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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 24th June – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Iran’s Parliament Moves to Suspend Cooperation with IAEA Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Iran’s parliament is moving forward with legislation to suspend all cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Decoding Context:  Key Points: It proposes halting: Installation of IAEA surveillance cameras On-site inspections Reporting to the IAEA These measures would remain suspended until Iran receives “objective guarantees” on the IAEA’s neutrality and security assurances for its nuclear sites. Iran’s Standpoint: Iranian leaders accuse the IAEA of bias and of acting under political influence. The move is seen as a response to perceived threats to Iran’s nuclear infrastructure and national sovereignty. International Response: The IAEA has convened an emergency meeting and urged renewed diplomacy to prevent further escalation. Western nations have expressed concern, warning that reduced oversight could raise nuclear proliferation risks. Implications: If passed by the full parliament, the bill would drastically reduce transparency into Iran’s nuclear program. It could heighten regional instability and deepen Iran’s international isolation. Learning Corner: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1957. Its headquarters is in Vienna, Austria. Purpose: Promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Prevent the spread of nuclear weapons (non-proliferation). Ensure nuclear safety and security worldwide. Key Functions: Safeguards and Verification: Inspects nuclear facilities in member states to verify that nuclear materials are not diverted to weapons programs. Technical Assistance: Helps countries develop nuclear technology for uses in medicine, agriculture, energy, etc. Standards and Safety: Sets international safety standards for nuclear operations and radiation protection. Crisis Monitoring: Responds to nuclear emergencies and monitors compliance with international agreements like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Structure: General Conference: All member states meet annually. Board of Governors: Makes key policy decisions. Secretariat: Executes daily functions, headed by the Director General. Source: THE HINDU Iran Votes to Close Strait of Hormuz Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The Iranian parliament has approved a proposal to close the Strait of Hormuz in retaliation for recent U.S. airstrikes on its nuclear sites Strategic Importance of the Strait Located between Iran and Oman, it handles 20–30% of global oil shipments and a major share of liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports. Closure would cause a global supply shock and spike oil prices. Impact on India India imports: ~50% of its crude oil ~60% of natural gas via the Strait. A blockade could: Push Brent crude to $110–$130 per barrel. Trigger domestic fuel inflation, increase transport and production costs, and hurt GDP growth. Learning Corner: Strait of Hormuz The Strait of Hormuz is one of the world’s most strategically important maritime chokepoints, located between Iran and Oman, connecting the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. Key Facts: Width: Narrowest point is about 33 km (21 miles) wide. Shipping Lane: Only 3 km wide in each direction, with a 2 km buffer zone. Oil Transit: Carries 20–30% of global seaborne oil shipments. Nearly 17–18 million barrels of oil per day pass through. Natural Gas: Major route for liquefied natural gas (LNG), especially from Qatar. Geopolitical Importance: Borders Iran to the north and UAE and Oman to the south. Iran has previously threatened to close the Strait during tensions with the West. Any disruption here can cause a global energy crisis and spike in oil prices. Source: THE HINDU Battle of Okinawa Category: HISTORY Context :  Okinawa commemorated the 80th anniversary of the end of the Battle of Okinawa on June 23, 2025 Historical Context: The Battle of Okinawa began on April 1, 1945, and ended on June 22, 1945. It was one of World War II’s deadliest battles, with around 200,000 deaths, including over 188,000 Japanese (many Okinawan civilians) and 12,000 Americans. About 25% of Okinawa’s population was killed. The destruction led to U.S. occupation for 27 years and a lasting American military presence. Legacy: The battle remains central to Okinawa’s identity and Japan’s pacifist outlook. Monuments like the Cornerstone of Peace honor those lost and underscore Okinawa’s mission to share the realities of war and advocate for peace.   Learning Corner: Major Battles of World War II Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943) Location: Soviet Union Combatants: Nazi Germany vs Soviet Union Significance: Turning point on the Eastern Front; marked the beginning of German retreat. Outcome: Decisive Soviet victory; one of the bloodiest battles in history. Battle of El Alamein (1942) Location: Egypt (North Africa) Combatants: British-led Allied forces vs German-Italian Axis forces Significance: Ended Axis threat to the Suez Canal; major Allied victory in North Africa. D-Day / Battle of Normandy (June 6, 1944 – August 1944) Location: France Combatants: Allied Forces (US, UK, Canada, etc.) vs Nazi Germany Significance: Largest amphibious invasion in history; opened the Western Front in Europe. Outcome: Liberation of Western Europe from Nazi control. Battle of Midway (June 1942) Location: Pacific Ocean Combatants: United States vs Japan Significance: Turning point in the Pacific theatre; U.S. Navy decisively defeated the Japanese fleet. Outcome: Japan lost four aircraft carriers; momentum shifted to Allies. Battle of Britain (1940) Location: United Kingdom Combatants: Royal Air Force (UK) vs Luftwaffe (Germany) Significance: First major military campaign fought entirely by air forces. Outcome: British victory; prevented German invasion of Britain. Battle of the Bulge (December 1944 – January 1945) Location: Belgium Combatants: Nazi Germany vs Allied Forces Significance: Germany’s last major offensive on the Western Front. Outcome: Allied victory; German forces weakened severely. Source :  THE HINDU State of the Climate in Asia 2024 Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : According to the WMO’s State of the Climate in Asia 2024, the continent is warming at nearly twice the global average, with 2024 ranking as the warmest or second warmest year ever recorded in Asia. Decoding Context Key Findings: Temperature Increase: Asia’s average temperature in 2024 was 1.04°C above the 1991–2020 average. Extreme Weather: The warming has intensified heatwaves, floods, droughts, rainfall extremes, and tropical cyclones. Glaciers and Oceans: Glacier melt worsened in the central Himalayas and Tian Shan, with 23 of 24 monitored glaciers losing mass. Sea surface temperatures hit record highs; marine heatwaves were the worst on record. Human and Economic Impact: Thousands of deaths, including 159 in India due to heatwaves, and nearly 48,000 cases of heatstroke reported. Significant economic losses and food insecurity across the region. Sea Level Rise: Sea levels on both the Pacific and Indian Ocean coasts of Asia rose faster than the global average, threatening coastal regions. Regional Highlights: High anomalies observed in Western China, Japan, Indochina, West Asia, and Siberia. Japan saw its hottest year on record, beating its 2023 high.   Learning Corner: World Meteorological Organization (WMO) The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation in weather, climate, hydrology, and related environmental fields. Key Facts: Established: 1950 (originated from the International Meteorological Organization, 1873) Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland Members: 193 Member States and Territories Parent Organization: United Nations (UN) Functions: Weather and Climate Monitoring: Collects, standardizes, and shares meteorological and hydrological data globally. Early Warning Systems: Helps countries build systems to prepare for natural disasters like cyclones, floods, droughts, and heatwaves. Climate Change Reporting: Publishes major reports such as the State of the Global Climate and State of the Climate in Asia, highlighting temperature trends, sea level rise, and extreme weather. Scientific Collaboration: Supports global research and capacity building in climatology, hydrology, marine meteorology, and atmospheric science. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS India to Conduct First-Ever Household Income Survey in 2026 Category: ECONOMICS Context: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) will conduct India’s first comprehensive Household Income Survey in February 2026, aiming to bridge a critical gap in national income data. Key Features: Objective: To assess household income distribution, understand the impact of technology on wages, and support informed economic planning. Expert Panel: An 8-member Technical Expert Group (TEG), chaired by Dr. Surjit S. Bhalla, will guide survey design, methodology, sampling, and implementation in line with international best practices. Historical Gap: While India has long collected data on consumption, employment, health, and education through the National Sample Survey (NSS), no nationwide income-specific survey has ever been completed due to past methodological challenges. Significance: Will enable precise analysis of income inequality, economic mobility, and the structural shifts in the Indian economy since independence. Findings will support policy formulation and resource allocation at both central and state levels.   Learning Corner: Reports Released by MoSPI (Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation) The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) is responsible for collecting, analyzing, and publishing statistical data to aid policy formulation and socio-economic planning in India. It functions through two main wings: the Central Statistics Office (CSO) and the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) (now merged into the National Statistical Office, NSO). Major Reports Released by MoSPI / NSO: National Statistical Office (NSO) Reports: Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS): Provides data on employment-unemployment, labor force participation, and worker distribution by sector and gender. Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES): Tracks household spending patterns, consumption trends, and helps estimate poverty levels (next round expected after 2011–12). Household Social Consumption Surveys: Include topics like Health, Education, and Housing, offering insights into access, usage, and affordability. Multiple Indicator Survey (MIS): Captures data on living standards, access to basic amenities, and demographic indicators. Central Statistics Office (CSO) Reports: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Estimates: Quarterly and annual estimates of GDP at constant and current prices for national and sectoral income. Index of Industrial Production (IIP): Measures short-term changes in industrial output across sectors like manufacturing, mining, and electricity. Consumer Price Index (CPI): Calculates inflation rates based on retail prices for rural and urban consumers. Annual Survey of Industries (ASI): Provides detailed industrial statistics, including employment, output, and investment in registered factories. Other Key Reports: Economic Census: Covers all entrepreneurial units in India, both agricultural and non-agricultural (excluding crop production). Vital Statistics of India Based on the Civil Registration System (CRS): Reports on births and deaths registered across states/UTs. Household Income Survey (upcoming in 2026): Will be the first full-scale national survey to collect direct household income data. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS (MAINS Focus) Food Processing Sector led to grass root transformation (GS Paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) A silent transformation is unfolding in rural India through the food processing sector. The food processing sector is emerging not only as a growth engine but also as a powerful tool of rural empowerment, farmers’ income augmentation, and agri-industrial integration.  In 2014, the gross value addition of the sector stood at Rs 1.34 lakh crore. Today, following sustained policy focus and institutional drive, that figure has risen to Rs 2.24 lakh crore. What is food processing? Food Processing refers to the transformation of raw agricultural products into consumable food or intermediate food products using physical, chemical, or biological means. It includes operations like cleaning, grading, packaging, preservation, and value addition. Types: Primary Food Processing: Focus on transforming raw agricultural products into a form suitable for further processing or consumption.  Examples: Fruit and vegetable processing: Washing, sorting, grading, and packaging fruits and vegetables.  Dairy processing: Separating milk components (e.g., cream, skim milk) and pasteurizing.  Secondary Food Processing: Focus on applying cooking and preservation techniques to create edible products.  Examples: Baking: Producing bread, cakes, and pastries.  Juice extraction and concentration: Processing fruits to extract and concentrate their juices.  Tertiary Food Processing:  Focus on producing ready-to-eat or convenience foods on a large scale.  Examples: Frozen meals: Preparing and packaging complete meals for microwave heating.  Snack foods: Producing chips, crackers, and other packaged snacks.  Significance The food processing industry act as the link between agriculture and manufacturing.  It employs the largest number of persons, not just in the formal sector, where it constitutes 12.38 percent of registered employees, but also in the informal sector.  As per the Ministry of Food Processing, women’s share of employment in registered food processing industries stood at 12.6 percent of total employment, whereas the number in the unregistered industries was almost a double and stood at 24.7 percent. The sector can contribute immensely to the empowerment of farmers, especially females, by providing improved bargaining power to them, leading to reduction in distress sales and ensuring steady supply to the processors. The food processing industry contributes significantly to India’s GDP, accounting for a substantial percentage of the total.  The industry is a major contributor to India’s export earnings, with processed foods gaining increasing prominence in the international market.  It attracts considerable industrial investment, further boosting economic activity and development.  Food processing increases the value of agricultural products by transforming them into marketable goods, reducing wastage, and creating value-added products.  By processing agricultural produce, the industry helps farmers get better prices for their products, contributing to increased income and improved livelihoods.  Processing extends the shelf life of perishable agricultural produce, minimizing losses due to spoilage and wastage.  The demand for various processed foods encourages farmers to diversify their crops, reducing dependence on a few staple crops.  Food processing helps streamline the supply chain, ensuring a more efficient and reliable flow of agricultural products from farm to consumer.  Processed foods play a crucial role in making food available to a wider population, including those in remote areas, by extending shelf life and improving accessibility.  Fortified processed foods can help address nutritional deficiencies by adding essential vitamins and minerals, contributing to better public health.  By processing and preserving food, the industry helps minimize food wastage, ensuring more food reaches consumers.  Government initiatives Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana (PMKSY): A comprehensive scheme to boost food processing infrastructure, reduce wastage, and create employment by supporting Mega Food Parks, cold chains, and agro-processing clusters. PM Formalisation of Micro Food Enterprises (PMFME): A ₹10,000 crore scheme under Atmanirbhar Bharat to support unorganised micro food businesses through formalisation, training, credit access, and SHG support. Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Food Processing: Provides financial incentives to boost large-scale food manufacturing, enhance global competitiveness, and generate employment through ₹8,900 crore committed investment. Operation Greens: Initially aimed at stabilising the supply of tomato, onion, and potato (TOP), the scheme now covers 22 perishable crops to ensure fair prices and reduce wastage. Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF): A ₹1 lakh crore fund aimed at developing farm-gate and aggregation infrastructure including cold storage, packhouses, and value chains for pre-processing. One District One Product (ODOP): Promotes unique local agro-products by providing marketing, branding, and export support, integrating districts into the national food value chain. 100% FDI in Food Processing Sector: Permits full foreign direct investment under the automatic route to attract global capital and technology in food manufacturing and retail. Formation of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs): Aggregates farmers into structured collectives to enhance their bargaining power, ensure better market access, and support value chain integration. National Makhana Board (2024–25 Budget): Announced to boost value addition, branding, and global market access for makhana and promote regional superfoods. Support for Food Testing & Irradiation Infrastructure: Establishment of 100 National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories accredited labs and 50 irradiation units to improve food safety, shelf life, and export readiness. Achievements Under Kisan SAMPADA Yojana Over 1,604 projects approved with ₹22,000 crore in private investment. 53 lakh farmers benefited and 7.6 lakh jobs generated. Under PM Formalisation of Micro Food Enterprises (PMFME) Over 1.41 lakh loans approved worth ₹11,205 crore, 3.3 lakh SHG members supported via seed capital  Operation Greens extended to 22 perishable crops Challenges At the Farm Level: Lack of awareness about quality and food safety standards Absence of processable varieties Inadequate aggregation centres and cold chains Shortage of packhouses, refrigerated vehicles, and value-chain infrastructure Rising income and organised retail fueling demand for processed and healthier food products. Shift in consumer behaviour toward convenience, quality, and traceability. Environmental & Production Risks: Depleting soil health and water tables Overuse of fertilisers and pesticides Need for sustainable practices like micro-irrigation and balanced nutrient management Steps needed Invest in cold chains, packhouses, and last-mile transport Promote FPO-led aggregation models Increase awareness of Codex Alimentarius and global health standards Promote consumer-centric innovation with emphasis on traceability and nutrition Encourage export-oriented processing and branding of regional specialties Focus on climate-smart agriculture Promote value chain partnerships with private sector and cooperatives Enhance skills and entrepreneurship through training and incubation Conclusion India’s food processing sector stands at the intersection of rural livelihoods, agri-exports, and innovation. With sustained reforms and institutional support, it is not just feeding India — but also branding Bharat globally. By empowering farmers, especially women, and integrating local produce with global markets, it holds the promise of inclusive growth, employment, and food security in the decades to come. Mains Practice Question Q Food processing is key to transforming India’s agriculture from a volume-based system to a value-based economy. Discuss the significance of the sector and the steps taken by the government in recent years to harness its full potential. (250 words, 15 marks) Critical Analysis of SAARC (GS Paper II – International relations) Introduction (Context) South Asia is among the least economically integrated regions globally. Despite geographic proximity and shared history, intra-regional trade under SAFTA accounts for just 5–7% of South Asia’s total trade—much lower than EU (45%), ASEAN (22%), or NAFTA (25%). Current intra-SAARC trade stands at $23 billion, compared to a potential of $67 billion or more (UNESCAP). Rising economic nationalism, border disputes, and terror threats undermine regional cooperation. This lack of integration has deep implications for both economic growth and national security.. What is SAARC? South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), established in 1985, is a regional organization aimed at promoting economic, cultural, and political cooperation in South Asia. Member countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. These nations together form one of the world’s most populous regions and share deep cultural, historical, and economic ties. Among them, India plays a dominant role—both as an economic powerhouse and as a geopolitical influencer.  Current Status/challenges in SAARC South Asia accounts for 25% of the world’s population but only $5 trillion in GDP. In contrast, EU (5.8% of global population) has a GDP of $18 trillion, and NAFTA has $24.8 trillion South Asia’s trade-to-GDP ratio fell from 47.3% (2022) to 42.9% (2024). Trade costs within the region are 114% of the goods’ value, higher than with the U.S. (109%) Economic instability fuels unrest; unrest and conflict disrupt trade. Example: India-Pakistan trade fell from $2.41 billion (2018) to $1.2 billion (2024) due to terrorism and border tensions. A study by UNESCAP estimated that South Asia’s trade potential could have reached $172 billion by 2020. However, actual intra-SAARC trade stood at just $23 billion—less than a third of its potential. This unexploited capacity is highest in countries like Bangladesh (93% untapped), Maldives (88%), Pakistan (86%), and Nepal (76%). Furthermore, the region faces widening trade deficits, with the cumulative deficit expanding from $204.1 billion in 2015 to $339 billion in 2022. All of this is happening even as overall trade volume (imports + exports) increased to $1,335 billion in that period. But perhaps the most pressing concern is the cost of intra-regional trade. It is 114% of the value of goods exchanged—more expensive than trading with the United States, despite its geographic distance. For example, it costs a company in India 20% more to trade with Pakistan than with Brazil, which is 22 times farther away. This cost inefficiency discourages businesses from forming regional value chains and limits competitiveness. In contrast, intra-regional trade costs in ASEAN are only 76%, incentivising tighter economic cooperation and interdependence. Agreements are routinely signed but rarely implemented.  Summits are postponed indefinitely due to bilateral tensions.  Important initiatives like the SAARC Motor Vehicles Agreement or the South Asian University are either non-functional or underfunded.  The failure to institutionalise decision-making and enforcement mechanisms has made SAARC largely symbolic. Causes Border disputes, terrorism, and weak transport and trade infrastructure have led to the deterioration of key bilateral trade relationships most notably between India and Pakistan, but also with Nepal and Sri Lanka.  This fragmentation reduces the ability of countries to benefit from economies of scale, regional supply chains, or cross-border innovation networks. Steps needed To revive South Asian economic integration, a multipronged approach is necessary: Reform and Strengthen SAARC Mechanisms: Agreements like SAFTA must be implemented in letter and spirit. Trade liberalisation should not remain symbolic but must lead to real reductions in tariffs, simplification of trade procedures, and mutual recognition of standards. Invest in Cross-Border Infrastructure: Building transport corridors, energy grids, and digital connectivity can reduce the cost of doing business and foster regional value chains. India’s initiatives under BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal) and BIMSTEC should be expanded and synergised with SAARC goals. Depoliticise Trade Relations: Economic collaboration must be delinked from political hostility. While political dialogue is crucial, countries must not hold trade hostage to diplomatic deadlocks. Encourage People-to-People Links: Strengthening academic exchanges, tourism, and civil society partnerships can rebuild trust, which is the foundational requirement for regional cooperation. Focus on Trade in Services and Digital Economy: South Asia has a huge untapped potential in sectors like tourism, fintech, digital health, and education. Regional frameworks must facilitate cross-border investment and collaboration in these emerging areas. Conclusion SAARC had the aim of ending distrust and tension, but trust deficits and regional conflicts hinder the full implementation of agreements such as SAFTA. Political diversity, regional disputes, minority issues and terrorism are major obstacles to regional cooperation. Most SAARC countries are in conflict with each other, preventing effective regional integration. Lesser trade opportunity means lesser capacity for innovation, production and investment in the people of the country. Therefore, to exploit the full potential of the South Asian region, members must work actively to enhance intra-regional trade, keeping aside their bilateral conflicts. Mains Practice Question Q “The failure of South Asian regional integration lies more in political mistrust than economic potential.” Discuss with examples.  (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba  

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 24th June 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 23rd June – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Expansionary policy and economic slowdown Category: ECONOMICS Context: India have recently turned expansionary to address a slowing economy Decoding Context:  Key Points: RBI’s Expansionary Monetary Policy: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has cut the policy repo rate in two successive meetings, now at 5.5%. Falling inflation (within the 4% ± 2% target) has provided room for rate cuts. The aim is to stimulate private investment and growth. Fiscal Policy Shifts: Recent income tax cuts point to an expansionary fiscal stance. These are intended to increase disposable income and consumer spending. Policy Coordination Challenge: For macroeconomic stability, fiscal and monetary policy must be coordinated. If fiscal policy is expansionary but monetary policy is tight (or vice versa), the effects may cancel each other out. Household Behavior Issues: Households may delay spending tax gains, due to uncertainty or a forward-looking mindset, limiting the intended stimulus impact. Muted Growth Signals: Despite policy support, growth is weak: GDP forecast at 6.5%, credit growth fell to 9%, and unemployment rose to 5.6% in May 2025. Deficit Risk: Tax cuts may lead to a revenue shortfall, increasing the fiscal deficit unless offset by spending cuts. This could undermine long-term fiscal sustainability. Learning Corner: Tools to Adopt Expansionary Policy During Economic Slowdown During an economic slowdown, governments and central banks adopt expansionary policies to boost demand, investment, and employment. These tools can be categorized into fiscal and monetary measures: Fiscal Policy Tools (Handled by the Government) a) Increased Government Spending Direct investment in infrastructure, public services, welfare programs, etc. Boosts aggregate demand and creates jobs. b) Tax Cuts Reduction in personal income tax, corporate tax, or GST. Increases disposable income and encourages spending and investment. c) Subsidies & Transfers Targeted subsidies (e.g., on food, fuel) or cash transfers (like PM-KISAN). Helps low-income households maintain consumption during downturns. d) Public Sector Employment Schemes Programs like MGNREGA in India provide rural employment and support consumption. Monetary Policy Tools (Handled by the RBI or Central Bank) a) Repo Rate Cuts Reducing the repo rate lowers borrowing costs for banks, which passes on to consumers and businesses. Encourages loans and investment. b) Reduction in CRR/SLR Lower Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) or Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) frees up more funds for banks to lend. c) Open Market Operations (OMOs) Central bank buys government bonds to inject liquidity into the banking system. d) Quantitative Easing (QE) (used in advanced economies) Large-scale asset purchases by the central bank to infuse liquidity. e) Forward Guidance Assuring markets of low interest rates in the future to build investor confidence. Other Supportive Measures Credit Guarantee Schemes for MSMEs Regulatory Forbearance: Relaxation in banking norms to sustain credit flow Incentives for Exports/Startups Objective of Expansionary Policies Boost aggregate demand Increase employment Stimulate private investment Prevent deflation or recession Source: THE HINDU Antimicrobial Resistance Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Fighting antimicrobial resistance with insect-based livestock feed Key Highlights: Problems with Traditional Livestock Feed: Leads to high greenhouse gas emissions, water and land use. Drives antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to overuse of antibiotics. AMR is a growing threat with projected deaths increasing to 10 million by 2050 if unchecked. Insect-Based Feed: A Sustainable Alternative: Insects like black soldier fly larvae, crickets, locusts, etc., are being considered as high-protein feed sources. They can convert organic waste into protein-rich feed, reducing waste and emissions. Uses less land and water, produces fewer emissions, and is cost-effective. Indian Initiatives: CIBA and ICAR have signed MoUs to explore and scale up insect feed in shrimp and fish farming. Research is ongoing to evaluate nutritional benefits and scalability. Scientific Evidence: Insects offer better digestibility than soy or fish meal. 1 kg of soymeal can be replaced by 0.76 kg of crickets or 0.88 kg of locusts, making it efficient. They are rich in amino acids, healthy fats, and micronutrients. Global Support: The UN FAO supports insect farming to reduce AMR and meet rising protein demand sustainably. Learning Corner: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)  What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)? Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve and no longer respond to medicines like antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals. This makes infections harder to treat, increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death. Causes of AMR Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals Incomplete dosage or self-medication Overuse in agriculture and livestock Poor infection control in hospitals and clinics Environmental contamination from pharmaceutical waste Global Impact AMR is a growing global health threat. Could cause 10 million deaths annually by 2050 if unchecked. Increases treatment costs, hospital stays, and mortality. Ways to Reduce AMR Rational Use of Antibiotics Prescribe only when necessary and complete the full course. Avoid self-medication and over-the-counter antibiotic use. Responsible Use in Agriculture Ban non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feed. Promote alternatives like insect-based feed and vaccines. Improved Hygiene and Sanitation Handwashing, clean water, and infection control reduce the need for antibiotics. Stronger Surveillance and Regulation Monitor antibiotic use and resistance patterns. Enforce strict guidelines in healthcare and veterinary sectors. Promote R&D Invest in new antibiotics, diagnostics, and vaccines. Public Awareness Educate communities on the dangers of AMR and safe medicine practices. India’s Efforts National Action Plan on AMR (2017–2021) Red Line Campaign: Marking prescription-only antibiotics with a red line FSSAI regulations to curb antibiotic use in food-producing animals Source: THE HINDU INS Tamal Category: DEFENCE Context :  INS Tamal to be commissioned on July 1, 2025 Key Highlights Final Foreign-Built Warship: Marks the end of India’s reliance on foreign-built warships as focus shifts to indigenous shipbuilding under ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’. Class & Design: 8th Krivak-class frigate 2nd in the upgraded Tushil-class (evolved from Talwar and Teg classes) Displacement: 3,900 tonnes | Length: 125m | Speed: 30+ knots Crew: Over 250 | Blue-water endurance Weapons & Systems: BrahMos cruise missiles, Shtil SAMs A190-01 100mm main gun CIWS, torpedoes, ASW rockets Advanced radar, EW, and electro-optical systems Network-centric warfare capable Indigenous Contribution: 26% Indian-made components Learning Corner: Frigates in Indian Defence What Are Frigates? Frigates are medium-sized, fast, and multi-role warships used primarily for escort duties, anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-air warfare (AAW), and surface combat. They form a vital part of modern naval fleets due to their versatility and endurance. Frigates in the Indian Navy India operates several classes of frigates, both indigenously built and foreign-designed, forming the backbone of the Navy’s surface combat fleet. Major Classes of Indian Navy Frigates Shivalik Class (Project 17) India’s first stealth frigates Features stealth design, advanced sensors, and BrahMos missiles Built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Mumbai Nilgiri Class (Project 17A) Successors to Shivalik class with enhanced stealth and automation Under construction in Indian shipyards (MDL & GRSE) Will be equipped with Barak-8 SAMs and BrahMos Talwar Class (Russian-built, Krivak III design) Equipped with Klub-N missiles and Shtil SAMs Used for multi-role operations India inducted six ships of this class Teg Class (Follow-on to Talwar class) Enhanced Russian design with improved sensors and weapons Includes ships like INS Teg, Tarkash, and Trikand Tushil Class Upgraded Krivak-class frigates Includes INS Tushil and INS Tamal (latest foreign-built frigate) Final foreign collaboration before full indigenous shift Key Features of Indian Frigates Stealth technology to reduce radar visibility Equipped with BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles Advanced radar and sonar systems Capable of ASW, AAW, and surface warfare Network-centric warfare capabilities for joint operations Strategic Importance Essential for blue-water capabilities and long-range deployment Protect sea lines of communication (SLOCs) Act as deterrents against submarine and aerial threats Enable power projection in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) Source :  THE HINDU Quantum based communication Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : India is advancing rapidly toward satellite-based quantum communication, with a target to achieve operational capability by 2030. Decoding Context In June 2025, researchers at IIT Delhi, supported by DRDO, successfully demonstrated secure quantum communication using entangled photons over a 1-kilometer free-space optical link. Key Achievements: Secure key rate: ~240 bits per second Quantum bit error rate: Below 7% Environment: Free-space link (not dependent on fiber), enabling use in battlefields, aircraft, and satellites Builds on earlier milestones: 2022: India’s first intercity quantum link (via underground fiber) 2024: 100 km QKD using telecom-grade optical fiber Strategic Importance: Free-space systems allow secure communications in locations where fiber cables are impractical. Enables Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) over long distances — a foundation for unhackable communications. Global Context: China currently leads with its Micius satellite demonstrating QKD over 1,200 km. India’s dual civil-military strategy is helping to close the technological gap. Outlook: ISRO and DRDO are preparing for ground-to-satellite quantum links, aiming to establish a national quantum communication grid. Experts believe India is on track to join the elite group of countries with quantum-secure satellite networks by 2030.   Learning Corner: What is Quantum-Based Communication? Quantum-based communication refers to the use of quantum physics principles—especially quantum entanglement and superposition—to transmit information in an ultra-secure and tamper-proof manner. It represents a revolution in cybersecurity and communication systems, particularly through Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). Key Feature: Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) QKD enables two parties to share a cryptographic key securely using quantum particles like photons. Any attempt to intercept the communication disturbs the quantum state, alerting users to a breach attempt. This makes communication virtually unhackable. How It Works Quantum particles (usually photons) are sent over a channel. Their quantum states encode the encryption key. If intercepted, the state collapses (due to Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle), alerting both sender and receiver. Types of Quantum Communication Fiber-based QKD: Over optical cables; limited by distance (100–200 km) Free-space QKD: Over air; suitable for battlefield and satellite use Satellite-based QKD: Enables global secure communication across continents Global and Indian Scenario China leads with the Micius satellite, enabling 1,200 km QKD. India is progressing rapidly: 2022: Intercity quantum fiber link 2024: 100 km QKD via optical fiber 2025: 1 km free-space entanglement demo by IIT Delhi–DRDO Target: Satellite-based QKD by 2030 Applications Military & defense: Secure battlefield communication Banking & finance: Secure transactions Government & space: Protection of classified data Future internet: Quantum internet using entangled networks Source: THE HINDU Operation Midnight Hammer Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The United States launched “Operation Midnight Hammer”, targeting three of Iran’s most critical nuclear facilities — Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan Strike Details Fordow: Deep underground uranium enrichment site hit by 12 GBU-57 bunker-buster bombs from B-2 stealth bombers; significant damage reported. Natanz & Isfahan: Hit by bunker-busters and cruise missiles; damage assessments are ongoing. Tactics: The operation used stealth and deception to bypass Iranian air defenses.   Learning Corner: GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP) What is it? The GBU-57 MOP is a 30,000-pound (13,600 kg) precision-guided bomb developed by the U.S. Designed specifically to destroy deeply buried and fortified underground targets, such as nuclear facilities, command bunkers, and tunnels. Key Features: Length: Over 20 feet Penetration Depth: Capable of penetrating 200+ feet of concrete before detonation Guidance: GPS-aided inertial navigation system Carries a high explosive warhead to destroy hardened structures after deep impact Usage: First combat use: June 22, 2025, by the U.S. against Iran’s Fordow nuclear facility Considered the most powerful non-nuclear penetrator bomb in active use B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber What is it? The B-2 Spirit is a long-range, strategic stealth bomber developed by Northrop Grumman for the U.S. Air Force. Known for its radar-evading design, it can penetrate deep into enemy territory undetected. Key Features: Crew: 2 pilots Range: Over 11,000 km without refueling Payload: Up to 18 tonnes, including nuclear and conventional bombs like the GBU-57 Stealth: Flying wing design with radar-absorbent material Strategic Role: Capable of deep-strike missions against high-value targets Frequently used for pre-emptive or high-risk missions, often in hostile environments Significance of GBU-57 + B-2 Combo The B-2 is the only aircraft currently capable of carrying the GBU-57 MOP. Together, they provide the U.S. with the unique capability to strike and destroy deeply buried strategic targets, such as underground nuclear facilities, without detection. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus)   Role of IAEA: Iran-Israel war (GS Paper II – International relations) Introduction (Context) The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is a global organization focused on promoting the safe, secure, and peaceful use of nuclear technologies.  Recently, US airstrikes targeted Iran’s underground nuclear facilities (Fordo, Natanz, Isfahan) using MOP bunker busters. The IAEA quickly issued a statement confirming no off-site radiation leak post-attacks and continues to monitor the sites remotely and plans verification inspections once safety permits. Given the unfolding events on the international stage, we are discussing its role in detail. What is IAEA? The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an independent international organization under the aegis of the United Nations that promotes safe, secure, and peaceful use of nuclear technology. Established in 1957, following President Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” speech at the UN General Assembly in 1953. Headquarters: Vienna, Austria. It is sometimes referred to as the “nuclear watchdog” of the world. Why was the IAEA created? To prevent the military use of nuclear materials, while promoting their peaceful applications in areas such as energy, agriculture, medicine, and research. To serve as an objective inspector of nuclear facilities worldwide, ensuring compliance with Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) obligations. To build international confidence, prevent nuclear arms races, and support disarmament efforts. To assist member states with technical cooperation for safe nuclear energy development. Organizational Structure The IAEA operates through a well-defined institutional structure: General Conference: Comprising representatives from all member states, it is the highest policymaking body. It meets annually to approve the IAEA’s budget and programs, and to debate general policy. Board of Governors: Consists of 35 member states (13 designated by the outgoing Board for their advancement in nuclear technology, and 22 elected by the General Conference for a two-year term). It meets multiple times a year, responsible for carrying out the Agency’s statutory functions, approving safeguards agreements, and appointing the Director General (with General Conference approval). Secretariat: Headed by the Director General, who is the chief administrative officer. The Secretariat comprises multidisciplinary professional and support staff responsible for the day-to-day operations of the IAEA across its various departments (e.g., Safeguards, Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Safety and Security, Technical Cooperation). Director General: The current Director General is Rafael Mariano Grossi Key functions Promoting Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy: The IAEA encourages and assists in the research, development, and practical application of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, such as energy production, medicine, agriculture, and water resource management. It provides technical assistance to member states, particularly developing countries, to help them utilize nuclear technologies for sustainable development and address challenges related to health, food security, water resources, and environmental protection.  Nuclear Verification and Safeguards: The IAEA verifies that nuclear materials and facilities are used only for peaceful purposes by applying safeguards, which include monitoring, inspection, and information analysis.  The IAEA implements comprehensive safeguards agreements, mandated by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), to ensure that non-nuclear weapon states adhere to their obligations.  Nuclear Safety and Security: The IAEA develops and promotes nuclear safety standards for facilities and activities involving nuclear materials, aiming to minimize risks to human health and the environment.  It works to enhance the security of nuclear materials and facilities, both nationally and internationally, to prevent incidents of theft, sabotage, or unauthorized access.  The IAEA assists member states in building capacity to respond to nuclear and radiological emergencies, minimizing their potential impact.  Other Key Functions: The IAEA facilitates the exchange of scientific and technical information among member states to promote knowledge sharing and collaboration.  The IAEA’s Office of Legal Affairs provides legal support to member states and the agency itself in the development and implementation of nuclear law and related activities.  The IAEA serves as a key intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.  Critical Analysis Achievements Global Nuclear Safety Standards: Led creation of a uniform global framework on radiation safety and reactor operation. Non-Proliferation Successes: Detected and deterred clandestine nuclear activities in several states. Peaceful Applications: Supported nuclear medicine, agriculture, and clean energy solutions in developing countries. Crisis Response: Rapid deployment of monitoring and advisory teams after incidents like Fukushima and Chernobyl. Diplomatic Engagement: Instrumental in facilitating and verifying the Iran Nuclear Deal (JCPOA). Failures  Limited Enforcement Power: The IAEA can report violations, but lacks the authority to impose sanctions or enforcement. North Korea Withdrawal: Failed to prevent DPRK from withdrawing from the NPT and conducting nuclear tests. Political Influence: Accusations of bias and Western interference, especially in dealing with Iran and Iraq. Transparency Concerns: Limited public access to detailed inspection data due to confidentiality agreements with member states. Nuclear Security Gap: Inadequate role in preventing nuclear terrorism or securing orphan radioactive sources. Steps needed for improvement in IAEA functioning Strengthen Enforcement Powers IAEA should be empowered possibly through UN Security Council backing to enforce compliance and penalize violations of safeguard agreements, rather than just report them. Universal Safeguards Compliance Push for universal application of safeguards, even in countries outside the NPT (like India, Israel, Pakistan), to address concerns of non-uniformity and discrimination. Independent Verification Framework Reduce political influence by making IAEA operations more transparent, evidence-driven, and insulated from geopolitical pressure, especially from P5 nations. Improve Crisis Response Mechanisms Develop a dedicated nuclear crisis task force for rapid deployment during war/conflict zones or disasters, equipped with real-time radiation monitoring and mobile labs. Expand Nuclear Security Mandate Broaden its role in tackling nuclear terrorism threats, illicit trafficking, and improving cybersecurity of nuclear installations worldwide. Increase Technical Support for Developing Nations Scale up IAEA’s technical cooperation programs in non-nuclear weapon states to build trust and promote peaceful use of atomic energy. Regular Auditing of Nuclear Facilities Mandate frequent and surprise inspections, especially for high-risk facilities, including those under political or military tension. Conclusion The IAEA remains central to global nuclear governance, balancing its dual role of promoting peaceful atomic energy and preventing nuclear weapons proliferation. However, the evolving nature of geopolitical conflicts, especially the Iran–Israel–US confrontation, exposes its structural and political limitations. For the IAEA to remain effective in the 21st century, it must modernize its tools, assert its autonomy, and expand its operational and technical capabilities. Mains Practice Question Q “The IAEA plays a critical role in global nuclear governance, but its mandate and tools are inadequate.” Critically examine. (250 words, 15 marks) Risk of Nuclear radiation in Iran (GS Paper II – International relations, GS Paper III - Science and Technology) Introduction (Context) Recently, the United States has launched airstrikes on three major Iranian nuclear sites — Fordow, Isfahan, and Natanz. These attacks followed similar strikes by Israel earlier in the same week, which also targeted Iran’s nuclear infrastructure, notably the Natanz facility. The facilities targeted are key uranium enrichment centres, critical to Iran’s ability to produce Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) — material with potential use in nuclear weapons. The strikes raised fears of a nuclear explosion or radiation disaster. About the Nuclear Facilities Fordow, Isfahan and Natanz nuclear facilities are uranium enrichment sites that house the infrastructure to convert natural uranium into highly-enriched uranium (HEU) that can potentially be used to make a nuclear bomb. Enrichment is the process of increasing the concentration of Uranium-235 (U235) in a sample of natural uranium which is primarily more than 99 per cent Uranium-238 (U238).  It is only U-235 that is fissile, meaning its nucleus is susceptible to being broken (fissionable) through a process that produces energy, and is capable of sustaining a chain reaction. An enrichment of 3-5 per cent is adequate for producing electricity in nuclear power stations, but for making nuclear weapons, HEU, which has concentrations of 90 per cent or more of U235, is required. However, the attack did not led to nuclear explosion. Why There Was No Nuclear Explosion Nuclear weapons require precise triggering mechanisms to initiate a chain reaction. The explosion occurs when U-235 or Plutonium-239 nuclei undergo uncontrolled fission, releasing massive energy. This process demands Specific geometric arrangement of fissile material and precise timing and conditions for neutron initiation. Strikes on nuclear facilities cannot trigger such a controlled reaction, as: The material is not in weapons-ready form. The infrastructure required to trigger the explosion is not present. Fissile material under stress or attack cannot detonate like a bomb. Difference Between Nuclear Bombs and Traditional Explosives Traditional Explosives Traditional bombs use chemical explosives like TNT, RDX, etc. These bombs are designed to explode on impact, such as when dropped from an aircraft or launched from a missile. It can also detonate due to heat, pressure, or friction. This makes them prone to accidental explosions, even in storage. Stored chemical explosives can detonate if struck by other weapons or fire. Nuclear Weapons Nuclear weapons release energy through a nuclear fission or fusion reaction, not through chemical combustion. They are designed to detonate mid-air, not upon physical impact. The explosion occurs in milliseconds, heating the surrounding air to millions of degrees Celsius. The heat causes the air to rapidly expand, generating blast waves that cause most of the physical destruction. Nuclear detonations emit electromagnetic radiation (including gamma rays), contributing to massive damage beyond the immediate blast. Threat of Nuclear Radiation Nuclear facilities, by their very nature, store a lot of radioactive substances such as Uranium in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms, Uranium hexafluoride (UF6) used in gas centrifuges, which is toxic and reactive and radioactive dust and waste from enrichment processes. Radioactive substances are unstable and release radiation over time. Some of these radiations, like gamma rays, are extremely harmful. They can penetrate the skin, damage cells and DNA, and can cause cancer. These radioactive substances are stored, and handled, in carefully designed containers in any nuclear facility. These facilities are constructed in ways to minimise the risk of any leak of radioactive substances in outer environment or in sources of water or food. Nuclear radiation refers to the energy and particles released from the nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay. This radiation can be in the form of electromagnetic waves or high-speed charged particles.  Types of Radiation: Nuclear radiation can be categorized into different types, including:  Alpha particles: Relatively large, positively charged particles that can be stopped by a sheet of paper or clothing.  Beta particles: High-speed electrons or positrons that can penetrate a few millimeters of aluminum.  Gamma rays: High-energy electromagnetic waves that can pass through many materials and require dense materials like lead for shielding.  Neutrons: Subatomic particles that can penetrate materials and cause further reactions.  Impact of nuclear radiation Health Impacts on Humans Cellular and DNA Damage Radiation, especially gamma rays, can penetrate deep into the body, damaging cells and altering DNA. This leads to mutations, cancers, and genetic defects. Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) High doses over a short period cause nausea, vomiting, skin burns, internal bleeding, and may lead to death. Long-Term Effects Prolonged exposure to lower doses increases the risk of leukemia, thyroid cancer, and other malignancies. Children and fetuses are especially vulnerable to developmental disorders. Reproductive and Genetic Effects Exposure may cause infertility, miscarriages, or heritable genetic mutations passed to future generations. Psychosocial Effects Fear of exposure and displacement often causes anxiety, depression, and social trauma, as seen post-Chernobyl and Fukushima. Environmental Impacts Air Contamination Radioactive isotopes (like Cesium-137, Iodine-131) can disperse in the atmosphere, affecting vast areas. Soil and Water Pollution Radiation can contaminate soil, rendering land unusable for agriculture for decades. Leaching into groundwater or rivers leads to long-term ecological toxicity. Impact on Flora and Fauna Radiation can cause mutations in animals and plants, disrupt food chains, and reduce biodiversity. Some species may die off or exhibit abnormalities over generations. Bioaccumulation in Food Chains Radioactive elements accumulate in organisms (like fish or livestock), entering the human food chain and posing chronic health risks. Long-Term Ecological Inaccessibility Heavily contaminated zones (like Chernobyl Exclusion Zone) remain uninhabitable for decades to centuries, altering human settlement patterns. Examples Chernobyl (1986): Massive release of radioactive materials led to widespread cancer and ecological damage across Europe. Fukushima (2011): Tsunami-triggered reactor meltdown caused leakage into air and Pacific Ocean, raising global concerns. Marshall Islands (1950s): US nuclear tests caused long-term genetic damage and made entire islands uninhabitable. Value addition: USA used Bunker Buster for attack GBU-57 MOP (‘Bunker Buster’) Designed to destroy deeply buried and fortified underground targets, including WMD sites. It is considered the most powerful non-nuclear bomb. Specifications:  Length: ~20.5 feet; Diameter: ~31.5 inches. Weight: ~13,000 kg. Penetration: Up to 60 metres of earth before detonation. B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber Strategic stealth bomber designed to penetrate enemy air defenses and deploy precision-guided munitions. It is the only aircraft capable of carrying two MOPs simultaneously. Known for its stealth capability (low radar, visual, acoustic, and infrared signature). Range: ~9,600 km (unrefueled), >19,000 km (with mid-air refueling). Enhances US nuclear deterrence and strategic strike capability without using nuclear weapons. Its stealth and long-range abilities make it one of the most potent offensive air assets globally. Conclusion The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is the global nuclear watchdog. After the strikes, the IAEA confirmed there is no off-site radiation increase and continuous monitoring is underway to assess safety. The IAEA also plays a crucial role in inspecting nuclear facilities, ensuring compliance with safety protocols and responding to radiation emergencies. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss how nuclear weapons differ from conventional explosives in their functioning and strategic impact. (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba  

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 23rd June 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 21st June 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 21st June – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) Category: ECONOMICS Context: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) has been awarded the Digital Payments Award 2024–25 by the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance Decoding Context:  It has significant role in expanding digital payments and promoting financial inclusion across India. The award was presented in New Delhi by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman and Minister of State for Finance Pankaj Chaudhary. IPPB ranked first among all payments banks in the Performance Index for FY 2024–25, highlighting its strong digital banking performance and citizen-centric approach. By utilizing its vast network of over 2 lakh Postmen and Gramin Dak Sevaks, IPPB has extended digital financial services to remote and rural areas, supporting the government’s vision of a cash-light, digitally empowered economy. Learning Corner: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) – Brief Note Launched: January 30, 2017 Owner: 100% Government of India (under the Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications) Headquarters: New Delhi Key Features: Established to leverage the postal network for providing banking services. Uses over 1.5 lakh post offices and 2 lakh postal staff (Postmen & Gramin Dak Sevaks) for last-mile delivery. Offers digital banking services such as savings accounts, money transfers, bill payments, and DBT (Direct Benefit Transfers). Focuses on financial inclusion by reaching unbanked and underbanked populations in rural and remote areas. Payment Banks in India – Overview Concept Introduced by: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) based on Nachiket Mor Committee recommendations in 2014 Launched: First licenses issued in 2015 Purpose: Enhance financial inclusion by providing small savings accounts and payments/remittance services to the underserved. Key Features: Can accept deposits up to ₹2 lakh per customer (limit may be revised by RBI). Cannot issue credit cards or give loans. Can offer services like: Savings/current accounts Mobile and online banking UPI, IMPS, NEFT, AEPS-based transactions Utility bill payments and insurance (through third parties) Examples of Payment Banks: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) Airtel Payments Bank Paytm Payments Bank Fino Payments Bank NSDL Payments Bank Significance: Help bridge the urban-rural banking divide. Promote cashless economy and digital financial literacy. Act as a low-cost, technology-driven solution for basic banking services. Source: PIB India’s core sector Category: ECONOMICS Context: India’s core sector growth slowed to a nine-month low of 0.7% in May 2025 The decline was driven by contractions in electricity (-5.8%), fertilisers (-5.9%), natural gas (-3.6%), and crude oil (-1.8%). While steel (6.7%) and cement (9.2%) recorded strong growth, and coal and refinery products also saw gains, these were not enough to offset the overall weakness. Economists attribute the slowdown to excessive rainfall and early monsoon onset, which affected power generation and mining. Learning Corner: Core Sectors of the Indian Economy – Brief Note The Core Sectors are the key industries that have a major impact on the overall economic activity and industrial performance in India. These sectors are considered the foundation of industrial growth. Eight Core Sectors: Coal Crude Oil Natural Gas Refinery Products Fertilisers Steel Cement Electricity Key Points: These sectors collectively account for ~40.27% of the Index of Industrial Production (IIP). The performance of these sectors is released monthly by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Their growth is a leading indicator for measuring industrial performance and economic momentum. The Combined Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) is used to track their performance. Importance: Core sectors supply essential inputs for other industries and influence infrastructure development, manufacturing, and economic stability. Any fluctuations in these sectors significantly affect the GDP, inflation, and employment levels. Index of Industrial Production (IIP) – Brief Note The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is a key economic indicator that measures the growth rate of various sectors of the economy, such as manufacturing, mining, and electricity, over a given period. Released by: National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) Base Year: Currently 2011–12 Components of IIP: Mining Manufacturing Electricity Use-Based Classification: Primary Goods Capital Goods Intermediate Goods Infrastructure/Construction Goods Consumer Durables Consumer Non-Durables Importance of IIP: Measures short-term changes in the volume of production. Acts as a barometer of industrial activity. Helps in economic planning, policy formulation, and investment decisions. Reflects the health of the industrial sector, which contributes significantly to GDP. Relation to Core Sectors: The Eight Core Sectors constitute around 40.27% of the weight in the IIP. Thus, performance in core industries has a direct impact on IIP trends. Source: THE HINDU UK Assisted Dying Bill Category: INTERNATIONAL Context :  British lawmakers have approved a landmark bill legalizing assisted dying for terminally ill adults in England and Wales. UK Assisted Dying Bill – Key Highlights Key Provisions: Applies to mentally competent adults (18+) diagnosed with a terminal illness and a life expectancy of less than six months. Requires approval from two doctors and a specialist panel (including a psychiatrist, social worker, and legal expert). Patients must self-administer the life-ending medication. Includes safeguards such as independent advocates for the disabled and a disability advisory board. Voluntary participation for medical professionals. Public and Political Response: The issue remains deeply divisive, balancing compassionate choice versus concerns over vulnerability and abuse. The Labour government has taken a neutral stance, allowing MPs to vote based on personal conscience. Once enacted, the UK would join countries like Canada, New Zealand, Spain, and several U.S. states in allowing assisted dying for terminally ill patients. Learning Corner: Assisted Dying / Euthanasia in India – Brief Note In India, the issue of assisted dying or euthanasia is legally, ethically, and socially sensitive. While active euthanasia remains illegal, passive euthanasia has been permitted under strict conditions. Types of Euthanasia: Active Euthanasia: Direct action (like administering a lethal injection) to end life. Illegal in India. Passive Euthanasia: Withholding or withdrawing medical treatment (like life support) that prolongs life in terminally ill patients. Legalized in 2018 under certain guidelines. Legal Framework: Key Case: Common Cause v. Union of India (2018) Supreme Court verdict recognized the right to die with dignity as part of Article 21 (Right to Life). Legalized passive euthanasia with strict procedural safeguards. Recognized Advance Medical Directives or “Living Wills”: Terminally ill patients can state their wish to not be put on life support. Requires approval by medical boards and jurisdictional authorities. Conditions for Passive Euthanasia: Patient must be in a permanently vegetative or terminally ill condition. Requires: Approval by two medical boards. Consent of family/relatives. District Magistrate’s involvement. Current Status: Active euthanasia is still prohibited. Passive euthanasia is permitted but rarely used due to complex legal and procedural requirements. The debate continues, with calls for clearer legislation and safeguards balancing individual autonomy and ethical concerns. Source :  THE HINDU HAL Becomes First Indian Company to Acquire Full Rocket Technology Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) has become the first Indian company to acquire complete technology to build and operate a launch vehicle, after winning ISRO’s bid for the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) program. Decoding Context Key Highlights: HAL won the bid with an offer of ₹511 crore, outbidding consortiums led by the Adani Group and Bharat Dynamics Ltd. Over the next two years, ISRO will assist HAL in developing two prototype SSLVs. After this phase, HAL will independently manufacture, market, and launch SSLVs for global commercial satellite missions. Target market: Launching satellites up to 500 kg into Low Earth Orbit (LEO). HAL aims to produce 6–12 SSLVs annually based on demand. Significance: First-ever full rocket technology transfer in India’s space history. Unlike earlier collaborations where ISRO retained control, HAL will have complete ownership and operational autonomy. HAL becomes India’s third rocket manufacturer, after private firms Skyroot Aerospace and Agnikul Cosmos. A major step in privatizing India’s space sector and boosting the country’s share in the global launch market. Strategic Impact: SSLV offers rapid deployment and low-cost launches, ideal for small satellite markets. Supports India’s vision of a $44 billion space economy by 2033. Aligns with global commercial space trends and strengthens public-private partnerships in aerospace. Learning Corner: Launch Vehicles of ISRO – Brief Note The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has developed a series of launch vehicles (rockets) to place satellites into various orbits. These vehicles are crucial for India’s space missions, ranging from communication and remote sensing to interplanetary exploration. Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) First launch vehicle developed by India. Successful launch in 1980, placing Rohini satellite in orbit. 4-stage solid propellant rocket. Now retired. Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) Developed to enhance payload capacity after SLV. Used between 1987–1994. Failed in early attempts, later succeeded. Now discontinued. Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) ISRO’s workhorse with a high success rate. First successful launch in 1994. Used to launch satellites into Sun-synchronous Polar Orbits. Capable of multi-satellite missions and launching into different orbits. Carried out missions like Chandrayaan-1, Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan). Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) Designed to launch communication satellites into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). Uses cryogenic upper stage. First successful mission in 2004. GSLV Mk II is operational. GSLV Mk III (LVM3) ISRO’s most powerful launcher to date. Used for Chandrayaan-2, and Gaganyaan (upcoming human spaceflight mission). Can carry heavier payloads (up to 4 tons to GTO). Used for launching commercial satellites and OneWeb satellites. Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) Newest and cost-effective rocket for launching small satellites (up to 500 kg). Quick turnaround, suitable for commercial launches. Technology recently transferred to HAL for independent operation. In Development / Future Launchers: Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV): Prototype tested; aims to reduce cost of space access. Next-Gen Launch Vehicle (NGLV): Planned to replace PSLV, GSLV series with a modular, semi-cryogenic design. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Nuclear Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Israel-Iran conflict and Iran’s Potential Withdrawal from the NPT Immediate Impacts on Iran: Unrestricted Nuclear Development: Iran could pursue nuclear weapons openly, beyond international treaty constraints. End of IAEA Oversight: Monitoring and inspections would stop, raising transparency concerns. Increased Risk of Conflict: Potential for pre-emptive military action, especially from Israel. Regional Implications: Arms Race in the Middle East: Nations like Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Egypt may develop or accelerate nuclear programs. Destabilization of NPT Norms: Others may follow Iran’s example, undermining the treaty’s authority. Global Consequences: Erosion of Nonproliferation Norms: Weakens global trust in nuclear agreements. Diplomatic Polarization: Divergent responses—U.S. and Europe may favor sanctions or force; Russia and China might resist punitive measures. Strategic Risks for Iran: Economic Isolation: May face renewed UN sanctions and global backlash. Military Vulnerability: Loss of legal protections under NPT could legitimize external strikes. Learning Corner: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) – Brief Note The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is a landmark international agreement aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons and promoting peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Adopted: 1968 Came into Force: 1970 Members: 191 countries (nearly every UN member, except India, Pakistan, Israel, and North Korea which withdrew in 2003) Three Pillars of the NPT: Non-Proliferation: Nuclear-weapon states agree not to transfer weapons or assist non-nuclear states in acquiring them. Non-nuclear states agree not to pursue nuclear weapons. Disarmament: All parties commit to pursue negotiations in good faith towards nuclear disarmament. Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy: Promotes access to nuclear technology for peaceful purposes, under IAEA safeguards. Nuclear Weapon States Recognized by NPT: United States Russia United Kingdom France China (States that tested nuclear weapons before 1967) Importance of NPT: Cornerstone of the global non-proliferation regime. Facilitates IAEA inspections and verification. Balances the rights of states to nuclear energy with obligations to prevent weaponization. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS (MAINS Focus) MAID Warfare – Missiles, AI, and Drones Introduction (Context) Conflicts in 2025 – including Israel-Iran hostilities, India-Pakistan drone strikes, and Ukraine-Russia AI drone warfare – reveal the emergence of a new warfare model driven by Missiles, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Drones (MAID). The MAID era marks a fundamental transformation in military strategy, accessibility of high-impact tools, and international security architecture. What is MAID Warfare? M – Missiles: Long-range precision weapons capable of striking strategic targets. A – Artificial Intelligence (AI): Software algorithms enabling automated decision-making in combat. I – Intelligence (Machine-Based): Enhances surveillance, target acquisition, and battle planning. D – Drones: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) used for reconnaissance and attack missions. Key Features of MAID Warfare 1. Low-Cost, High-Impact Combat Traditional systems (e.g., fighter jets like F-35) cost over $100 million. Drones cost under $50,000 and can be operated remotely. Reduces entry barriers for countries and non-state actors to engage in advanced warfare. 2. Remote Operations Operators can launch strikes from hundreds or thousands of kilometers away. Reduces risk to military personnel, encourages frequent usage of force. 3. High Precision and Rapid Strike Ability AI and machine learning enable real-time identification and targeting. Example: India’s precision strikes on Pakistani terror camps avoided civilian casualties. 4. Speed of Decision-Making Algorithms can act faster than human response time. Wars could escalate within minutes, bypassing human deliberation or diplomacy. 5. Psychological Detachment Distant, screen-based operations lower the emotional barrier for use of lethal force. Converts military aggression into political spectacle for public consumption. Ethical, Legal, and Strategic Concerns of MAID Warfare Lack of Legal Frameworks International Humanitarian Law (IHL), including the Geneva Conventions, was created for conventional warfare involving human soldiers and identifiable weapons. These laws do not address AI-based, autonomous, or unmanned systems, which are central to MAID warfare. The absence of regulation makes it difficult to ensure compliance with basic humanitarian principles like distinction and proportionality. Erosion of Deterrence Logic Traditional military deterrence is based on high economic, political, and human costs of war (e.g., nuclear weapons). MAID technologies are low-cost and remotely operated. Allow nations to use force without risking soldier lives or facing domestic backlash. Crisis stability is weakened, as states may engage in preemptive or symbolic strikes. Breakdown of International Institutions United Nations (UN) and its organs (like the UN Security Council) are struggling to regulate or respond to new forms of warfare. Powerful nations bypass UN authority, acting unilaterally using drones and AI-based strikes. No binding international agreement on use of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS). Accountability Crisis When a war crime is committed by a machine or algorithm, traditional accountability frameworks fall apart. Autonomous warfare blurs the chain of command, making it difficult to uphold justice or pursue war crime investigations. Risks Ahead Escalation without Control: Wars could start or spiral before diplomacy even reacts. Technology Outpacing Governance: No equivalent development in legal or diplomatic safeguards. Non-State Actor Empowerment: Terrorist groups and rebels can now acquire battlefield-grade capabilities. Value addition: Terminologies Geneva Conventions: A set of international treaties that establish the standards of humanitarian treatment during war, focusing on the protection of civilians, wounded soldiers, and prisoners of war. First adopted in 1864 and expanded in later years. Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS): Weapons systems that can select and engage targets without direct human intervention, using artificial intelligence to operate independently on the battlefield. They raise legal, ethical, and accountability concerns in modern warfare. Conclusion MAID is not a future threat it is a present danger. International community must develop new global treaties and laws for autonomous and AI warfare. Establish ethical frameworks for usage of drones and precision strikes. Reinforce multilateral institutions like the UN to manage emerging security risks. Otherwise, the precision and remoteness of MAID warfare may make conflicts more frequent, cheaper to start, and harder to stop. Mains Practice Question Q  “Evaluate the challenges posed by emerging military technologies like AI and drones for global peace and security.” (250 words, 15 marks) ECI’s New SOP for EVM Checking and Verification (GS Paper II – Governance) Introduction (Context) The Election Commission of India (ECI) has issued a revised standard operating procedure (SOP) for the checking and verification of electronic voting machines (EVMs), which second- and third-placed candidates in an election can opt for, following directions from the Supreme Court (SC). Supreme Court Judgment In a landmark judgment on April 26, 2023, the SC rejected a plea for 100% VVPAT slip counting but allowed second and third-placed candidates in an election to seek verification of EVMs. The first SOP (2024) allowed verification of burnt memory/microcontroller of up to 5% of EVMs through mock polls. Petitioners like the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) raised concerns, especially about the erasure of data and lack of scrutiny of Symbol Loading Units (SLUs). On May 7, 2025, the SC accepted ECI’s proposal to revise its SOP and preserve data. What are EVM? Electronic Voting Machine (also known as EVM) is voting using electronic means to either aid or take care of the chores of casting and counting votes. An EVM is designed with two units: the control unit and the balloting unit. These units are joined together by a cable. The control unit of the EVM is kept with the presiding officer or the polling officer. The balloting unit is kept within the voting compartment for electors to cast their votes. This is done to ensure that the polling officer verifies your identity. With the EVM, instead of issuing a ballot paper, the polling officer will press the Ballot Button which enables the voter to cast their vote. A list of candidates names and/or symbols will be available on the machine with a blue button next to it. The voter can press the button next to the candidate’s name they wish to vote for. First introduced in 1982 (Kerala); used extensively in all Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections since 2004. Benefits: Faster vote recording and counting compared to paper ballots. Minimizes invalid votes, human errors, and ballot manipulation Reduces paper usage; cost-effective over time. Standalone (non-networked) devices; no internet/Bluetooth connectivity, hence tamper proof Built-in self-check mechanisms to detect malfunction. What are VVPAT? VVPAT stands for Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail. It’s a mechanism that allows voters to verify if their vote has been cast correctly. When a person vote using an Electronic Voting Machine (EVM), the VVPAT system generates a paper slip. This slip shows the symbol of the party the person voted for. The slip automatically drops into a sealed box, ensuring that it can’t be tampered with. Benefits: The primary purpose of VVPAT is to make the voting process as transparent as possible. By allowing voters to verify their own votes, it builds trust in the electoral system. Voters can leave the polling booth with confidence that their vote has been correctly recorded and counted. Errors and malfunctions can occur in any system, including EVMs. VVPAT provides a way to cross-check the electronic tally with the paper slips, ensuring that the final count is accurate. If there’s a discrepancy between the EVM count and the paper slip count, the paper slips can be used for a recount. Knowing that every vote is backed up by a paper slip that can be manually counted makes it much harder for anyone looking to tamper with the election results. The existence of VVPAT acts as a strong deterrent to fraud and manipulation. What is the New SOP? Data Preservation: ECI will not delete data from EVMs or Symbol Loading Units that are under verification. SLU data used to upload symbols on VVPATs will also be retained. Revised Charges: Candidates can opt for: Self-diagnostic test only: ₹23,600 per EVM set and Self-test + mock poll: ₹47,200 per set. Candidate Participation: Candidates may choose to use either: The already-loaded symbols on VVPAT, or Reload the original symbols from Symbol Loading Unitsfor the mock poll. Mock Poll Procedure: BEL/ECIL engineers will activate Ballot Unit, Control Unit, and VVPAT in candidate presence. No errors in self-diagnostic test → proceed with mock poll (up to 1400 votes). Retention of Records: All related records (VVPAT slips, video footage, etc.) to be stored for 3 months (earlier: 1 month). Significance of the SOP Strengthens electoral transparency and accountability. Empowers losing candidates with technical verification rights. Addresses concerns over tampering at symbol loading stage (SLU). Reflects judicial-ECI collaboration in upholding voter confidence. Criticism According to ADR: The process merely replicates routine pre-election tests. It lacks the spirit of thorough independent verification. Switching on machines and mock polls don’t guarantee tamper-proof assurance. Terminologies Symbol Loading Unit (SLU): A device used to upload the symbols of contesting candidates onto the VVPAT machines before polling. Ballot Unit (BU): The part of the EVM where the voter presses the button to cast their vote for the desired candidate. Control Unit (CU): The component of the EVM operated by polling officials to enable voting and store vote data securely. Self-Diagnostic Test: An automatic check run by EVMs during setup to detect internal errors or malfunction before polling begins. Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR): A non-profit electoral watchdog in India known for advocating transparency, accountability, and electoral reforms. Burnt Memory / Microcontroller: The non-rewritable memory in an EVM where final vote data is stored; crucial for verifying that vote counts were not tampered with post-poll. Mains Practice Question Q  “Discuss the role of the Election Commission in ensuring electoral transparency through the verification of EVMs and VVPATs in the context of recent judicial directions.” (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba  

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 20th June 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 20th June – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Bridging the Propulsion Gap Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: India remains heavily reliant on imported aircraft engines, affecting its defence capabilities and strategic autonomy Decoding Context:  Key Developments: HF-24 Marut: India’s first indigenous fighter jet, developed in the 1950s-70s, underperformed due to lack of a powerful indigenous engine, relying instead on imported engines. Kaveri Engine Project: Launched in 1986 for the LCA Tejas, it failed to meet requirements even after decades of development and ₹2,000 crore in spending. Why It Matters: Engine Dependency: Recent disruptions (e.g., GE F404 engine delivery delays from the U.S.) highlight how foreign engine delays hinder military programs like the LCA Mk1A. Import Bottlenecks: India depends on imported engines for air, sea, and land systems—impacting tanks, submarines, aircraft, and ships. This creates strategic vulnerability. Impact on Future Projects: India’s 5th-gen AMCA and other defence programs risk delays unless engine self-sufficiency is prioritized. Strategic Importance: Indigenous propulsion tech is crucial for: Sustained military readiness. Reducing foreign dependency. Withstanding geopolitical shocks. It’s not just a technical issue but a national security imperative. Learning Corner: HF-24 Marut (India’s first indigenous fighter jet) Developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in the 1950s with German assistance (engineer Kurt Tank). A milestone in India’s aerospace history. Faced engine issues due to lack of indigenous jet engine. Used underpowered British Orpheus engines. Retired in 1990 due to poor engine performance and limited upgrades. Kaveri Engine Project Initiated in 1986 to power the LCA Tejas fighter. Developed by Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE). Project delayed and unsuccessful due to technical challenges. ₹2,000+ crore spent without producing a viable combat-ready engine. Never inducted into the armed forces. AMCA Programme India’s 5th generation Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). Needs a more powerful indigenous engine (110 kN thrust). HAL negotiating with GE to co-develop an engine for AMCA. PM Modi announced $1 billion GE-HAL partnership to manufacture GE-414 engines in India. Source: THE HINDU International Conference to decipher Indus script Category: HISTORY Context: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) will organize a major international conference titled “Decipherment of Indus Script: Current Status and Way Forward” Purpose and Structure Aims to bring together global scholars and researchers to discuss the undeciphered Indus script. Will feature thematic sessions, presentations (in-person and virtual), and discussions. Registration and paper submission deadline: June 30, 2025. Background The Indus script, dating back to 3300–1300 BCE, remains undeciphered despite over a century of study. Found on seals, tablets, and pottery of the Harappan civilization across India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Conference Goals Assess the current research status. Outline future research directions. Promote interdisciplinary collaboration and support young scholars. Key Challenges Inscriptions are very short, limiting grammatical analysis. No bilingual texts exist for comparison. Underlying language remains unknown. Limited number and high symbol variation complicate interpretation. Recent Developments Renewed global interest, including a $1 million prize for decipherment. New archaeological finds in Tamil Nadu show possible links to Indus symbols. Ongoing debates connect the script to Dravidian languages and other cultural traditions. Learning Corner: Indus Valley Civilization (IVC Time Period: ~3300 BCE to 1300 BCE Mature Phase: ~2600 BCE to 1900 BCE Geographical Extent: Spread across present-day Pakistan, and northwestern India (Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat, Rajasthan). Major sites include: Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan) Mohenjo-daro (Sindh, Pakistan) Dholavira (Gujarat, India) Rakhigarhi (Haryana, India) Kalibangan, Lothal, Banawali Key Features of the Civilization Urban Planning: Grid-pattern streets, drainage systems, granaries, and citadels. Architecture: Use of burnt bricks, standardized weights and measures. Economy: Trade (including overseas with Mesopotamia), agriculture, crafts (beads, pottery, metallurgy). Society: Evidence suggests a relatively egalitarian structure; no clear evidence of kings or temples. Religion: No temples found; likely worship of nature, fertility cults, proto-Shiva (pashupati seal), mother goddess figurines. Decline: Gradual—due to environmental shifts (climate change, river drying), and possible socio-economic disruption. Indus Script: Key Points Nature: Pictographic or logo-syllabic script found on seals, pottery, tablets, and copper tools. Undeciphered: Despite over a century of study, the script has not been conclusively deciphered. First Reported: In the 1931 excavation report of Mohenjo-daro. Writing Direction: Generally, right to left. Number of Symbols: Around 400–600 distinct signs. Usage: Mostly short inscriptions (average 5 symbols), often used on seals for trade or identification. Challenges in Decipherment: No bilingual inscriptions (like Rosetta Stone) Very short texts—no grammar context Unknown language base Variations in signs Source: THE HINDU Arak Heavy Water Reactor Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context :  Israël strike-hit Arak heavy water reactor was part of Tehran’s nuclear deal. About Arak Heavy Water Reactor  Located ~250 km southwest of Tehran, the Arak reactor has long been a global concern due to its capacity for producing weapons-grade plutonium. Originally designed to generate ~9 kg of plutonium per year—enough for one nuclear bomb annually. Role in the 2015 JCPOA (Iran Nuclear Deal) Iran agreed to redesign the Arak reactor to prevent plutonium production. The original core was disabled and filled with cement. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) verified the reactor was made inoperable and monitored modifications. Recent Developments (2025) June 19, 2025: Israeli airstrike damaged the reactor’s core seal and its heavy water production plant, aiming to prevent future weaponization. The reactor was not yet fueled, and the IAEA confirmed no radioactive risk. Concerns remain that Iran has not fully completed the redesign, with construction reportedly continuing and possible operation by 2026. Learning Corner: Types of Nuclear Reactors Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Moderator & Coolant: Light water (H₂O) Fuel: Enriched uranium (~3–5% U-235) Working: Water is pressurized to prevent boiling; heat is transferred via a steam generator. Example: Most reactors in the USA and France India: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (built with Russian technology) Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Moderator & Coolant: Light water Fuel: Enriched uranium Working: Water boils in the reactor core to generate steam directly for turbines. Example: Fukushima (Japan), Tarapur (India) India: Tarapur Units 1 & 2 (BWRs supplied by the US in the 1960s) Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) Moderator & Coolant: Heavy water (D₂O) Fuel: Natural uranium Working: Uses pressurized heavy water as both moderator and coolant. Allows online refuelling. Example: CANDU (Canada), IPHWR (India) India: Rajasthan, Kakrapar, Kaiga, and other reactors. Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) Moderator: None Coolant: Liquid sodium Fuel: Mixed oxide (MOX) – plutonium + uranium Working: Produces more fissile fuel than it consumes (breeding plutonium from U-238). Example: Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), Kalpakkam (India) India: Key to Stage-2 of India’s 3-stage nuclear program. Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) Moderator & Coolant: Heavy water (moderator), light water (coolant) Fuel: Thorium + Uranium-233 Working: Designed for India’s Stage-3 thorium program. India: Designed indigenously; under development by BARC. Gas-Cooled Reactor (GCR/AGR) Moderator: Graphite Coolant: Carbon dioxide gas Fuel: Enriched uranium Example: AGR (UK), Magnox reactors Not used in India Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) (Experimental) Fuel: Uranium or thorium dissolved in molten salt Coolant: Molten salt Advantages: High temperature, passive safety Status: Under research in USA, China; India exploring for thorium use. Comparison Table (Summary) Type Fuel Moderator Coolant Key Feature PWR Enriched Uranium Light Water Light Water Indirect steam generation BWR Enriched Uranium Light Water Light Water Direct steam generation PHWR Natural Uranium Heavy Water Heavy Water Online refueling, indigenous FBR MOX (Pu + U) None Liquid Sodium Breeds Pu-239, high neutron economy AHWR Thorium + U-233 Heavy Water Light Water Utilizes thorium cycle GCR/AGR Enriched Uranium Graphite CO₂ Gas Used mainly in UK MSR Thorium/Uranium Molten Salt Molten Salt Experimental, passive safety Source :  THE HINDU National Green Hydrogen Mission Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : The government has launched the National Green Hydrogen Mission aiming to produce 5 MMT by 2030. Decoding Context Challenges in Export Demand High production costs ($4–$5/kg) make green hydrogen less competitive compared to grey hydrogen. Global policy uncertainties and delays in foreign incentives are weakening international demand. Limited offtake agreements with countries like those in the EU; discussions are ongoing but export volumes remain low. Infrastructure and financing gaps hinder India’s ability to scale and deliver exports effectively. Domestic Strategy and Demand The government may introduce mandates for fertilizer and refinery sectors to use green hydrogen. Domestic offtake between 2024–2027 will likely be led by refineries and fertilizer producers. Industry bodies recommend blending green hydrogen in existing supply chains and targeting niche sectors like ceramics and glass. Global Outlook The EU is moving forward with hydrogen auctions and incentives. In the US, focus is shifting toward blue hydrogen, with green projects facing policy and connectivity hurdles. Export logistics remain complex and expensive, further limiting India’s competitiveness abroad. Learning Corner: Green Hydrogen Definition: Green hydrogen is hydrogen gas produced by electrolysis of water using renewable electricity (solar, wind, etc.) with zero carbon emissions. Production Process: Electrolysis: Splits water (H₂O) into hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂) using electricity. Renewable Source: The electricity must come from non-fossil sources (solar, wind, hydro). Types of Hydrogen (by source and emission): Type Source Emissions Green Water + Renewable power Zero Blue Natural gas + CCS (capture) Low (with storage) Grey Natural gas/coal High Brown/Black Lignite/Coal Very high Applications: Fertilizer Industry: As a replacement for grey hydrogen (currently used in ammonia). Oil Refineries: For desulphurization processes. Steel Sector: Clean hydrogen can replace coking coal (green steel). Transportation: Especially for long-haul, shipping, and heavy-duty trucks. Power Storage: Acts as energy carrier for grid balancing. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Revised Green India Mission (2021–2030) Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Government has revised Green India Mission under National Action Plan on Climate Change. Here is a concise version of the Revised Green India Mission (GIM) without citations: Key Objectives Afforestation & Restoration on 5 million hectares of forest and non-forest land. Improve forest quality on an additional 5 million hectares. Combat land degradation and desertification, especially in ecologically sensitive zones. Enhance ecosystem services (carbon sequestration, biodiversity, water retention). Strengthen livelihoods for forest-dependent communities. Focus Areas Ecologically vulnerable regions such as: Aravalli ranges Western Ghats Himalayas Mangrove ecosystems Aligns with projects like the Aravalli Green Wall. Implementation Strategy Landscape-based approach tailored to regional ecology. Community participation and integration of traditional knowledge. Convergence with other schemes for synergy. Scientific monitoring based on vulnerability and carbon potential. Progress & Funding From 2015 to 2021, 11.22 million hectares brought under plantation and afforestation. Over ₹624 crore released to 18 states between 2019 and 2024. Challenges include funding gaps, invasive species, and insufficient protection of old-growth forests. Climate Significance Contributes to: India’s goal of 33% forest cover. Creating an additional carbon sink of 2.5–3.0 billion tonnes of CO₂ by 2030. Supports Paris Agreement and UNCCD commitments. Learning Corner: Environmental Schemes in India National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) (2008) Umbrella program addressing climate change through eight missions: National Solar Mission National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency National Mission on Sustainable Habitat National Water Mission National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem National Mission for a Green India (GIM) National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change National Mission for a Green India (GIM) Objective: Enhance forest/tree cover on 5 million ha; improve quality on another 5 million ha by 2030 Revised (2025): Focus on climate-sensitive areas like Aravallis, Himalayas, mangroves Significance: Supports India’s carbon sink and land degradation neutrality targets International Solar Alliance (ISA) Launched by India and France in 2015 (Paris COP-21) Promotes solar energy in tropical countries Headquartered in Gurugram, Haryana National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) Promotes electric vehicles to reduce fossil fuel use Includes FAME Scheme (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles) Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) Promotes organic farming using traditional knowledge Supports formation of organic farmer clusters National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC) Supports adaptation projects in climate-vulnerable sectors (agriculture, forestry, water) Provides 100% central grant to states/UTs Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA) Promotes energy-efficient LED bulbs and appliances Reduces GHG emissions through demand-side management State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCC) State-level versions of NAPCC Tailor-made climate strategies aligned with local needs National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) (2019) Target: 20–30% reduction in PM2.5 and PM10 by 2024 Focuses on 131 non-attainment cities Strategy includes air quality monitoring, capacity building, public awareness National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) Focused on abatement of pollution in major rivers (esp. Ganga, Yamuna) Includes sewage treatment, riverfront development, public participation CAMPA – Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority Utilizes funds collected from diverted forest land for afforestation Managed under Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016 Soil Health Card Scheme Provides farmers with soil analysis and fertilizer recommendations Aims at balanced fertilization and reduced environmental harm Wildlife Conservation Programs Project Tiger (1973) Project Elephant (1992) Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats National Wildlife Action Plan (2017–31) Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS (MAINS Focus) Revised Green India Mission (GS Paper III – Environment) Introduction (Context) Recently, the government has released a revised roadmap for the National Mission for Green India, also known as the Green India Mission (GIM). In addition to the core objectives of increasing and restoring forest and green cover, the mission will focus on restoration in the Aravalli ranges, Western Ghats, Himalayas and mangroves. What is Green India Mission (GIM)? GIM was launched in 2014 and is one of the eight missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). It is implemented by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Its core aim is to combat climate change by increasing forest and tree cover, and the ecological restoration of degraded ecosystems and forests.  It also aims to improve the livelihoods of communities dependent on forest produce. Its objective was to increase forest and tree cover on 5 million hectares and improve the quality of forest cover on another 5 million hectares. Why was the Green India Mission implemented? India’s forests have faced degradation due to deforestation, encroachment, and unsustainable use. Forests are crucial for carbon sequestration, maintaining ecological balance, and supporting biodiversity. The mission supports India’s commitment to create a carbon sink of 2.5–3 billion tonnes of CO₂ and restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 under international climate agreements. It aligns with the global goals under the Paris Agreement and UNCCD Bonn Challenge. Status of Green Cover in India The total forest and tree cover in India is about 24.62% of the country’s geographical area. There has been an increase of 2,261 sq. km in forest and tree cover since the previous assessment. Forest-rich states include Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh in terms of area, and Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, and Meghalaya in terms of percentage coverage. However, challenges like fragmentation, encroachment, and forest fires continue to threaten forest ecosystems. Achievements of Green India Mission So Far Between 2015–16 and 2020–21, plantation and afforestation activities were carried out over 11.22 million hectares through various schemes. From 2019–20 to 2023–24, the Centre released ₹624.71 crore to 18 states, of which ₹575.55 crore has been utilized. Activities under GIM are concentrated in states based on mapping of ecological vulnerability, potential for sequestration (the process by which plants and trees store carbon using photosynthesis), forest and land degradation, and restoration potential. Revised Roadmap of GIM The mission is now more focused on landscape-level restoration using region-specific best practices. A saturation approach will be adopted to restore vulnerable and degraded landscapes thoroughly. Area and landscape-specific restoration activities will occur mainly in three important mountain ranges – the Aravallis, the Western Ghats, and the Indian Himalayas, along with the mangrove ecosystems. Key interventions:  GIM interventions will be synced with the Centre’s recently launched Aravalli Green Wall project, aimed at combating the degradation and desertification in one of the world’s oldest mountain ranges, which acts as a natural barrier against the Thar desert. In the Aravalli region, restoration will cover 8 lakh hectares across 29 districts in 4 states. Native species will be planted to combat desertification and dust pollution. The estimated cost is ₹16,053 crore. In the Western Ghats, the mission will focus on afforestation, eco-restoration of abandoned mines, and groundwater recharge to address deforestation and illegal mining. In the Himalayas and mangrove areas, restoration will aim to strengthen natural buffers against climate impacts and enhance biodiversity. India’s commitments for environment and how GIM will GIM Combat Land Degradation and Desertification? According to the Indian Space Research Organisation’s Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas around a third of India’s geographical area 97.85 million hectares underwent land degradation during 2018-19. According to its national commitments to tackle climate change submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change India aims to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide through additional forest and tree cover by 2030,. The natural carbon sinks of forests, restored grasslands, wetlands, and mountain ecology will help offset greenhouse gas emissions and act as natural sponges and barriers in absorbing climate change impacts. India has also made an ambitious commitment to restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030.  Hence,  The mission will restore open forests, grasslands, wetlands, and catchment areas to enhance ecosystem services. These natural ecosystems will act as carbon sinks, absorbing greenhouse gases and helping adapt to climate impacts. The revised GIM aims to sequester 1.89 billion tonnes of CO₂ by restoring open forests over 15 million hectares. GIM can help India expand its forest and tree cover up to 24.7 million hectares. This would be enough to achieve a carbon sink of 3.39 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2030, as per the FSI’s projections. Value addition: Government Initiatives Supporting Green Cover Enhancement Aravalli Green Wall Project: Aims to develop a 5 km wide green belt along the Aravalli hills to act as a barrier against desertification and reduce dust pollution in northern India. National Afforestation Programme (NAP): Promotes reforestation and eco-restoration of degraded forest lands through community participation and joint forest management committees. CAMPA Funds: Utilised for compensatory afforestation and regeneration activities when forest land is diverted for non-forest purposes like infrastructure or mining. Urban Forest Scheme: Encourages the creation of dense, mini-forests in urban areas using native species to enhance green cover and urban biodiversity. School Nursery Yojana: Engages school students in growing and nurturing tree saplings, promoting environmental education and awareness at a young age. Van Dhan Yojana: Supports tribal livelihoods by enabling value addition and sustainable marketing of minor forest produce collected by forest-dwelling communities. Conclusion The revised Green India Mission represents a shift towards ecological, region-specific, and community-based forest restoration. It aligns with India’s climate goals, biodiversity targets, and land restoration pledges. Successful implementation can strengthen carbon sinks, enhance climate resilience, and promote sustainable livelihoods. Mains Practice Question Q “The revised Green India Mission represents a significant shift towards landscape-level restoration and climate resilience.” Discuss (250 words, 15 marks) Critical Minerals important for India’s growth (GS Paper I – Geography, GS Paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) The 21st century is witnessing a fundamental shift in global resource geopolitics from fossil fuels to critical minerals. As the world moves toward a cleaner, digital, and technologically advanced future, the demand for minerals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements has surged. Hence, India must explore within as iIt is near-impossible to secure mineral supply chains from overseas.  What are Critical Minerals? Critical minerals are metallic or non-metallic elements that are essential for high-tech, clean energy, defence, and economic applications but have high supply chain risks due to limited global sources or monopoly control. Examples include lithium, cobalt, nickel, copper, rare earth elements, graphite, etc. Usage of Critical Minerals Critical minerals are essential components of various clean energy technologies and industries. Their importance can be highlighted across different sectors: Solar energy Critical minerals such as silicon, tellurium, indium, and gallium are vital for the production of photovoltaic (PV) cells used in solar panels. India’s current solar capacity of 64 GW is heavily dependent on these minerals. Wind energy Rare earth elements like dysprosium and neodymium are used in permanent magnets for wind turbines. India aims to increase its wind energy capacity from 42 GW to 140 GW by 2030, necessitating a stable supply of these minerals. Electric vehicles (EVs) Lithium, nickel, and cobalt are key materials used in lithium-ion batteries. Under the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP), India plans to deploy 6–7 million EVs by 2024, leading to increased demand for these critical minerals. Energy storage Lithium-ion batteries used in advanced energy storage systems depend on lithium, cobalt, and nickel. Global Status of Critical Mineral Supply Chains Cobalt: Around 70% of global supply comes from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Nickel: Indonesia accounts for nearly 50% of global production. Lithium: Dominated by Australia, Chile, and China. Rare Earth Elements: China alone contributes over 66% of global mining output. Processing Monopoly: China processes more than 66% of the world’s critical minerals, including copper and aluminium. In the case of rare earth elements, China’s share exceeds 90%, giving it a near-monopoly on global supply chains. China’s control over critical minerals gives it geopolitical and geoeconomic influence, as seen in trade disputes and restrictions on rare earth exports. The US and EU have recognised this threat and are racing to diversify and secure their mineral sources. Status of Critical Minerals in India India is geologically rich but remains under-explored for critical minerals. India currently imports most of its lithium, cobalt, and rare earths, making it vulnerable to supply disruptions. As per the Indian Bureau of Mines India has potential reserves of rare earth elements in states like Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Kerala Khanij Bidesh India Ltd. (KABIL) has been set up to secure supply from overseas (e.g. lithium in Argentina, cobalt in Africa). Despite this, domestic exploration is inadequate, and India lacks processing infrastructure. Critical Minerals and Geopolitics Minerals have also taken centre-stage in the global trade war. China is using its disproportionate control over rare earth materials to threaten the US and the rest of the world with the debilitating consequences of restricted supply. US Policy Response: US want to “annex” Canada and Greenland to have control over their vast mineral wealth.  US wants to solve Russia-Ukraine conflict is the potential for the US to access Ukraine’s rich mineral resources.  US is opening up vast tracts of federal land — previously on no-go lists — for mineral exploration on a fast-track basis, cutting approvals time from a year to less than a month.  India’s Lag: Long clearance timelines. Limited exploration and survey efforts. Absence of commercial-scale refining or recycling infrastructure. Value addition: National Critical Mineral Mission of India The Government of India launched the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) in 2025 to ensure long-term self-reliance in critical minerals essential for clean energy, technology, and national security. Under NCMM, the Geological Survey of India (GSI) will conduct 1,200 exploration projects between 2024–25 and 2030–31. A list of 30 critical minerals was identified by a Ministry of Mines committee in 2022; 24 of these are now under Central Government auction authority via the MMDR Act, 1957. The mission aims to secure critical mineral availability, both domestically and from international sources, and establish a Centre of Excellence on Critical Minerals for strategic planning. Objectives of NCMM Secure domestic and global sourcing of critical minerals. Strengthen the value chain through innovation, processing capacity, skill development, and recycling. Reduce import dependency and enhance India’s role in the global clean-tech supply chain. India’s Exploration Efforts GSI has taken up 195 projects in 2024–25, including 35 in Rajasthan, focused on assessing domestic reserves. Over 100 blocks of critical minerals are ready for auction. Offshore exploration will target polymetallic nodules rich in cobalt, REEs, nickel, and manganese. Exploration follows UNFC classification and MEMC Rules, 2015. GSI previously identified rare earth elements in Rajasthan; the Department of Atomic Energy reported 1.11 lakh tonnes of REO reserves in Balotra. Way Forward for India Accelerate Exploration: Conduct modern, satellite-based mineral surveys to map reserves. Policy Reforms: Fast-track mining leases, reduce approval time, and ensure ease of doing business in the mining sector. Domestic Processing: Set up mineral processing and refining facilities through public-private partnerships. Strategic Reserves: Create a stockpile of critical minerals similar to strategic oil reserves. Global Collaboration: Expand partnerships under platforms like Quad, India-Australia-Japan supply chain initiative, etc. Research & Recycling: Invest in urban mining and battery recycling technologies to reduce import dependence. Mains Practice Question Q  “In the age of the energy transition and digital revolution, control over critical minerals is the new oil.” Analyse. (250 words, 15 marks) Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba

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UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 19th June 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 19th June – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Rinderpest Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Bhopal, being designated as a Category A Rinderpest Holding Facility (RHF) by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) and the FAO Decoding Context:  What Is Rinderpest? Rinderpest, or “cattle plague,” was a deadly livestock disease eradicated globally in 2011. However, Rinderpest Virus-Containing Material (RVCM) is still stored in select labs, posing potential biosecurity risks if mishandled. India’s Recognition NIHSAD, Bhopal, is now one of only six Category A RHFs worldwide, alongside facilities in the UK, USA, France, Japan, and Ethiopia. It is a high-containment BSL-3 lab and India’s national RVCM repository since 2012. India applied for this status in 2019, and after a thorough international inspection in March 2025, it was officially granted RHF status at the 92nd WOAH General Session in May 2025. Significance Strengthens India’s role in global biosecurity and disease prevention Validates India’s biosafety protocols and emergency preparedness Supports future research and vaccine material management Enhances India’s standing as a leader in animal health containment Learning Corner: List of important human and animal diseases along with their causative pathogens  Viral Diseases Disease Causative Virus Influenza (Flu) Influenza virus (Type A, B, C) COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Dengue Dengue virus (Flavivirus) Measles Measles virus (Paramyxovirus) Mumps Mumps virus (Paramyxovirus) Rubella (German Measles) Rubella virus Rabies Rabies virus (Lyssavirus) Poliomyelitis Poliovirus (Enterovirus) Hepatitis A & E HAV, HEV Hepatitis B & C HBV (DNA), HCV (RNA) HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus Smallpox (Eradicated) Variola virus Chickenpox Varicella-Zoster virus Rinderpest (Eradicated) Rinderpest virus (Morbillivirus) Foot-and-Mouth Disease FMD virus (Aphthovirus)   Bacterial Diseases Disease Causative Bacterium Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Typhoid Salmonella typhi Cholera Vibrio cholerae Plague Yersinia pestis Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Bordetella pertussis Tetanus Clostridium tetani Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) Mycobacterium leprae Pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae, others Syphilis Treponema pallidum Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Brucellosis Brucella species   III. Protozoan Diseases Disease Causative Protozoan Malaria Plasmodium spp. (P. falciparum, etc.) Amoebiasis Entamoeba histolytica Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma brucei Chagas Disease Trypanosoma cruzi Giardiasis Giardia lamblia Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar) Leishmania donovani Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii   Fungal Diseases Disease Causative Fungus Ringworm Trichophyton spp., others Athlete’s Foot Tinea pedis Candidiasis (Thrush) Candida albicans Aspergillosis Aspergillus spp. Histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum   Prion Diseases (Rare, Degenerative) Disease Causative Agent Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease (CJD) Prions (misfolded proteins) Mad Cow Disease (BSE) Prions Source: PIB Revision of GDP Base Year and Methodology Category: ECONOMICS Context: Revision of GDP Base Year and Methodology Purpose of Revising the Base Year: Reflect Current Economy: As economies evolve, sectoral contributions, consumption patterns, and new industries (like digital platforms and fintech) emerge. A revised base year ensures GDP reflects these changes. Use Better Data and Methods: Improved surveys and administrative records enhance the accuracy of GDP estimates. Methodological updates align with global statistical standards. Capture Post-Pandemic Shifts: Events like COVID-19 altered production and consumption patterns. A new base year captures these realities. Ensure International Comparability: Aligns India’s data with global norms, boosting credibility. How It Works: An expert committee recommends changes. A “normal” year is selected as the base year—free of economic shocks and recent enough to be relevant. Why the 2026 Revision Matters for India Key Implications: Improved Accuracy: Addresses concerns from the 2015 revision and provides more transparent, realistic estimates using 2022–23 as the new base year. Better Policy-Making: More precise data aids in targeting policies, especially in emerging sectors. Boosts Investor Confidence: Up-to-date economic indicators enhance India’s image and trustworthiness in global markets. Refined Growth Trends: Revised data may adjust past GDP growth rates, offering a clearer picture of the economy. Harmonized Indicators: Other indices like CPI and IIP will also be updated, ensuring consistency. Learning Corner: Important terms related to GDP Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Definition: GDP is the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of a country during a specific time period (usually a year). Includes: Production by both domestic and foreign entities within the country Measured at market prices Types: Nominal GDP: At current market prices Real GDP: Adjusted for inflation (base year prices) Gross National Product (GNP) Definition: GNP is the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced by the residents (nationals) of a country in a given period, irrespective of their location. Formula: GNP = GDP + Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA) NFIA = Income earned by Indians abroad – Income earned by foreigners in India Net National Product (NNP) Definition: NNP is the GNP after deducting depreciation (consumption of fixed capital). It shows the net output available for consumption or saving. Formula: NNP = GNP – Depreciation Two measures: NNP at Market Price NNP at Factor Cost (also called National Income) National Income (NI) Definition: National Income is the net monetary value of all goods and services produced by a country’s nationals during a year, measured at factor cost. Formula: National Income = NNP at Factor Cost Includes: Wages and salaries Rent Interest Profits Mixed income of self-employed Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Falcon 2000 Category: ECONOMICS Context :  French aerospace firm Dassault Aviation and Reliance Aerostructure Ltd have announced a joint venture to manufacture Falcon 2000 business jets in Nagpur, India. Key Highlights Location: MIHAN SEZ, Nagpur Aircraft: Falcon 2000; parts of Falcon 6X & 8X Scope: Fuselage and wing assembly to be shifted to India Estimated Capacity: Up to 24 aircraft annually Timeline: First made-in-India jet by 2028 Significance Make in India & Atmanirbhar Bharat: Major boost to domestic aerospace manufacturing Global Positioning: India joins elite countries (US, France, Canada, Brazil) producing business jets Exports: Aircraft will cater to both domestic and international markets Centre of Excellence: Nagpur facility to become Dassault’s first such hub outside France Market & Strategic Impact Cost Efficiency: Local assembly reduces labour and logistics costs Policy Support: Aligned with government aerospace incentives Challenges: Regulatory clearances, technology transfer, and maintaining global aviation standards Conclusion This joint venture places India on the global aerospace map, signalling its capability to manufacture high-end civilian aircraft. It also strengthens industrial self-reliance and positions the country as a competitive player in the business jet market. Learning Corner: Aircraft Manufacturing in India India’s aircraft manufacturing industry is evolving rapidly, driven by defence needs, commercial aviation growth, and the government’s push for indigenous production under the ‘Make in India’ and ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ initiatives. Key Players & Institutions Entity Role / Contribution Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) India’s largest aerospace manufacturer; produces military aircraft like Tejas, Dhruv helicopter DRDO Designs and develops aircraft systems (e.g., AEW&C, Rustom UAV) TATA Advanced Systems Collaborates with Boeing, Airbus, and Lockheed Martin; manufactures fuselage and components Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) Supplies avionics and radars for aircraft Dassault Reliance Aerospace Joint venture to produce Falcon business jets in Nagpur (Falcon 2000 assembly by 2028)   Major Indigenous Aircraft Projects Aircraft Name Type Details Tejas (LCA) Fighter Jet Indigenous light combat aircraft developed by HAL and DRDO HTT-40 Trainer Aircraft Basic trainer aircraft for Indian Air Force Saras Mk II Transport Plane Indigenous light transport aircraft being developed by NAL (CSIR) TAPAS-BH 201 UAV Medium-altitude long-endurance drone developed by DRDO AMCA Fighter Jet (upcoming) 5th-generation stealth aircraft under development   Civil Aircraft Manufacturing Airbus-Tata JV in Vadodara: First Indian facility to manufacture C-295 military transport aircraft for IAF. HAL is collaborating with foreign OEMs to develop civil aircraft like Regional Transport Aircraft (RTA-90). Dassault-Reliance JV: Manufacturing Falcon 2000 business jets in Nagpur by 2028—the first civil aircraft final assembly line in India. Government Support Defence Procurement Policy (DPP) and Make in India push for indigenization PLI Scheme for Aerospace and Drones Incentives for MRO (Maintenance, Repair & Overhaul) industry Setting up of defense corridors in UP and Tamil Nadu Source :  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Operation Sindhu Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : India has launched Operation Sindhu to evacuate its nationals from Iran following the escalation of conflict between Iran and Israel Decoding Context Key Highlights: Evacuation Route: Students were transported by road to Armenia, under the guidance of Indian missions in both Iran and Armenia. Flight Details: The evacuees departed from Yerevan on June 18, 2025, and arrived in New Delhi in the early hours of June 19. Ongoing Efforts: This marks the first phase of Operation Sindhu, with further evacuations planned as the situation evolves. Government Support: Emergency helplines have been established, and India expressed gratitude to Iran and Armenia for their cooperation. Significance: Operation Sindhu underscores India’s commitment to the safety of its citizens abroad and its ability to swiftly respond to international crises. Learning Corner: India’s Overseas Operations  Year Operation Name Country / Region Purpose / Crisis Description 2025 Operation Sindhu Iran via Armenia Ongoing evacuation amid escalating Iran–Israel conflict 2023 Operation Ajay Israel Evacuation during the Israel–Hamas conflict 2022 Operation Ganga Ukraine & Neighbors Evacuation of students during the Russia–Ukraine war 2021 Operation Devi Shakti Afghanistan Evacuation after Taliban’s return to power 2020–21 Vande Bharat Mission Global (COVID-19) Mass repatriation during COVID-19 lockdowns Source: THE HINDU Invasive alien species Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Definition: Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are non-native organisms introduced—intentionally or accidentally—into an ecosystem, where they establish, spread, and negatively impact native biodiversity, ecosystems, agriculture, economy, or human health. Key Points: Global Trade & IAS Risk: The rise in bilateral trade agreements has expanded trade links, increasing opportunities for species to hitchhike across borders. Over 200 countries have formed over 34,000 bilateral trade pairs by the early 2000s, contributing to the accidental or deliberate spread of IAS. India’s Position: India is both a major exporter and importer of exotic species. Several invasive species—like mosquitofish (Gambusia), guppies (Poecilia reticulata), and angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare)—have been introduced through the aquarium trade or for biocontrol purposes. Unregulated Introductions: Accidental introductions can occur through poorly monitored imports like timber, grains, and ornamental plants. Semi-aquatic IAS are often underreported but pose high health and economic risks due to their impact on infrastructure and public services. Biosecurity Weaknesses: India lacks mandatory pest-risk assessments and robust quarantine infrastructure. Many ports lack the capability to screen for biological threats, especially from new trade partners. Policy Recommendations: Implement stricter biosafety protocols and risk assessments. Strengthen infrastructure, institutional frameworks, and monitoring systems. Increase international cooperation and make biodiversity conservation a core part of trade policy. In conclusion, while trade tariffs may block certain goods, they can unintentionally open doors to invasive species, especially when quarantine and regulatory systems are inadequate. India’s increasing role in global trade requires urgent and proactive biosecurity reforms to protect its native ecosystems. Learning Corner: Major Invasive Species in India Species Origin Impact Lantana camara Tropical America Displaces native flora, affects grazing lands Parthenium hysterophorus Central America Allergenic; reduces crop productivity and biodiversity Eichhornia crassipes (Water hyacinth) South America Clogs water bodies, reduces oxygen, impacts fisheries Prosopis juliflora Central America Depletes groundwater; displaces native shrubs Pennisetum setaceum (Fountain grass) Africa Invades drylands; increases fire risk Giant African Snail (Achatina fulica) East Africa Damages crops, spreads rapidly, difficult to eradicate Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Africa Outcompetes native fish species, alters aquatic ecosystems Gambusia affinis North America Introduced for mosquito control; harms native fish Conclusion Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Foreign Campuses in India (GS Paper II – Governance) Introduction (Context) The UGC’s 2023 regulations opened doors for foreign university branch campuses in India. Since then, multiple foreign institutions, including Deakin University, University of Wollongong, and the University of Southampton, have initiated operations. More institutions, such as the University of York and Illinois Institute of Technology, have received Letters of Intent to enter India. While this is a major reform in India’s internationalisation efforts, several challenges are emerging. Key Issues and Challenges: India already boasts renowned public institutions such as the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), which are actively expanding their global engagement and research capabilities.  Notable collaborations, such as IIT Delhi with the University of Queensland and IIT Bombay with Monash University, have set strong precedents for international research partnerships.  Furthermore, a growing number of elite and semi-elite private universities in India now offer joint and double-degree programmes in collaboration with foreign institutions. In this dynamic environment, foreign branch campuses cannot rely solely on the strength of their brand.  Some of the challenges are: 1. Navigating a Competitive Higher Education Ecosystem India already has a dense and competitive education market with top-tier public (IITs, IIMs) and private institutions. New foreign campuses will struggle to stand out unless they offer unique value. 2. Lack of Global Prestige Many of the foreign universities entering India are not top-ranked in their home countries. In India, they risk being viewed as just another “elite” option, not necessarily superior. 3. Narrow, Market-Driven Course Offerings Most offer programs in high-demand fields like business, data analytics, and computer science. While financially beneficial, this limits academic diversity and makes them similar to existing Indian private colleges. 4. Absence of Comprehensive Academic Identity The biggest challenge is to build a distinct academic reputation. Without this, they may be seen as “diploma mills” offering degrees without academic depth. 5. Lack of Research and Multidisciplinary Focus Most planned or existing campuses are small, specialised schools, not full-fledged research universities. This weakens their potential to contribute meaningfully to India’s knowledge ecosystem. 6. Premature Launch and Lack of Transparency Admissions began before sharing essential details such as faculty profiles and curriculum. Raises doubts about the academic readiness and credibility of these institutions. 7. Inadequate Campus Experience Operating from rented, vertical buildings leads to poor student experience. Absence of traditional campus vibrancy may reduce institutional loyalty and identity. Way Forward: Ensure academic transparency before launch such as faculty, curriculum, infrastructure. Encourage broad-based programmes and research initiatives. Mandate minimum campus infrastructure standards to provide vibrant academic life. Build a regulatory framework to screen proposals for academic merit and local utility. Promote quality over quantity to avoid dilution of India’s higher education reputation. India must carefully choose which foreign institutions are allowed to establish campuses. Selection should be based on academic quality, not just brand or origin. Conclusion The establishment of foreign university branch campuses in India marks a significant milestone in the higher education landscape. However, if these ventures are rushed or poorly managed, they risk becoming cautionary tales — short-lived initiatives that erode trust, dilute brand value, and stall the broader momentum toward meaningful internationalisation. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the significance of foreign university campuses in India’s higher education landscape. What are the major challenges associated with them, and how can they be addressed to promote meaningful academic engagement? (250 words, 15 marks)   GDP Base Year revision (GS Paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) India will revise the base year for calculating its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 2011–12 to 2022–23. The revised data series will be released on February 27, 2026, by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). This is part of a routine and necessary statistical exercise to better capture the evolving structure of the Indian economy. What is GDP? Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India refers to the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within the country’s geographical boundaries during a specific time period (quarterly or annually).  GDP includes only final goods and services purchased by end-users. Intermediate goods (e.g. raw materials, parts) used in production are excluded to avoid double counting. Example: A cricket bat is a final good. Its components like wood, rubber grip, adhesives, etc., are intermediate goods not counted separately in GDP. GDP Calculation Methods in India: Production Method: Estimates value added across primary (agriculture), secondary (industry), and tertiary (services) sectors. Income Method: Sums incomes earned by factors of production – wages, rents, interests, and profits. Expenditure Method: Measures total spending on final goods and services – consumption, investment, government expenditure, and net exports. MoSPI, under the Ministry of Statistics, uses a mix of production and expenditure approaches and incorporates data from sources like the Annual Survey of Industries, MCA-21 corporate filings, NSSO surveys, and administrative data from government departments. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the most widely used indicator to assess a country’s economic health and growth. Its significance extends across policymaking, investment decisions, and public welfare. Significance of GDP Measure of Economic Growth: GDP shows whether the economy is expanding or contracting. A rising GDP indicates higher production, income, and employment levels. A declining GDP may signal recession or economic slowdown. Policy Formulation and Evaluation: Governments use GDP trends to design fiscal and monetary policies. Helps determine public spending, taxation, and interest rate decisions. Evaluates the impact of policies like Make in India, PLI scheme, or GST reforms. Investment and Business Confidence: Investors (domestic and foreign) look at GDP growth rates before making decisions. Higher GDP growth attracts FDI, boosts market sentiment, and encourages entrepreneurship. Global Comparisons and Credit Ratings: GDP helps rank countries by economic size (e.g., India is 5th largest in nominal GDP). International agencies (IMF, World Bank, credit rating agencies) use GDP to assess a country’s creditworthiness and economic stability. Budget and Resource Allocation: Used in deciding tax revenues, public expenditure, and debt sustainability. It is essential for planning state-wise devolution of funds and social welfare schemes. Sectoral Analysis: GDP components (agriculture, industry, services) help identify leading and lagging sectors. Enables targeted reforms and policy support for underperforming sectors. Tracking Development Goals: GDP growth is linked to achieving national targets like: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Five-Year/Decadal Economic Plans, India@100 vision, etc.  What is a GDP Base Year? The Base Year is a reference year used to compare real GDP across years, removing the impact of inflation. It helps calculate real growth rates by comparing the output of other years to the price and structural dynamics of the base year. Earlier, GDP base year revisions happened once in a decade, typically in years ending with 1. This aligned with decennial Population Census, which provided workforce data for the informal sector. Since 1993–94, NSSO surveys (Employment & Unemployment) replaced Census for workforce data. Consequently, base year revisions occurred every five years (up to 2015). Current base year: 2011–12 Proposed new base year: 2022–23 Historical Timeline of GDP Base Year Revisions in India: 1948–49 ➝ 1960–61 (in 1967) 1960–61 ➝ 1970–71 (in 1978) 1970–71 ➝ 1980–81 (in 1988) 1980–81 ➝ 1993–94 (in 1999) 1993–94 ➝ 1999–2000 (in 2006) 1999–2000 ➝ 2004–05 (in 2010) 2004–05 ➝ 2011–12 (in 2015) 2011–12 ➝ 2022–23 (in 2026 – upcoming) Rationale Behind Base Year Revisions They capture the changes in the way India’s economy functions — new industries can be included and outdated ones removed from the calculations.  They provide a more accurate picture of the “real” economic growth, which is the economic growth after removing the effect of inflation.  Enables better formulation of fiscal, monetary, and social policies based on up-to-date macro trends. Why was the base year not changed five years after 2011-12? In 2017, the government announced plans to revise the GDP base year to 2017–18. Planned to use results from: Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) – replaced quinquennial Employment-Unemployment Surveys. Both surveys faced issues: PLFS (2017–18) showed unemployment at a 45-year high. CES indicated a rise in poverty (decline in consumer spending). Government questioned data quality and rejected CES findings; PLFS was accepted only after 2019 elections. Due to data reliability concerns and disruptions, 2017–18 was dropped as base year. It must be noted that 2017-18 experienced the ramifications of key policy led-disruptions such as the government’s decision to overnight demonetise 86% of India’s currency base in November 2016 as well as the introduction of a Goods and Services Tax regime (replacing multiple indirect taxes) in July 2017. India’s GDP growth rate registered a sharp deceleration starting 2017-18, falling from more than 8% in 2016-17 to less than 4% in 2019-20. Since the start of 2020, the Covid pandemic-induced disruptions have meant that neither 2020 nor the years immediately after it could be treated as “normal” years. Other Key Updates Alongside GDP Revision Index of Industrial Production (IIP) ➝ New base year: 2022–23 Consumer Price Index (CPI) ➝ New base year: 2023–24 Significance of the 2026 revision Accuracy will affect: Global investor confidence Domestic policymaking Fiscal planning and poverty targeting Aims to restore data credibility amid past controversies and data gaps (e.g., no Census 2021). Value addition: Terminologies MoSPI (Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation): The nodal government agency responsible for statistical data collection, analysis, and GDP estimation in India. CPI (Consumer Price Index): A measure of inflation that tracks changes in the prices of a basket of goods and services consumed by households. IIP (Index of Industrial Production): An indicator that measures the growth rate and performance of various sectors of the industrial economy, including manufacturing, mining, and electricity. PLFS (Periodic Labour Force Survey): A nationwide survey conducted by NSO to estimate employment, unemployment, and labour force participation annually. CES (Consumer Expenditure Survey): A survey to estimate household consumption expenditure, which is crucial for poverty analysis and updating GDP data. MCA-21: An online database maintained by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs that stores financial filings of companies, used for estimating private sector contributions to GDP. SNA 2008 (System of National Accounts 2008): An international statistical standard developed by the UN, IMF, World Bank, OECD, and EU for compiling national accounts, including GDP. Informal Sector: Economic activities that are not regulated by the government and often lack formal employment contracts or social security benefits. Way Forward Adopt transparent methodologies and publish data sources clearly. Ensure third-party review and academic scrutiny of GDP calculation methods. Resume regular base year updates as per National Statistical Commission recommendations (every 5 years). Close data gaps in poverty, employment, and Census statistics. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the rationale for regularly updating the GDP base year in India. How does it impact economic policymaking and international perception? (250 words, 15 marks)   Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link  Daily Current Affairs Quiz for UPSC IAS Prelims | IASbaba