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Jul 23, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 23rd July – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS Focus) Energy Mix (2025) Category: ENERGY Context: India’s Union Budget 2025-26 announced a major push to achieve 100 GW of nuclear power capacity by 2047 Key Highlights: India’s Nuclear Power Journey: Early Start: India was a pioneer in Asia, with its first research reactor in 1956 and power reactor at Tarapur in 1969. Setbacks: Progress slowed after: Refusal to sign the NPT (1968). Pokhran nuclear tests (1974, 1998). Denial of international cooperation and fuel supply. Recovery: Civil nuclear deal with the US in 2005. NSG waiver in 2008 helped resume international collaboration. Challenges in Meeting 100 GW Target: Current Constraints: Existing capacity is just 8.2 GW. New capacity addition (5.4 GW) still in progress. All plants are owned by the public sector NPCIL; private and foreign participation is not allowed under existing law. Policy & Legal Reforms Required: Amendments to: Atomic Energy Act (1962) – to allow private sector ownership/control. CLND Act (2010) – to address liability and insurance concerns. Electricity Act (2003) – to enable dispute resolution and open access. Revisit nuclear regulation: separate regulatory body needed (like AERB being independent). Finance & Economics: High capital costs (₹60-₹90 crore/MW) make nuclear power less attractive. Delay in returns, safety concerns, and risk management require viability gap funding, public-private partnerships, and financial guarantees. Learning Corner: India’s Energy Mix (2025) India’s total installed power generation capacity stands at around 485 GW. The energy mix is evolving with a strong shift towards clean energy, though coal remains dominant in electricity generation. Installed Capacity (by source): Coal & thermal: ~50–55% Renewables (solar, wind, biomass): ~35–40% Large Hydro: ~10% Nuclear: ~2% Electricity Generation Share: Coal & thermal: ~70–75% Renewables + Hydro: ~20–22% Nuclear: ~3% Key Trends: India has achieved over 50% of its installed capacity from non-fossil sources. Solar and wind are the fastest-growing sectors. Despite growth in capacity, coal still contributes the bulk of actual electricity generation. Around 56 GW of clean energy projects are under construction. Target: ~35–40% clean energy in generation mix by 2030. Source: THE HINDU Bio stimulants Category: AGRICULTURE Context: Bio stimulants, now under Agri Ministry’s scrutiny What are Bio stimulants? Definition: Substances that stimulate physiological processes in plants to enhance nutrient uptake, yield, growth, and stress tolerance. Components: Derived from natural sources—botanical extracts, seaweed, vitamins, bio-chemicals. Exclusion: Not classified as pesticides or fertilizers under current law. Why Under Scrutiny? Farmers complained retailers were bundling bio stimulants with subsidized fertilizers like urea and DAP. Concerns raised over ineffectiveness of many products. ~30,000 unchecked products existed until recently; now reduced to ~650 after stricter checks. Legal Framework Previously unregulated, unlike fertilizers/pesticides. Regulated under: Fertiliser Control Order (FCO), 1985 – amended in 2021 to include bio stimulants. Essential Commodities Act, 1955 – allows periodic updates to FCO. 2021: Government created a 5-year Central Bio stimulant Committee for scientific assessment. Learning Corner: Biofortification Definition: Process of increasing the nutritional value of food crops through agronomic practices, conventional plant breeding, or modern biotechnology. Example: Iron-rich pearl millet, zinc-rich wheat. Objective: Address hidden hunger (micronutrient deficiency). Biofertilizers Definition: Microorganisms that fix nutrients (like nitrogen, phosphorus) in the soil and make them available to plants. Examples: Rhizobium (legumes), Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza. Benefit: Reduce chemical fertiliser dependency. Precision Farming Definition: Use of technology and data analytics to deliver nutrients and water in precise amounts needed by crops. Tools: GPS, remote sensing, drones. Outcome: Efficient nutrient delivery, reduced wastage. Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) Definition: Ratio of crop yield to the amount of nutrient applied. Goal: Increase yield with minimal nutrient loss. Enhanced Through: Balanced fertilization, slow-release fertilizers. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) Definition: Combined use of chemical fertilizers, organic manures, and biofertilizers to maintain soil fertility and productivity. Advantage: Sustainable nutrient supply. Nanofertilizers Definition: Fertilizers developed using nanotechnology to enhance nutrient availability and uptake. Example: Nano Urea (by IFFCO). Pros: Lower doses, reduced environmental impact. Foliar Nutrition Definition: Application of nutrients directly to plant leaves in liquid form. Use Case: Quick correction of micronutrient deficiencies (like Zn, Fe). Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Article 143 Category: POLITY Context : The Supreme Court has issued notices to the Centre and all States based on a presidential reference seeking clarity on the powers and timelines for the President and Governors to act on state legislature Bills. Key Issues: Whether the judiciary can impose timelines on constitutional authorities where the Constitution is silent. Whether the President’s and Governors’ actions or inactions under Articles 200 and 201 are subject to judicial review. Whether the Supreme Court can use its powers under Article 142 to “deem” assent in cases of inaction. Whether delays or refusals based on irrelevant reasons are unconstitutional. Presidential Reference: President Droupadi Murmu, under Article 143(1), has asked the Supreme Court 14 key legal questions regarding: Judicial scrutiny of constitutional discretion. Legal validity of judicially imposed timelines. Grounds for deeming assent and limiting executive delays. Learning Corner: Article 143 – Advisory Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Purpose: Empowers the President of India to seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on any question of law or fact of public importance. Types: Article 143(1): Advisory opinion on any question of law or fact. Article 143(2): Opinion on disputes arising out of pre-Constitution treaties or agreements. Notable Cases: Re Berubari Union Case (1960): First use of Article 143. SC opined that a constitutional amendment is needed to cede Indian territory to Pakistan. Re Kerala Education Bill (1958): Clarified constitutional provisions regarding minority education rights. Re Special Courts Bill (1979): SC upheld the constitutionality of special courts for trying politicians for corruption. Article 200 – Assent to Bills by Governor Purpose: Empowers the Governor to: Give assent to a Bill. Withhold assent. Reserve the Bill for the President’s consideration. Return the Bill (if not a money bill) for reconsideration by the legislature. Key Observation: Governor cannot sit on a bill indefinitely; expected to act in a reasonable time frame. Notable Issue: Tamil Nadu NEET Exemption Bill (2021): Governor delayed action, raising questions about misuse of Article 200. Article 201 – President’s Power on Reserved Bills Purpose: When a Bill is reserved by the Governor, the President can: Give assent. Withhold assent. Direct the Governor to return the Bill for reconsideration. Notable Cases/Issues: Shamsher Singh v. State of Punjab (1974): Reiterated that constitutional functionaries like the Governor and President act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. Recent Debates: Several State Bills (like Telangana’s reservation bill) pending with the President for years — raises federalism and accountability issues. Source : THE HINDU Apache Helicopters Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Indian Army Inducts First Batch of Apache Helicopters Deployment: The Apaches will be deployed in Jodhpur, enhancing the Army’s offensive and reconnaissance power, especially along the western border. Features: Equipped with Hellfire missiles, 30mm chain gun, Stinger air-to-air missiles, and Longbow radar. Capable of day/night operations and high-precision strikes in complex terrain. Learning Corner: Apache Helicopters (AH-64E) The Apache AH-64E is an advanced multi-role attack helicopter developed by Boeing, widely regarded as one of the most powerful and versatile combat helicopters in the world. Key Features: Armament: 30mm chain gun AGM-114 Hellfire missiles (laser/radar-guided) Stinger air-to-air missiles Hydra rocket pods Avionics and Sensors: Longbow radar for all-weather targeting Modern target acquisition and night vision systems Secure data and communication links Performance: Operates in day/night and all-weather conditions Capable of high-precision strikes Suitable for reconnaissance, close air support, and anti-armor missions Source: THE HINDU UNESCO Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: U.S. to Withdraw from UNESCO The U.S. will exit UNESCO by December 2026, citing ideological concerns, opposition to Palestine’s membership, and alignment with its “America First” policy. This marks the third U.S. withdrawal (after 1984 and 2017), despite rejoining in 2023. The move may reduce U.S. influence in global education, culture, and tech governance. UNESCO has expressed regret but is prepared to continue without U.S. support. Learning Corner: UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the UN, founded in 1945. It aims to promote peace and sustainable development through international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication. Key Functions: Protects cultural heritage through the World Heritage Sites program Promotes education for all, including literacy and girls’ education Supports scientific collaboration and freedom of expression Works on ethical AI, climate education, and preservation of intangible cultural heritage Headquarters: Paris, France Members: 194 countries (as of 2025) Key Reports by UNESCO: Global Education Monitoring (GEM) Report Tracks progress on education targets under SDG 4. Formerly known as the Education for All Global Monitoring Report. State of the Education Report for India Focuses on India-specific themes like teacher education, vocational education, digital learning, etc. World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Assesses global press freedom, journalist safety, and media viability. Global Report on Culture for Sustainable Development Highlights the role of culture in achieving sustainable development. UNESCO Science Report Published every 5 years. Analyses trends in global science, research, and innovation. Global Report on the Futures of Education Strategic outlook on education’s role in shaping future societies. World Heritage Outlook (in collaboration with IUCN) Evaluates the conservation status of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Internet Universality Indicators Report Measures internet development across countries based on rights, openness, accessibility, and multistakeholder participation. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Reforms in Power Sector (GS paper III – Science and Technology, GS Paper III - Economy) Introduction (Context) In 2015, the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change notified SO2 norms for coal-based thermal power plants. The establishment of flue gas desulphurisation (FGD system) for all 600-odd power plants in the country was made compulsory. However, in 2025, Ministry has reversed its decision. Hereby, analysing the issue. What is Flue Gas Desulphurization? Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) is a set of technologies used to remove sulfur dioxide (SO2) from the exhaust gases (flue gas) produced during the combustion of fossil fuels, primarily coal. FGD systems typically involve using a sorbent material, such as limestone or lime, to react with and neutralize the SO2 in the flue gas. It’s a crucial process for reducing harmful emissions that contribute to acid rain and respiratory problems. In 2015, the Indian government has mandated the installation of FGD systems in coal-fired power plants to meet emission standards. However, experts had raised many questions related to it. Such as: Capital expenditure on FGD installation in old and new plants estimated to Strain financial resources which lead to an additional tariff burden of Rs 0.25 – 0.30 per kWh. As Indian coal has a low sulphur content, experts argued that an FGD system was not necessary for most of the plants. NEERI Study (initiated by NITI Aayog) studied the viability of FGD and stated that ambient SO₂ concentrations at monitoring stations were well below prescribed norms (80 μg/m³) even without widespread FGD installation. FGD systems use limestone and water as inputs. Mining and transportation of limestone increases carbon emissions. (CO₂ has a longer atmospheric lifetime than SO₂, raising climate concerns.) Revised guidelines Plants retiring before 2030 exempted from installing FGDs. Plants near NCR or cities with >1 million population: deadline extended to Dec 2027. Plants near critically polluted areas: compliance by 2028, decided case-by-case. Other plants outside polluted clusters need not install FGDs if chimney height norms are met. Concerns regarding FGD: Economic costs of FGD installation do not lead to proportional improvement in particulate matter levels in cities. The Environment Ministry’s note specifically on the potential for emissions states that Indian coal contains “very low” (less than 0.5%) sulphur content compared with imported coal, which has more than 2% sulphur content. Thus, the ministry argues, the lower sulphur content combined with India’s tropical climate ensure sulphur dioxide concentrations are “a fraction” of the permitted standards. According to Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), immobile stations cannot capture the directional flow of the pollutants or gauge their source. Additionally, it cannot account for chemical reactions that convert sulphur dioxide into other pollutants such as PM 2.5. Why is FGD technology referred to as economically unviable? In India is that there are limited vendors bearing limited capacity to supply and install FGD components, with the technology being new to the country. Standardisation is difficult to attain considering different sites have different requirements relating to space constraints, lay-out, orientation etc. Presently, FGD requires imported technology, critical equipment and skilled manpower from other countries, which increases cost. Way Forward Conduct independent environmental impact assessments before diluting emission norms. Encourage domestic manufacturing of FGD components to reduce import dependence. Integrate pollution control with India’s net-zero targets, ensuring decisions align with SDG 7 (Clean Energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Conclusion The rollback of FGD norms reflects India’s persistent dilemma between economic feasibility and environmental responsibility. It is critical to adopt a balanced policy ensuring public health protection without undermining energy security and economic viability. Mains Practice Question “Critically analyse the recent decision of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to relax Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) norms for thermal power plants. Discuss its implications for environmental protection and India’s energy sector.” (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-reform-indias-power-sector-needed-10143372/ Realities behind Remote Work (GS paper I – Indian Society) Introduction (Context) Post pandemic there has been rise in remote work. Once hailed as the future of labour, ‘Work from Home’ has become far more complicated than imagined. Analysing the topic based on the “Global Survey of Working Arrangements” (Ifo Institute + Stanford University, 2024–25) covering 16,000 college-educated workers across 40 countries. Work from Home It involves performing job duties outside of a traditional office setting, typically from one’s home. This arrangement offers flexibility and can improve work-life balance for many employees. Benefits: Greater autonomy Better work-life balance, Less commuting stress Higher job satisfaction. Global Survey of Working Arrangements” findings The “Global Survey of Working Arrangements”, conducted by the Ifo Institute and Stanford University, covering over 16,000 college-educated workers across 40 countries between 2024 and 2025 stated: Regional variations: United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, people average 1.6 remote workdays per week. In much of Asia, the figure is only 1. Africa and Latin America fall somewhere in between. Global average The global average for ‘ideal’ remote days is now 2.6 days per week. However, in reality just 1.27 days in 2024, a drop from 1.33 days the year before, and sharply down from 1.61 days in 2022. Reasons for lag in Asia In India, China, Japan, South Korea and elsewhere, physical presence in the office still signals loyalty, discipline and seriousness. The old culture of ‘presenteeism’ endures stubbornly. Further there are cramped living conditions, shared spaces and unreliable Internet, all of which make remote work unattractive or even unfeasible, for many urban dwellers. Gender data In most countries, women, particularly mothers, tend to work from home more often than men. Mothers desire highest remote days (2.66/week), followed by childless women (2.53/week). It is only in Europe that men do report slightly more actual remote workdays than women. Many men (especially without children) seek remote work for freedom, hobbies, health, or relief from office life. Reluctance from people itself Work from home make people worry about falling team spirit, lost oversight, and declining innovation. Some industries lack the tools or the systems for remote success. Deep-rooted habits of office-centric management. Health concerns Data from Statista Consumer Insights (2023) reveal that remote workers are more prone to physical ailments: backaches, headaches, eye strain and joint pains, more so than their factory- or office-bound counterparts. The mental toll is significant as well due to isolation, blurred boundaries and constant digital connection. Way forward Combines home and office work for maximum flexibility and productivity. Role of companies: Invest in making home offices ergonomically safe and productive. Support healthy routines and scheduled breaks. Create clear digital boundaries to avoid employee burnout and maintain mental well-being. Role of government: Universal broadband access to ensure connectivity for all. Stipends or subsidies for home-office upgrades (furniture, technology, internet). Enforceable health and safety standards for remote work environments. Mains Practice Question Analyse the implications of the remote work paradigm on gender equality, work culture, and public policy in India.” (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/realities-behind-the-global-experiment-of-remote-work/article69843766.ece

Jul 22, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 22nd July 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Jul 22, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 22nd July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Enforcement Directorate (ED) Category: POLITY Context: The Supreme Court of India strongly criticized the Enforcement Directorate (ED) for misusing its powers to pursue political battles The court emphasized that: ED should not be used as a political tool. Officers are “crossing all limits” in their conduct. The SC firmly reminded the ED to uphold constitutional values, not act as a tool for political vendetta, and maintain judicial fairness and professionalism. Learning Corner: Enforcement Directorate (ED) About: The Enforcement Directorate (ED) is a law enforcement and economic intelligence agency under the Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Key Functions: Enforces the following laws: Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999 Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 Main Objectives: Investigate cases of money laundering, foreign exchange violations, and financial fraud. Attach and confiscate properties derived from illegal means. Prosecute offenders in special courts under PMLA. Powers: Conduct search and seizure, arrest, and summon individuals. Attach proceeds of crime. File prosecution complaints (charge sheets) under PMLA. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS F-35B Fighter Jet Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: British Royal Navy’s F-35B Fighter Jet Set to Fly Out from Kerala. Background: The F-35B, from the Royal Navy’s aircraft carrier HMS Prince of Wales, had to land in Kerala due to an emergency. The situation has now been resolved and the jet will rejoin its fleet. Key Details: Repairs were carried out by Air India’s MRO facility. A 14-member UK engineering team assisted with the assessment and safety checks. The aircraft was supported logistically by a UK Airbus A400M Atlas, which will take the team back. Learning Corner: F-35B Lightning II Manufacturer: Lockheed Martin (USA) Type: Stealth multirole fighter (Variant of F-35) Operator: U.S. Marines, U.K. Royal Navy, Italy, and others Key Feature: Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing (STOVL) capability – can operate from aircraft carriers without catapults Speed: ~1.6 Mach Avionics: Advanced sensor fusion, helmet-mounted display, AESA radar Stealth: Designed to evade radar detection using stealth shaping and coatings Armament: Air-to-air missiles, air-to-ground bombs, internal gun, and external pylons Fifth-Generation Fighter Aircraft – Key Features These are the most advanced class of fighter jets currently in service globally. Core Features: Stealth Technology: Radar-evading design and materials Advanced Avionics: Integrated sensors, electronic warfare systems, and sensor fusion Supercruise: Ability to cruise at supersonic speeds without afterburners (in some variants) Maneuverability: High agility using thrust-vectoring and fly-by-wire systems Network-Centric Warfare: Real-time data sharing with other platforms and command centers Situational Awareness: Helmet-mounted displays, 360° battlefield view Examples of Fifth-Generation Jets: F-22 Raptor (USA) F-35 Lightning II (A/B/C variants) (USA) Chengdu J-20 (China) Sukhoi Su-57 (Russia) HAL AMCA (India – under development) Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Right to vote Category: POLITY Context : The Supreme Court is examining if the right to vote, amid Bihar’s Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls, is a constitutional, statutory, or fundamental right. Legal Provisions: Article 326: Gives every citizen above 18 the right to vote based on adult suffrage. Section 62, Representation of the People Act, 1951: Lays down conditions under which a citizen is allowed or denied the right to vote (e.g., not in prison, being ordinarily resident, etc.). What the Courts Have Said: N.P. Ponnuswami case (1952): Right to vote is a statutory right, subject to limitations by law. Jyoti Basu case (1982): Reaffirmed that voting is not a fundamental or common law right. PUCL case (2003): Called it a ‘constitutional right’, if not fundamental. Kuldip Nayar case (2006): Reaffirmed it as a statutory right. Rajbala case (2015): Upheld the statutory nature of voting right. Anoop Baranwal case (2023): Majority reaffirmed the statutory view. Justice Ajay Rastogi (dissenting opinion): Argued that right to vote is an expression of choice under Article 19(1)(a) — linking it to freedom of speech and expression. Learning Corner: Types of Rights Explained: Natural Rights: Inherent and inalienable (e.g., right to life, liberty). Not always directly enforceable unless recognized in fundamental rights. Constitutional Rights: Guaranteed by the Constitution but not part of Fundamental Rights. Enforceable under Article 226 or 32 (e.g., right to property, right to vote under Article 326). Statutory Rights: Granted by laws made by Parliament or State Legislatures (e.g., MGNREG Act, Forest Rights Act). Can be changed or repealed by ordinary legislation. Source : THE HINDU Vice President Resigns Category: POLITY Context: Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar resigned on July 21, 2025, citing health reasons. His resignation, effective immediately under Article 67(a) of the Constitution Constitutional Process & Impact Until a new Vice President is elected, Deputy Chairperson Harivansh Narayan Singh will preside over the Rajya Sabha under Article 91. A new Vice President must be elected within 60 days (by September 19, 2025). The election will follow the proportional representation system with a single transferable vote, involving an electoral college of 788 MPs. Learning Corner: Vice President of India Constitutional Position: The Vice President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in the country. Defined under Articles 63 to 71 of the Constitution. Key Functions: Ex officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). Acts as President of India in case of vacancy (due to death, resignation, removal, or absence) until a new President is elected (for a maximum of 6 months). Does not perform executive functions unless acting as President. Election Process: Elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha (including nominated members). Voting method: Proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote and secret ballot. No separate state-level representation (unlike Presidential election). Eligibility Criteria: Must be an Indian citizen, At least 35 years old, Qualified to be a member of the Rajya Sabha, Must not hold any office of profit under the Government. Term and Vacancy: Term: 5 years, but continues until successor takes office. Can resign (under Article 67) by writing to the President. In case of resignation or vacancy, Article 91 allows the Deputy Chairperson of Rajya Sabha to perform duties as presiding officer. Notable Facts: The Vice President is not subordinate to the President but has a distinct role. India’s first Vice President was Dr. S. Radhakrishnan. The Vice President can be removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by an absolute majority and agreed to by the Lok Sabha. Source: THE HINDU Zojila Tunnel Category: GEOGRAPHY Context: SAIL Powers Zojila Tunnel with Over 31,000 Tonnes of Steel. The Zojila Tunnel, set to be India’s longest road tunnel and Asia’s longest bi-directional tunnel, will span over 30 km at an altitude of 11,578 feet, connecting Srinagar to Leh via Kargil and Dras. It will provide crucial all-weather connectivity, vital for civilian and military logistics. Learning Corner: Zojila Tunnel Project The Zojila Tunnel is an ambitious all-weather road tunnel project being constructed in the Union Territory of Ladakh, aimed at enhancing connectivity between Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) and Leh (Ladakh) via Dras and Kargil. Key Features: Length: Over 30 km, it will be India’s longest road tunnel and Asia’s longest bi-directional tunnel once completed. Altitude: Located at 11,578 feet in the challenging terrain of the Western Himalayas. Route: Connects Baltal (near Sonamarg) in Jammu & Kashmir to Minamarg in Ladakh. Significance: Ensures all-weather connectivity between Kashmir and Ladakh (Zojila Pass remains closed ~6 months due to snow). Boosts civilian and military logistics in a strategically sensitive region. Promotes economic development and tourism in remote Himalayan regions. Construction & Timeline: Being executed by Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd. (MEIL). Scheduled for completion by 2027. Over 31,000 tonnes of steel supplied by SAIL, showcasing public sector involvement. Strategic and National Importance: Enhances border infrastructure. Critical for defense preparedness. Symbol of engineering excellence and nation-building in tough Himalayan terrain. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) AI and copyright (GS paper III – Science and Technology) Introduction (Context) Recent U.S. court rulings in Bartz vs Anthropic (2025), and Kadrey vs Meta (2025) have clarified aspects of AI and copyright laws. Discussing them with implications on India. AI and Copyright issue Generative AI models are trained on massive datasets, often scraped from the internet, including copyrighted material. It can also produce outputs that closely resemble or duplicate original works from their training datasets, hence raises ethical and legal concerns about infringement. Concerns arise when Copyright owners allege infringement of reproduction, adaptation, or derivative rights. The use of such data is governed by: Intellectual Property (IP) law – protects creators’ rights over their work. Contracts – terms agreed upon for using data or content. Privacy laws – protect personal data from misuse. What is copyright? Copyright law protects original literary, artistic, musical, and dramatic works, granting authors: Economic rights (reproduction, distribution, adaptation). Moral rights (attribution and integrity). Legal uncertainties There is legal ambiguity in determining whether the training of AI using IP-protected data, and the generated outputs constitute IP infringements. Whether copying originals for training constitutes infringement or qualifies as fair use (in the U.S.) or as a text and data mining exception (in the EU and U.K). Some countries allow: Fair use (limited use without permission for learning or research). Text and data mining exceptions (especially in the EU and UK for research purposes). Temporary copying during technical processes. But these exceptions have not been tested properly in court for AI training. There is no single international law for AI and IP rights. What did the U.S. judgments state? Anthropic case In the Anthropic case, Judge ruled that using copyrighted data for training AI software was transformative, comparing the model’s training to a writer learning from prior works. However, the judge held that Anthropic must face trial over its use of pirated copies to develop its library of material. Meta case In the Meta case, Judge ruled in Meta’s favour, concluding that the plaintiffs had not established that the company’s use of their works would result in market dilution by generating AI outputs like the originals. Meta’s actions were considered to be covered under the ‘fair use’ provision. But the judge said that tech companies making money off the AI boom ought to figure out ways to share the wealth with companies that hold copyrights. Implications for India Under the Copyright Act, 1957, copyright owners enjoy exclusive economic rights including reproduction, adaptation, and translation, which require permissions for commercial use unless an exception under Section 52 (fair dealing) applies. However, growing litigation globally signals need for: Clear AI-IPR policies balancing innovation and creator rights. Guidelines on data usage transparency and consent for AI training. Way Forward Policy clarity on AI authorship and copyright exceptions Creator compensation mechanisms for training data use Ethical AI frameworks ensuring transparency and accountability Global harmonisation to reduce legal uncertainties Conclusion U.S. courts have interpreted AI and copyright issue in broader way, yet global rule on them are missing, India must proactively adapt its IPR framework to address AI-induced legal ambiguities, ensuring innovation does not erode foundational rights of original creators. Mains Practice Question The increasing use of generative AI models has posed complex challenges to existing intellectual property rights regimes globally. Discuss. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/what-have-courts-ruled-with-respect-to-ai-and-copyright-explained/article69839851.ece Mumbai blast and flaws in Criminal Justice System (GS paper III – Internal Security) Introduction (Context) Recently, the Bombay High Court acquitted all accused in the 2006 Mumbai train blasts case, raising serious concerns over the effectiveness and credibility of India’s criminal justice system. Background On July 11, 2006, multiple bomb blasts in Mumbai local trains killed over 180 commuters and injured more than 800 people. In 2015 Special MCOCA court convicted 12 accused (5 death sentences, 7 life imprisonments). In 2025 Bombay High Court acquitted all of them due to insufficient evidence after 19 years of incarceration. This raises a question on India’s Criminal Justice System that who killed more than 180 innocent commuters of Mumbai and left more than 800 injured. Issues Investigation Challenges There is immense pressure on the police for immediate detection which lead to hasty arrests under political and public pressure. Difficulty in Collecting concrete forensic and scientific evidence. Heavy reliance on confessional statements that often fail court scrutiny. Further linking of different individuals involved in the crime, delineating their specific roles, securing concrete proof about the conspiracy, collection of scientific and forensic evidence, are very tough challenges Systemic Lacunae Delayed trials weaken prosecution due to fading memories and lost evidence. Witness protection remains weak, leading to fear and retraction of testimonies. Lack of advanced training and legal advice for investigators. Courts increasingly distrust Confessions recorded by police officers, unless backed by scientific corroboration. Implications for Criminal Justice System Citizens lose faith when grave crimes remain unpunished Blame cannot rest solely on police; prosecution, judiciary, and legislative delays contribute equally Failure to convict perpetrators emboldens terror networks and undermines public safety. Way Forward Strengthen Investigation Capacities by advancing forensic infrastructure and cyber intelligence. Government should form Fast-track courts for terror-related cases. Enhance Witness Protection by ensuring anonymity, relocation, and safety to secure testimonies. Allow NIA to function independently without political interference. Integrated coordination between police, prosecution, judiciary, and legislative bodies to ensure effective outcomes. Training of officers to plug the loopholes and remove the inconsistencies before submitting chargesheets and taking timely legal advice may help avoid the future collapse of criminal trials of this grave magnitude. Conclusion The judgment of the Bombay High Court should be treated as a clarion call for all wings of the criminal justice system to coordinate for ensuring a high quality of investigation, prosecution and timely trials. GS Mains Question Critically analyse the challenges in investigating and prosecuting terror-related crimes, and suggest measures for systemic reform. (15 marks, 250 words) Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/in-mumbai-train-blast-case-acquittal-19-years-later-raises-questions-about-criminal-justice-system-10140964/ Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link https://iasbaba.com/daily-current-affairs-quiz/

Jul 21, 2025

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 21st July 2025

Jul 21, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 21st July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Inflation Category: ECONOMICS Context: India’s consumer price index (CPI) food inflation was just 2.1% in June 2025 — lower than the US (2.7%), UK (4.5%), and EU (3%). This is the lowest since January 2019. Key Points: Factors Controlling Inflation: Good monsoon for the second consecutive year boosted crop output. High central food stockpiles (see Table 1). Government policy: Allowed zero/low-duty imports of pulses and edible oils. Cooling global prices for oil and pulses. RBI Implication: This easing food inflation gives space for RBI to cut interest rates, which were kept high due to inflation worries. Monsoon and Crop Impact: Ample rainfall across the country boosted soil moisture and groundwater, benefiting Kharif crops like rice, arhar, and soybean. Area sown under Kharif crops has increased marginally in 2025 compared to 2024 (Table 2), especially for pulses, oilseeds, cotton, and maize. Imports and Price Support: Government imports of arhar and tur dal from Mozambique and Malawi. Edible oil imports (soybean, sunflower) were allowed at reduced duty to control inflation. Support prices for crops like tur increased to ensure farmers get remunerative returns. Learning Corner: Different Types of Inflation Inflation refers to the general rise in the price level of goods and services in an economy over a period. Different types of inflation are classified based on causes, speed, and scope: Based on Causes: Demand-Pull Inflation Caused by excess demand over supply in the economy. Occurs when consumer spending increases faster than production. Cost-Push Inflation Caused by a rise in production costs (e.g., wages, raw materials). Producers pass higher costs to consumers as higher prices. Built-in Inflation (Wage-Price Spiral) Occurs when workers demand higher wages to keep up with living costs, increasing production costs and causing further inflation. Based on Speed: Creeping Inflation Mild, slow rise in prices (≤ 3% per year). Considered manageable and sometimes desirable. Walking Inflation Moderate inflation (3–10% annually). Can affect the purchasing power and investment. Galloping Inflation Rapid inflation (double or triple digits). Destabilizes the economy. Hyperinflation Extremely high and typically uncontrollable inflation (e.g., >50% per month). Seen in crisis-hit countries (e.g., Zimbabwe, Venezuela). Based on Scope and Control: Headline Inflation Measures total inflation including volatile items like food and fuel. Tracked by indices like CPI (Consumer Price Index) in India. Core Inflation Excludes food and fuel to reflect the underlying trend in inflation. Useful for monetary policy decisions. Other Special Types: Stagflation Inflation + stagnant growth + high unemployment. Difficult to manage through traditional policies. Deflation Negative inflation; general fall in prices. Often indicates weak demand and economic slowdown. Reflation Deliberate policy-induced inflation to recover from deflation or recession. Achieved through fiscal/monetary stimulus. Skewflation Inflation only in specific sectors, like food or fuel, due to supply shocks. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Kailash Manasarovar Yatra Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The resumption of the Kailash Manasarovar Yatra in 2025, after a five-year gap, is seen as a key step in rebuilding India-China relations. The move has been hailed as a positive gesture in cultural diplomacy, promoting people-to-people exchanges and restoring mutual trust after years of pandemic-related suspension and border tensions. Chinese officials welcomed Indian pilgrims, describing them as “envoys of friendship,” while both governments emphasized the Yatra’s value as a confidence-building measure. Its revival aligns with the 75th anniversary of diplomatic ties, adding symbolic significance to the initiative. The decision follows high-level diplomatic engagements, with agreements to resume direct flights, improve cross-border cooperation on issues like water sharing and media, and discuss expanded routes and services for pilgrims. The Yatra is now being positioned not just as a spiritual journey, but as a strategic opportunity to stabilize and normalize bilateral ties. Learning Corner: Kailash Manasarovar Yatra The Kailash Manasarovar Yatra is a sacred pilgrimage undertaken by Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, and Bon devotees to Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar, located in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. The sites are revered as the abode of Lord Shiva and hold immense spiritual and cultural significance. Key Features: Organized annually by the Government of India in collaboration with Chinese authorities. Traditionally conducted through two routes: Lipu Lekh Pass (Uttarakhand) Nathula Pass (Sikkim) Involves high-altitude trekking, requiring medical fitness and acclimatization. Recent Developments: Suspended since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and India-China border tensions. Resumed in 2025, symbolizing a thaw in bilateral relations and a step towards confidence building. Welcomed by both Indian and Chinese leaders as a move to enhance cultural diplomacy, people-to-people ties, and bilateral cooperation. Coincides with the 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations between India and China. Source: THE HINDU Cryptocurrency Category: ECONOMICS Context : CoinDCX Suffers ₹378-Crore Security Breach What Happened: CoinDCX, one of India’s largest cryptocurrency exchanges, suffered a major security breach on July 19, 2025. Hackers compromised an internal operational wallet used for liquidity management, stealing approximately ₹378 crore ($44.2 million). The breach did not affect any customer wallets or funds. Company Response: Founders reassured users that all customer assets remain safe and unaffected. The entire loss is being absorbed by CoinDCX’s own treasury, ensuring no financial impact on users. CERT-In was informed, and cybersecurity audits are underway. Details of the Hack: Hackers targeted stablecoins (USDT, USDC) and transferred funds across Solana and Ethereum chains, routing them through Tornado Cash to obscure tracking. The attack was flagged by blockchain investigators before CoinDCX made a public disclosure. Key Takeaways: User funds are fully secure. The breach only impacted a company-owned liquidity wallet. CoinDCX responded swiftly with transparency, containment, and external audits. The incident highlights the growing cybersecurity risks in crypto platforms despite proactive measures. Learning Corner: Different Types of Cryptocurrencies Cryptocurrencies are digital or virtual currencies that use cryptography for security and operate on decentralized blockchain networks. They serve different purposes, from being digital money to powering decentralized applications. Payment Currencies Purpose: Designed as a medium of exchange. Examples: Bitcoin (BTC): The first and most widely used cryptocurrency. Litecoin (LTC), Bitcoin Cash (BCH): Faster and lighter alternatives to Bitcoin. Use case: Peer-to-peer payments, remittances, store of value. Stablecoins Purpose: Pegged to a stable asset (like USD) to reduce volatility. Examples: USDT (Tether), USDC (USD Coin), DAI Use case: Trading, DeFi (Decentralized Finance), payments without volatility. Utility Tokens Purpose: Provide access to a product or service on a blockchain platform. Examples: Ethereum (ETH): Powers smart contracts on the Ethereum network. BNB (Binance Coin): Used on Binance exchange for fee discounts and services. Use case: Gas fees, platform services, staking, governance. Security Tokens Purpose: Represent ownership in real-world assets (like stocks, bonds, or real estate). Examples: tZERO, Polymath Use case: Digital securities, tokenized assets, regulated investments. Regulated: Often subject to securities laws. Governance Tokens Purpose: Allow holders to vote on changes to protocols or decentralized platforms. Examples: Uniswap (UNI), Aave (AAVE), Compound (COMP) Use case: Voting rights in DeFi platforms and DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations). Privacy Coins Purpose: Provide enhanced anonymity and untraceable transactions. Examples: Monero (XMR), Zcash (ZEC) Use case: Privacy-focused payments, censorship resistance. Meme Coins Purpose: Originally created as jokes but gained popularity through community hype. Examples: Dogecoin (DOGE), Shiba Inu (SHIB) Use case: Speculative investment, tipping, social engagement. Source : THE HINDU Moon Day Category: GEOGRAPHY Context: Moon Day, observed every year on July 20, commemorates the first manned Moon landing during NASA’s Apollo 11 mission in 1969. Why It Matters: Marks a milestone in human space exploration and scientific achievement. Honors the courage and collaboration behind Apollo 11. Inspires ongoing and future missions like Artemis, Chandrayaan, and others. Encourages public interest in STEM and the spirit of discovery. Learning Corner: Some interesting facts on the Moon The Moon is Earth’s only natural satellite and the fifth-largest moon in the Solar System. It orbits Earth at an average distance of about 384,400 km and has a diameter of 3,474 km. Key Features: Formation: Likely formed about 4.5 billion years ago, possibly from debris after a Mars-sized body collided with Earth (Giant Impact Hypothesis). Phases: The Moon goes through eight phases each month, from new moon to full moon, due to its position relative to Earth and the Sun. Tidal Influence: The Moon’s gravitational pull causes ocean tides on Earth. No Atmosphere: It lacks a significant atmosphere, so temperatures fluctuate drastically and no weather occurs. Surface: Covered with craters, mountains, and basaltic plains (called maria) formed by ancient volcanic activity. Scientific Facts: The Moon always shows the same face to Earth Due to tidal locking, its rotation period equals its revolution period (~27.3 days). It’s moving away from Earth The Moon drifts 3.8 cm farther from Earth every year. Moon has weak gravity It’s about 1/6th of Earth’s gravity, which affects human movement and structure building on its surface. No atmosphere or magnetic field Thus, it can’t protect from solar radiation or meteor impacts. It affects Earth’s tides Caused by its gravitational pull, crucial for marine life and coastal ecosystems. Largest relative to its planet Though not the biggest moon, it is proportionally the largest in relation to its planet. Water ice discovered Found in permanently shadowed craters near the Moon’s poles—critical for future missions. Space Missions and Exploration: First human landing: Apollo 11 (1969) Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon. India’s Chandrayaan-2 & 3 Chandrayaan-3 made India the first country to land on the Moon’s south pole (August 2023). NASA’s Artemis Program Aims to return humans to the Moon and build a sustainable lunar base. Cultural & Other Facts: Used in calendars Many cultures follow lunar calendars (e.g., Islamic, Hindu). Visible during the day The Moon can often be seen in daylight due to its proximity and brightness. Blood Moon & Supermoon Phenomena like lunar eclipses (Blood Moon) and closest approach to Earth (Supermoon) captivate skywatchers. Source: THE HINDU New Lichen in Western Ghats Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: New Lichen Species Discovered in Western Ghats. Indian scientists have discovered a new lichen species, Allographa effusosoredica, in the Western Ghats, adding the 53rd species of the genus Allographa in India and highlighting the region’s rich lichen diversity. Key Highlights Symbiotic Nature: Lichens are ancient symbiotic organisms formed by a fungus and a photobiont (green alga or cyanobacterium), enabling survival in extreme habitats. Unique Traits: The species has a crust-like body, powdery effuse soredia, and produces norstictic acid, a rare compound. Scientific Approach: Researchers used taxonomy, chemical profiling, and molecular techniques (DNA markers) to confirm the species, revealing close relation to Allographa xanthospora. Algal Partner: The photobiont belongs to the genus Trentepohlia, broadening our understanding of lichen symbiosis in the tropics. Ecological Role: Lichens help in soil formation, feed insects, and serve as bioindicators of environmental change. Learning Corner: Allographa effusosoredica is a newly discovered lichen species found in the Western Ghats, one of the world’s richest biodiversity hotspots. Key Features: Belongs to the genus Allographa; this is the 53rd species of this genus recorded in India. Notable for its: Crustose (crust-like) thallus Effuse soredia – powdery asexual structures for reproduction Presence of norstictic acid, a rare secondary metabolite in lichens Scientific Significance: Discovered by MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune Identified using an integrated approach: Classical taxonomy Chemical profiling Molecular sequencing (markers: mtSSU, LSU, RPB2 for fungus and ITS for alga) Closely related to Allographa xanthospora genetically, but morphologically resembles Graphis glaucescens Ecological Importance: Lichens like this play roles in: Soil formation Supporting micro-ecosystems Acting as bioindicators of environmental change Symbiotic Nature: A symbiosis between fungus and photobiont (Trentepohlia algae) Enhances understanding of ancient mutualisms in tropical ecosystems Lichens Lichens are complex life forms that arise from a symbiotic relationship between a fungus (mycobiont) and a photosynthetic partner (photobiont), usually a green alga or cyanobacterium. Key Features: Symbiosis: The fungus provides structure and protection, while the alga or cyanobacterium performs photosynthesis, supplying nutrients. Types: Based on appearance, lichens are categorized as: Crustose – crust-like Foliose – leaf-like Fruticose – bushy or branched Habitat: Found on rocks, soil, tree bark, and even harsh environments like Arctic tundras or deserts. Reproduction: Through spores (fungal) and structures like soredia or isidia (combined fungal-algal fragments). Ecological Importance: Bioindicators: Sensitive to air pollution—used to monitor environmental quality. Soil formation: Contribute to the weathering of rocks and formation of soil. Nutrient cycle: Support ecosystems by providing food for insects and animals. Medicinal use: Some species are used in traditional medicines and produce antibiotic compounds. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Aviation Security (GS paper II – Polity and governance) Introduction (Context) The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) released its preliminary report on the Air India Boeing 787 crash in Ahmedabad (June 12, 2025). The inconclusive findings have reignited calls for comprehensive aviation sector reforms to ensure a genuine ‘culture of safety’. Aviation Safety components The aviation system broadly involves multiple elements: Airline operator is responsible for the aircraft itself (design, airworthiness, and maintenance) and the people who operate it (maintenance engineers, technicians, pilots and cabin crew). Airport infrastructure, air traffic control systems and its personnel are the responsibility of the Airports Authority of India (AAI) and/or the aerodrome operator. The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) has regulatory control over airlines, the AAI and the airport operators. The Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) has supervisory control over the DGCA and the AAI. Aviation accidents never result from a single failure but stem from multiple failures that align together. Each safety layer has flaws which lead to accident. Regulatory loopholes Guidelines related to construction near airports Airspace around airports was strictly regulated until 2008. The Aircraft Act and Statutory Order 988 of 1988 enabled strict control over building constructions near airports to ensure obstacle-free zones In 2008, a non-statutory committee was formed that bypassed the safety mechanism and approved 25 buildings in prime Mumbai locations. By 2015, these obstacles not only posed physical barriers to safe flight but also interfered with radar and communication signals. The appellate committee capped maximum building height at 90 metres within the Inner Horizontal Surface (IHS). Despite this, approvals for obstacle constructions continued with impunity, jeopardising flight safety. Following a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) on obstacles, MoCA amended the 2015 Rules to limit No Objection Certificate (NOC) validity to 12 years, however it did not address demolition or enforcement mechanisms for illegal floors post-NOC expiry. Similarly, the new airports at Navi Mumbai and Noida are also facing the same safety risks from nearby constructions. Aircraft design and airworthiness DGCA has limited internal technical capability. Over-reliance on foreign regulators like FAA (U.S.) and EASA (EU) for certification and safety standards. Example: IndiGo engine failure issue (Pratt & Whitney) in 2017-18 exposed this dependence. Aircraft maintenance standards Aircraft Maintenance Engineers (AMEs) work under severe stress with no duty time limits. DGCA permits airlines to delegate AME tasks to less-qualified, lower-paid technicians, undermining safety. Duty-time limitations recommended post-Mangaluru crash (May 2010) remain unimplemented. Flight crew Airlines frequently violate Flight Time Duty Limitations (FTDT) for pilots. DGCA grants exemptions allowing fatigued pilots to operate flights. DGCA’s unique NOC requirement restricts pilot mobility, increasing stress and coercion by airlines. Cabin crew are viewed merely as hospitality staff rather than critical safety personnel. Airline operations Airlines prioritise profit over safety, adopting unsafe policies. Even when DGCA suspends personnel for violations, airline officials retain influential positions, controlling operations. DGCA-appointed officers within airlines often lack real authority, making accountability ineffective. Air traffic management Severe shortage of Air Traffic Controller Officers (ATCOs) in AAI. Licensing provisions for ATCOs remain unimplemented despite repeated recommendations. Duty-time limitations for ATCOs, suggested after Mangaluru crash, remain unimplemented. Silencing whistle-blowers Whistle-blowers reporting safety issues are often demoted, transferred, or terminated. This creates a culture of fear and suppression, discouraging critical disclosures in AAI and airlines. Way Forward Strengthen DGCA technical capabilities and independence. Reinforce regulatory frameworks to prevent misuse of obstacle approvals. Implement duty-time limitations for AMEs, pilots, and ATCOs. Encourage mental health support for air crew without punitive consequences. Foster accountability in airline operations, ensuring safety is prioritised over profit. Courts must scrutinise technical assessments to ensure safety compliance. Revise valuation norms of human life to incentivise systemic safety investments. Conclusion Crashes are not mere accidents but consequences of systemic neglect, policy violations, and profit prioritisation. A genuine ‘culture of safety’ must permeate every layer of the aviation system. This includes fair employment terms and, crucially, access to mental health care without punitive consequences. It should be backed by robust regulation, empowered institutions, and judicial oversight. Mains Practice Question Q Despite a robust regulatory framework, India’s aviation sector continues to witness systemic safety failures. Critically analyse the institutional, regulatory, and operational challenges affecting aviation safety in India. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/reform-cannot-wait-aviation-safety-is-at-stake/article69835446.ece Soil Nutrition Management (GS paper III – Environment) Introduction (Context) Despite India’s achievements in food production and poverty reduction, malnutrition among children remains persistently high. To improve both crop and human nutrition, India needs a paradigm shift from merely agriculture production to soil management. Only when soils receive the nutrients do they produce food that nourishes. Significance of soil nutrient Soil micronutrient deficiencies not only impair agricultural productivity but also degrade the nutritional quality of crops. Crops grown on nutrient-deficient soils often mirror those deficiencies, leading to a silent but pervasive form of malnutrition in humans. For Example: Zinc deficiency in soils translates into low zinc content in cereals like wheat and rice, which in turn is linked to childhood stunting — a condition that affects the physical development, long-term cognitive health, as well as the professional life of a person. Status of Indian Soils Of more than 8.8 million soil samples tested under the Soil Health Card Scheme in 2024, less than 5 per cent have high or sufficient nitrogen (N), only 40 per cent have sufficient phosphate (P), 32 per cent have sufficient potash (K) and just 20 per cent are sufficient in soil organic carbon (SOC). Significance of soil organic carbon SOC is a critical parameter defining the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the carbon stored in the organic matter of soil. SOC is essential for nutrient cycling, water retention, and carbon sequestration, which helps mitigate climate change. As per the Indian Institute of Soil Science (IISC), SOC in the range of 0.50- 0.75 per cent is adequate. Status of soil organic carbon is low in India. Imbalanced Fertiliser Use in India In many regions, nitrogen (N) is overused, while phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are underused. Punjab: N use exceeds recommendations by 61%, P use is 8% less than recommended and K use is 89% less Similar nutrient imbalance patterns are seen in several other states. The Imbalanced Fertiliser Use leads to suboptimal agricultural productivity. Nationwide, the fertiliser-to-grain response ratio has declined significantly from 1:10 in the 1970s to a mere 1:2.7 in 2015. Issues with Granular Urea Application Only 35-40% of nitrogen is absorbed by crops. Remaining nitrogen is released into the atmosphere as nitrous oxide, a GHG 273 times more potent than CO₂. It also leaches into groundwater as nitrates, contaminating drinking water. Imbalanced fertiliser use is contributing to environmental pollution rather than boosting yields. Recommendations Move from blanket fertiliser application to science-based, soil-specific, and crop-specific fertilisation. Strengthen Soil Health Card Scheme with real-time digital integration and farmer advisory. Incentivise use of potash, phosphate, sulphur, and micronutrient fortified fertilisers. Promote organic manures and biofertilisers to improve SOC levels. Recognise soil health as a public health imperative, not just an agricultural concern. Develop, implement, and scale region-specific, data-driven soil nutrition solutions Enhance crop productivity and nutritional quality Conclusion India’s food security journey must evolve from “caloric sufficiency” to “nutritional sufficiency.” Recognising the urgency of this challenge, the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) and OCP Nutricrops have committed to collaborating to improve soil health in India and beyond. OCP Nutricrops brings cutting-edge expertise in soil nutrition and fertiliser solutions aimed at addressing global challenges in sustainable food production. The collaboration aims to develop, implement, and scale region-specific, data-driven soil nutrition solutions that enhance crop productivity while improving their nutritional profile. Thus, to truly move from plate to plough and back to plate, soil nutrient management is must. Mains Practice Question Q “Improving soil health is no longer just an agricultural issue but a public health imperative in India.” Discuss this statement in the context of the current fertiliser usage patterns and suggest a roadmap for sustainable soil nutrition management. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/to-improve-both-crop-and-human-nutrition-india-needs-a-paradigm-shift-10138789/ Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link https://iasbaba.com/daily-current-affairs-quiz/

Jul 19, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 19th July 2025

Jul 19, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 19th July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Measles-Rubella Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: India has dispatched 3 lakh (300,000) doses of the Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine to Bolivia in response to a measles outbreak, along with ancillary medical supplies. Bolivia recently declared a National Health Emergency after 60–98 confirmed measles cases, mostly among unvaccinated children. Key Highlights: Outbreak in Bolivia: Rising measles cases prompted door-to-door vaccination drives. India’s Role: Part of health diplomacy and solidarity with the Global South. Global Context: Measles cases are increasing in the Americas and Europe, emphasizing the need for coordinated global immunization efforts. Official Message: India reaffirmed its commitment to global public health and cooperation with friendly nations. This initiative strengthens India-Bolivia relations and reflects India’s proactive role in international health crises. Learning Corner: Measles-Rubella (MR) Measles and Rubella are contagious viral diseases that primarily affect children and can lead to severe complications if not prevented through vaccination. Measles Cause: Measles virus (Morbillivirus). Transmission: Airborne; spreads through coughs, sneezes, and contact with infected surfaces. Symptoms: High fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, followed by a red rash. Complications: Pneumonia, encephalitis, blindness, and death, especially in malnourished children. Rubella (German Measles) Cause: Rubella virus (a Togavirus). Transmission: Airborne; mainly affects children and young adults. Symptoms: Mild fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes. Complications: Dangerous for pregnant women; can lead to Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) in the fetus, causing birth defects. Measles-Rubella Vaccine (MR Vaccine) Type: Combined live attenuated vaccine. Schedule: Two doses recommended — typically at 9–12 months and 16–24 months of age. Purpose: To eliminate both measles and rubella through immunization. India’s MR Campaign Launched in 2017 to eliminate measles and control rubella. Targeted 410 million children aged 9 months to 15 years. Significant drop in cases reported due to widespread vaccination coverage. Source: AIR Question Hour Category: POLITY Context: Importance of Question Hour. Question Hour is a crucial mechanism in India’s parliamentary democracy, held at the beginning of each sitting. It ensures executive accountability by compelling ministers to publicly answer questions about their ministries’ actions and decisions. Why It Matters: Ensures Transparency: Ministers respond to oral (starred) or written (unstarred) questions, making their actions open to scrutiny. Promotes Real-Time Accountability: MPs can ask follow-up questions, exposing policy gaps and implementation issues. Highlights Public Concerns: Brings urgent or overlooked issues to national attention. Links Government to Citizens: Allows the public, through their MPs, to question the government directly. Present-Day Relevance: With other forms of detailed debates becoming rare, Question Hour remains one of the few consistent tools for holding the executive accountable. Types of Questions: Type Description Significance Starred Oral answer with follow-ups Ensures direct ministerial response Unstarred Written answer only Provides detailed documentation Short-notice For urgent matters Raises pressing national issues Private member From non-minister MPs Encourages broader participation Learning Corner: Parliamentary Tools to Ensure Government Accountability In a parliamentary democracy, the executive is collectively responsible to the legislature. The Indian Parliament uses several mechanisms to scrutinize the actions of the government and ensure transparency and accountability: Question Hour Held at the start of each sitting. MPs ask starred, unstarred, or short notice questions to ministers. Helps extract information, expose lapses, and clarify policy decisions. Zero Hour Unscheduled discussion after Question Hour. Members raise urgent matters of public importance without prior notice. Adjournment Motion Introduced to draw attention to a definite matter of urgent public importance. Leads to adjournment of normal business and discussion of the issue. A strong tool, used rarely. Calling Attention Motion Used to call a Minister’s attention to a matter of urgent public importance. Minister responds with a statement followed by discussion. Debate on Motion of Thanks to the President Post-President’s Address, MPs discuss government’s policies and programs. Serves as a mini confidence motion. No-Confidence Motion Moved in Lok Sabha to test the government’s majority. If passed, the government must resign. Censure Motion Criticizes specific policies or actions of the government. Does not require resignation, but expresses disapproval. Parliamentary Committees Standing Committees and Department-Related Committees examine bills, policies, and budgets in detail. Function as watchdogs with subject-matter expertise. Budgetary Control Tools Discussion and voting on Demands for Grants. Cut motions (policy, economy, token) to question expenditure. Appropriation Bill and Finance Bill debates test fiscal accountability. Reports and Audits CAG Reports, laid before Parliament, are examined by PAC (Public Accounts Committee). Government is held accountable for financial irregularities and inefficiencies. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS UAPA Category: POLITY Context : The Bombay High Court has upheld the constitutional validity of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), dismissing petitions that challenged its legality in the Elgar Parishad case. Key Legal Findings: Not a Preventive Detention Law: Despite using the term “prevention,” UAPA is not classified as a preventive detention law. Date of Commencement: The Act came into force on 30 December 1967, the date it received Presidential assent, as per legal norms. Legislative Competence: Parliament has the constitutional authority to enact laws like UAPA under Article 22 and List I powers. On Amendments and Non-Notified Clauses: The court held that unless specific provisions are officially notified, original provisions continue to apply. Fundamental Rights Challenge: Allegations of violations of Articles 14, 19, and 21 were rejected, and the law was upheld as constitutional. Learning Corner: UAPA (Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act), 1967 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) is India’s primary anti-terror law aimed at preventing activities that threaten the sovereignty, integrity, and security of the nation. Key Features: Objective: To prevent unlawful activities and associations that threaten India’s sovereignty and integrity. Scope: Covers acts of terrorism, support to terrorist organizations, and membership in or association with banned groups. Wide Powers to Government: Enables the central government to declare individuals and organizations as terrorists or unlawful. Stringent Bail Provisions: Accused under UAPA face reverse burden of proof, and getting bail is difficult due to strict conditions. Amendments: 2004: Brought terrorism within UAPA after POTA was repealed. 2019 Amendment: Allowed individuals (not just organizations) to be designated as terrorists. Constitutional Standing: Parliament has the legislative competence to enact UAPA under Entry 9 of List I (Union List) and Article 22 of the Constitution. In July 2025, the Bombay High Court upheld its constitutional validity, stating it is not a preventive detention law and aligns with the Constitution. Source : THE HINDU Industry 4.0 Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: On July 18, 2025, Shri K. Moses Chalai, Secretary of the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE), inaugurated a workshop in New Delhi to promote the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs). Key Highlights: Participants: Senior officials, experts, and leaders from CPSEs across sectors such as power, infrastructure, telecom, and services. Objective: Drive strategic integration of emerging technologies and sector-specific digital solutions within CPSEs. Technologies Promoted: Artificial Intelligence (AI) Internet of Things (IoT) Digital Twins 3D Printing 5G-enabled infrastructure Strategic Direction: A “Whole-of-CPSEs” approach was encouraged, promoting collaboration across enterprises. Industry 4.0 is to be treated as a national mission, enhancing the global competitiveness of CPSEs. There are plans to integrate Industry 4.0 indicators into the CPSE MoU assessment framework, incentivizing early adoption and innovation. Learning Corner: Industry 4.0 Industry 4.0, also known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, refers to the integration of advanced digital technologies into manufacturing and industrial processes to create smart, automated, and data-driven systems. Key Features: Automation & Robotics: Use of intelligent machines to perform complex tasks with minimal human intervention. Internet of Things (IoT): Interconnected devices and machines that communicate and exchange real-time data. Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning: Systems that analyze data, predict outcomes, and enable decision-making. Digital Twins: Virtual replicas of physical assets for real-time monitoring and simulation. Big Data & Analytics: Use of vast datasets to optimize operations, improve efficiency, and reduce waste. Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing): On-demand and precise production of complex parts. 5G Connectivity: Ultra-fast and reliable communication to enable real-time industrial operations. Benefits: Improved productivity and operational efficiency Enhanced product customization and quality Reduced costs and downtime Real-time decision-making Competitive advantage in global markets Source: PIB Earthquakes Category: GEOGRAPHY Context: India’s recent earthquakes, including the July 2025 Delhi quake, have triggered a call for a fundamental transformation in earthquake preparedness. Key Elements of the New Approach: Modernized Building Codes: Strict implementation of revised seismic safety standards (e.g., IS 1893 and IS 4326) for all constructions, especially in high-risk zones. Retrofitting Old Infrastructure: Upgrading unsafe pre-2000 buildings, particularly critical infrastructure like hospitals and schools. Resilient Urban Planning: Integrating seismic zoning into city plans and enforcing land-use regulations to reduce risk. Enhanced Monitoring: Expanding India’s seismic observatory network to improve real-time data, early warnings, and risk modeling. Technology Integration: Leveraging AI, IoT, and geospatial data for real-time alerts and resource planning. Public Awareness and Preparedness: Mass education campaigns and safety training to prepare citizens for earthquakes. Mainstreaming Risk Reduction: Embedding resilience into schools, local governance, and business continuity frameworks. Risk Financing Tools: Promoting insurance, disaster bonds, and incentives to support resilience investments. Global and Cultural Context: Inspired by the Sendai Framework and global best practices (e.g., Japan, Chile), India aims to embed resilience in institutions and public life. Experts emphasize a mindset revolution—where seismic safety becomes a routine civic and institutional priority, not just a crisis response. Learning Corner: Seismic Zones in India India lies on the Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt, one of the most seismically active regions in the world. It is prone to earthquakes due to tectonic movements, particularly the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified India into four seismic zones (Zone II to V) based on the frequency and intensity of past earthquakes. Seismic Zonation Classification: Zone Seismic Risk Level Zone Factor Regions Covered Zone V Very High Risk 0.36 North-East India, parts of J&K, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rann of Kutch (Gujarat), Northern Bihar, Andaman-Nicobar Islands Zone IV High Risk 0.24 Delhi, Sikkim, Punjab, Haryana, parts of Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, West Bengal Zone III Moderate Risk 0.16 Kerala, Goa, Lakshadweep, Western Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, parts of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka Zone II Low Risk 0.10 Most of South India, Central India, Eastern Maharashtra, Odisha, Chhattisgarh Note: Zone I was present in older classifications but has now been merged with Zone II. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Decline in NPAs Leads to Increased Credit Availability for Industry (GS paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) India’s declining Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) have improved credit availability for industries, especially MSMEs, supporting capacity expansion in a favourable policy environment. However, recent trends in credit growth reveal structural shifts, sectoral challenges, and evolving opportunities. Recent Credit Growth Trends Overall credit growth of scheduled commercial banks fell to 9.5% (fortnight ending June 27, 2025) vs 17.4% last year. (Credit growth means the increase in the total amount of loans given by banks and financial institutions over a period of time.) Credit growth has, however, been declining since May 2024, due to following reasons: a. RBI made lending rules stricter In late 2023 RBI make lending rules stricter. The RBI increased the risk weights for consumer loans, like personal loans and credit card loans, and also for loans given to non-banking financial companies (NBFCs). This means banks had to keep more money aside as a safety measure while giving these loans, making them more cautious in lending to these sectors. As a result, the growth of unsecured loans, which are loans given without any collateral, fell sharply. For example, the growth rate of these loans dropped from 28.3% in March 2023 to just 7.9% in March 2025 and 7.8% in May 2025. Similarly, loans given to NBFCs also reduced significantly. However, despite these strict measures, the problem of bad loans in unsecured retail lending continued to rise. The share of non-performing assets (NPAs) in these loans increased from 1.5% in the previous year to 1.8% in March 2025. This indicates that even with tighter rules and reduced loan growth, many borrowers are still finding it difficult to repay their unsecured loans, showing signs of stress in the financial system. 2. Low retail lending in Private sector Private sector banks have a relatively low share of floating rate loans in their retail lending. Floating rate loans are loans where the interest rate changes when the RBI changes its policy rates. For example, if RBI cuts rates, the interest you pay on a floating loan also decreases, making it cheaper for you. This helps people and businesses borrow more, boosting the economy. However, private banks have only 54.7% of their retail loans linked to EBLR (External Benchmark Lending Rate), while public sector banks (PSBs) have a higher share of 59.8%. (EBLR is an interest rate linked directly to an external benchmark like the RBI repo rate. When RBI cuts repo rates, EBLR-linked loan rates also come down quickly.) Because private banks have fewer floating rate loans linked to EBLR, borrowers in private banks do not benefit as much from RBI’s rate cuts. This slows down the positive impact of lower interest rates on the economy, creating a friction in monetary policy transmission. Additionally, there is a noticeable shift happening from private banks to public sector banks (PSBs). In 2024-25, PSBs showed stable credit growth of 12.2%, which is only slightly lower than 13.6% in 2023-24. However, the credit growth of private banks fell sharply to 9.5%, the lowest since 2020-21. This improvement in PSBs is a result of the government’s 4R strategy: Recognition (accepting the problem of bad loans), Resolution (recovering or restructuring bad loans), Recapitalisation (infusing money into banks to strengthen them), and Reforms (making rules better for efficient banking). Because of these steps, PSBs are now stronger and giving more loans, while private banks are becoming cautious. Case with MSME MSME credit, which grew by merely 5-7 per cent during 2011-2013, is now growing in double digits at around 18 per cent in May 2025. The reasons are: MSME financial condition has improved, making banks more confident to lend them money. The number of serious delinquencies has gone down. When a borrower does not pay their loan instalments for 90 to 120 days, it is called a delinquency. Currently, such delinquencies have fallen to 1.8%, which is the lowest in the last five years. This shows MSMEs are repaying their loans better. Further, the definition of MSMEs has been revised to increase the limit of investment and turnover (annual sales) allowed under MSME status. The formalisation of MSMEs is also helping credit growth. Through URN seeding (linking businesses with Unique Registration Numbers) which makes them visible in government records, improving their chances of getting bank loans. Government initiatives: Enhanced guarantee covers for MSMEs. Turnover threshold for TReDS onboarding reduced from Rs 500 crore to Rs 250 crore. MSME Samadhaan portal reimagined for cash flow efficiency. Conclusion The decline in NPAs has significantly strengthened India’s banking sector, enhancing its ability to extend credit to industries, particularly MSMEs, which are the backbone of employment and inclusive growth. Going forward, sustaining this momentum will require a balanced approach that ensures financial stability while promoting credit availability, especially for productive sectors. Mains Practice Question How does decline in NPA impact credit availability for industries? Analyse with recent data. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-turnaround-for-banks-10135633/ Mineral Governance (GS Paper I – Geography, GS paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) India is endowed with a wide range of minerals, which are essentials for its growth and development. Recently, the Ministry of Mines has reclassified minor minerals Barytes, Felspar, Mica, and Quartz as major minerals. These minerals are essential for various new technologies, energy transition, spacecraft industries, the healthcare sector, etc. What are major minerals? The major minerals cover fuel minerals consisting of coal, lignite, petroleum & natural gas and other major minerals i.e. metallic minerals including atomic minerals and non-metallic minerals. Central govt make rules for regulating the grant of lease for mining. What are minor minerals? Minor minerals are defined under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) (MMDR) Act, 1957, as building stones, gravel, ordinary clay, and ordinary sand. The regulation and management of minor minerals fall under the purview of state governments. Minor minerals play a crucial role in infrastructure, manufacturing and local economies. They are primarily sourced from riverbeds, floodplains, hills, coastal areas, deserts, and open quarries across various states. The Central Government also has the authority to declare any other mineral to be a minor mineral. It has thus far notified around 31 minerals as minor minerals such as Gypsum, Mica, Quartz, Clay-based minerals, Sand, etc. Silica-rich minerals like Quartz and Silica sand are commonly found in riverbeds and desert regions. They are used extensively in glassmaking and electronics. Sand is a vital component of concrete, mortar, and asphalt, making it essential for buildings, roads, and other infrastructure. Feldspar, Mica, and Kaolin are mostly used in ceramics, paints, and rubber industries. Limestone derivatives like Calcite, Gypsum and Lime kankar are essential for construction and chemical processing. Extraction typically takes place on a small to medium scale and is governed by state authorities. In the Quarry Owners Association vs State of Bihar (2000) case, the Supreme Court clarified that the classification of minerals as major or minor under the MMDR Act is determined by their end use and local importance, rather than by their volume, availability or production levels. Regulations of minerals Under the Indian Constitution, states are vested with the power to make laws on mines and minerals under List II (State List) of the Seventh Schedule. However, under List I (Union List), the Central Government can also make laws on the regulation of mines and minerals by declaring it in the public interest. Under MMDR Act in 1957, Section 15 of the Act delegates the rule-making power to the state governments in relation to minor minerals. It empowers states to frame rules for granting leases, issuing permits, and fixing and collecting rent and royalties from the holders of mining leases and permits. The minor minerals are also regulated under laws related to pollution, wildlife and biodiversity protection, etc. In response, the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC) issued Sand Mining guidelines in 2016 and 2020, and the Ministry of Mines released a Sand Mining Framework in 2018. Recent changes The Ministry of has shifted minerals Barytes, Felspar, Mica and Quartz from the list of minor minerals to the category of major minerals. Quartz, Felspar and Mica are found in pegmatite rocks, which are an important source of many critical minerals such as Beryl, Lithium, Niobium, Tantalum, Molybdenum, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten, etc. These minerals have vital role in various new technologies, in energy transition, spacecraft industries, healthcare sector, etc. Similarly, Baryte has various industrial applications which is used for oil and gas drilling, electronics, TV screens, rubber, glass, ceramics, paint, radiation shielding and medical applications. Baryte is used to make high density concrete to block x-ray emissions in hospitals, power plants, and laboratories. The government has notified these minerals as major minerals, because this will increase in exploration and scientific mining of these minerals which are an important source of many critical minerals. Key Judicial Pronouncements Deepak Kumar vs State of Haryana (2012) Made environmental clearance mandatory for minor mineral mining even below 5 hectares. Recommended mining plan prior to clearance. Himmat Singh Shekhawat vs State of Rajasthan (2014) NGT invalidated MoEFCC notification exempting projects under 5 hectares from clearance. Satendra Pandey vs Union of India (2018) NGT struck down 2016 notification that diluted environmental clearance norms for areas below 25 hectares. Challenges Illegal and unscientific mining persists despite regulations and judicial interventions. Hotspots of illegal sand mining are Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Madhya Pradesh. Mining leads to lowering of groundwater levels in riparian areas, pollution of nearby land and water bodies and disruption of aquatic ecosystems. Mining also leads to loss of soil fertility in agricultural fields. Mining also leads to violent clashes between miners and law enforcement. Way forward Strengthen enforcement against illegal mining. Harmonise regulations with a model framework across states. Adopt sustainable alternatives for construction materials. Ensure environmental safeguards are integrated into mining policies. Uphold Public Trust Doctrine: State as trustee to manage resources in public interest. Mains Practice Question What are minor minerals, and how are they regulated in India? Discuss their economic significance and the environmental challenges arising from their extraction. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-essentials/how-clean-energy-needs-new-tech-shape-mineral-governance-in-india-10130730/ Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link https://iasbaba.com/daily-current-affairs-quiz/

Jul 18, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 18th July 2025

Jul 18, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 18th July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Blackhole merger Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Scientists have detected gravitational waves from the largest black hole merger observed so far. These waves, first predicted by Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (1915), were only directly observed in 2015 with the help of LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory). Key Points: Gravitational waves are ripples in space-time caused by massive cosmic events like black hole mergers. The newly detected event involved black holes 100–150 times larger than the Sun, which challenges current theories as such sizes were not expected to exist. One of the black holes was spinning at extremely high speeds, nearing limits set by General Relativity. The event involved a merged black hole 225 times the Sun’s mass, surpassing previous records. Significance: This discovery could refine theories about black hole formation, star evolution, and universe composition. It highlights gaps in the current understanding of stellar evolution leading to black hole formation. LIGO and Global Collaboration: LIGO first detected gravitational waves in 2015. Collaborators now include Virgo (Italy) and KAGRA (Japan). A new LIGO observatory is planned in India (Maharashtra), expected by April 2030, enhancing global detection capabilities. Learning Corner: Black Holes: A black hole is a region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing—not even light—can escape it. Formed when massive stars collapse under their own gravity at the end of their life cycle. The event horizon is the boundary beyond which nothing can return. Black holes can be of different types: stellar-mass, intermediate, and supermassive (found at the centers of galaxies). According to General Relativity, black holes warp spacetime, influencing nearby matter and light. LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory): LIGO is a large-scale physics experiment and observatory designed to detect gravitational waves—ripples in spacetime caused by massive accelerating objects like merging black holes or neutron stars. It uses laser interferometry to measure incredibly small disturbances caused by passing gravitational waves. In 2015, LIGO made the first direct detection of gravitational waves, confirming a major prediction of Einstein’s theory of general relativity. The detected signal came from the merger of two black holes about 1.3 billion light-years away. Link Between Black Holes and LIGO: Merging black holes are among the most powerful sources of gravitational waves. LIGO allows scientists to observe black holes indirectly, by detecting the gravitational waves produced during such cosmic events. This has revolutionized astrophysics by opening a new window to study invisible phenomena in the universe. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) Category: ECONOMICS Context: Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) pulled out a net ₹77,901 crore from Indian equity markets during the first half of 2025. Key Highlights: Sector-wise Outflows (H1 2025): Highest Outflows: Information Technology: ₹30,600 crore FMCG: ₹18,178 crore Power: ₹15,422 crore Net Inflows: Telecommunication: ₹26,685 crore Financial Services: ₹13,717 crore Services: ₹7,294 crore FPI Shareholding: Declined to 16.09% of market capitalization as of June 30, 2025, down from 16.11% in December 2024. Month-wise Equity Sales (Q1 2025): January: ₹35,474 crore February: ₹34,574 crore March: ₹3,973 crore April-June 2025: FPIs turned net buyers: April: +₹4,223 crore May: +₹19,860 crore June: +₹14,590 crore Reason for Selling: Overvaluation in certain sectors, profit-booking, and reallocation contributed to the FPI exit in early 2025. Learning Corner: Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI): Definition: Investment by foreign entities in a country’s financial assets such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and other marketable securities. Nature: Short-term and volatile; often called “hot money.” Control: Investors do not get direct control over the business operations of the companies they invest in. Example: Buying shares of Indian companies listed on the stock exchange. Regulator: Handled by SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Definition: Investment by foreign entities in physical assets or ownership of a company in another country. Nature: Long-term and stable. Control: Investors gain control, management rights, or a significant degree of influence over the company. Example: A foreign automobile company setting up a manufacturing plant in India. Regulator: Regulated by DPIIT (Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade) and RBI. Key Differences: Feature FDI FPI Type of Investment Direct in physical/business assets Portfolio in financial assets Duration Long-term Short-term Control in Company Yes No Volatility Low High Regulatory Body DPIIT, RBI SEBI Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Missile Tests Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : India successfully conducted test-firings of multiple strategic missiles, showcasing its deterrence and operational readiness. Key Missile Tests: Akash Prime Test Location: Ladakh Altitude: Operates at over 4,500 metres Purpose: High-altitude air defense, tested after recent India-China tensions near the Line of Actual Control (LAC) Variant: Upgraded Akash missile for the Indian Army Part of: Operation Sindoor Prithvi-II and Agni-I Test Location: Integrated Test Range, Chandipur, Odisha Capabilities: Prithvi-II: ~350 km range, 500 kg payload Agni-I: 700–900 km range, 1,000 kg payload Type: Short-range, nuclear-capable ballistic missiles Use: Part of India’s strategic nuclear deterrent Learning Corner: Akash Prime Akash Prime is an indigenously developed upgraded version of the Akash surface-to-air missile system, designed and built by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) for the Indian Army. Key Features: Purpose: High-altitude air defence against aerial threats such as fighter aircraft, drones, and helicopters. Range: Short- to medium-range (similar to Akash: ~25–30 km). Altitude Capability: Specifically configured to operate at high altitudes above 4,500 meters, ideal for deployment in areas like Ladakh and the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Guidance: Equipped with improved accuracy, reliability, and low-temperature operability compared to the original Akash missile. Warhead: Can carry both conventional and nuclear warheads. Mobility: Can be launched from mobile platforms, increasing tactical flexibility. Recent Test: Successfully test-fired in Ladakh in July 2025 under Operation Sindoor. Prithvi-II Missile Type: Short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile Developed by: DRDO under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) Range: Approximately 350 km Warhead Capacity: Up to 500 kg, can carry both conventional and nuclear warheads Guidance System: Advanced inertial navigation system Launch Platform: Mobile launchers Users: Operated by the Strategic Forces Command of the Indian Army Purpose: Tactical strike missile for battlefield use Recent Test: Successfully tested on 17 July 2025 from the Integrated Test Range, Odisha Agni-I Missile Type: Short-range nuclear-capable ballistic missile Developed by: DRDO Range: 700 to 900 km Warhead Capacity: Up to 1,000 kg, capable of delivering nuclear payloads Guidance System: Sophisticated navigation and control systems with high accuracy Launch Platform: Road/rail mobile launchers Users: Strategic Forces Command Role: Part of India’s nuclear deterrence and second-strike capability Recent Test: Also tested on 17 July 2025 from Chandipur, Odisha along with Prithvi-II Source : THE INDIAN EXPRESS Changes in History textbooks Category: HISTORY Context: Raziyya Sultan & Nur Jahan Dropped from New Class 8 NCERT History Textbook Key Omissions & Changes: Raziyya Sultan (ruled 1236–1240): Previously described as “more able and qualified” than her brothers; now not mentioned. Nur Jahan: Earlier credited with having coins struck and seals issued in her name; now dropped. No mention of any women rulers or queens from the Delhi Sultanate or Mughal period in the new book. Tipu Sultan and Haidar Ali: Also removed, with NCERT stating the new books are aligned with the National Education Policy 2020 and National Curriculum Framework 2023, not older content structures. Who is Newly Added: Rani Durgavati (Gond queen): Recognized for resisting Mughal attacks under Akbar in 1564. Tarabai (Maratha queen): Described as a “fearless warrior queen” who resisted Aurangzeb. Learning Corner: Raziyya Sultan Raziyya Sultan (reign: 1236–1240 CE) was the first and only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate and one of the few women in medieval Islamic history to rule independently. Key Facts: Dynasty: Slave Dynasty (Mamluk Dynasty) Father: Iltutmish, who nominated her as his successor due to her capability over his sons. Reign: 1236–1240 CE Title: Took the title “Sultan”, not “Sultana,” to assert equality with male rulers. Administration: Known for promoting merit over nobility and appointing non-Turks to key positions, which angered the Turkish nobility (Chahalgani). Challenges: Faced opposition from nobles for being a woman and for breaking orthodox norms. Downfall: Deposed and eventually killed after political instability and rebellion. Nur Jahan Nur Jahan (1577–1645) was one of the most influential women in Mughal history, known for her political power, cultural contributions, and administrative role during the reign of her husband, Emperor Jahangir. Key Facts: Birth Name: Mehr-un-Nissa Title: Given the title “Nur Jahan” meaning “Light of the World” after marrying Jahangir in 1611 CE. Political Role: Actively co-ruled with Jahangir, especially as his health declined. Issued royal farmans (decrees) in her name — rare for a Mughal empress. Had coins minted with her name — an extraordinary recognition of her authority. Administration: Influenced court appointments and foreign policy. Promoted trade and architecture, and supported widows and orphan girls. Family Influence: Her father Itimad-ud-Daulah and brother Asaf Khan held key positions. She arranged the marriage of her niece Mumtaz Mahal to Prince Khurram (later Shah Jahan). Rani Durgavati Rani Durgavati (1524–1564) was a Rajput queen of the Gond kingdom of Garha Mandla in central India (present-day Madhya Pradesh). Born into the Chandela Rajput dynasty, she married Dalpat Shah, the Gond ruler, and took over administration after his death. Renowned for her courage, administrative acumen, and military leadership, she effectively governed her kingdom and strengthened its defenses. In 1564, she fought bravely against Mughal forces led by Asaf Khan, a general under Emperor Akbar. Facing defeat, she chose to die by her own dagger rather than surrender, becoming a symbol of valour and resistance in Indian history. She is celebrated as one of the earliest women warrior rulers to fiercely resist Mughal imperialism. Tarabai Tarabai Bhosale (1675–1761) was a prominent Maratha queen and daughter-in-law of Chhatrapati Shivaji. She was the wife of Rajaram I, Shivaji’s younger son, and assumed power as regent of the Maratha empire after his death in 1700. Tarabai is remembered for her military leadership and administration during a crucial phase of Maratha history, especially for leading resistance against the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Under her leadership, the Maratha forces regained lost territories and continued guerrilla warfare, successfully stalling Mughal advances in the Deccan. She is often described as a “fearless warrior queen” and was a central figure in preserving Maratha sovereignty during a period of crisis. Later, she also played a significant role in Maratha court politics, including efforts to maintain control during succession struggles. Source: THE HINDU Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) Category: ECONOMICS Context: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation released the June 2025 Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) bulletin). Key Indicators (15+ years): Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): Overall: 54.2% Rural: 56.1% | Urban: 50.4% Worker Population Ratio (WPR): Overall: 51.2% Rural: 53.3% | Urban: 46.8% Unemployment Rate (UR): Overall: 5.6% Rural: ~5.0% | Urban: 5.6% Youth (15–29): 15.3% Female LFPR: ~35.2% (rural), ~25% (urban) Female WPR: 30.2% (overall), 33.6% (rural), 22.9% (urban) Trends (June vs May 2025): LFPR fell from 54.8% to 54.2% WPR dropped from 51.7% to 51.2% UR stayed steady at 5.6% Female UR slightly declined Youth UR rose from 15.0% to 15.3% Methodology Updates: Based on a rotational panel sampling design introduced in January 2025 Each household is surveyed four times over four months Sample size expanded: 89,493 households and 3.8 lakh persons surveyed in June 2025 Learning Corner: Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) is a nationwide labour and employment survey launched by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) in April 2017, conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO). Objectives: To provide estimates of key labour market indicators such as: Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) Worker Population Ratio (WPR) Unemployment Rate (UR) To generate data for both urban and rural areas at frequent intervals. Key Features: Uses two approaches: Usual Status (US) – for annual estimates Current Weekly Status (CWS) – for quarterly and monthly estimates Provides insights into: Workforce composition (sector-wise, gender-wise) Employment trends over time Urban-rural employment disparities Significance: Replaces the older Employment–Unemployment Survey. Aids in formulating labour, employment, and social sector policies. Helps monitor employment elasticity, job creation, and participation of vulnerable groups like women and youth. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) 1US Eases EDA Restrictions on China: Implications for India (GS paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) In May 2025, the Trump administration initially imposed stringent controls on EDA software exports to China, requiring licences for the sale of critical chip design tools from companies like Cadence, Synopsys and Siemens. However, the US government reversed course in exchange for China’s commitment to approve exports of rare earth elements to the US. This move could reshape global semiconductor dynamics, affecting India’s semiconductor growth plans. What is Semiconductor? A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity between a conductor (like copper) and an insulator (like glass). The most used semiconductor materials are silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide. Applications Microprocessors and computer chips Memory devices (RAM, flash storage) Sensors, diodes, and transistors Smartphones, laptops, automotive electronics, industrial machines, solar cells It is almost used in everyday life. What is EDA? Electronic design automation (EDA) is a set of software, hardware, and essential services for designing chips and semiconductor devices. It is a simulated world where the circuits and designs are conceived and analyzed before making it to the real world. Without EDA tools, chip design becomes nearly impossible due to the billions of transistors involved in modern microchips. Challenges and Opportunities for India: after lifting of ban Challenges Earlier, the USA government has asked Electronic Design Automation software makers, which include Cadence, Synopsys and Siemens to stop supplying their tech to China which had impacted China’s semiconductor industry. Now, the ban has been lifted. Chinese companies can now resume full access to cutting-edge EDA tools, potentially accelerating their chip design capabilities and market competitiveness. This could intensify competition in global semiconductor markets where Indian companies are seeking to establish themselves. Opportunities The recent US restriction showed that India depends too much on foreign EDA software (used for chip designing). This highlights the need for India to develop its own EDA tools to become self-reliant in the long run. Because of the uncertainty in US-China trade, companies will try to spread their supply chains to different countries. This could help Indian companies get more business. Big multinational companies want to reduce their dependence on Chinese suppliers. This means they might be more interested in working with Indian companies or investing in India. As companies focus on making their supply chains strong and safe, they may be ready to pay more to trusted suppliers. This could increase profits for Indian companies in the semiconductor sector. Status of Semiconductor industry in India India’s semiconductor market is anticipated to expand from Rs. 4,50,164 crore (US$ 52 billion) in 2024 to Rs. 8,95,134 crore (US$ 103.4 billion) by 2030, according to a report by the India Electronics and Semiconductor Association (IESA). This growth is attributed to major sectors such as mobile handsets, information technology (IT), telecommunications, consumer electronics, automotive, aerospace, and defence. Mobile handsets, IT, and industrial applications alone contribute nearly 70% of the semiconductor industry’s revenue. India’s present role in global semiconductor manufacturing is considered relatively modest. As of 2025, just 0.1 percent of global wafer fabrication capacity is accounted for by the country, and about 1 percent of annual global capital expenditure on semiconductor equipment is contributed by it. The country’s semiconductor market, valued at $35.18 billion in 2023, is expected to grow at a remarkable 27.2 per cent CAGR through 2030. Tata Electronics has signed strategic partnerships with Tokyo Electron for equipment and services, focusing on workforce training and R&D enhancement. Value addition: Government Initiatives Government has approved the Semicon India programme with a total outlay of ₹76,000 crore for the development of semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem in the country. The programme aims to provide financial support to companies investing in semiconductors, display manufacturing and design ecosystem. The Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electronic Components and Semiconductors (SPECS) provides a financial incentive of 25% on capital expenditure for electronic components, e-waste recycling, mechanics, micro/nano-electronic components, solar photovoltaic (SPV) polysilicon, SPV wafers and solar cells, specialized sub-assemblies and capital goods for manufacture of aforesaid goods. To boost domestic manufacturing and attract investment in mobile phones value chain including electronic components and semiconductor packaging, Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI) for Large Scale Electronics Manufacturing was notified. The scheme extends an incentive of 3% to 6% on incremental sales (over base year) of goods manufactured in India and covered under target segments viz. Mobile Phones and Specified Electronic Components, to eligible companies, for a period of 5 years. Electronics Development Fund (EDF) ensures the development of critical infrastructure components within the ESDM sector. Way forward for India Strengthen R&D ecosystem with industry-academia collaboration. Develop indigenous semiconductor design and fabrication capabilities. Enhance ease of doing business and infrastructure for high-tech manufacturing. Build international partnerships for technology transfer and market access. Create a skilled workforce pipeline through specialised semiconductor engineering programmes. Conclusion India’s semiconductor industry is lacking fabrication infrastructure along with skilled workforce. With sustained government support, strategic global partnerships, and accelerated domestic capability building, India can transform from a semiconductor importer to a trusted global semiconductor partner amidst the evolving geopolitical landscape. Mains Practice Question Discuss the implications of recent US export policy reversals on India’s semiconductor ambitions. How can India strengthen its semiconductor ecosystem amidst global policy volatility? (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/us-eases-restrictions-on-china-india-semiconductor-ambitions-10133328/ Can biofuel really replace fossil fuels? (GS paper III – Environment) Introduction (Context) As part of a global initiative to switch to renewable energy sources and reduce fossil fuel consumption, attention has increasingly been focussed on biofuel production, wherein bioethanol has emerged as a promising alternative. Analysing, whether it can become an alternative to fossil fuels. What is biofuel? Biofuel is fuel derived from biomass (organic matter from plants or animals) that can be used for energy production. Sources of biofuel: First generation: Sugarcane, beet juice, corn, rice, maize, other grains. Second generation: Agricultural waste like stalks, husks, wood, bagasse. Third generation (emerging): Algae-based biofuels. Types of Biofuels: Bioethanol: A biofuel produced by fermenting sugars and starches from crops like corn, sugarcane, and wheat. It can also be produced from cellulosic biomass like grasses and wood. Biodiesel: A biofuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled grease through a process called transesterification. Biogas: A biofuel produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic matter like animal waste, food waste, and sewage. It mainly consists of methane and carbon dioxide. Biohydrogen: A biofuel produced from various biomass sources through processes like gasification and aqueous phase reforming. Ethanol as liquid fuel Properties: Remains liquid between -114°C to 78°C. Flash point: 9°C (easy ignition). Energy density is lower than petrol, but it burns well, giving similar mileage. Use in vehicles: E5 blend (5% ethanol) works without engine changes. E10 or E15 may need minor tuning but no major modification. Formation: Microorganisms like yeast and E. coli bacteria convert sugars into ethanol. Ethanol becomes toxic for these organisms above 10% concentration, so extra purification is needed. Co-fermentation (using multiple microbes) helps improve production. Hence, the production of fuel-grade bioethanol involves six major steps: biomass selection, pretreatment, saccharification, fermentation, distillation and dehydration, and by-product recovery. Challenge: Azeotropic ethanol contains approximately 4.4 per cent water. As water is not miscible with petrol and typically settles as sludge at the bottom of vehicle fuel tanks. When high ethanol blended fuel is added, water dissolves into the ethanol fraction, rendering the fuel unsuitable for use in unmodified engines. Biomass and its role in the carbon cycle Biomass in nature Biomass is all organic material (plants, trees, crops, etc.) present on Earth. Every year, about 250 gigatonnes (Gt) of dry biomass moves through the biosphere. Out of this, 100 Gt is carbon, circulated through processes like photosynthesis, respiration, feeding, and decomposition. Photosynthesis captures a huge amount of solar energy (about 2 × 10²¹ Joules each year globally) and converts CO₂ into plant matter. Humans manage only 0.5% of total biomass, mainly as food crops. Biomass and carbon cycle Biomass maintains a “dynamic steady state” in the carbon cycle: Carbon absorbed during plant growth is equal to carbon released when used as fuel. Fossil fuels, however, release “ancient carbon” stored underground for millions of years, adding extra CO₂ to the atmosphere. Switching to biofuels like ethanol uses existing carbon in the natural cycle. In contrast, burning fossil fuels increases radiative forcing, leading to global warming and harming biodiversity. Production of biofuel and challenges Ethanol is made by microorganisms (like yeast and bacteria) under slightly acidic conditions (pH 4-5). Microorganisms generate energy primarily through two major respiratory pathways: aerobic respiration, which requires molecular oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not. Firth generation biofuel Bioethanol can be easily generated from sugarcane, beet juice, corn, rice or other grains. There is ongoing controversy among scientists and economists, who argue that such diversion risks food supply shortages for populations living in poverty, especially in low and middle-income countries. Second generation biofuel Second generation biofuel projects aim to convert the large amounts of waste biomass, such as stalks, husks, wood and bagasse, into sources of fermentable sugars. However, the major challenge to this approach is the extraction of sugar from these highly complex and extremely stable biofibres. It requires pre-treatments using non-renewable and environmentally taxing chemicals like corrosive acid or alkali, which is very expensive. Significance of biofuels Unlike fossil fuels, biofuels are derived from renewable biomass sources like plants and algae, making them a sustainable alternative. When burned, biofuels generally produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels, contributing to efforts to mitigate climate change. Biofuels offer a domestically produced alternative to imported fossil fuels, enhancing a nation’s energy independence and reducing vulnerability to global oil market fluctuations. Biofuel production can create jobs in rural areas, revitalize agricultural economies, and provide farmers with new markets for their crops. Beyond greenhouse gas reductions, biofuels can lead to lower emissions of other pollutants like sulfur dioxide and air toxics, improving air quality. Biofuels, particularly ethanol and biodiesel, are suitable for use in existing vehicles, making them a practical option for decarbonizing the transportation sector. Biofuels can be produced from various waste and residue materials, contributing to waste management and resource efficiency. Environmental and social concerns Land use change causes deforestation and biodiversity loss. Fertilisers and decaying biomass emit N₂O and CH₄, which are more harmful than CO₂. Can lead to displacement of indigenous people and worsen climate patterns. Monoculture farming reduces biodiversity and is hard to reverse. Needs large amounts of freshwater, adding to water scarcity. Conclusion Biofuels offer a promising renewable alternative, but their ability to fully replace fossil fuels is limited by technological, environmental, and social constraints. Sustainable development of biofuel requires a careful balance between energy needs, food security, and ecological health. Mains Practice Question Discuss the challenges and opportunities of bioethanol production in India. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-essentials/can-biofuel-really-replace-fossil-fuels-10133043/ Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link https://iasbaba.com/daily-current-affairs-quiz/

Jul 17, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 17th July – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) CERN Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: CERN Collider Reveals Clue to Universe’s Bias Against Antimatter. Key Finding: For the first time, scientists have observed that the laws of physics differ between matter and antimatter in baryons (particles like protons and neutrons). This may help explain why the universe is dominated by matter despite both matter and antimatter being created in equal amounts during the Big Bang. What Was Discovered? CP (Charge-Parity) violation observed in a particle called the Λb0 baryon (Lambda b zero). CP violation breaks the symmetry between particles and antiparticles, making them behave differently. This violation has been seen in mesons before, but never in baryons until now. Experiment Details: Conducted by the LHCb collaboration at CERN using the Large Hadron Collider. Compared the decay rates of Λb0 baryons and their antimatter counterparts. Found a decay asymmetry of about 2.45%, with a statistical significance of 5.2 sigma (strong evidence). Why Is This Important? It adds a missing piece to the puzzle of why there’s more matter than antimatter. Supports the idea that CP violation in baryons could have helped the universe evolve with more matter. Could lead to “new physics” beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. Future Direction: More accurate measurement of the complex phase in baryon decays is needed. Researchers must determine whether the observed CP violation matches predictions or hints at unknown forces. Historical Context: 1967: Physicists Sakharov, Andrei, and others proposed three conditions for matter to dominate antimatter, one of which was CP violation. Until now, CP violation was seen only in mesons, not in baryons. Learning Corner: CERN CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire), or the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is one of the world’s largest and most respected centres for scientific research in the field of particle physics. Key Highlights: Established: 1954 Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland Members: 23 member states (India is an associate member since 2016) Major Functions: Fundamental Physics Research: CERN studies the basic constituents of matter by colliding particles at high energy. Large Hadron Collider (LHC): World’s most powerful particle accelerator, used to discover the Higgs boson in 2012. Technological Innovation: Develops advanced detectors, computing infrastructure (e.g. GRID), cryogenics, and medical applications like cancer therapy. India and CERN: India collaborates through institutions like TIFR, BARC, and IISc. Indian scientists contribute to detector development, grid computing, and engineering solutions. Indian companies have supplied cryogenics, precision mechanics, and electronics to CERN. Source: THE HINDU Wildfires in Europe Category: Environment Context: Climate Change is Fuelling Devastating Wildfires in Europe Wildfire Situation in 2025: 227,000 hectares of land have burned in Europe so far this year — more than double the 20-year average. Not the worst year on record (2003 & 2017 saw over 1.1 million hectares burned annually). 1,118 fires reported till July 8, compared to 716 during the same period last year. Role of Climate Change: Climate change is creating hotter and drier conditions, making wildfires more frequent and intense. Greenhouse gas emissions have warmed the Earth by 1.3°C since pre-industrial times. Europe is warming at twice the global average (WMO data). Where are Fires Happening? Severe fires in Catalonia (Spain), Marseille (France), Greece (Evia and Crete), and Syria. Greek island fires have forced thousands to evacuate. Mediterranean fires have been the worst but relatively isolated. Scientific Observations: Wildfires are worsened by early heatwaves and persistent dry spells. Once ignited, fires spread rapidly due to dry vegetation and wind. Climate change has caused earlier fire seasons and intensified fire behavior. Learning Corner: Wildfires What Are Wildfires? Wildfires are uncontrolled fires that rapidly spread across forests, grasslands, or other flammable vegetation. Causes of Wildfires Natural Causes: Lightning strikes (major cause in remote forests) High temperatures and dry conditions Anthropogenic Causes: Campfires, discarded cigarettes Agricultural burning Power lines, sparks from machinery Favourable Conditions (Fire Triangle) Fuel – Dry vegetation, trees, shrubs Heat – High temperatures, drought Oxygen – Abundant in the atmosphere Effects of Wildfires Loss of biodiversity and wildlife habitats Increased carbon emissions Degradation of air quality (PM2.5, CO, NOx) Soil erosion and desertification Threat to human lives and infrastructure Disruption of ecosystem services Global Hotspots USA – California, Oregon Australia – Bushfires (e.g., Black Summer 2019–20) Amazon Rainforest Siberia Mediterranean regions – Greece, Spain Canada – Record-breaking wildfires in 2023 Wildfires and Climate Change Rising temperatures and frequent droughts are increasing wildfire frequency and intensity. Wildfires contribute to climate change feedback loops by releasing stored carbon. Melting permafrost and peat fires are becoming more common in high-latitude regions. India and Wildfires States with frequent forest fires: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand Western Ghats and North-Eastern states are also vulnerable Major cause: man-made fires for shifting cultivation and poaching Important Reports/Initiatives Forest Survey of India (FSI): Releases forest fire reports MODIS & VIIRS Satellites: Used for real-time fire detection National Action Plan on Forest Fires (2018) by MoEFCC Fire Alert System (FAS) by FSI and ISRO Global Forest Watch Fires: Tracks global forest fires RED-Alert System: Pre-wildfire alerts for vulnerable forest areas Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PM-DDKY) Category: Polity & Governance Context : The Indian government has launched the PM-DDKY, an ambitious umbrella scheme that merges 36 existing agricultural schemes to revitalize farming in 100 low-performing districts across India. Key Features: Integration of 36 Schemes across 11 departments with involvement from states and private partners. Focus Areas include: Increasing crop productivity through sustainable practices. Promoting crop diversification toward climate-resilient and high-value crops. Expanding irrigation and water-use efficiency. Boosting rural credit and strengthening storage at panchayat/block levels. Implementation Details: Target Districts: 100 districts selected based on low crop productivity, cropping intensity, and weak credit flow. Each state/UT has at least one district. District Committees: Local “Dhan-Dhaanya Samitis” will design and monitor farm-level plans with support from progressive farmers. Monitoring: A digital dashboard will track progress across 117 indicators, guided by NITI Aayog and central nodal officers. Scheme Highlights: Key Area Details Scheme Name PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PM-DDKY) Schemes Merged 36 Duration 6 years (starting FY26) Annual Budget ₹24,000 crore Target Coverage 100 districts, 1.7 crore farmers Key Goals Productivity, sustainability, credit, storage Monitoring Framework 117 indicators, digital dashboard Objectives: Enhance agricultural productivity and farmer incomes Promote natural and organic farming Strengthen water and soil conservation Develop district-level agricultural resilience Learning Corner: Major Agricultural Schemes in India Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) Launched: 2019 Objective: Provides ₹6,000 per year in three installments to all landholding farmer families for income support. Implementing Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) Launched: 2016 Objective: Crop insurance scheme that provides financial support in case of crop failure due to natural calamities, pests, or diseases. Premium: Farmers pay 2% for Kharif, 1.5% for Rabi, and 5% for commercial/horticulture crops. Implementing Agency: Ministry of Agriculture & State Governments Soil Health Card Scheme Launched: 2015 Objective: Provides soil health reports to farmers with recommendations on nutrient management for better crop yield and soil sustainability. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) Launched: 2015 Objective: Promotes organic farming through the adoption of traditional practices and cluster-based certification. Support: Up to ₹50,000 per hectare for 3 years, including inputs and certification. National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) Under: National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) Objective: Promotes climate-resilient farming, soil and water conservation, and efficient resource use. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY-RAFTAAR) Launched: 2007 (revised in 2017 as RAFTAAR) Objective: Assists states in boosting agriculture development, marketing infrastructure, and value chains. Flexible funding model for innovation and entrepreneurship. E-NAM (National Agriculture Market) Launched: 2016 Objective: Digital platform to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities. Integrates mandis (APMCs) across India to enable transparent price discovery. PM-Kisan Maandhan Yojana Launched: 2019 Objective: Voluntary pension scheme for small and marginal farmers (age 18–40). Benefit: Monthly pension of ₹3,000 after the age of 60. Agri-Infra Fund (AIF) Launched: 2020 Corpus: ₹1 lakh crore Objective: Provides medium-long term debt financing for post-harvest infrastructure like cold storage, warehouses, etc. Interest subsidy: Up to 3% per annum Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) Launched: 2015 Objective: “Har Khet Ko Pani” – expands irrigation coverage and improves water use efficiency. Components: Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme, Watershed Development, and Per Drop More Crop. Source : THE HINDU Anti-Dumping Category: ECONOMICS Context: India’s actions on dumping and import surges (2025) Anti-Dumping Measures Duties Imposed: India imposed or extended anti-dumping duties on goods like: Plastic injection moulding machines (27–63% for 5 years) Chemicals such as PEDA, Acetonitrile, Vitamin A Palmitate, Insoluble Sulphur Aluminium foil and selected agricultural chemicals Focus Areas: Over 60% of actions target Chinese imports, protecting sectors like chemicals, plastics, and industrial goods. Criteria: Duties are imposed based on proof of dumping, injury to domestic producers, and causation, with adjustments to protect downstream users when necessary. Monitoring Import Surges Real-time Surveillance: The Commerce Ministry and DGFT monitor unusual spikes in imports and alert concerned ministries. World Trade Watch: Monthly reports track country-wise and product-wise surges, helping formulate trade responses and export strategies. Notable Trends: Imports rose by 4.4% (April–June 2025). Major spikes were seen in electronics, machinery, and coal, while gold and petroleum imports stagnated or declined. Specific Action – Liquid Gold: Curbs were imposed on colloidal precious metals to prevent misuse and smuggling. Institutional Mechanisms Import Monitoring Group: A new inter-ministerial group tracks diverted imports—especially from China and Vietnam—to prevent India from becoming a dumping ground for globally rerouted goods. Trade Remedies: The DGTR (Directorate General of Trade Remedies) continues active investigations and recommendations, with an increased acceptance rate of its findings. Learning Corner: Duties on Foreign Trade Foreign trade duties are taxes imposed on imports and exports to regulate international trade, protect domestic industries, and generate revenue. Customs Duty Definition: General term for duties levied on goods when they are transported across international borders. Includes: Basic Customs Duty, Countervailing Duty, Safeguard Duty, etc. Basic Customs Duty (BCD) Imposed on: All imported goods. Purpose: To protect domestic industries and generate revenue. Rates: Vary depending on product category and trade agreements. Countervailing Duty (CVD) Imposed when: A foreign country subsidizes its exports, making them cheaper. Objective: Neutralize the unfair advantage and protect domestic producers. Legal Basis: WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. Anti-Dumping Duty Imposed when: Foreign goods are sold in India at a price lower than their domestic price (dumping). Purpose: Protect Indian industry from predatory pricing. Authority: Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR). Safeguard Duty Imposed when: Sudden surge in imports threatens domestic industries. Temporary measure to allow the local industry to adjust to competition. WTO-compatible measure. Protective Duty Recommended by: Tariff Commission. Purpose: To protect specific domestic industries against imports. Nature: Temporary and selective. Social Welfare Surcharge (SWS) Rate: Usually 10% on the aggregate customs duties (excluding IGST). Objective: To finance education, health, and social welfare schemes. Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) on Imports Imposed under: GST Act. Applied on: Imports to bring them at par with domestic goods. Collected by: Central Government. Source: THE HINDU ADEETIE Scheme Category: POLITY Context: Launched on 15 July 2025 by the Union Minister for Power, the ADEETIE (Assistance in Deploying Energy Efficient Technologies in Industries & Establishments) scheme aims to accelerate energy-efficient technology adoption in MSMEs across India. It is implemented by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). Key Objectives Reduce MSME energy consumption by 30–50% Promote green technologies and improve energy productivity Contribute to India’s climate goals: 45% emission intensity reduction by 2030, Net Zero by 2070 Scheme Details Total Outlay: ₹1,000 crore Duration: FY 2025–26 to 2027–28 Interest Subvention: 5% for Micro/Small, 3% for Medium Enterprises Financial Allocation: ₹875 crore – interest subvention ₹50 crore – energy audits ₹75 crore – technical support & monitoring Investment Mobilization: Expected ₹9,000 crore, including ₹6,750 crore in MSME loans Coverage & Support Targets 14 energy-intensive sectors (e.g. steel, textiles, food processing) Covers 60 industrial clusters initially, followed by 100 more Offers: interest subsidies, energy audits, DPR preparation, tech identification, and implementation support Dedicated portal launched: adeetie.beeindia.gov.in Learning Corner: Energy Efficiency Schemes in India India has launched several initiatives to improve energy efficiency across industries, buildings, and appliances. These schemes are primarily implemented by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under the Ministry of Power. PAT Scheme (Perform, Achieve, and Trade) Objective: Improve energy efficiency in large energy-intensive industries. Mechanism: Provides energy saving targets to industries. Units exceeding targets can trade Energy Saving Certificates (ESCerts). Sectors Covered: Power, iron & steel, cement, aluminium, textile, pulp & paper, etc. UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All) Launch: 2015 Implemented by: EESL (Energy Efficiency Services Limited) Objective: Promote widespread use of LED bulbs, tube lights, and energy-efficient fans. Impact: Over 36 crore LED bulbs distributed, saving energy and reducing carbon emissions. Standards & Labeling Programme Started by: BEE Objective: Encourage energy-efficient appliances through star rating labels (1 to 5 stars). Appliances Covered: ACs, refrigerators, geysers, motors, fans, etc. Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) Target: New commercial buildings. Objective: Ensure design and construction of energy-efficient buildings. Versions: ECBC (Commercial), Eco-Niwas Samhita (Residential). Street Lighting National Programme (SLNP) Implementing Agency: EESL Objective: Replace conventional street lights with energy-efficient LED lights. Impact: Significant energy savings and lower maintenance cost for urban local bodies. DEEP Portal (Discovery of Efficient Electricity Price) Purpose: Facilitate transparent e-bidding for power procurement by DISCOMs. Promotes: Cost-effective electricity for end-users. National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) Part of: National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) Components: PAT (Perform, Achieve, and Trade) MTEE (Market Transformation for Energy Efficiency) EEFP (Energy Efficiency Financing Platform) FEEED (Framework for Energy Efficient Economic Development) Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Seismic Resilience and India’s Earthquake Preparedness (GS paper III – Disaster Management) Introduction (Context) The recent earthquakes in Myanmar, Thailand, Tibet followed by recent in Delhi, exposing the nations vulnerability to it. With earthquake activity intensifying regionally and globally, the Government of India must lead a national dialogue to enforce seismic codes rigorously. What is Earthquake? Earthquake is the sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth’s rocks. Earth’s major earthquakes occur mainly in belts coinciding with the margins of tectonic plates. Position of India India’s seismic risk arises from the northward drift of the Indian Plate, colliding with the Eurasian Plate at 4–5 cm per year This collision forms the Himalayas, a region overdue for a “Great Himalayan Earthquake” (magnitude 8 or higher). Examples: Bhuj earthquake (2001): Magnitude 7.7, over 20,000 deaths. Nepal earthquake (2015): Magnitude 7.8, widespread devastation. India’s seismic zones According to the seismic zoning map of the country, India is divided into four seismic zones. Zone II – Low Risk Characterised by low seismic activity, with earthquakes rarely exceeding magnitude 4.9. Covers much of southern India, including Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and parts of central India such as Madhya Pradesh. This zone faces minimal earthquake hazards compared to other regions. Zone III – Moderate Risk Experiences moderate seismic activity, with earthquakes typically between magnitude 5.0 and 6.0. Includes regions such as: Western and central India, including Mumbai, Pune, and nearby areas. Coastal states like Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Parts of the Indo-Gangetic plains, including Delhi and Bihar. Zone IV – High Risk Marked by frequent and strong seismic events, generally ranging from magnitude 6.0 to 6.9. Major areas include: The Himalayan belt, covering Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Delhi, highlighting its significant seismic vulnerability. Regions in Kashmir, Punjab, and western Uttar Pradesh. Zone V – Very High Risk Identified as the most seismically active zone in India, where earthquakes often reach magnitude 7.0 or above. Comprises: The entire northeastern states, including Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh. Northern Jammu and Kashmir. The Kutch region in Gujarat, known for the devastating 2001 earthquake. Parts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which are also prone to tsunamis due to tectonic subduction activity. Issues in Preparedness Rapid urbanisation exacerbates the risk. Construction of buildings in liquefaction-prone soils, and poorly designed high-rises without structural retrofitting. Lack of public awareness Poor enforcement of seismic codes. For example in the recent earthquake in Myanmar, enforced codes were not implemented which have worsened the quake toll in 2025. Steps needed Rigorous enforcement of seismic codes for all new and existing structures. Retrofitting older buildings using steel jacketing, base isolation, and pile foundations. (Bangkok Uses high-strength concrete (30–40 MPa) and ductile detailing for earthquake resistance) Avoid construction on floodplains and liquefaction-prone zones. (example in Brahmaputra floodplain) Expand early warning systems to rural Zone V areas for timely evacuation. Public education campaigns on earthquake safety, kits, and drills. National dialogue involving urban planners, structural engineers, and local governments to mainstream seismic resilience in urban policy. Solutions must be tailored to regional conditions, e.g. Soft soil challenges in northeast and Sandy basin vulnerabilities in Kutch regions. Citizens should educate themselves about the need for emergency kits, safe building practices, and evacuation plans. The Bhuj disaster, where unpreparedness amplified casualties, remains a haunting lesson. Conclusion Earthquakes are inevitable natural events, but their devastation can be minimised through proactive governance, strict code enforcement, and public preparedness. Mains Practice Question Earthquakes are inevitable natural phenomena, but their impact on society is largely determined by human preparedness and policy measures. Discuss with reference to India’s seismic vulnerability and disaster management strategies. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-tectonic-shift-in-thinking-to-build-seismic-resilience/article69820061.ece Stablecoins (GS paper III – Economy) Introduction (Context) Recently, the US Senate has passed the GENIUS Act, a landmark legislation that gives American banks and even large companies like Amazon and Walmart the legal green light to issue digital dollars known as stablecoins on public blockchains. What are stablecoins? Stablecoins are digital tokens issued on blockchain platforms whose value is pegged to a stable reserve asset, such as a fiat currency or government bonds. The primary goal of stablecoins is to provide an alternative to the high volatility of popular cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin (BTC), which can make these digital assets less suitable for common transactions. About USA Stablecoin In the US model, stablecoins are backed 1:1 by US Treasury Bills, ensuring price stability while leveraging the speed and transparency of blockchain technology. This means a bank in the US would be able to issue a digital version of the dollar, backed by government bonds, and it can be used for payments across the world. Hence it is a combination of government securities and the speed and transparency of blockchain technology. How do stablecoins work? Stablecoins are stored and exchanged on decentralized networks (known as blockchains) that serve as ledgers of all transactions. No single intermediary is required for two parties to transact in crypto assets. Instead, participants in a network receive small transaction fees for the computation expended to verify the validity of transactions Usage Stablecoins are primarily used for trading crypto assets, transacting in goods and services, insulating against local currency instability, and sending payments across borders. Stripe allows stablecoin payments to US merchants with lower fees than cards. Used for hedging Currency Risks particularly popular in countries with volatile fiat currencies (Argentina, Nigeria, Turkey) to save in USD. According to 2024 Visa survey: 47% of users in Brazil, Turkey, Nigeria, India, and Indonesia use stablecoins for saving in dollars. Also used for Cross-Border Payments & Remittances. India’s Position In India, RBI has raised concerns about unregulated cryptocurrencies, particularly from a monetary policy and consumer protection standpoint. Hence it is using conventional tools like rate cuts. However, stablecoins are different, as they are regulated, backed by government securities, and integrate blockchain with sovereign guarantees. Where India lags? In India, there is no regulatory mechanism due to which legitimate fintech innovation remains stuck. Issues in digitising currency: Lack of regulatory clarity pushes Indian blockchain developers and fintech startups to relocate abroad. Risks of unregulated crypto turning into a “refined form of hawala”, demanding urgent regulation. Most Indian household savings remain in fixed deposits or gold, limiting formal financial market depth. Steps needed Craft a balanced policy allowing stablecoins under RBI oversight, ensuring consumer protection, monetary stability, and legal clarity. Integrate blockchain-based products into the formal economy, supporting startups to build from India rather than relocating to Singapore or Dubai. Promote awareness on safe, regulated digital assets to deepen financial inclusion. Conclusion The stablecoin ecosystem isn’t just about finance — it’s about the future of fintech. It touches payments, digital wallets, eKYC, blockchain infrastructure, cybersecurity, tax compliance, and new forms of savings and investing. Hence, India should craft a framework that reflects Indian values — trust, transparency, and stability — while embracing the potential of fintech to create jobs, strengthen the rupee, and modernise our economy. Mains Practice Question “Stablecoins represent both an opportunity and a regulatory challenge for India’s fintech ecosystem.” Elaborate (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/what-shubhanshu-shukla-came-back-to-earth-with-a-beautiful-view-10130989/ Daily Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Today’s – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated in our “Daily Current Affairs Quiz” section on our website Please click on the below link https://iasbaba.com/daily-current-affairs-quiz/

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