq. meters wide) to a depth of up to 400 feet. Miners descend using makeshift cranes or rope-and-bamboo ladders. Once coal seams are located, horizontal tunnels are dug in all directions from the pit’s edge, resembling octopus tentacles. Why is such mining banned? The government has little control over the land in Meghalaya, a Sixth Schedule State where the Coal Mines Nationalisation Act of 1973 does not apply. The landowners are thus also the owners of the minerals beneath. Coal mining boomed after Meghalaya attained statehood in 1972. However, the terrain and expenses involved discouraged mine owners from employing advanced drilling machines. So, labourers mainly from Assam, Nepal, and adjoining Bangladesh were employed. Apart from issues of safety and health, unregulated mining led to land degradation, deforestation, and water with high concentrations of sulphates, iron, and toxic heavy metals, low dissolved oxygen, and high biochemical oxygen demand. At least two rivers, Lukha and Myntdu, became too acidic to sustain aquatic life. Environmentalists and human rights activists began flagging the hazards of rat-hole mining in Meghalaya two decades ago. The campaign intensified after Impulse, a Meghalaya-based NGO, began addressing the issue of human trafficking and child labour in such mines. The State’s Department of Mining and Geology refuted the claim but, under pressure from the National Human Rights Commission, admitted in 2013 that 222 children were employed in rat-hole mines, specifically in the East Jaintia Hills district. NGT banned rat-hole mining in Meghalaya in 2014. The State has an estimated reserve of 576.48 million tonnes of low-ash, high-sulphur coal belonging to the Eocene age (33-56 million years ago). The stakes for a section of locals have been so high that the State government has been under pressure to facilitate the resumption of mining legally. Source: The Hindu UTRICULARIA Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: A rare and unique carnivorous plant ‘Utricularia’ has been found in Rajasthan’s Keoladeo National Park in large numbers this season. Background: – This plant is typically found in regions like Meghalaya and Darjeeling. Key takeaways Utricularia, commonly known as bladderworts, is a genus of carnivorous plants belonging to the family Lentibulariaceae. Utricularia species are found in diverse habitats, ranging from fresh water and wet soils to tropical rainforest canopies. They can be terrestrial or aquatic. Trap Mechanism: Utricularia plants do not have a typical root system; instead, they possess small bladder-like traps attached to their stolons (horizontal stems). These bladders exhibit highly sophisticated carnivorous mechanisms. When prey, such as tiny invertebrates, triggers the sensory hairs on the trapdoor, the bladder rapidly sucks in water and the prey. Feeding and Digestion: The bladders capture a variety of small prey, including protozoa, rotifers, water fleas , and even larger organisms like mosquito larvae, nematodes, and tadpoles. Enzymes digest the prey, providing nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, which are scarce in their habitats. Utricularia species are notable for their attractive and often colorful flowers, which can resemble orchids or snapdragons Source: etvbharat Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements: Indian Army Day is celebrated on January 15 to commemorate the first Indian Commander-in-Chief taking charge of the Indian Army. Pune is hosting the Army Day Parade for the first time in 2025. The National Defence Academy is located in Hyderabad, India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 only c) 1, 2, and 3 d) 2 and 3 only Q2.) Which of the following factors can lead to rupee depreciation? High crude oil prices Robust economic growth in the US Decreasing foreign investments in Indian equity markets Select the correct answer using the codes given below: a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) With reference to the carnivorous plant Utricularia, consider the following statements: Utricularia is commonly known as bladderwort. It is a genus of carnivorous plants. Utricularia species are found in diverse habitats, ranging from fresh water and wet soils to tropical rainforest canopies. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 3 only b) 2 only c) 1 and 2 only d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 14th January – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – b Q.3) – a

Jan 15, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 14th January 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) INDIA BANGLADESH BORDER Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) summoned the Head of Mission at the High Commission of Bangladesh to convey that fencing works on the India-Bangladesh border was being carried out in accordance with “all protocols and agreements”. Background: – The conversation took place a day after Bangladesh Foreign Secretary expressed deep concern to Indian High Commissioner in Dhaka about the construction works by the Border Security Force (BSF) along the border. Key takeaways The India-Bangladesh border is approximately 4,096.7 km, making it the longest international border that India shares with any country. States Sharing the Border: West Bengal (2,216.7 km), Assam (263 km), Meghalaya (443 km), Tripura (856 km), Mizoram (318 km) Geography: The border passes through plains, rivers, hills, and densely populated areas. Major rivers like the Ganga, Brahmaputra flow across this region. The border was drawn during the partition of India, based on the Radcliffe Line, dividing Bengal into West Bengal (India) and East Bengal (later East Pakistan, now Bangladesh). The current issue Border Guards Bangladesh (BGB) attempted to obstruct the construction of a barbed wire fence on the international border in West Bengal’s Malda and Cooch Bihar ditsrict. According to the 1975 Joint India-Bangladesh Guidelines for Border Authorities, no defence structure can be constructed within 150 yards from the zero line or the international boundary by either side. India does not consider wire fencing as a defense structure, but Bangladesh and Pakistan do. Bangladesh’s objections to single row fencing (SRF) are essentially two pronged: the first argument, which is most commonly cited, is the 1975 agreement on no fencing within 150 yards of the international border. The second argument is that fencing causes inconvenience to residents along the international border. Source: Indian Express MAKAR SANKRANTI Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Makar Sankranti was celebrated on January 14. Background: – This festival marks the arrival of the harvest season and the end of winter. It is also associated with different traditions like flying kites and taking holy dip in rivers. Key takeaways When the Sun begins its northward journey after reaching its southernmost point, it is said to enter Uttarayan. Conversely, when the Sun started travelling southward from its northernmost position, it is said to enter Daksinayana. Considered one of the most ancient Hindu festivals, Uttarayan is celebrated in north India as Makar Sankranti, and is dedicated to the sun god. In the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Rajasthan, Makar Sankranti is observed. In West Bengal and North-east region, Makar Sankranti is observed as Poush Sankranti. Tamil Nadu observes Pongal on this day, while Kerala observes this day as Makara Vilakku. In Assam, Makar Sankranti is observed as Magh Bihu. In Punjab, Maghi is celebrated on this day. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL LIVESTOCK MISSION (NLM) Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying, hosted an Entrepreneurship Development Conclave in Pune, Maharashtra, themed “Empowering Entrepreneurs: Transforming Livestock Economies.” Background: Government is implementing flagship schemes such as the Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF) and National Livestock Mission (NLM). By showcasing opportunities under NLM and AHIDF, the conclave aimed to drive inclusive growth and empower rural farmers and small enterprises. Key takeaways The National Livestock Mission (NLM), launched in 2014–15 by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Government of India, aims to ensure comprehensive development of the livestock sector, focusing on improving feed and fodder, breed development, and increasing per animal productivity. Objectives of NLM: Employment Generation: Through entrepreneurship development in small ruminant (sheep, goats), poultry, piggery, and fodder sectors. Increasing Productivity: Enhancement of per animal productivity through breed improvement. Production Increase: Upscaling the production of meat, eggs, goat milk, wool, and fodder. Fodder and Feed Availability: Strengthening the fodder seed supply chain and increasing the availability of certified fodder seeds. Fodder Processing Units: Encouraging the establishment of fodder processing units (e.g., hay bailing, silage making) to decrease the demand-supply gap. Risk Management: Promotion of livestock insurance and other risk management measures. Applied Research: Supporting research in prioritized areas like poultry, sheep, goat, feed, and fodder. Capacity Building: Strengthening the extension machinery to provide quality extension services to farmers and training livestock owners in skill-based practices. Sub-Missions under NLM: Breed Development of Livestock & Poultry: Support entrepreneurship and breed improvement in poultry, sheep, goat, and piggery sectors. Activities include establishing breed development farms and genetic improvement programs. Feed and Fodder Development: Enhance the availability of quality fodder seeds and promote entrepreneurial activities in feed production. Focus on establishing fodder block units, hay bailing, and silage making units. Innovation and Extension: Encourage research in livestock sectors, extension activities, livestock insurance, and innovative practices. Implementation and Funding: NLM is implemented through both Central Sector (CS) and Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS), with financial assistance provided to individuals, Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), Self-Help Groups (SHGs), and State Governments. Source: PIB NANKAI TROUGH Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Southern Japan was hit by a strong earthquake on Monday. Background: – The Nankai Trough produces massive earthquakes about every 100-150 years. Strong quakes nearby are seen as a potential indication that a megaquake could be more likely. Key takeaways The Nankai Trough is an undersea subduction zone located off coast of Japan. It extends approximately 900 kilometers (559 miles), running parallel to Honshu, Japan’s main island. Nankai Trough is where the Philippine Sea Plate is slipping under the Eurasia Plate at the bottom of the sea off the southwest coast of Japan. The accumulating tectonic strains could result in earthquakes. The Nankai Trough is known for generating megathrust earthquakes, some of the most powerful types of quakes. The most recent notable event was in 1946, with a magnitude 8.0 earthquake and subsequent tsunami. It is part of the larger Pacific “Ring of Fire.” Additional Information The magnitude of an earthquake is related to the length of the fault on which it occurs, according to the United States Geological Survey. The largest earthquake ever recorded was a magnitude 9.5 on May 22, 1960 in Chile on a fault that is almost 1,000 miles long. Source: Reuters DECCAN VOLCANISM Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: Deccan Volcanism, a major event of volcanic eruptions which occurred ~66 million years ago and led to mass extinctions of fauna, did not have such negative impact on tropical flora, says a new study. Background: – The study was conducted by Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP), an autonomous institute of Department of Science and Technology. Key takeaways Deccan Volcanism, one of Earth’s most significant volcanic events, occurred about 66 million years ago in what is now west-central India. It created the Deccan Traps, a massive region of flood basalts covering around 500,000 square kilometers and reaching up to 2,000 meters thick in places. Key Features of Deccan Volcanism: Formation of Deccan Traps: The Deccan Traps were formed by massive volcanic eruptions. Lava extruding through fissures created horizontal layers of basalt, forming step-like hills (hence the term “Traps,” derived from the Swedish word for stairs). Duration: These eruptions lasted for around 600-800,000 years during the transition between the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods. Volcanic Source: A mantle plume, often associated with the still-active Réunion hotspot, is believed to have triggered these extensive eruptions Impact on Earth’s History: Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) Mass Extinction: Deccan Volcanism is one of the key events linked to the K-Pg mass extinction, which led to the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs. The eruptions released vast amounts of greenhouse gases and sulfur aerosols that altered the global climate, causing significant warming and acid rain. What the new study says? The study by Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP) suggests that despite highly devastating consequences for terrestrial faunas, the Deccan Volcanism only caused regional and short-term impacts on the flora. Deccan Volcanism indirectly imposed a positive impact on the development of hyper-diverse tropical flora by wiping off the large faunal community of dinosaurs along with gymnosperms and by providing nascent, undisturbed, barren yet fertile habitats within congenial warm and humid climate state ideal for angiosperms to grow and evolve. Source: PIB Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements regarding the National Livestock Mission (NLM) The NLM aims to improve feed and fodder availability and focuses on breed development for livestock and poultry. It is implemented only as a Central Sector Scheme (CS). Promotion of livestock insurance and risk management measures is one of its objectives. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) The Nankai Trough is significant because: It is a tectonic subduction zone located near the Indian Ocean. It is responsible for generating megathrust earthquakes. It is part of the Pacific “Ring of Fire.” Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Which of the following is/are associated with Deccan Volcanism? Formation of the Deccan Traps in west-central India. Linked to the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction. Triggered by the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 12th January – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – b Q.3) – b

Jan 15, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 15th January 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Jan 15, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 14th January 2025

Jan 14, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 13th January 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) ELECTORAL ROLLS Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 Context: The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have accused each other of manipulating electoral rolls before the Delhi elections. This has reignited the debate about linking voter IDs/Election Photo Identity Card (EPIC) with respective Aadhaar numbers. Background: – EPIC linkage with the respective Aadhaar number would definitely help in weeding out duplicate entries; but there are concerns. Key takeaways The Election Commission (EC) launched the National Electoral Rolls Purification and Authentication Program (NERPAP) to address the issue of duplicate entries in the electoral roll. In order to achieve this, the EC began authenticating EPIC data by linking it with the Aadhaar. However, the Supreme Court in an interim order, in August 2015, held that the mandatory use of Aadhaar should only be for welfare schemes and PAN linking. Following this, the NERPAP was discontinued. After the Supreme Court’s final order in Puttaswamy in September 2018, that upheld the constitutional validity of the Aadhaar Act, the EC sought amendments to the Representation of the People Act, 1950 (RP Act, 1950). The Parliament amended the RP Act, 1950 and The Registration of Electors Rules, 1960 in December 2021 to enable the linking of EPIC with Aadhaar. However, in order to keep these amendments voluntary in nature, the word ‘may’ have been used in the amendments. Further, the amendment also specifies that no application for inclusion in the electoral roll shall be denied and no entries shall be deleted due to the inability to furnish or intimate the Aadhaar number due to ‘sufficient cause.’ Such individuals may furnish alternate documents like PAN card, Driving Licence, Passport, Bank passbook etc. Pros and cons of linking Aadhar Firstly, the errors in the Aadhaar database, may result in wrongful rejection or deletion of entries from the electoral roll. Secondly, Aadhaar is only a proof of residence and not a proof of citizenship. Thus, it may not help in removing voters who are not citizens from the electoral roll. Finally, while the linkage is to happen at the back end and a mere mention of the Aadhaar number on the EPIC/electoral roll may not by itself be a violation of right to privacy, it may still result in misuse as the electoral rolls are widely circulated. Way forward There must be wide publicity about the benefits of linking EPIC and Aadhaar to clean up the electoral roll of duplicate entries, which in turn strengthens the electoral process. Any misplaced concern amongst voters about the secrecy of their vote being compromised because of this linking should be assuaged. Source: The Hindu GENOME INDIA PROJECT Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: After completing India’s baseline map by sequencing 10,000 genomes, the Genome India project is set to move into its second phase during which samples of individuals with specific diseases would also be sequenced. Background: – Launched in 2020, 10,000 sequences from healthy individuals were collected in the first phase of the project. Key takeaways Genome India is a visionary national project funded by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India. It is aimed at decoding the genetic blueprint of the diverse Indian population. More than 20 prominent research institutions across India are involved, including the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, and the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences. Goals and impact of genome India Develop a reference set of genetic variations for Indians by carrying out whole genome sequencing of 10000 samples from 99 communities. Develop a biobank of 20000 blood samples for future genome analyses. Make available genomic data for public access (digital public goods) for research purposes through IBDC (Indian Biological Data Center). Design genome-wide and disease-specific genetic chips for low-cost diagnostics and research. First big step towards developing genome-based precision medicine in India. An inspiration for India’s young minds and young researchers to explore the exciting area of genomics research and innovation for the health of Indian population. 2nd Phase of Genome India The second phase seeks to expand the database to one million sequences, including genetic information of people with specific diseases. A comparison of the healthy and diseased genome can help researchers identify targets for developing treatments and diagnostic tests. It is a step towards personalised treatment and medicine. The diseases that would most likely be included in the list would be different types of cancers, chronic conditions such as diabetes, and various neurological or neurodegenerative diseases. Rare diseases that are found in Indian populations are also likely to be included in the list of diseases to be studied for the next phase of Genome India project. Source: Indian Express GENERATION BETA Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The year 2025 marks a generational shift: children born between January 1, 2025, and December 31, 2039, will comprise Generation Beta. Background: This generation succeeds Generation Alpha, also dubbed the iPad Generation, with its members born between 2010 and 2024. Key takeaways How are different generations named? Before embracing the Greek alphabet, generations were grouped in periods of 15-20 years and named after defining societal events. Baby boomers were named after the baby boom post-World War II, Generation X which succeeded them were named for their anti-establishmentarian mindset, and millennials for those who became adults at the turn of the millennium. Baby Boomers (1946 – 1964) This generation is usually associated with idealism and a mistrust of authority. In India, this is a generation that largely grew up in independent India and saw the country embrace a socialist economic model. The country fought wars and witnessed the nationalisation. This generation grew up watching the impact of the Green Revolution and a decade later, the Emergency. Gen X (1964 – 1979) This generation in the US internalised the idea that many of the long-standing institutions could be challenged, with the X representing a mistrust of the establishment, be it marriage or corporate employment. Known as the “sandwich generation,” balancing care for both parents and children. Xers in India grew up to witness the overhauling economic reforms that Rajiv Gandhi would introduce, as well as the expansion of the telecommunications industry, the burgeoning space programme, and developments in the IT industry. This generation is understood to be diverse and patterned on a rich, vibrant democracy – comfortable with many views, perspectives, and voices. Gen Y or the Millennials (1980 – 1995) This generation is understood to have experienced similar developments globally, largely on account of the extent of their adoption of technology around the same time. Acts of terrorism – like 9/11 – and school violence are among this generation’s formative events in U.S. The randomness of such violence has encouraged this generation to prioritise living in the now, and has sought to delay or avoid traditional life milestones like marriage. Gen Z (1996 – 2010) Gen Z today constitute the younger adults. This generation is the first to be truly plugged in and grow up as digital natives and grew up during the 2007 recession, a period of widespread financial instability. This is the generation that has normalised talk of mental health concerns. What distinguishes Gen Z is its political advocacy of social and environmental causes. Gen Alpha (2011 – 2024) As the first generation to be born entirely in the 21st century, this is the most tech-savvy generation so far. This is a generation that has always known a world with the existence of social media and experienced the Covid pandemic in their formative years. This generation has a heightened awareness of its environment and of mental health challenges, and is poised to drive policy and technological developments towards increased sustainability and inclusion. What Gen Beta might look like Generation Beta will be the most tech-savvy, experiencing a seamless blend of the digital and physical worlds. This generation will grow with sustainability as an expectation and not just a preference amidst the social challenges they stand to inherit, such as climate change, global population shifts and rapid urbanisation. Source: Indian Express LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY Context: January 11 marked the 59th death anniversary of Lal Bahadur Shastri, the second Prime Minister of India. Background: – Lal Bahadur Shastri breathed his last in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, a day after signing the Tashkent Declaration reportedly due to cardiac arrest. Key takeaways Lal Bahadur Shastri was born on October 2, 1904, in Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Nagar (formerly known as Mughalsarai), Uttar Pradesh. His childhood name was Lal Bahadur Shrivastava. However, being against the prevailing caste system, he decided to drop his surname. The title ‘Shastri’ was given after his graduation at Kashi Vidyapeeth, Varanasi in 1925. The title ‘Shastri’ refers to a ‘scholar’ or a person, adept in the holy scriptures. Shastri’s youth was dedicated to independence struggle. Post-independence, he served in the UP state government and the central government, before becoming Prime Minister after the death of Nehru. On August 15, 1947, he became the Minister of Police and Transport. It was during his tenure that the first women bus conductors were appointed. He was the one who suggested the use of jets of water instead of lathis to disperse unruly crowds. In 1952, Lal Bahadur Shastri became the Union Minister for Railways and Transport. A serious accident occurred in August 1956 at Mehboobnagar of present-day Telangana. Distressed at the tragedy, Shastri owned responsibility for the accident and submitted his resignation to the prime minister. However, PM Nehru did not accept it. But another accident soon took place in November 1956, in Tamil Nadu’s Ariyalur that saw the death of 144 passengers. Shastri resigned again, accepting moral responsibility. Within a year of his resignation, Lal Bahadur Shastri was back in the Union Cabinet and would go on to take the roles of the Home Minister and the Commerce and Industry Minister. In the former, he helped solve rows over the government’s official language policy. When southern states were apprehensive of Hindi domination, he assured that English would continue as an official language alongside Hindi. When the country faced major food shortages in mid-1960s, Shastri led from the front and introduced new ideas including fixing foodgrain price for producers – known as the minimum support price (MSP) – and setting up a Prices Commission, the body known as the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) now that recommends the MSP. Shastri coined the slogan “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan”. It was in the background of acute food shortage in the country due to the ongoing war with Pakistan and the impact of the Indo-China war. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL YOUTH DAY Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The National Youth Day is celebrated every year on January 12 to mark the birth anniversery of Swami Vivekananda. It is also called Vivekananda Jayanti or Rashtriya Yuva Diwas. Background: – Swami Vivekananda’s teachings emphasized the potential of youth in nation-building. His philosophy and ideals continue to inspire young individuals to contribute positively to society. Key takeaways In 1984, the Government of India declared Swami Vivekananda’s birth anniversary as National Youth Day to honor his contributions to Indian society. The first official celebration took place on January 12, 1985, and has continued annually since. The youth, defined as those within the age group of 15-29 years, make up nearly 40% of India’s total population. National Youth Day serves as a moment to acknowledge, celebrate, and harness Youth’s potential, inspiring young minds to contribute meaningfully to the nation’s development. Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue The National Youth Day 2025 has introduced the Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue. The Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue aims to break the 25 year old tradition of holding the National Youth Festival in a conventional manner. This reimagined festival focuses on identifying and nurturing young talent and providing a platform for innovative ideas and perspectives. It features a merit-based competition called the Viksit Bharat Challenge, which involves quizzes, essay writing, and vision presentations, with finalists presenting their ideas. Source: PIB Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements about Lal Bahadur Shastri is correct? (a) He coined the slogan “Jai Vigyan, Jai Jawan.” (b) He resigned as the Union Railway Minister, accepting moral responsibility for train accident. (c) He was India’s third Prime Minister. (d) He introduced the concept of Minimum Support Price (MSP) for industries. Q2.) What is the primary focus of the second phase of the Genome India Project? (a) Sequencing genomes of healthy individuals across India. (b) Mapping disease-specific genomes and expanding the database to one million sequences. (c) Establishing a biobank of 10,000 blood samples for future research. (d) Promoting genomics research exclusively in IISc and NIMHANS. Q3.) Why is January 12 celebrated as National Youth Day in India? (a) To honor the contributions of young leaders in nation-building. (b) To commemorate Swami Vivekananda’s birth anniversary and his philosophy. (c) To celebrate India’s youth population, which makes up 60% of the total population. (d) To promote competitions like the Viksit Bharat Challenge. Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 10th January – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – c Q.2) – b Q.3) – d

Jan 13, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 13th January 2025

Jan 13, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 11th January 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) APPOINTMENT OF CHIEF ELECTION COMMISSIONER Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Traditionally, the senior-most Election Commissioner has been appointed as the next Chief Election Commissioner (CEC). However, for the first time, the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Act, 2023, allows for a wider range of candidates to be considered for the role. Background: – This comes against the backdrop of the EC facing the heat from the Opposition parties over a range of issues. Key takeaways As per Section 5 of the Chief Election Commissioner And Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service And Term of Office) Act, 2023, the candidates for the post would be current or former Secretary-level officers. According to Sections 6 and 7 of the Act, the Ministry of Law will set up a Search Committee chaired by the Law Minister to prepare a panel of five names for the Selection Committee. Section 6 states, “A Search Committee headed by the Minister of Law and Justice and comprising two other members not below the rank of Secretary to the Government of India, shall prepare a panel of five persons for consideration of the Selection Committee, for appointment as the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners.” The Selection Committee, comprising the Prime Minister, a Cabinet minister and the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, can select from this panel or consider “any other person” from outside. This Act was brought after an intervention from the Supreme Court, following a clutch of petitions filed challenging the Centre’s exclusive powers in picking the Election Commissioners. The court had noted that the Constitution’s founders never intended to give the Executive exclusive appointment powers. In March 2023, the Court ruled that the appointment of the CEC and ECs would be done by the President on the advice of a committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition and the Chief Justice of India. This arrangement was to prevail until the Parliament enacted a law for the appointments. The Union government eventually brought a law in December 2023, which made it mandatory to appoint the CEC and ECs by way of a shortlist panel and a selection committee. However, the Chief Justice of India was dropped as a member of the Selection Committee. Source: Indian Express COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA (CAG) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) is again in the spotlight amid a political row triggered by its report on the cost of renovation at the office and residence of former Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal. Background: – The CAG has submitted a dozen audit reports to the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi in recent years. But the AAP government has not laid them in the Assembly, triggering a backlash from the BJP whose MLAs have approached the High Court. Key takeaways Articles 148 to 151 in part 5 of the Constitution are on the appointment, duties, and audit reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General , who is appointed by the President. The Comptroller and Auditor General’s (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971, determines the CAG’s service conditions and prescribes the duties and powers of their office. The CAG conducts three kinds of audits: compliance audit, or an assessment of whether the provisions of the applicable laws, rules, and regulations, and various orders and instructions issued by the competent authority are being followed; performance audit, or an assessment of the implementation of schemes or programmes; and financial audit, or certification of government’s accounts and the accounts of Public Sector Undertakings. How does the CAG select audit subjects? Before finalising a subject, it follows a risk assessment procedure that accounts for various factors such as the size of the outlay of a project, what is being written in newspapers about the issue, and its own inspection reports over the years. It also consults the guidelines laid down by the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions, that spell out what is of relevance to citizens. Based on these criteria, the CAG’s office approves an annual audit plan that is implemented in the field offices. There is also an Audit Advisory Board that meets twice a year and suggests subjects and methodologies for audit. The government or courts can also recommend CAG audits. What happens after the CAG selects a subject? Once a subject is chosen, the CAG holds an entry conference with the department or organisation that is being audited. At this conference, CAG officials inform the body concerned about matters such as their plans for the audit, the methodology to be followed, and a tentative timeline. After the audit, the officials from the auditor general’s office hold an exit conference to share their findings with the department or organisation and seek their reply. The entry and exit conferences are held for every performance and compliance audit. The CAG shares a draft report with the department audited. Normally, the department has to respond within six weeks. Thereafter, the CAG signs the report and sends it to the government (the President or the Governor). Then the government lays the report before the legislature. Tabling of a CAG report Article 151 provides for laying CAG reports in Parliament or state legislatures but no time limit is specified. This is why governments often do not lay CAG audit reports on time. A CAG report becomes public only after it is laid in the House. The Public Accounts Committee examines the selected reports and seeks a response from the government. The PAC also asks the government to take action on the recommendations and submit an Action Taken Report. Do CAG reports have any impact ? The audit reports highlight losses to the exchequer and procedural losses and also provide recommendations that play a key role in changing rules and procedures. For instance, the Telangana government made changes in the Engineering Procurement Contract mode a few years ago after a CAG audit. Among the CAG reports that have had a big impact was the one on licences and allocation of 2G spectrum that was tabled in 2010. It had a massive effect, damaging the image of the Manmohan Singh-led government that was ultimately voted out of power in 2014. Source: Indian Express PRAVASI BHARATIYA DIVAS (PBD) Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: President Smt Droupadi Murmu addressed the valedictory session of the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas Convention and presented Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards at Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Background: Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) is celebrated to recognize the contributions of the Indian diaspora towards India. It serves as a platform for the government to connect with overseas Indians, strengthen their ties with India, and acknowledge their achievements globally. Key takeaways The 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas Convention (PBD), 2025 was held in partnership with the Government of Odisha in Bhubaneshwar, Odisha from 8 to 10 January 2025. This was the first PBD to be held in Eastern India. First Observance: The first PBD was celebrated on January 9, 2003. Significance of the Date: January 9 marks the return of Mahatma Gandhi to India from South Africa in 1915, symbolizing the return of Indians from abroad contributing to India’s progress. Frequency: Initially celebrated every year, PBD became a biennial event in 2015. Now, it is held every two years. Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award (PBSA) The Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award is the highest honor conferred by the Government of India on overseas Indians. PBSA is conferred by the President of India as a part of the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) Conventions on a Non-Resident Indian (NRI), Person of Indian Origin (PIO) or an organization or institution established and run by NRI’s or PIO’s, who has made significant contribution in any one of the following fields : Better understanding abroad of India; Support to India’s causes and concerns in a tangible way; Building closer links between India, the overseas Indian community and their country of residence; Social and humanitarian causes in India or abroad; Welfare of the local Indian community; Philanthropic and charitable work; Eminence in one’s field or outstanding work, which has enhanced India’s prestige in the country of residence; or Eminence in skills which has enhanced India’s prestige in that country (for non-professional workers). Source: PIB 2024 - THE FIRST YEAR TO BREACH GLOBAL WARMING LIMIT Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Temperature data made public by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), an authoritative source on historical trends in climate, show that 2024 was the first year in history when mean global temperature went 1.5 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial level. Background: – 2024 with a warming of 1.6 degree Celsius higher than pre-industrial levels has overtaken 2023 as the warmest year ever recorded. 2023 was recorded to be 1.45 degree Celsius warmer than pre-industrial times. Key takeaways The 1.5 degree Celsius mark is an important threshold mentioned in the 2015 Paris Agreement, which calls upon the world to restrict the rise in global temperatures to “well below 2 degree Celsius” from pre-industrial levels while “pursuing efforts” to keep this within 1.5 degree Celsius. The 2024 breach, however, does not necessarily mean that the 1.5 degree Celsius goal is over. The 1.5, or 2, degree Celsius targets are meant to be seen in the context of long-term temperature trends and not in year-to-year, or month-to-month, temperature variations. For example, monthly average temperatures have crossed the 1.5 degree Celsius mark several times during the last two years. From the climate change perspective, the 1.5 degree mark would be considered to have been breached only if the averages over a decade or two remain above the thresholds. 2023 & 2024 – Exceptionally warm years The years 2023 and 2024 stand out even in the rapidly warming trend witnessed in the last decade, European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) said. For instance, the previous warmest year, 2016, which was 1.29 degrees Celsius warmer than pre-industrial levels, was influenced by a very strong El Niño — a phenomenon in the eastern Pacific Ocean. El Niño has a general warming effect. There was an El Niño prevailing during 2023 and 2024 as well, but it was mild. ECMWF said the unusual warming of 2023 and 2024 could be because of other factors, though there was no one dominant reason. It cited “unprecedented” El Niño-like systems in multiple other ocean regions as one of the possible reasons. An underwater volcanic eruption near Tonga in the southern Pacific Ocean in January 2022, and lower sulphur dioxide emissions from the shipping industry in 2024 could also have contributed to the warming, ECMWF said. Sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere reflects some solar radiation, thus preventing it from reaching Earth. The unusual warming could also be because of the Sun, which was in its solar maximum phase in 2024 during its routine 11-year solar cycle. An increase in the solar energy reaching the Earth during the solar maximum phase could have contributed to the warming. Source: Indian Express SEX RATIO IN HARYANA DROPPED TO AN EIGHT-YEAR LOW IN 2024 Syllabus: Mains – GS 1 & GS 2 Context: After peaking at 923 in 2019, the sex ratio at birth in Haryana dropped to 910 in 2024, an eight-year low. The numbers have worried activists and civil society organisations. Background: – The sex ratio is the measure of the number of females per 1,000 males in a given population. According to the National Health and Family Survey-5 (NFHS-5), which was published in 2021, the overall sex ratio at birth in India was 929. Key takeaways Of the 516,402 children born in Haryana in 2024, 270,354 (52.35%) were boys, while 246,048 (47.64%) were girls, giving a sex ratio of 910 girls per 1,000 boys born. In 2014, the sex ratio in Haryana was just 871. This triggered a massive nationwide outcry. In 2015, Prime Minister launched ‘Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao’ campaign at Panipat. The efforts bore fruit, with the sex ratio at birth in Haryana climbing steadily after 2014. It touched 900 in 2016, and peaked at 923 in 2019. Since then, however, the sex ratio has once again seen a downward trajectory overall. Loosening enforcement The gains made between 2014 and 2019 came due to the strict enforcement of the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994 (PNDT Act) coupled with an intense awareness campaign. Activists say more needs to be done to change attitudes, and in recent years, enforcement of laws aimed towards curbing female foeticide has loosened. Wealthier families continue to access sex determination services and sex-selective abortions, which have become more costly, especially in bordering areas. A significant number of FIRs under the PNDT Act in Haryana were registered after inter-state raids. A growing trend of having only one male child is emerging in Haryana, driven by factors like decreasing land holdings and financial constraints. Rising inflation and the dowry system contribute to the preference for fewer children, highlighting the need for societal efforts to change attitudes and discourage extravagant marriages. Government’s perspective State authorities, however, term the latest dip as a “slight fluctuation”, and point to the fact that the state’s sex ratio has improved. The state’s gender ratio improved from 871 in 2014 to 916 in 2023. State officials said that the government has worked to ensure that the girl child is not seen as a burden, including providing a one-time sum of Rs 21,000 at the birth of a baby girl, and opening bank accounts for girls through the Sukanya Samriddhi Scheme. Officials also spoke about work that has gone into reducing dropout rates of girls and increasing secondary education enrolment — all factors which are known to in the long term positively impact sex ratio, and the status of women in general. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) With reference to the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) in India, consider the following statements: As per the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners Act, 2023, only serving Secretaries to the Government of India are eligible for appointment as CEC. The Selection Committee for appointing the CEC includes the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition, and the Chief Justice of India. The Search Committee for the appointment of the CEC is chaired by the Minister of Law and Justice. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) With reference to the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG), which of the following statements is/are correct? The CAG conducts compliance audits, performance audits, and financial audits. The CAG’s audit reports are laid before the legislature within a specified time frame as per Article 151 of the Constitution. The Public Accounts Committee examines selected CAG reports and seeks responses from the government. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Consider the following statements regarding Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD): Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is celebrated every year on January 1st. The Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award is conferred by the Prime Minister of India. The first Pravasi Bharatiya Divas was celebrated in 2003. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 3 only Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 10th January – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – a Q.2) – a Q.3) – a

Jan 13, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 10th January 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) TASHKENT DECLARATION Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – HISTORY Context: Lal Bahadur Shastri, India’s second Prime Minister, died in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on January 11, 1966 after he signed the Tashkent Declaration, ending the 1965 India-Pakistan War. Background: – The official cause of death was a heart attack. However, the circumstances surrounding his death remain a mystery, with persistent rumors of poisoning. Key takeaways The 1965 war started when the Pakistan Army began to wage an undeclared war in Jammu and Kashmir in August of that year, believing India would not be able to fight back after its 1962 loss to China. On September 1, Pakistan launched an attack in the Akhnoor sector near Jammu. In retaliation, the Indian Army launched an attack across the International Border in Punjab after Lal Bahadur Shastri gave a go-ahead for it. The Tashkent Declaration is the peace agreement signed between India and Pakistan on January 10, 1966, marking the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Mediation: The Tashkent Declaration was facilitated by the Soviet Union, with Premier Alexei Kosygin acting as the mediator. The summit was held in Tashkent, then part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, from January 4 to January 10, 1966. The declaration was signed by Lal Bahadur Shastri (Prime Minister of India) and Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan). Provisions of the Declaration Restoration of Peace: Both nations agreed to restore pre-war positions by withdrawing troops to positions held before 5 August 1965. Non-Interference: Agreed not to interfere in each other’s internal affairs. Improved Relations: Commitments were made to restore economic and diplomatic relations, including communications, trade, and cultural exchanges. Respect for Sovereignty: Pledged to work towards maintaining international peace and respecting each other’s territorial integrity. Resolution of Disputes: Both sides agreed to resolve disputes through peaceful means, avoiding the use of force. Repatriation of Prisoners of War: Ensured the humane treatment and repatriation of all prisoners of war. Source: Indian Express Z-MORH TUNNEL Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to visit Sonamarg on Monday to inaugurate the Z-Morh Tunnel. Background: – The Z-Morh will lead towards the Zojila tunnel, which is being constructed nearby. The Zojila, Asia’s longest tunnel, will cut through the Himalayan range at Zojila Pass to reach the Kargil district in Ladakh. Key takeaways The Z-Morh Tunnel is a significant infrastructure project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, aimed at enhancing connectivity between the Kashmir Valley and the strategically important region of Ladakh. Length: The main tunnel is approximately 6.4 kilometers long. Location: The tunnel connects Gagangir and Sonamarg in the Ganderbal district along the Srinagar-Leh highway. It is situated at an altitude of around 8,652 feet (2,637 meters). Structure: The project also includes an escape tunnel for emergencies and approach roads, bringing the total project length to about 12 kilometers. Strategic and Economic Importance All-weather Access: The tunnel provides year-round connectivity to Sonamarg, a popular tourist destination, which was previously cut off during winter months due to heavy snowfall and avalanches. Military Logistics: Z-Morh Tunnel plays a crucial role in enhancing strategic military logistics, ensuring uninterrupted access to Ladakh, an area of significant strategic importance for India’s defense. Future Prospects The Z-Morh Tunnel is a crucial part of the broader Zojila Tunnel project, which aims to establish uninterrupted connectivity between Srinagar and Ladakh. While the Z-Morh Tunnel connects Sonamarg to the rest of Kashmir year-round, the Zojila Tunnel—under construction at an altitude of approximately 12,000 feet—will connect Sonamarg with Drass in Ladakh. The Zojila Tunnel, which is expected to be completed by December 2026, will provide all-weather access to Ladakh’s strategic border regions, including Kargil and Leh. Source: Indian Express GADDI DOG Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBAGR) has recognised the Gaddi, an indigenous dog breed from the Himalayas. Background: The Gaddi will be joining the Rajapalayam, Chippiparai and Mudhol breeds that have already been recognised by the ICAR-NBAGR. The move by the government body is expected to help in conserving the Gaddi, a species that is not recognised by any kennel club at the moment. Key takeaways The Gaddi Dog, also known as the Gaddi Kutta or Himalayan Sheepdog, is a native breed from the Himalayan regions of India, particularly in Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttarakhand. The breed is named after the Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh and has been used by them to guard their flocks of sheep and goats from predators. Its ability to fight and fend off carnivores such as the Snow Leopard has also earned it the nickname of the ‘Indian Panther Hound’ or ‘Indian leopard Hound’. Size: Gaddi Dogs are medium to large-sized dogs, typically standing around 28 inches tall and weighing about 40 kg. Coat: They have a thick, weather-resistant double coat, predominantly black with some white markings on their feet, chest, and neck. This coat is suited for the harsh, cold environments of the Himalayas. Source: Down To Earth POLAR VORTEX Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: At least five people have died in the United States after a winter storm hit a large swathe of the country over the weekend. The extreme weather has been caused by the expansion of the polar vortex southwards. Background: – Some 60 million people are under weather alerts across 30 states. Seven of them have declared emergencies. The National Weather Service has warned that severe thunderstorms, with the possibility of tornadoes and hail, would also take place in some regions over the next few days. Key takeaways The polar vortex is a large area of low-pressure and cold air that swirls like a wheel around both of the Earth’s polar regions. There are two types of polar vortex: tropospheric and stratospheric. The tropospheric polar vortex occurs at the lowest layer of the atmosphere — it extends from the surface up to about 10 km to 15 km — where most weather phenomena occur. The stratospheric polar vortex occurs at around 15 km to 50 km high. Unlike the tropospheric polar vortex, the stratospheric polar vortex disappears during the summer and is the strongest during the autumn. When the polar vortex is strong and stable, it keeps the jet stream travelling around the planet in a circular path. The jet stream is a narrow band of strong wind in the upper levels of the atmosphere which plays a key role in keeping cold air north and warm air south. However, when the polar vortex weakens, the jet stream loses stability, becoming more wavy and irregular. High-pressure systems can disrupt its flow, allowing cold air masses to move southward along with portions of the polar vortex. This shift results in the spread of arctic weather to lower latitudes. Source: Indian Express THE INDIAN DIASPORA Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi on January 9th launched the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas in Odisha. Background: – The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is celebrated on January 9th to honor the contributions of the Overseas Indian community to the development of India. Key takeaways The Indian diaspora has grown since the first group of Indians was brought to countries in the East Pacific and the Caribbean islands as indentured laborers. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Indians were transported to work on plantations in British colonies facing a labor crisis following the abolition of slavery in 1833-34. In the second wave of migration, nearly 2 million Indians moved to Singapore and Malaysia to work on farms. The third and fourth waves saw professionals migrating to Western countries and workers heading to Gulf and West Asian nations during the oil boom. Thus, we observe that the Indian diaspora has periodically spread to different regions of the world. According to India’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as of May 2024, approximately 35.42 million Indians were living abroad. This number comprised around 15.85 million non-resident Indians (NRIs) and nearly 19.57 million persons of Indian origin (PIOs). Among the nations hosting the largest Indian diaspora, the United States has the highest population of Indians, totaling 5.4 million individuals. Role of Indian Diaspora India has the world’s largest diaspora, and is also the largest recipient of remittances. India saw the highest amount of remittance inflows in the world in 2023 at USD 125 billion. The diaspora contributes to growth through various forms of investment in the Indian economy in the form of foreign portfolio investment, foreign direct investment (FDI), transfer of knowledge and entrepreneurial network. The Indian diaspora, plays a vital role in promoting our culture and values, which contributes in shaping India’s soft power globally. Engagement with diaspora Over the last decade, the Centre has made a sustained effort to connect with the Indian community overseas, with PM Modi making it a point to address a community event during his foreign visits. Every year, 25 lakh Indians immigrate overseas, making India the nation with the highest annual number of emigrants in the world. The Indian government’s approach to engaging with the Indian diaspora focuses on two main strategies. First, it implements policies aimed at the welfare and protection of overseas Indians. Second, it encourages the diaspora to contribute to India’s growth in various ways, such as through knowledge transfer and investments, etc. key initiatives of Indian governments related to diaspora: Know India Programme (KIP): It is an initiative by the Ministry of External Affairs aimed at Indian diaspora youth aged 21 to 35 years. The primary goal of the KIP is to strengthen the connection between young people of Indian origin and their ancestral homeland by enhancing their understanding of India. Indian Community Welfare Fund (ICWF): The Fund, established in 2009, aims to assist overseas Indian nationals during times of distress and emergencies in the most deserving cases. The ICWF has played a crucial role in the emergency evacuation of Indian nationals from conflict zones, areas affected by natural disasters, and other challenging situations. E-Migrate: It is a comprehensive system designed to facilitate the safe and legal emigration of Indian workers. This initiative aims to make the emigration process more transparent and address complaints effectively. Inter-Governmental Labour migration Agreements: These agreements provide an overarching framework for cooperation on labor and manpower issues. Pravasi Bharatiya Bima Yojana (PBBY): It is an insurance scheme available to all Indian workers emigrating from India, requiring a nominal premium payment made to insurance companies. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Which of the following statements about the Tashkent Declaration is/are correct? It was signed in 1965 to end the Indo-Pakistani War. The declaration facilitated the restoration of pre-war positions and the withdrawal of troops. It was mediated by the United States. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q2.) Which of the following statements about the Z-Morh Tunnel is/are correct? The Z-Morh Tunnel provides year-round connectivity to Sonamarg in Jammu and Kashmir. It is part of the broader Zojila Tunnel project that connects Srinagar to Kargil. The Z-Morh Tunnel is situated at an altitude of around 12,000 feet. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Q3.) Which of the following statements about the Gaddi Dog is/are correct? The Gaddi Dog is a breed native to the Himalayan regions, recognized for guarding livestock. It is known for its ability to fend off predators like Snow Leopards, earning it the nickname ‘Indian Panther Hound.’ It has been officially recognized by global kennel clubs. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’ Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs ANSWERS FOR 7th January – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – a Q.2) – b Q.3) – a

Jan 11, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 11th January 2025

Jan 10, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

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