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Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 18th August 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 18th August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Coral reefs Category: ENVIRONMENT Context:  In Tamil Nadu’s Gulf of Mannar, a large-scale coral restoration programme has been carried out by the Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute (SDMRI) Process: Scientists identify degraded reefs for transplantation. Concrete frames and other substrates are deployed. Coral fragments from healthy reefs are transplanted onto these structures. Over time, the corals grow, forming new reefs. Scale of restoration: 5,550 artificial substrates deployed. 51,183 coral fragments transplanted. Around 40,000 sq. m. of degraded reefs restored. Cost: $111.7 per sq. m. of reef restored. Survival rates: Coral survival improved significantly — from 56.6% (2002–2004) to 71.6% (2015–2019). In Vaan Island alone, live coral cover rose from 31.6% to 42.1%. Impact: Coral species diversity restored (20 genera transplanted). Increased fish biomass and marine biodiversity. Local communities benefit via improved fisheries. Challenges: Climate change (warming seas, acidification). Natural disasters (2004 tsunami, 2016 coral bleaching). Anthropogenic pressures (fishing, pollution). Way forward: Scaling up restoration, continuous monitoring, community participation, and stricter protection measures. Learning Corner: Methods of Coral Restoration Coral Gardening (Nursery Method) Involves growing coral fragments in underwater or land-based nurseries. Once they mature, corals are transplanted back to degraded reefs. Suitable for branching and fast-growing species like Acropora. Larval Propagation (Sexual Reproduction Method) Collects coral gametes (eggs and sperm) during spawning events. Fertilized larvae are cultured in controlled environments, then settled on artificial substrates. Ensures genetic diversity and resilience against climate change. Coral Transplantation Direct transfer of corals from healthy sites to degraded reefs. Works as an emergency intervention, but may damage donor sites. Artificial Reefs (Substrate-based Restoration) Use of concrete blocks, metal frames, ceramic tiles, or eco-engineered substrates to provide stable attachment surfaces for coral growth. Enhances fish aggregation and reef resilience. Cryopreservation & Assisted Breeding (Emerging Techniques) Cryopreservation of coral sperm/larvae for future restoration. Selective breeding and assisted evolution to enhance stress tolerance (e.g., heat or disease resistance). Source: THE HINDU Connexin proteins Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : The term can directly asked in Prelims Summary Discovery: Researchers identified Connexin proteins (Cx37 and Cx40) as key to rapid blood flow coordination. These proteins form gap junctions that link artery walls, allowing electrical-like signals to travel faster than chemical messengers. In mice, these signals moved fuel-delivery instructions across vessels at nearly the speed of neurons firing. Findings: Gap junction signalling enables arteries to widen quickly and in sync, ensuring timely delivery of blood to active brain regions. Blocking connexins slowed the signal, proving their role in high-speed vascular coordination. Significance: Helps explain how the brain prevents lapses in attention or function. Offers insights for disease research—loss of gap junction function in aging or small vessel disease may impair brain blood flow. Valuable for AI-guided brain models, stroke research, and drug delivery strategies. Learning Corner: Connexin Proteins Connexins are a family of membrane proteins that form gap junction channels between adjacent cells. Each gap junction is made of two hemichannels (connexons), and each connexon consists of six connexin subunits. These channels allow direct intercellular communication by permitting the passage of ions, metabolites, and signaling molecules. More than 20 types of connexins are identified in humans (e.g., Connexin43, Connexin26). Functions Cell–cell communication: Essential for coordination of cellular activities. Electrical coupling: Maintains synchronized contraction in cardiac and smooth muscle. Developmental regulation: Plays roles in embryonic growth, tissue differentiation. Metabolic cooperation: Enables nutrient and signal sharing between cells. Source:  THE HINDU E20 petrol Category: POLITY Context: India launched E20 petrol (20% ethanol-blended fuel) in 2023, with a target of E20 nationwide by 2025 (advanced from 2030). Summary Vehicle Owners’ Reaction: New vehicles from 2023 carry E20-compatible stickers. Older vehicles may face mileage drops and higher maintenance costs. Surveys show ~77% of vehicle owners in some districts opposed the shift due to cost concerns. Economic & Environmental Impact: Reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 700 lakh tonnes (Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas). Boosts India’s rural economy by supporting sugarcane farmers. However, heavy reliance on sugarcane raises concerns over water use, food security, and ecological stress. Global Dimension: The U.S. has pushed India to relax ethanol import restrictions; trade issues remain contentious. Ethanol production in India is largely domestic, supported by government policies and financial incentives. EV Transition vs Ethanol: Ethanol blending seen as a bridge fuel toward cleaner energy. EV adoption in India is slower due to high costs, inadequate charging infrastructure, and global supply chain issues (e.g., rare earth imports from China). Ethanol helps reduce emissions in the short run while EV ecosystem matures. Challenges: Dependence on water-intensive sugarcane. Limited diversification into maize and other biofuel crops. Vulnerability to trade policies and international market fluctuations. Balancing ethanol promotion with the long-term EV transition. Learning Corner: Ethanol Blending in India  Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme launched in 2003, scaled up in 2013. Aim: Reduce dependence on crude oil imports, cut carbon emissions, support farmers, and promote cleaner fuel. Target: 20% blending (E20) by 2025-26 (advanced from 2030). Current Status (as of 2025) 12% national blending average achieved in 2023-24. Some states (like Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka) have achieved >12% blending. India has become the 3rd largest producer of ethanol after USA and Brazil. Feedstocks for Ethanol Sugar-based: Sugarcane juice, B-heavy molasses, C-molasses. Starch-based: Maize, broken rice. Other sources: Damaged food grains, surplus rice from FCI. Second-generation (2G) ethanol: Agricultural residues like rice straw, wheat straw, bagasse. Government Initiatives National Policy on Biofuels (2018): Promotes 1G & 2G ethanol, biodiesel, advanced biofuels. Ethanol Interest Subvention Scheme: Soft loans for distillery capacity expansion. SATAT Scheme: For compressed biogas, complementing ethanol. GOBARdhan Scheme: Linking waste to wealth for rural bioenergy. PM-PRANAM Scheme (2023): Encourages alternative fertilizers & biofuels. Source: THE HINDU Dibru-Saikhowa National Park Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Dibru-Saikhowa species. Location & Importance: Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (DSNP), Assam — the only habitat of feral horses in India, located between the Brahmaputra and Dibru rivers. New Finding: A study (Grasslands in Flux, published in Earth) identified that not just invasive plants but also two native species (Bombax ceiba and Lagerstroemia speciosa) are altering DSNP’s grassland ecosystem. Other invasive species: Parthenium hysterophorus, Mikania micrantha, Chromolaena odorata, Ageratum conyzoides. Land Use & Land Cover (LULC) Change: 2000: Grasslands covered ~28.78% of DSNP. 2013: Shrubland (81.34 sq. km) became dominant, grasslands declined. 2024: Degraded forests expanded (80.52 sq. km). Grassland, degraded forest, semi-evergreen forest, and bare land converted into shrubland. Ecological Impact: Grassland degradation → loss of biodiversity, habitat shrinkage, and climate change intensification. Threat to endemic species like Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis), hog deer (Axis porcinus), and swamp grass babbler (Prinia cinerascens). Feral Horses: About 200 feral horses remain — descendants of cavalry horses abandoned during WWII. Recommendations: Targeted grassland recovery project. Control of invasive species. Improved surveillance & staffing. Relocation of villages from within park boundaries. Learning Corner: Overview Location: Tinsukia & Dibrugarh districts, Assam. Lies in the floodplains of the Brahmaputra and Lohit rivers. Declared National Park in 1999; earlier a Wildlife Sanctuary (1986). Part of the Brahmaputra floodplain ecosystem; also a Biosphere Reserve (1997). Ecological Significance Known for wetlands, grasslands, and swamp forests. Identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International. Houses both terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity. Flora Semi-evergreen forests, deciduous forests, grasslands, and wetlands. Dominant species: Dillenia indica, Bombax ceiba, and tall grasses. Fauna Mammals: Feral horses (unique to the park). Tiger, leopard, wild boar, Asiatic water buffalo. Primates: Hoolock gibbon, capped langur. Birds: Over 350 species (White-winged wood duck, Bengal florican, Greater adjutant stork). Aquatic: Rich fish diversity; occasional sightings of the Gangetic river dolphin. Threats Oil exploration & accidental oil blowouts (notably Baghjan blowout, 2020). Encroachment and habitat fragmentation. Frequent floods altering park ecology. Conservation Importance Acts as a carbon sink through swamp forests. Supports endangered bird species and unique feral horse population. Crucial for maintaining floodplain ecology of Brahmaputra. Source: THE HINDU Governor Powers Category: POLITY Context: The Supreme Court is hearing a Presidential Reference on whether timelines can be imposed on Governors/President for acting on State Bills Centre’s Argument: Governors are not mere post offices but constitutional actors with discretion, serving as a check on “hasty legislation” by States. Articles 200 (Governor’s assent to State Bills) and 201 (President’s consideration of State Bills) deliberately do not prescribe timelines, reflecting conscious constitutional design. Judicially imposing deadlines would amount to rewriting the Constitution. The Supreme Court should not use Article 142 to create the concept of “deemed assent”, as it would turn a constitutional prerogative into a judicial mandate. Tamil Nadu’s Argument: The April judgment rightly imposed deadlines, since Governors and the President cannot indefinitely delay Bills. Governors are bound by the ‘aid and advice’ of the Council of Ministers, and prolonged inaction undermines democracy. Tamil Nadu challenged Governor R.N. Ravi’s delays in assenting to State Bills. Key Issues at Stake: Balance between State legislatures’ democratic mandate and the discretion of Governors/President. Whether courts can prescribe time limits where the Constitution is silent. Whether Article 142 allows the SC to introduce “deemed assent.” Learning Corner: Constitutional Position The Governor is the constitutional head of the state, appointed by the President (Article 155). Acts as a link between the Union and the State, ensuring federal balance. Powers & Functions of a Governor Executive Powers Appoints the Chief Minister, other ministers, and the Advocate General. Appoints the State Election Commissioner, Chairman & members of State Public Service Commission (on President’s advice). All executive actions of the State are taken in his/her name. Can recommend President’s Rule under Article 356 if State Government fails. Legislative Powers Summons, prorogues, and dissolves the State Legislature. Addresses the first session after elections and at the start of each year. Gives assent to Bills (Article 200) – may assent, withhold, reserve for President, or return (once) for reconsideration. Nominates 1 member from the Anglo-Indian community (till 2020, now abolished by 104th Amendment). Nominates 1/6th of the members to the Legislative Council (if bicameral). Financial Powers Ensures the State Budget is laid before the legislature. No money bill can be introduced without the Governor’s recommendation. Administers the Contingency Fund of the State. Judicial Powers Can grant pardons, reprieves, commutations, and remissions for offences against state laws (Article 161). Consulted in the appointment of judges of the State High Court. Discretionary Powers Reserving a Bill for the consideration of the President. Recommendation for President’s Rule (Article 356). Deciding on appointment of CM in a hung assembly. When no party commands majority or when confidence of House is in doubt. Conclusion The Governor functions as a constitutional head, expected to act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, but also wields certain discretionary powers to maintain constitutional order. This dual role often leads to debates on federalism and Centre-State relations. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) India’s Next Leap in Agriculture: Put R&D at the Centre Introduction India’s farm sector has long ensured national food security but now faces low yields, climate stress, price volatility and ecological degradation. The strategic next step is to shift public resources from distortionary subsidies to high-return agricultural R&D and efficient value chains, anchored in environmental sustainability. Why Agri-R&D now (key arguments) Subsidy → Productivity: A sizeable share of farm outlay still goes to input subsidies; re-allocating even part of this toward R&D, climate-smart practices and post-harvest infrastructure gives much higher social returns. Sustainability has to be central: Depleting groundwater, soil degradation and rising extreme weather demand research on water-saving crops/practices, resilient seed varieties, and carbon-smart agronomy. Quality growth: To raise farmer incomes, India must upgrade from raw output to value-added, market-linked, traceable agri products. Where India stands (latest data) Agri-R&D spend: India invests around 0.6–0.7% of agricultural GDP on public agri-R&D—below the ~0.9% world average; advanced economies often spend above 2%. Sector growth & yield gaps: Agriculture averaged ~4.2% growth in the last five years but slowed to 1.4% in 2023-24; yields trail major producers due to fragmentation, low investment and mechanisation gaps. Extension backbone: 731 Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) operate nationwide—vital for lab-to-land transfer, but capacity varies by state. Government initiatives that push R&D and innovation Digital Agriculture Mission (2024–): AgriStack, crop estimation, AI and satellite-based monitoring. Clean Plant Programme: Virus-free, high-quality planting material for horticulture. National Mission on Natural Farming: Targets 1 crore farmers, 7.5 lakh hectares, promoting chemical-free farming. NICRA (Climate-resilient seeds): Over 2,900 new varieties released (2014–24), with 298 climate-resilient varieties tested. Kisan Drones: Subsidy and support for 300 drones, demos on 75,000 hectares. 10,000 FPOs scheme: Already 8,400+ FPOs promoted, aggregating farmers for better bargaining and value-addition. e-NAM: A unified digital market for better price discovery and access. Challenges Under-investment & state disparity: Some states spend less than 0.25% of agri-GDP on R&D. Weak translation: Climate-resilient seed varieties often fail to scale due to certification and procurement bottlenecks. Digital divides: AgriStack rollout depends on connectivity, farmer consent, and state readiness. Natural farming: Lack of strong market linkages, risk mitigation, and evidence across diverse agro-climatic zones. Horticulture planting material: Accreditation, virus indexing, and nursery capacity remain bottlenecks. Way Forward Raise agri-R&D to 1.2–1.5% of agri-GDP in five years; launch a Competitive Grants Fund to draw private/CSR investment. Tie subsidies to outcomes—like water saving and soil health—rather than inputs. Mission mode on seeds: fast-track climate-resilient seeds, clean nurseries, strict timelines for varietal release and multiplication. KVK 2.0: link funding to performance, digital advisories, and involve women/youth agri-preneurs. Scale APCNF-type models with transitional support like credit and procurement. Strengthen FPOs with working capital, cold chains, branding, and export linkages. Boost mechanisation: concessional finance for drones, precision farming tools, and integration with insurance/credit. Rigorous impact evaluation of major schemes like NMNF, CPP, and DAM to guide future policy. Conclusion India’s agricultural future will be shaped less by how much we subsidise and more by how well we innovate. A decisive push for agri-R&D, resilient seeds, digital infrastructure, sustainable farming models, and strong value chains can ensure higher farmer incomes, global competitiveness, and ecological balance.  Q. “Rationalisation of subsidies and enhanced investment in agricultural R&D is the key to doubling farmer incomes in India.” Critically examine.(250 words) India’s Patent Landscape (GS-3 (Economy, Science & Tech): Innovation ecosystem, R&D spending, startups, MSMEs, Make in India.) Introduction Patents are a crucial indicator of a nation’s innovation ecosystem, reflecting its transition from being a consumer of global technology to a producer of indigenous solutions. India’s push for “Make in India” and the strengthening of R&D and innovation capabilities has significantly reshaped the patent filing landscape. Current Trends in Patent Filing In early 2000s, global majors (US, Japan, Germany, South Korea) dominated Indian filings. Indian share was <20%. Post-2013, Indian-origin filings surged, crossing 43% in recent years  Sectoral trends: Computer science patents rose from 11.27% (2000) → 26.5% (2023). Electronics: 8.27% → 16.41%. Physics-related patents fell from 26% → 9%. Universities like IITs and IISc are major contributors. Eg: IIT Madras doubled patents (2022–2023), IIT Bombay topped in 2023–24. Government Initiatives KAPILA (2020) – IP literacy and awareness in higher education. Atal Innovation Mission (2016) – fosters problem-solving and entrepreneurship. Patent Reforms – expedited examination, reduced fees (esp. for MSMEs & education sector), digitalization of filings. National IPR Policy (2016) – comprehensive framework for innovation ecosystem. Incubation & Funding – support for startups, linkages between industry and academia. Challenges in Patent Filing Delays: Average time to grant a patent in India is ~5 years, impacting innovation cycles. Low R&D expenditure: ~0.6–0.7% of GDP vs. >2% in advanced economies. Brain Drain: Many talented Indian researchers migrate abroad, contributing to foreign patents instead of domestic filings. Awareness gap: Limited knowledge of IP rights among MSMEs, startups, and educational institutions. Funding constraints: Inadequate venture capital and early-stage innovation support. Quality vs. Quantity: Rise in filings but commercialization and technology transfer remain weak. Brain Drain and Patent Filing A significant proportion of top AI, computer science, and biotechnology researchers of Indian origin work in the U.S./Europe. Their patents are filed abroad, leading to loss of IP ownership for India. Reverse brain drain through initiatives like VAJRA Faculty Scheme and collaborative R&D is critical. R&D and Innovation Linkage Investment in R&D directly correlates with patent output. India’s GERD (Gross Expenditure on R&D) is <1% of GDP; major economies like U.S., China spend >2–3%. Stronger academia–industry linkages, more public–private partnerships, and dedicated funding are required. Way Forward  Time-bound grants: Introduce service-level agreements and expand expedited routes. Strengthen TTOs: Professionalize and fund tech transfer offices in universities. Boost R&D: Raise expenditure to 2% of GDP, crowd-in private funding, and set up mission-mode R&D consortia. MSME enablement: Subsidized IP vouchers, pooled IP for clusters, and simplified enforcement. Talent retention & diaspora leverage: More robust programs to attract and retain global Indian researchers. Focus on quality & commercialization: Link funding to licensing outcomes, startup formation, and revenue generation. Conclusion India’s patent ecosystem is at an inflection point. Universities are acting as changemakers, but sustaining this momentum requires higher R&D investment, stronger IP infrastructure, and retention of talent. As India aspires to be a global innovation hub, patents will remain central to its journey from ‘Make in India’ to ‘Invent in India’. Value addition: Global Best Practices India Can Adapt Bayh-Dole Act (USA): Gives universities rights over publicly funded research, spurring technology transfer offices and startups. USPTO Track One: Guarantees patent decisions within 12 months, ensuring predictability. EU Unitary Patent & Unified Patent Court: Lowers costs, simplifies enforcement, and gives SMEs easier access to IP protection. Patent Prosecution Highway (Japan, US, EU): Enables work-sharing across patent offices to reduce pendency. China’s resident-driven filings: Huge scale of filings driven by industrial policy and domestic R&D, though with quality concerns. Q. Despite policy reforms and government support, India lags advanced economies in patent filings and R&D intensity. Analyze the structural challenges in India’s IPR ecosystem and suggest reforms.

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 16th August 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 16th August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Alaska Summit 2025 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context:  U.S. President Donald Trump is set to meet Russian President Vladimir Putin in Anchorage, Alaska, in a high-stakes attempt to negotiate an end to the Ukraine war. This is the first U.S.-Russia leaders’ meeting since June 2021. Europe sees the summit as crucial with Ukraine’s fate and continental security at stake. What Trump Wants: A ceasefire and a “win” that boosts his global image. To showcase himself as a deal-maker capable of ending conflicts. Recognition through a peace achievement, possibly even linked to a Nobel Peace Prize narrative. What Putin Wants: Recognition of Russia’s annexations and security buffer in Ukraine. A halt to NATO’s eastward expansion and security guarantees. Western sanctions relief, while keeping occupied territories under Russian control. What Zelenskyy Wants: No compromise on Ukraine’s sovereignty or territorial integrity. Continued Western military and financial support. A durable peace deal that does not force Ukraine to give up territory. European Stake: EU leaders (France, Germany, UK) emphasize unity against Russia. Europe fears that U.S.-Russia talks may sideline European interests, just like in 1945 when post-war Europe was decided without French input. India’s Concerns: India is indirectly impacted by U.S. sanctions on Russia, particularly affecting energy imports and fertilizer supplies. U.S. has imposed a 25% tariff penalty on India for Russian oil purchases and a 25% tariff on Indian exports to the U.S. New Delhi hopes Trump emerges with a “win” that stabilizes the situation, as prolonged instability hurts its economy and geopolitical balancing. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Samudrayaan Mission Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Two Indian aquanauts — Cdr (Retd) Jatinder Pal Singh and R. Ramesh (scientists at NIOT) — undertook deep-sea dives in the Atlantic Ocean from the French vessel Nautile. They reached depths of 5,002 metres and 4,025 metres, setting new records for Indian deep-sea missions. Earlier Indian submarine dives were limited to 500 metres, with the deepest being 670 metres. This marks a significant step in preparations for India’s Samudrayaan Mission (2027), aimed at exploring deep-sea resources and technologies. The Indian flag was unfurled underwater alongside the French flag, symbolizing international collaboration. Learning Corner: Samudrayaan Mission – India’s Deep Ocean Mission Introduction Samudrayaan is India’s first manned deep-ocean mission, launched under the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM) by the Ministry of Earth Sciences. It aims to send aquanauts up to 6,000 metres into the ocean in a submersible vehicle named MATSYA 6000. Objectives Exploration of polymetallic nodules and mineral resources like nickel, cobalt, copper, and manganese in the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Development of deep-sea technologies: submersibles, mining systems, sensors, and underwater robotics. Understanding deep-sea biodiversity, ecosystems, and climate interactions. Strengthening India’s role in the Blue Economy and energy security. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Guru Tegh Bahadur Category: HISTORY Context: Union Home Minister Amit Shah will participate in the 350th martyrdom anniversary celebrations of Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib  The event is being organized by the Maharashtra Government with support from the Sikh Coordination Committee of Maharashtra and other Sikh groups. The commemoration aims to honor Guru Tegh Bahadur’s supreme sacrifice, upholding religious freedom, unity, and human dignity. Sikh leaders and communities such as Sikligar, Banjara-Labana, Mosial-Sindhi, and Sanatani saints will join the celebrations, which will include religious gatherings, cultural events, and distribution of Sikh history books. In addition to Navi Mumbai, related events are scheduled across India—such as in Nanded Sahib, Nagpur, and through Panthic Nagar Kirtans traveling across 20 states, culminating at Sri Anandpur Sahib. These celebrations highlight the national significance of Guru Tegh Bahadur’s legacy of peace, selfless service, and unity. Learning Corner: Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675) Ninth Sikh Guru: Youngest son of Guru Hargobind; became Guru in 1665. Teachings: Advocated courage, humility, equality, compassion, and devotion to God. Emphasized protection of human rights, religious freedom, and dignity of life. Contributions: Founded Anandpur Sahib (1665), which later became a Sikh religious and political center. Composed hymns (116 shabads) later included in the Guru Granth Sahib. Traveled extensively to spread Sikh teachings across North India. Martyrdom (1675): Opposed forced conversions under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Publicly defended the right of Kashmiri Pandits and others to practice their faith. Executed in Delhi, earning him the title “Hind di Chadar” (Shield of India). Legacy: Symbol of religious freedom, pluralism, and resistance against tyranny. His sacrifice laid foundations for Guru Gobind Singh’s later creation of the Khalsa. Remembered through Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi and commemorative events worldwide. Source: THE TIMES OF INDIA Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY) Category: POLITY Context: Announced on 15th August 2025, the scheme aims to generate 3.5 crore new jobs between August 2025 and July 2027 with an outlay of ₹1 lakh crore. Key Features: Eligibility: Youth entering their first private sector job (salary up to ₹1 lakh/month) in firms registered with EPFO. Incentives for Youth: ₹15,000 financial support in two installments—after 6 months of service and after 1 year along with a financial literacy program. Incentives for Employers: Up to ₹3,000/month per eligible employee for two years (extendable to four years for sustained jobs), with a focus on manufacturing and MSMEs. Application Process: Registration through EPFO, generation of UAN, face authentication, and minimum 6 months EPF contribution. Special Focus: Promotes financial literacy, savings, job creation in manufacturing, services, and technology sectors. Learning Corner: Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY) – 2016 Launched to incentivize employers to generate new employment. Government paid the full employer’s contribution (12% of wages) towards EPF and EPS for new employees. Targeted at workers earning less than ₹15,000 per month. Helped formalize the workforce and increase social security coverage. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) – 2005 Provides at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to rural households. Focuses on unskilled manual work linked to asset creation (roads, water conservation, afforestation). Plays a strong role as a social safety net and in reducing rural distress. National Career Service (NCS) – 2015 Digital platform under the Ministry of Labour & Employment. Connects job seekers with employers, provides career counseling, skill training, and apprenticeship opportunities. Focuses on bridging the information gap in the labor market. Atmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY) – 2020 Announced during COVID-19 recovery phase to encourage job creation. Government contributed both employer’s and employee’s share of EPF (24% of wages) for new employees earning less than ₹15,000/month. Focused on boosting formal sector employment after pandemic disruptions. Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) – 2008 Credit-linked subsidy program implemented by KVIC. Supports micro-enterprises and entrepreneurship in manufacturing and service sectors. Subsidy of 15–35% depending on location (urban/rural, general/SC/ST/women). Source: PIB PM-DAKSH (Pradhan Mantri Dakshta Aur Kushalta Sampann Hitgrahi Yojana) Category: POLITY Context: Aims to provide skill training, upskilling, and entrepreneurship support to marginalized groups like SCs, OBCs, EBCs, DNTs, sanitation workers, waste pickers, artisans, persons with disabilities, and their dependents Key Features: Training Types: Short-term/long-term training, reskilling, Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL), and entrepreneurial development. Curriculum: Based on NSQF standards, covering trades like tailoring, food processing, carpentry, digital literacy, and financial literacy. Artisan Support: Upskilling of traditional artisans with modern techniques and designs. Training Institutes: Empanelled centres with biometric attendance, placement tie-ups, and strict monitoring. Placement Benchmark: At least 70% of trainees must be employed or self-employed. Online Access: Registration and course selection via PM-DAKSH portal and app. Impact: Over 1.8 lakh individuals trained so far, with significant employment/self-employment outcomes. Helps in socio-economic empowerment of disadvantaged communities through wage employment and entrepreneurship. Learning Corner: Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) Launched: 2015 under Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE). Provides short-term training (3–6 months) aligned with NSQF. Focus: industry-relevant skills, certification, placement. Training through National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC). Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) Target group: Rural poor youth (15–35 years). Part of National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM). Focus: wage employment through skill training with placement linkages. National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) Incentivizes industries to engage apprentices. Government shares 25% of prescribed stipend (up to ₹1,500 per month) with employers. Encourages “earn while you learn” model. Skill India Mission Umbrella mission launched in 2015 to train over 40 crore youth by 2022. Brings multiple schemes like PMKVY, NAPS, NSDC initiatives under one framework. Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS) Community-based skill development programme. Focuses on non-literate, neo-literate, school dropouts, and women in rural areas. Provides life-enrichment and vocational skills at minimal cost. National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) Initiatives PPP model to promote sector skill councils (SSCs). Supports private training providers, vocational training, digital skilling. SANKALP (Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion) World Bank-supported project. Focus: institutional reforms, quality improvement, and skilling convergence. Strengthens State Skill Missions & District Skill Committees. STRIVE (Skill Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement) World Bank-assisted scheme. Strengthens Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs), promotes industry-institute partnerships. Other Targeted Programs UDAAN: For youth of Jammu & Kashmir (special employment-linked skill scheme). Nai Manzil: For minority youth (bridging education + skill training). Seekho aur Kamao: Skill development for minority youth with placement assistance. Vocationalization of School Education: Integrating skills into school curriculum under Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan and NEP 2020. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Fundamental rights GS Paper 2 (Polity & Governance) Introduction “Freedom is not the absence of restraints, but the presence of opportunities to question, reason, and dissent.”Independence is not merely the absence of external domination but the presence of civic liberty, democratic participation, and constitutional values. The true test of freedom lies not only in sovereignty or military power but in ensuring that citizens can exercise reason, dissent, and choice without fear. Freedom and Democracy Democracy thrives on critical citizenship—citizens actively questioning authority, engaging in debate, and holding institutions accountable. Without space for dissent, protest, and alternative viewpoints, democracy risks degenerating into mere electoral ritual. As the article argues, the erosion of critical spaces—through delegitimization of protests or overemphasis on loyalty to authority—weakens democratic vitality. Freedom and the Constitution The Constitution of India enshrines freedoms under Part III (Fundamental Rights), especially Article 19, guaranteeing freedom of speech, association, and movement. It balances sovereignty with civic liberty by mandating a system of checks and balances—executive, legislature, judiciary, and media as watchdogs. Constitutional morality, as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar emphasised, is essential to sustain freedom—citizens must respect institutions but also question them. Freedom and its Values Freedom is not just political independence but a culture of public reasoning. Civic freedom means citizens are not passive subjects but participants in shaping policies and challenging state excesses. A truly free society recognises pluralism, tolerance, and constructive dissent as strengths rather than threats. Conclusion The quality of freedom in India must be measured not only by military sovereignty or economic power but by how well it protects constitutional values, democratic dissent, and the autonomy of its citizens. True independence is realised when citizens move beyond passive obedience to become critical participants in a vibrant democracy, ensuring that freedom remains living, not ornamental.   Q. “The quality of a nation’s freedom is measured not only by its sovereignty but also by the vibrancy of its civic freedoms.” In the light of this statement, critically examine the challenges to civic freedom in India today. How can constitutional values ensure a balance between authority and critical citizenship? (Answer in 250 words, 15 marks) Naxalism in India (GS 3 Internal security) Introduction  Left Wing Extremism (LWE) has shrunk dramatically: affected districts have reduced from 126 (2013) to ~38 (2024); incidents are down ~70%+ since 2010; security-force/civilian fatalities are at multi-decade lows; police stations reporting LWE incidents fell from ~330 to ~100. Current trends in Naxalism From movement to fragments: A once pan-India, ideology-heavy insurgency has splintered into regional, tactically violent cells with weakened political messaging. Security dominance + governance entry: Forward operating bases, road opening, and grid-based policing are enabling civil administration, welfare outreach and market access. Leadership attrition & surrenders: Continuous decapitation, better incentives for surrender/rehabilitation, and reduced recruitment pools. Tech creep at the margins: Persistent use of IEDs, occasional drones/encrypted comms, and financial dispersal through informal channels. Narrative contestation: Mislabelling (“urban Naxal”) risks chilling legitimate dissent, harming community intelligence flows. Challenges  Existing challenges Governance deficits in tribal/forest belts: land/forest rights pending, slow justice delivery, weak last-mile services  Resource conflicts: mining, land acquisition, displacement without genuine consent/benefit-sharing.  Inter-state seams: insurgent mobility across borders; patchy coordination. ( Cadre sustenance through levies/extortion on local contractors/transporters. Emerging challenges Technology diffusion: better IED design, commercial drones, encrypted apps, digital/hawala finance.  Micro-cells & urban facilitators: small, autonomous units; limited but potent urban logistics/intel support. Perception & rights risks: heavy-handed ops or wrongful labelling can erode legitimacy, fuel grievance cycles.  Post-clear vacuum: “clear” not followed by durable hold-build, causing reversion in remote pockets. Way forward  Security (Clear → Hold → Build)  Expand specialised, small-team units (Greyhounds/CoBRA model), night-ops, long-range patrols; strengthen IED forensics, counter-drone, SIGINT. Seam-management: joint commands, shared ISR, common case databases, synchronized operations calendars. Targeted finance choke: map extortion chains, contractor audits, trade-route checks, aggressive follow-the-money with FIU/PMLA tools. Governance & Rights  Fast-track FRA title settlements; community forest produce value chains (MSP, processing, logistics). Benefit-sharing in extractives: District Mineral Foundation (DMF) transparency, social impact assessments, consent-based acquisition, time-bound R&R with independent audits. Last-mile state capacity: guaranteed road maintenance, telecom uptime, banking/PDS reliability; track with dashboards/KPIs at district level. Justice & accountability: mobile courts, time-bound disposal of petty cases; SOP-driven operations with body-cam/forensic documentation to prevent excesses. Socio-economic & Youth Diversion  Scale residential schooling, hostels, skill centres, sports/culture programs, Tribal Youth Exchanges; link surrenderers to jobs via credit + market mentors. Narrative & Legal Clarity  Draw a bright line between lawful dissent and unlawful facilitation; protect civil society space to sustain community intelligence & trust. Proactive communication: post-operation disclosures, grievance redressal, and social audit of development funds. Conclusion India’s LWE fight has moved into a terminal-shrink phase—from a mass ideological insurgency to isolated, tech-aided micro-violence in difficult terrain. Security primacy must continue, but decisive victory depends on rights-anchored development, clean resource governance, precision policing with accountability, and interstate seam management.  Value-addition Greyhounds (AP/Telangana): Deep-penetration jungle ops dismantled southern strongholds; set best-practice template for small, agile units. SAMADHAN doctrine (2017→): Smart leadership, Aggressive ops, Motivation & training, Actionable intel, Dashboards/tech, Home-grown capacity, Alleviation of grievances, No financial access—linked to sustained decline in incidents/fatalities. Q. Left Wing Extremism has declined sharply in India over the last decade, yet new challenges threaten to prolong its tail-risk. Discuss the factors behind the decline of Naxalism in India, examine the persisting and emerging challenges, and suggest a holistic strategy to achieve durable peace in the affected regions. (15 marks, 250 words)

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 14th August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Dhirio Category: CULTURE Context:  Goa’s traditional bullfighting, and recent demands by MLAs across party lines to legalise it. Key Points: Historical & Cultural Significance: Traced back to the Harappan civilisation and Portuguese era. Traditionally held after harvest season as community entertainment. Bulls fight until one falls or flees, sometimes causing serious injuries. Events attract large crowds, including politicians and dignitaries. Current Ban: Prohibited under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 after a fatal 1996 incident. High Court banned all animal fights, but events still occur clandestinely, often publicised through private channels. Popular for betting, including among the Goan diaspora. Legalisation Debate: Proponents: Claim no cruelty, compare it to regulated sports like boxing, argue it boosts tourism and rural economy. Opponents (animal rights activists): Call it violent, cruel, and primarily for gambling; oppose exceptions for dhirio. Government Response: Goa CM Pramod Sawant has promised to examine the issue. Previous attempts to legalise under regulated frameworks have been discussed but not implemented. Learning Corner: Traditional Bullfighting in India: Jallikattu (Tamil Nadu): Bull-taming sport held during Pongal festival; participants attempt to grab a bull’s hump and hold on. Dhirio (Goa): Bull-versus-bull fights, banned under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960; proponents seek regulated revival. Kambala (Karnataka): Though not bullfighting, involves buffalo races in waterlogged fields during the harvest season. Traditional Sports in India: Mallakhamba (Maharashtra & MP): Gymnastics and wrestling techniques performed on a wooden pole or rope. Thang-ta (Manipur): Martial art combining armed combat with sword and spear. Vallam Kali (Kerala): Snake boat races during Onam. Silambam (Tamil Nadu): Weapon-based martial art using bamboo staffs. Mukna (Manipur): Indigenous form of wrestling. Gatka (Punjab): Sikh martial art involving swords and sticks. Kho-Kho & Kabaddi: Tag-based team sports with deep rural roots, now professional leagues. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Plate tectonics Category: GEOGRAPHY Context : This can directly be asked in prelims Scientific Significance: Originated along the boundary between the Indian and Eurasian Plates. This region, especially the Eastern Himalayas, is highly seismically active, with plate convergence rates varying from 10 to 38 mm/year. The earthquake’s mixed thrust and strike-slip motion made it unique compared to typical Himalayan quakes. Caused major surface ruptures, mountain collapses, and altered landscapes permanently. Geological Context: The Great Assam Earthquake was caused by collision of continental plates, creating a complex tectonic zone. The Eastern Himalayas differ from the central arc, as structures here involve multiple faults linked to the Assam syntaxis. Past data shows large quakes in the area in 1548, 1596, 1697, and medieval events between 1262–1635. Implications for the Future: The region remains the most seismically active in the Himalayas and could generate another 1950-scale quake. Predicting timing, location, and magnitude remains impossible with current knowledge. Urban expansion, infrastructure, and population density make a future quake potentially more devastating. Learning Corner: Plate Tectonics  Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that the Earth’s outer shell (lithosphere) is divided into large, rigid plates that float on the semi-molten asthenosphere beneath. These plates move slowly due to convection currents in the mantle caused by heat from Earth’s interior. Key Points: Major Plates: Pacific, Eurasian, African, Indo-Australian, North American, South American, and Antarctic, along with smaller plates. Plate Boundaries: Convergent: Plates move towards each other → mountain building, subduction zones, volcanoes. Divergent: Plates move apart → mid-ocean ridges, seafloor spreading. Transform: Plates slide past each other → earthquakes. Geological Impact: Explains distribution of earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges, ocean trenches, and continental drift. Driving Forces: Mantle convection, slab pull, and ridge push. Source:  THE HINDU India’s First Private EO Satellite Constellation Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: India is set to launch its first private Earth Observation (EO) satellite constellation under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, announced by IN-SPACe Key Details: Lead & Partners: Led by Bengaluru-based PixxelSpace India with Piersight Space, Satsure Analytics India, and Dhruva Space. Investment: ₹1,200 crore over five years; zero cost to the government, with private sector fully funding the project. Constellation: 12 advanced EO satellites with panchromatic, multispectral, hyperspectral, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors. Timeline: Phased deployment over 4–5 years. Government Role: Strategic, technical, and policy support; all satellites to be built, launched, and operated in India to ensure data sovereignty. Strategic Importance: Applications: Climate change monitoring, disaster management, precision agriculture, urban planning, marine surveillance, national security, and water quality monitoring. Global Reach: Aims to supply high-quality EO data for domestic and international markets. Economic Impact: Boost to private space industry, projected to grow from $8.4 billion (2022) to $44 billion (2033). Source: THE HINDU SHRESTH Category: POLITY Context: The Union Health Ministry launched SHRESTH as India’s first national framework to benchmark and strengthen state drug regulatory systems Objectives: Evaluate, rank, and guide improvement of state drug regulators. Align with global standards like WHO ML3 for vaccine regulation. Ensure uniform quality and safety of medicines nationwide. Framework: Developed by CDSCO. Manufacturing States: 27 indices under five themes — Human Resources, Infrastructure, Licensing, Surveillance, and Responsiveness. Distribution States/UTs: 23 indices under similar themes. Monthly data submission and scoring; rankings shared for transparency and cross-learning. Capacity building via workshops, joint audits, and training. Significance: Promotes consistent drug safety and regulatory maturity. Encourages sharing of best practices. Strengthens public trust in medicines. Supports India’s pharmaceutical leadership globally. Learning Corner: Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India’s national regulatory authority for drugs and medical devices, functioning under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. It operates under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and its rules. Key Functions: Approval of New Drugs & Clinical Trials – Ensures safety, efficacy, and quality before market entry. Regulation of Medical Devices – Oversees standards, licensing, and post-market surveillance. Licensing Authority – Issues licenses for import of drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics. Coordination with State Authorities – Works with State Drug Control Departments to maintain uniform drug quality across India. Pharmacovigilance – Monitors adverse drug reactions to enhance drug safety. Standard Setting – Frames guidelines and standards for manufacturing, labelling, and distribution. Structure: Headed by the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI). Functions through zonal, sub-zonal, port, and central laboratories across India. Source: PIB Sickle Cell Anaemia Category: ENERGY Context The Union government launched the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission (NSCAEM) in July 2023 to eliminate sickle cell genetic transmission by 2047, aiming to screen 70 million people under 40 by FY26 Key Points: Impact: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) disproportionately affects India’s tribal population, impairing oxygen transport in blood and causing severe health issues. Progress: By July 2024, over 60.7 million screened in 17 high-prevalence states; 216,000 diagnosed with SCD and 1.69 million identified as carriers. Geographic Concentration: 95% of cases in Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, and Maharashtra. Interventions: Free healthcare, essential medicines (e.g., hydroxyurea), and diagnostics. Genetic counselling, public awareness, and distribution of genetic status cards. Establishment of Centres of Excellence in 15 institutions for diagnosis and management. Training of Trainers (ToT) for health workers. Deployment of cost-effective PoC diagnostic devices. Approach: Whole-of-government strategy with multiple ministries, tribal affairs involvement, and community-based success stories like Meena from Chhattisgarh. Future Focus: Expand genetic counselling, awareness campaigns, and use of digital tools to reach every carrier and patient. Learning Corner: Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA)  Definition: A hereditary blood disorder caused by a mutation in the HBB gene leading to abnormal haemoglobin (HbS). Mechanism: Red blood cells (RBCs) take a rigid, sickle-like shape → reduced oxygen-carrying capacity → blockage of blood flow → tissue damage. Inheritance: Autosomal recessive (disease occurs when both parents pass on the defective gene). Symptoms: Anaemia, fatigue, pain episodes, swelling in hands/feet, frequent infections, delayed growth, vision problems. Complications: Stroke, organ damage, pulmonary hypertension, leg ulcers. Prevalence in India: Common in tribal communities of central, western, and southern states (e.g., Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Gujarat). Diagnosis: Blood test for Hb electrophoresis or HPLC, newborn screening, genetic testing. Treatment: Medicines: Hydroxyurea, pain relievers, antibiotics, folic acid supplements. Procedures: Blood transfusion, bone marrow transplant (curative in some cases). Supportive Care: Adequate hydration, infection prevention, oxygen therapy. Prevention: Premarital counselling, carrier screening, genetic counselling to avoid high-risk marriages. Government Initiatives: National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission (2023) – screening, genetic counselling, free treatment, elimination target by 2047. Inclusion of hydroxyurea in National Essential Drug List. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Stray dog issue (GS Paper 2 — Governance, Welfare and Policies) Introduction (Context) Stray-dog bites in Delhi-NCR are a critical public health concern—evidenced by tens of thousands of bites annually and rising rabies cases. The Supreme Court directed municipal authorities to house stray dogs in shelters, highlighting urgent legal and humanitarian dimensions of this issue. Problems & Challenges Public Health Crisis Delhi records over 68,000 dog-bite cases in 2024, with 49 recorded human rabies deaths by July 2025. Human rabies remains nearly 100% fatal—prompt and effective animal and human interventions are urgent. Infrastructure & Institutional Gaps Municipal capacities are severely overstretched; NCR-wide dog populations run into tens of thousands, but shelter infrastructure is grossly inadequate. Financial resources, skilled personnel (veterinarians, handlers), and land for humane shelters are lacking. Urban Drivers Sustaining Stray Populations Open garbage, wet-waste mismanagement, offal from slaughterhouses, construction waste, and irresponsible pet abandonment create feeding grounds that support and sustain the stray dog population. Policy–Operational Disconnect The Animal Birth Control (ABC) Rules, 2023, mandate catch–neuter–vaccinate–return-to-locality (CNVR), whereas the recent SC order urges detention in shelters. This conflict threatens implementation. Data and Coordination Deficits No comprehensive dog census or microchipping system exists; bite and rabies case reporting is patchy; coordination between health, municipal, and animal welfare departments is weak. Supreme Court Judgments & Legal Context Supreme Court Principles In A. Nagaraja (2014), the SC affirmed animals’ dignity, and under Articles 51A(g),(h), upheld citizens’ and the State’s duty to practice compassion and scientific temper in animal management. Recent SC Direction (Aug 2025) A Bench ordered authorities to pick up stray dogs and house them in shelters, addressing public safety imperatives. Implementation Challenges Resource Constraints: Significant capital and operational investments required for building and maintaining humane shelters. Policy Tensions: CNVR vs. sheltering debate; need clarity on handling aggressive or unfit-to-release dogs. Welfare Risks: Overcrowding and disease outbreaks in shelters pose animal welfare risks—defeat cruelty objective. Community Conflicts: Neighbourhoods vs. feeders; risks of vigilantism; slack grievance redress systems. Fragmented Governance: Lack of unified command between departments—health, municipal, environment, NGOs. Data Scarcity: Planning is hampered without reliable data on dog numbers, bites, or vaccination status. Way Forward (Reforms & Actions) Mass Vaccination & Targeted CNVR Achieve >70% dog vaccination (WHO benchmark) combined with behaviour-based release; unadoptable or aggressive dogs to humane shelters. Sacrificial Infrastructure—Shelters with Standards Modular, sanitary shelters with capacity for quarantine, veterinary care, behavioural assessment, and adoption programs. Build through PPPs/NGOs under service-level agreements for sustainability. Waste & Environmental Management Enforce wet-waste segregation and manage offal; clamp down on illegal dumping; regulate pet-living areas and pet-food waste. Pet Ownership Regulations Mandatory pet registration and microchipping; licensing for breeders and pet shops; enforce anti-abandonment fines. Bite-Response & Human Health Protocols Ensure steady ARV/HRIG supply; train healthcare staff in bite management; conduct awareness drives in schools and communities. Data-Driven Governance Implement a dog census with microchipping, vaccination records, bite/rabies case tracking; transparent dashboards for public tracking. Community Engagement & Social Harmony Designate feeder points; burnish feeder-community agreements; mediate conflicts; encourage adoption; train municipal and police staff on humane management. One Health Coordination Create inter-departmental Task Forces combining health, veterinary, municipal, education, and NGOs to drive integrated interventions. Conclusion The issue of dog bites in NCR demands a balanced One Health approach—one that ensures public safety without compromising animal dignity. Ethics demands that India treat even its stray dogs with compassion and scientific rationality—reflecting both constitutional duty and public health necessity. Value addition: Ethical Dimension on Stray Dog Issue Core Ethical Principles Involved Utilitarianism (Greatest Good for Greatest Number): Balancing public safety (prevention of dog bites, rabies control) with animal welfare. Deontological Ethics (Duty-Based): Duty to protect vulnerable beings — both humans and animals — without resorting to cruelty. Ahimsa & Gandhian Ethics: Non-violence towards all living beings, reflecting constitutional values under Article 51A(g) (duty to have compassion for living creatures). Justice & Equity: Ensuring that marginalised groups (often children, waste-pickers, rural poor) are not disproportionately exposed to stray dog attacks. Ethical Dilemmas Human Safety vs. Animal Rights: Removing or euthanising stray dogs may reduce attacks but could be seen as unethical cruelty. Individual Rights vs. Collective Welfare: Protecting individual animals vs. safeguarding the health of entire communities. State Responsibility vs. Public Apathy: The ethical failure when governance inaction leads to avoidable deaths of both humans and animals. Case Studies ABC Programme – Jaipur Model (Rajasthan) NGO Help in Suffering (HIS) partnered with Jaipur Municipal Corporation in the 1990s. Sterilised over 80% of stray dogs within a decade → sharp decline in dog bites and zero rabies deaths reported. Sikkim (SARAH programme):  state-wide CNVR + vaccination + humane education; dramatic fall in human rabies and bites; strong inter-departmental coordination. Kerala’s ‘Kozhikode ABC-R Programme’ Combined Animal Birth Control (ABC) with Rabies vaccination (R). Reduced dog-bite incidents by 40% in 3 years. Chennai’s Blue Cross of India Initiative Set up designated feeding points for strays while keeping residential areas safer. Goa’s Rabies-Free Target (Mission Rabies) Collaboration between Goa Government and UK-based Mission Rabies NGO. Vaccinated over 1 lakh dogs annually; targeted zero human rabies deaths. Mumbai RWA–BMC Partnership Resident Welfare Associations coordinate with Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation for sterilisation and vaccination drives. International Example – Bhutan’s Nationwide Sterilisation Drive Bhutan implemented 100% sterilisation coverage in urban centres with help from Humane Society International. Rabies eliminated in key cities; humane treatment became a public value. In light of rising stray dog attacks and associated rabies deaths in urban India, discuss the ethical dilemmas in balancing public safety with animal rights. How can administrators ensure humane yet effective solutions in line with constitutional values and judicial directions? Support your answer with suitable case studies. Alaska Summit (GS Paper 2 — International Relations) Introduction (Context) The Alaska summit between the US and Russia, without Ukraine’s participation, reflects shifting geopolitical equations in the post-Cold War order. It takes place amid deep-rooted mistrust, NATO–Russia tensions, and the ongoing Russia–Ukraine conflict, with implications for India’s strategic autonomy and multipolarity in the evolving global order. Strategic Context First visit of a Russian President to the US in over a decade, signalling a tentative thaw in Washington–Moscow relations. Russia–US relations deteriorated post–Crimea annexation (2014) and Ukraine invasion (2022). Talks occur amid great power rivalry between the US, Russia, and China. US–Russia Agenda & Divergent Positions Peace-for-profit approach: Linking political de-escalation to commercial cooperation (energy, LNG, Arctic resources). US seeking structural arms control, Russia aiming for security guarantees and NATO rollback. Ukraine excluded from the negotiation table—raises questions on legitimacy and durability of peace. Structural Challenges Deep political mistrust in the US over Russia’s alleged interference in domestic politics. Political resistance from Europe and Kyiv to any settlement rewarding aggression. Divergence over conflict resolution models—US favoring quick ceasefire, Russia aiming for frozen conflict to maintain strategic leverage. Implications for India Strategic balancing: India seeks reconciliation between US and Russia to maintain ties with both, crucial for energy security and defense cooperation. Reduced hostilities could free Russian bandwidth for Indo–Pacific engagement, counterbalancing China. Breakdown of talks risks prolonging instability, impacting food, energy, and arms trade flows critical to India. The Alaska talks, despite contradictions, represent an opportunity for incremental peace-building in Eurasia. For India, a balanced outcome could safeguard its strategic partnerships, uphold multipolarity, and mitigate disruptions to its economic and security interests. However, without Ukraine’s participation, any settlement risks being temporary—a reminder that inclusive diplomacy remains the cornerstone of sustainable peace. “In great power politics, bilateral engagement without involving directly affected stakeholders risks producing an unstable peace.” In the context of the recent US–Russia talks in Alaska, critically examine the implications for the global order and India’s strategic interests. (250 words)

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 14th August 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 13th August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Satellite Internet Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Starlink Internet in India Need for Satellite Internet: Ground-based networks use cables and towers, efficient in urban areas but limited in sparsely populated regions due to high infrastructure costs and vulnerability to disasters. Satellite internet bypasses physical infrastructure, making it suitable for remote, offshore, and disaster-hit areas, with applications in military, emergency, healthcare, agriculture, and transportation. Features: Modern systems use mega-constellations (e.g., Starlink) with hundreds/thousands of satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for high-speed, low-latency coverage. Offers “Internet in the sky” enabling communication without fixed ground infrastructure. Dual-use nature: civilian (connectivity, telemedicine) & military (coordination, disaster response). Types of Orbits: LEO (200–2,000 km altitude): Low latency, flexible coverage, smaller satellites. MEO (2,000–35,786 km): Balanced latency and coverage. GEO (35,786 km): Large satellites, fixed relative to Earth, higher latency but wider coverage. Advantages: Global coverage, disaster resilience, rapid deployment. Flexible scaling via mega-constellations. Reduces dependency on cables and towers. Challenges: Smaller coverage area per satellite; requires many satellites for large coverage. Expensive equipment for households (₹40,000) and subscription (₹5,500/month for Starlink in India). Space debris risk, spectrum management, and regulatory issues. Applications: Direct-to-smartphone internet, IoT, autonomous vehicles, telemedicine, remote education, agriculture, defence, and disaster management. Learning Corner: Major Differences Between Satellite Internet and Traditional Internet Aspect Satellite Internet Traditional Internet Infrastructure Uses satellites orbiting the Earth to transmit data Uses terrestrial cables (fiber, DSL, coaxial) and cellular towers Coverage Provides internet access virtually anywhere, including remote and rural areas Limited to areas with wired or cellular infrastructure; urban-centric Latency Higher latency (delay) due to long distance signals travel to/from satellites Generally lower latency due to shorter signal paths Speed Typically slower speeds, though improving with new satellite tech (e.g., LEO satellites) Usually faster and more stable speeds, especially fiber-optic connections Reliability Affected by weather conditions (rain, storms) and line-of-sight issues Generally more stable and reliable under normal conditions Installation Requires a satellite dish and modem; easier for remote areas without cables Requires physical cable connections or cell towers; may need complex installation Cost Usually higher monthly costs and equipment fees Often lower costs, especially where infrastructure is mature Use Case Ideal for remote, rural, maritime, or emergency use where terrestrial internet is unavailable Preferred for urban, suburban areas with established infrastructure Source: THE HINDU Sleeping sickness Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially declared Kenya free of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness WHO Declares Kenya Free of Sleeping Sickness Making it the tenth country to achieve this milestone. The last indigenous case was detected in 2009, and the last imported case in 2012 in the Masai Mara region. About the Disease: HAT is a parasitic disease transmitted by the tsetse fly. Kenya was affected by the rhodesiense form, which progresses rapidly and can be fatal within weeks if untreated. Factors Behind Elimination: Kenya’s success is the result of decades of sustained public health measures including tsetse fly control, better diagnostics, community awareness, and strong collaborations between local authorities, WHO, and international partners. Significance: This is Kenya’s second eliminated neglected tropical disease after Guinea worm disease in 2018. The achievement protects vulnerable communities, supports economic growth, and contributes to Africa’s goal of eradicating neglected tropical diseases. Ongoing Measures: Kenya will maintain strong surveillance and community engagement to prevent resurgence, supported by WHO and partner organizations through post-validation monitoring and rapid response systems. Former Hotspots: Historic high-risk areas included counties around Lake Victoria such as Busia, Bungoma, Siaya, Migori, Homa Bay, Kisumu, and Kwale, where sustained control and monitoring proved crucial. Learning Corner: Sleeping Sickness Sleeping sickness, medically known as Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tsetse fly found in sub-Saharan Africa. Key Points: Types: Two forms exist—Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (chronic form, West and Central Africa) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (acute form, East and Southern Africa). Symptoms: Early symptoms include fever, headaches, joint pains, and itching. If untreated, it progresses to neurological symptoms like confusion, disrupted sleep cycles, and can lead to coma and death. Transmission: The tsetse fly bites humans and animals, transferring parasites into the bloodstream. Diagnosis and Treatment: Diagnosis requires blood tests and sometimes examination of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment depends on disease stage and may involve drugs like pentamidine or melarsoprol. Control Measures: Include vector control (reducing tsetse fly populations), active surveillance, prompt diagnosis, and treatment. Recent Progress: Several countries, including Kenya, have been declared free of sleeping sickness due to sustained public health efforts. Sleeping sickness remains a neglected tropical disease but control efforts have significantly reduced its incidence. Source:  AIR Kakori Heroes Category: HISTORY Context: PM Modi Pays Tribute to Kakori Heroes on 100th Anniversary On August 9, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to the heroes of the Kakori Train Action, marking its 100th anniversary. The Kakori Train Action was a daring train robbery near Lucknow in 1925, led by revolutionaries like Ram Prasad Bismil, Chandra Shekhar Azad, and Ashfaqullah Khan to protest British colonial rule and reclaim funds for the independence movement. The incident led to the arrest and execution of several revolutionaries and remains a pivotal moment in India’s struggle for freedom. Modi reaffirmed the government’s commitment to uphold their legacy and work towards a strong and prosperous India. Learning Corner: Conspiracy Case Year Prominent Leaders Involved Objectives Alipore Bomb Case 1908 Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Kumar Ghosh To assassinate British officials and incite armed rebellion against colonial rule Kakori Conspiracy Case 1925 Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan, Roshan Singh To loot government treasury from a train to fund revolutionary activities Meerut Conspiracy Case 1929 Shaukat Usmani, S.A. Dange, S.V. Ghate To organize a communist-led uprising and overthrow British government through strikes and mutiny Lahore Conspiracy Case 1930 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev To avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai and to inspire mass revolution against British rule Peshawar Conspiracy Case 1922 Ghadar Party leaders (e.g., Kartar Singh Sarabha) To incite mutiny among Indian soldiers and spark a pan-Indian revolt against British rule Source: AIR Cabinet Approves Four New Semiconductor Plants in India Category: POLITY Context: Union Cabinet approved four new semiconductor manufacturing projects under the India Semiconductor Mission, marking a significant boost to India’s chip production and electronics ecosystem… Key Details: Total Investment: ₹4,594 crore Locations: Odisha (2 plants), Punjab (1 plant), Andhra Pradesh (1 plant) Employment: Over 2,000 direct high-skilled jobs, plus thousands indirectly Projects: SiCSem Pvt Ltd (Bhubaneswar, Odisha): India’s first Silicon Carbide (SiC) semiconductor fab producing chips for EVs, defense, solar, and more. 3D Glass Semiconductor Packaging Unit (Bhubaneswar, Odisha): Advanced 3D glass packaging facility with Intel-backed technology for high-performance electronics. Continental Device India Pvt Ltd (Mohali, Punjab): Manufacturing semiconductor devices like MOSFETs and IGBTs. Advanced System in Package Technologies Pvt Ltd (Andhra Pradesh): Chip packaging for consumer electronics and automotive industries. Learning Corner: Semiconductor Mission (ISM) The India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) is a strategic government initiative launched in 2021 aimed at transforming India into a global semiconductor manufacturing and design hub. Recognizing semiconductors as critical components for a wide array of technologies—from smartphones and automobiles to defense and renewable energy—the ISM focuses on building a robust domestic ecosystem to reduce dependency on imports and enhance self-reliance. Objectives of ISM Develop End-to-End Semiconductor Ecosystem: Promote manufacturing, design, research, and packaging of semiconductors within India. Attract Large-Scale Investments: Encourage global and domestic companies to invest in semiconductor fabs, design centers, and allied industries. Create High-Skilled Employment: Generate thousands of direct and indirect jobs in advanced technology sectors. Enhance Technological Capabilities: Facilitate technology transfer and partnerships with global leaders in semiconductor manufacturing. Strengthen Supply Chain Security: Build resilient supply chains for critical sectors including electronics, telecom, automotive, and defense. Key Features and Support Financial Incentives: The ISM provides subsidies, viability gap funding, and fiscal incentives to semiconductor companies to encourage investments. Policy Framework: A comprehensive policy covering chip manufacturing, design, packaging, and testing is established to streamline approvals and ensure ease of doing business. Collaboration with Global Leaders: Partnerships with international technology firms like Intel, Applied Materials, and Lockheed Martin enable access to cutting-edge technologies. Focus on Advanced Technologies: Emphasis on emerging technologies such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) semiconductors, 3D packaging, and heterogeneous integration to position India at the technological frontier. Progress and Impact As of 2025, the ISM has approved 10 semiconductor projects across six states with cumulative investments exceeding ₹1.6 lakh crore (about US$18 billion). Four new projects approved recently include India’s first commercial Silicon Carbide fab and advanced 3D glass packaging facilities. These projects are expected to increase India’s electronics manufacturing value addition from 20% to over 30% in the coming years. The ISM is a cornerstone of India’s broader “Make in India” and “Atmanirbhar Bharat” initiatives aimed at enhancing domestic manufacturing capabilities. Strategic Importance Semiconductors are critical for India’s ambitions in digital infrastructure, electric vehicles, 5G, defense, and renewable energy. By reducing dependence on global supply chains—vulnerable to geopolitical tensions and disruptions—ISM strengthens national security and economic resilience. ISM also helps India emerge as a competitive player in the global semiconductor market, attracting investments and boosting exports. Source: THE HINDU Tato-II Category: ENERGY Context Cabinet Approves 700 MW Tato-II Hydro Electric Project in Arunachal Pradesh Project Highlights: Capacity: 700 MW (4 units of 175 MW each) Annual Energy Output: Approximately 2,738 million units Implementing Agency: Joint venture between North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Ltd. (NEEPCO) and the Government of Arunachal Pradesh Budget Support: Funds allocated for infrastructure including roads, bridges, transmission lines, and local area development Completion Timeline: 6 years Benefits and Impact: Strengthens power supply in Arunachal Pradesh and contributes to national grid stability Arunachal Pradesh receives 12% free power and 1% for Local Area Development Fund (LADF) Infrastructure development including 33 km of roads and bridges, and support for local hospitals, schools, and markets Promotes socio-economic growth via job creation, compensation, CSR activities, and support for local suppliers and MSMEs Learning Corner: Recent Hydroelectric Projects in India  India has been actively expanding its hydroelectric capacity as part of its clean energy and regional development goals. Several major hydroelectric projects have been approved or are under construction since 2023, contributing to energy security, regional growth, and sustainable development. Key Recent Hydroelectric Projects: Tato-II Hydro Electric Project, Arunachal Pradesh Capacity: 700 MW Approved in 2025 with an investment of ₹8,146 crore Focus on infrastructure development and local benefits including free power and employment Expected completion: Within 6 years Subansiri Lower Hydro Electric Project, Arunachal Pradesh Capacity: 2,000 MW Under construction with phased commissioning ongoing Will be India’s largest hydropower project upon completion Key for grid stability and flood control in the Brahmaputra basin Dibang Multipurpose Project, Arunachal Pradesh Capacity: 2,880 MW Construction progressing with focus on power generation, irrigation, and flood control Strategic for Northeast’s energy needs and flood management Teesta Stage IV Hydro Electric Project, Sikkim Capacity: 520 MW Recently commissioned in parts since 2023 Enhances power supply in the Northeastern region and promotes local development Nathpa Jhakri Extension, Himachal Pradesh Capacity: 800 MW Under construction to augment existing Nathpa Jhakri capacity Aims to improve power generation efficiency in the Sutlej basin Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) Projects, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab Several modernization and capacity enhancement projects ongoing since 2023 Focus on optimizing water resource utilization and electricity generation Major Hydroelectric Projects: Bhakra Nangal Project (Himachal Pradesh/Punjab): One of the earliest and largest multipurpose projects with a capacity of about 1,325 MW, it provides irrigation, power, and flood control. Tehri Dam (Uttarakhand): With a capacity of 1,000 MW, it is among the tallest dams in India and serves hydroelectric, irrigation, and water supply needs. Sardar Sarovar Project (Narmada River, Gujarat/Madhya Pradesh): Known for irrigation and power generation (around 1,450 MW capacity), it supports water supply in drought-prone areas. Koyna Hydroelectric Project (Maharashtra): A major power station with over 1,960 MW capacity, critical for Maharashtra’s electricity needs. Nathpa Jhakri Project (Himachal Pradesh): India’s largest underground hydroelectric project with 1,500 MW capacity, utilizing the Satluj river. Tawang Hydro Project (Arunachal Pradesh): Part of India’s Northeast hydropower development, aiming to harness abundant water resources. Teesta Hydro Projects (Sikkim & West Bengal): Several projects on the Teesta river contributing significant power to the grid. Dhauliganga Hydroelectric Project (Uttarakhand): Medium-sized project supporting local power requirements. Tato-II Hydro Electric Project (Arunachal Pradesh): Newly approved 700 MW project aiming at boosting energy supply and regional development. Importance: Hydroelectric projects contribute about 12-15% of India’s total installed power capacity. Provide clean energy, reduce carbon emissions, and help in flood control and irrigation. Play a vital role in grid balancing and peaking power supply. Promote regional development and employment, especially in remote and hilly areas. Challenges: Environmental concerns and displacement of communities. Delays due to terrain and weather conditions. Need for modernization and better reservoir management. Overall, hydroelectric projects remain a cornerstone of India’s renewable energy strategy and sustainable development goals. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) Israel–Palestine Conflict (GS-2 – International Relations, India and its Neighborhood, Effect of Policies of Developed & Developing Countries.) Introduction (Context) The Israel–Palestine conflict has entered a new phase as PM Netanyahu rejects the two-state solution, even as parts of the Global North shift towards recognising Palestinian statehood  Historical and Diplomatic Context Legacy of the Balfour Declaration (1917) → British support for a Jewish homeland laid the groundwork for enduring territorial disputes. Recognition of Palestine historically driven by Global South solidarity — India, post-1980s, following the PLO’s declaration of independence. Western stance shift: UK, France, Canada, Australia signalling recognition, breaking from the earlier position that recognition would follow a final settlement. Factors Driving Global North’s Shift Humanitarian Catastrophe in Gaza → UN reports of mass civilian deaths, famine-like conditions, and systemic violence have eroded Israel’s moral high ground. Erosion of Israel’s Soft Power → Mounting allegations of war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and genocide have polarised global opinion. Public Opinion as a Foreign Policy Variable → European protests influencing government positions; U.S. domestic dissent pressuring the Biden administration. Netanyahu’s Ideological Regime Rooted in revisionist Zionism and supported by ultra-nationalist allies. Policy line: No sovereignty for Palestinians, no national rights, and indefinite territorial control. Uses security narratives (e.g., return to Gaza, prevention of future October 7-style attacks) to justify status quo entrenchment. International Relations Linkages Erosion of Liberal Internationalism → Failure of the Oslo Accords framework undermines the UN-backed two-state consensus. Balance of Power Realignment → Growing diplomatic divergence between U.S. and its European allies over Israel policy. Constructivist Turn → Changing norms of sovereignty and human rights influencing state behaviour. Soft Balancing by Global South → Leveraging recognition as a symbolic counterweight to U.S.-Israel dominance. Conclusion The shift in the Global North’s recognition stance marks a potential diplomatic inflection point in the century-old Israel–Palestine conflict. For sustainable peace, both realist security concerns and constructivist identity claims must be addressed through inclusive multilateral diplomacy. As Kofi Annan said, “You can do nothing without peace. But without justice, peace will not last.” Q) “The recent ideological shift in Israel’s policy towards a no-state solution, coupled with changing global attitudes on Palestinian statehood, reflects a transformation in the normative structure of international diplomacy.” Critically analyse this statement in the context of the Israel–Palestine conflict. (250 words) National Sports Governance Bill, 2025 (GS Paper 2 Transparency & accountability and institutional measures) Introduction (Context) The National Sports Governance Bill, 2025 marks a decisive move from ad-hoc executive guidelines to a rule-of-law-based, athlete-centric governance structure. It aims to align Indian sports administration with the Olympic Charter, institutional accountability, and the country’s larger soft-power ambitions, including its bid to host the 2036 Olympics. Why was the Bill needed?  No comprehensive statute: Until now, governance was based on the 2011 Sports Code, court orders, and ministry directives — all non-binding and inconsistently applied. Weak accountability: Long tenures, opaque selections, conflicts of interest, and poor grievance redressal systems plagued sports administration. International compliance risk: India needed to conform to IOC/IPC norms to protect participation and hosting rights. Fragmented dispute resolution: Lack of a specialised mechanism meant delays in justice, affecting athletes’ careers. Salient features  Recognition framework: Creates a legal basis for the National Olympic Committee, National Paralympic Committee, and one National Sports Federation (NSF) per sport, with recognition linked to compliance with international norms. National Sports Board (NSB): Statutory regulator with powers to grant/suspend recognition, register affiliates, issue a code of ethics, probe misuse of funds, and appoint ad-hoc bodies when federations lose international recognition. Governance norms: Age cap of 70 years (extendable to 75 if required by international statutes) and a tenure cap of three consecutive terms or 12 years; mandatory athlete, ethics, and dispute-resolution committees within NSFs. National Sports Tribunal: Headed by a senior judge to adjudicate sports disputes, with appeals going to the Supreme Court or the Court of Arbitration for Sport (Switzerland) for international cases. RTI applicability: Sports bodies receiving government grants are “public authorities” under the RTI Act; however, BCCI is excluded. Policy alignment: Complements the National Sports Policy 2025, focusing on excellence, economic impact, inclusion, education integration, and governance reform. How it addresses the gaps  From voluntarism to statute: Converts non-binding codes into enforceable law, strengthening compliance and discipline. Institutional design for accountability: Tenure and age limits, plus independent committees, promote transparency, good governance, and athlete welfare. Judicialized dispute resolution: A dedicated tribunal ensures timely, credible decisions. International standard-setting: Compliance with global norms boosts India’s legitimacy in international sports diplomacy and enhances its chances to host mega-events. Critiques & risks Centralisation concerns: Critics warn of excessive executive control over recognition and suspension decisions. Transparency gap: The exclusion of BCCI from RTI provisions undermines uniform accountability. Implementation capacity: The NSB and Tribunal will require adequate resources, independence, and a clear balance between autonomy and regulation to avoid governance conflicts. Conclusion The Bill represents a paradigm shift from personality-driven fiefdoms to a rules-based, athlete-first ecosystem. However, to truly realise its transformative potential, issues like centralisation, transparency gaps, and institutional independence must be addressed.  Q.”In light of the National Sports Governance Bill, 2025, critically analyse whether India’s sports governance is moving towards a transparent, athlete-centric, and globally competitive framework. How far does the Bill address the structural flaws in the current system, and what challenges remain for its effective implementation?” (15 marks, 250 words)

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 13th August 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 12th August 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 12th August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Perito Moreno Glacier Category: GEOGRAPHY Context:  The Perito Moreno Glacier in Argentina, long known for its stability, is now thinning rapidly since 2019, raising fears of irreversible retreat Historically stable due to unique geography—high-altitude ice fields and a submerged bedrock ridge—the glacier resisted melting despite global warming. New radar studies revealed the ridge extends deep into the glacier’s base, preventing it from detaching and floating away. However, recent data shows accelerated ice loss, likely from climate change, making the glacier more vulnerable to melting. Scientists warn that without action to cut greenhouse gas emissions; the glacier’s retreat is inevitable. Learning Corner: Major Glaciers of the World Glacier Location Notable Facts Lambert Glacier East Antarctica World’s largest glacier (~400 km long, ~100 km wide). Pine Island & Thwaites Glacier West Antarctica Rapidly melting, major contributors to sea-level rise. Hubbard Glacier Alaska, USA North America’s largest tidewater glacier (~122 km long). Baltoro Glacier Pakistan (Karakoram) ~63 km long, near K2; important for Indus basin. Siachen Glacier India/Pakistan (Karakoram) Highest battlefield in the world (~76 km² under Indian control). Perito Moreno Glacier Argentina (Patagonia) Famous for stability; now thinning rapidly. Fedchenko Glacier Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains) Largest in the world outside polar regions (~77 km long). Jakobshavn Glacier Greenland Fastest-moving glacier; major iceberg producer. Major Glaciers in India Glacier Location Notable Facts Siachen Glacier Ladakh (Karakoram) Strategic location; source of Nubra River. Gangotri Glacier Uttarakhand (Garhwal Himalaya) Source of Bhagirathi River, major Ganga tributary. Zemu Glacier Sikkim (Kangchenjunga region) Largest in Eastern Himalayas. Dokriani Glacier Uttarakhand Monitored for climate change impacts. Pindari Glacier Uttarakhand (Kumaon Himalaya) Popular trekking destination; source of Pindar River. Milam Glacier Uttarakhand Source of Goriganga River. Chhota Shigri Glacier Himachal Pradesh (Lahaul Valley) Well-studied for glacial retreat trends. Kolhai Glacier Jammu & Kashmir (Lidder Valley) Largest in Kashmir Himalaya. Drang-Drung Glacier Ladakh (Zanskar) Source of Stod River. Prelims Pointers Longest glacier in the world: Lambert Glacier (Antarctica). Longest glacier outside polar regions: Fedchenko Glacier (Tajikistan). Largest glacier in India: Siachen Glacier (~76 km). Climate change impact: Himalayan glaciers retreating faster than global average (WMO reports). Strategic importance: Siachen (defense), Gangotri & Zemu (river systems). Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Removal of Minister Category: POLITY Context : On the first day of Karnataka’s Monsoon Assembly Session, Cooperation Minister K.N. Rajanna was removed from the Cabinet. Removal of a Minister in State Legislature  In India’s parliamentary form of government, both at the Union and State levels, the Council of Ministers holds office collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly (Article 164). Key Points: Collective Responsibility The entire Council of Ministers (CoM), headed by the Chief Minister (CM), remains in office as long as it enjoys the confidence of the Legislative Assembly. If the Assembly passes a vote of no-confidence or the Budget/appropriation bill is defeated, the entire CoM must resign. Individual Minister’s Removal A minister can be removed: (a) By the Governor on the advice of the CM (Article 164(1)). (b) Indirectly, if the CM asks for their resignation or reshuffles the cabinet. (c) By loss of membership of the Legislature (disqualification, resignation, or defeat in elections). Governor’s Role The Governor does not act on personal discretion but follows the CM’s advice in removing a minister. Legislative Control Any individual minister may be targeted through: No-confidence motion against the whole CoM. Censure motion or cut motion in the Assembly. Judicial Aspect Removal is a political/legislative matter; courts generally do not intervene unless constitutional procedures are violated. In essence: In a state parliamentary democracy, a minister cannot cling to office if the CM or Legislative Assembly withdraws support. The Governor’s formal action is just the constitutional formality to implement this political decision. Learning Corner: Salient Features of Parliamentary Democracy Supremacy of the Legislature The Parliament (or State Legislature) is the supreme law-making body within the constitutional framework. Executive is responsible to the legislature. Collective Responsibility of the Executive The Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister (or Chief Minister at state level), is collectively responsible to the Lower House (Lok Sabha/State Assembly). Loss of confidence in the House mandates resignation. Bicameral Legislature (at the Union level) Lok Sabha (House of the People) and Rajya Sabha (Council of States). Provides representation to both the people and the states. Majority Rule The political party/coalition with majority support in the Lower House forms the government. Opposition plays a vital role in scrutiny. Separation of Head of State and Head of Government Head of State (President/Governor) is largely ceremonial. Head of Government (Prime Minister/Chief Minister) exercises real executive power. Fusion of Executive and Legislature Ministers are members of the legislature, unlike in the presidential system where the separation is strict. Free, Fair, and Periodic Elections Conducted by an independent Election Commission. Universal adult suffrage ensures equal participation. Rule of Law & Constitutional Supremacy All organs function within the limits set by the Constitution. Judiciary ensures checks and balances. Opposition and Accountability Mechanisms Question Hour, Zero Hour, Parliamentary Committees, and debates ensure government accountability. Cabinet System of Government Real executive authority lies with the cabinet headed by the Prime Minister. Source:  THE HINDU Envelope Dimer Epitope (EDE) Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: researchers from the US and the Philippines has identified envelope dimer epitope (EDE)-like antibodies as a key factor in building strong, broad, cross-serotype immunity against dengue virus (  Dengue remains a major global health challenge, and developing a universal vaccine is difficult due to the immune system’s complex response — notably, antibody-dependent enhancement, where a second infection with a different serotype can worsen the disease. The study, conducted in Cebu province, Philippines, followed 2,996 children over several years. Findings showed that EDE-like antibodies accounted for 42–65% of the protective effect of virus-neutralising antibodies and 41–75% of the effect of E protein-binding antibodies. These antibodies were strongly linked to broad immunity and lower risk of severe disease. The results may pave the way for better-targeted dengue vaccines and therapeutics. Learning Corner: Envelope Dimer Epitope (EDE) Definition: A specific site found on the envelope (E) protein dimer of flaviviruses such as dengue virus. Structure: The E protein on the virus surface forms dimers (pairs) in its mature form. The EDE is located at the interface between the two E monomers in the dimer. Immunological Significance: Recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies that can target multiple dengue virus serotypes. Blocking EDE can prevent the virus from attaching to and entering host cells. Role in Vaccine Development: A key target for next-generation dengue vaccines because antibodies to EDE show cross-serotype protection. Reduces risk of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) by producing antibodies that neutralize all four dengue serotypes effectively. Research Use: Helps scientists understand how to design monoclonal antibodies or immunogens with broad protective potential. Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by Dengue virus (DENV), a Flavivirus with four distinct serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4). Transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Clinical spectrum ranges from mild dengue fever to severe dengue (dengue hemorrhagic fever/shock syndrome). No specific antiviral treatment exists; management is supportive. Global Presence Endemic in over 100 countries, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia, Western Pacific, the Americas, Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean. WHO estimates: ~390 million dengue infections annually worldwide; ~96 million manifest clinically. Urbanization, climate change, and global travel have expanded dengue’s reach to newer regions, including southern Europe and the USA (Florida, Texas). Major outbreaks often follow rainy seasons in endemic areas. Source: THE HINDU Rudrastra’ Category: ECONOMICS Context: Indian Railways has successfully conducted a trial run of Asia’s longest freight train, ‘Rudrastra’, measuring 4.5 km in length with 345–354 wagons.. The trial took place on August 7, 2025, from Ganjkhwaja in Uttar Pradesh to Garhwa in Jharkhand, covering 209 km in about 5 hours 10 minutes at an average speed of 40.5 km/h. Key features: Length: 4.5 km Wagons: 345–354, each carrying 72 tonnes Engines: 7 in total—two at the front and one after every 59 wagons Formation: Multiple long-haul rakes coupled end-to-end Route: Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Division to Dhanbad Division Significance: The experiment aims to boost freight efficiency by moving massive cargo volumes in one journey, reducing fuel use per tonne, easing rail congestion, and lowering bulk transport costs—marking a major step in India’s freight logistics capacity. Learning Corner: Major New Train Categories  Vande Bharat Express (Semi-High-Speed) Speed: Up to 160 km/h. Features: Fully air-conditioned, GPS-based passenger information, automatic doors, bio-vacuum toilets, and improved seating comfort. Recent Expansions: New routes have been launched across states including the North-East, coastal regions, and major pilgrimage circuits. Variants: Vande Bharat Sleeper: For overnight journeys. Mini Vande Bharat: 8-coach configuration for low-demand routes. Amrit Bharat Express (Economical Yet Modern) Purpose: Affordable travel with improved speed and comfort for common passengers. Features: Push-pull locomotion for faster acceleration, cushioned seats, improved luggage racks, bio-toilets, and automatic sliding doors. Speed: 130 km/h. Target Audience: Long-distance budget travelers in both reserved and unreserved classes. Vande Metro (Regional & Suburban Connectivity) Purpose: High-frequency short-distance travel between cities (within 100–250 km). Features: Quick acceleration, multiple daily trips, modern interiors, and standing passenger space. Status: First services expected between major metro-adjacent cities like Delhi–Meerut, Mumbai–Pune, and Chennai–Bengaluru suburbs. Bharat Gaurav Tourist Trains (Theme-Based Tourism) Objective: Promote cultural and heritage tourism. Themes: Ramayana Circuit, Buddhist Circuit, North-East Discovery, Desert Circuit, etc. Features: Onboard catering, guided tours, and accommodation packages. Upgraded Rajdhani, Shatabdi & Duronto Trains New LHB coaches for higher safety. Refurbished interiors, improved food service, and modern lighting. Plans to integrate these into Vande Bharat Sleeper in the future. Technological & Safety Improvements Kavach: Indigenous train collision avoidance system. Energy Efficiency: Shift to electric traction on more routes to reduce emissions. Passenger Comfort: Ergonomic seating, automatic lighting, and mobile charging points at every seat. Source: AIR Taxation Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025 Category: POLITY Context The Lok Sabha has passed the Income Tax (No. 2) Bill, 2025 and the Taxation Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025, replacing the Income Tax Act, 1961 Effective April 1, 2026 (after Rajya Sabha and presidential assent), the new law aims to simplify and modernize tax provisions, incorporating over 285 recommendations from a Parliamentary Select Committee. Key features: Simplified language & clarity in definitions, deductions, and provisions. Revised tax slabs: Up to ₹4 lakh – Nil ₹4–8 lakh – 5% ₹8–12 lakh – 10% ₹12–16 lakh – 15% ₹16–20 lakh – 20% ₹20–24 lakh – 25% Above ₹24 lakh – 30% TDS refunds allowed even for late return filers. Expanded powers: Digital search & seizure covering emails, social media, cloud storage, online accounts, etc., if officials have “reason to believe” in tax evasion. Broad definition of “virtual digital space,” raising privacy concerns due to lack of explicit judicial oversight. Other highlights: Focus on ease of doing business, digital tax processes, and “faceless jurisdiction.” Alignment with modern digital and economic realities. Learning Corner: Money Bill (Article 110) Definition: Contains only provisions dealing with matters listed in Art. 110(1): Imposition, abolition, remission, alteration, or regulation of any tax. Regulation of borrowings by the Union. Custody of Consolidated Fund or Contingency Fund. Appropriation of money out of Consolidated Fund. Declaration of expenditure charged on Consolidated Fund. Receipt, custody, and audit of government accounts. Any matter incidental to the above. Certification: Speaker of Lok Sabha certifies it as a Money Bill (final and binding). Introduction: Only in Lok Sabha, only on recommendation of the President. Rajya Sabha’s Role: Cannot amend; can only recommend changes within 14 days (Lok Sabha may accept or reject). Examples: Annual Finance Bill (when only matters of Art. 110 are included). Financial Bills (Article 117) These are of two categories: (A) Financial Bill Category-I (Art. 117(1)) Contains both matters of a Money Bill and other provisions. Introduction: Only in Lok Sabha, only on President’s recommendation. Rajya Sabha’s Role: Same as an Ordinary Bill (can amend/reject), except introduction rules. Example: Bill containing tax proposals and establishment of a new authority. (B) Financial Bill Category-II (Art. 117(3)) Does not contain matters of a Money Bill, but involves expenditure from Consolidated Fund of India. Introduction: In either House, but only on President’s recommendation. Rajya Sabha’s Role: Same as an Ordinary Bill. Example: Bill creating a new scheme funded from CFI without changing taxation. Key Differences Feature Money Bill Financial Bill Cat-I Financial Bill Cat-II Contains Art. 110 matters only Yes Yes + other matters No Introduction Lok Sabha only Lok Sabha only Either House President’s Recommendation Yes Yes Yes Rajya Sabha Power Recommend only Amend/Reject Amend/Reject Speaker Certification Yes No No Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Reviving Civic Engagement in Health Governance (GS paper II – Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) States such as Tamil Nadu and Karnataka have launched innovative health outreach schemes — Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam (August 2021) and Gruha Arogya (October 2024, expanded June 2025) — to provide doorstep healthcare for non-communicable diseases. As States begin to bring health care directly to doorsteps, the question arises what steps must be taken to engage communities as active participants in shaping health systems. Health Governance in India Traditionally, health governance in India was a state-led function. Over time, it has expanded to include civil society, professional associations, hospital groups, and trade unions, functioning through formal committees and informal networks. The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in 2005 marked a turning point, institutionalising community participation through platforms like: Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees (VHSNCs) Rogi Kalyan Samitis (RKS) In urban areas: Mahila Arogya Samitis, Ward Committees, NGO-led platforms. These bodies were designed to include women and marginalised groups, supported by untied funds for local health needs. In urban areas, key platforms for civic participation include Mahila Arogya Samitis, Ward Committees, and non-government organisation-led committees.  Significance of Civic Engagement in Health Governance Public involvement in health policy is important because it gives people respect, ensures their voices are heard, and protects democratic values.  It allows them to take part in decisions that affect their health and the health services they receive. When everyone participates, it makes the system more accountable, reduces the power of a small elite group, and helps prevent corruption. Without such participation, health governance can become unfair and oppressive. Working with communities also helps health workers and people trust each other, increases the use of health services, and leads to better health outcomes for all. Challenges Mindset toward public engagement: Policymakers and administrators often view communities as beneficiaries, not co-creators of health systems. Programme success is measured mainly through numerical targets (e.g., number of people reached) rather than quality of implementation or user experience. Although the National Health Mission promotes bottom-up planning, including community participation in Programme Implementation Plans, such engagement is rare in practice. Medicalised Governance Decision-making spaces are dominated by doctors trained in Western biomedical models, often lacking formal training in public health administration. Promotions based on seniority, not public health expertise, reinforce hierarchy and disconnect from ground realities. Resistance to public engagement Studies on health policy show that many officials resist public participation because they worry it will increase their workload, bring more pressure to be accountable, allow powerful medical and business groups to dominate, and make decision-making unfair. Weak Engagement Platforms In many places, health committees either exist only on paper or do not work effectively. Even when they are functional, they face several problems.  Their roles and responsibilities are often unclear, meetings are held rarely, and the funds available to them are not used properly.  There is also poor coordination between different departments, which affects their work.  In some cases, powerful social groups dominate these committees, making it harder for marginalised communities to participate equally. In absence of functional forums, citizens often resort to protests, media campaigns, and litigation reflecting unmet needs for voice and accountability. Steps needed Move beyond seeing communities as tools to achieve programme targets. Recognise citizens as rights-holders with agency and dignity. Spread awareness on health rights, entitlements, and governance platforms. Integrate health governance literacy in education and community mobilisation Provide citizens with skills, tools, and resources for effective participation. Train health professionals to view communities as partners, not passive recipients. Avoid blaming poor health-seeking behaviour solely on “lack of awareness”; instead, address structural determinants such as poverty, distance, and discrimination. Activate committees with clear roles, regular meetings, adequate funding, and transparency mechanisms. Promote two-way accountability between communities and providers. Conclusion Meaningful civic engagement in health governance is not an optional add-on but a democratic necessity. Strengthening participatory platforms, empowering communities, and sensitising health actors can transform citizens from passive recipients into active partners, ensuring more equitable and accountable health systems. Mains Practice Question Community participation is the backbone of accountable and equitable health governance in India. Critically evaluate. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: Reviving civic engagement in health governance – The Hindu Anti-cruelty law and Supreme Court judgment (GS paper II– Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) In Shivangi Bansal vs Sahib Bansal (July 2025), the Supreme Court upheld the Allahabad High Court’s directive suspending arrest or coercive action for two months in cases under Section 498-A IPC (now Section 85, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita), pending review by family welfare committees. This effectively grants temporary blanket protection to accused persons in cruelty cases, raising concerns about the impact on gender justice and victims’ safety. About Section 498-A IPC In many marriages, women face serious inequality. They may be Discriminated against in daily life or harassed or tortured physically, mentally, or emotionally. To address this concern, Section 498-A IPC was inserted in 1983 to address cruelty by a husband or his relatives towards a woman, including dowry harassment and acts driving her to suicide or serious injury. It may lead to Imprisonment up to 3 years and a fine. Ruling of the Court Allahabad High Court directed that no arrest or coercive action must be taken against the accused persons for a ‘cool-off’ period of two months from the complaint. It also directed the district-level constitution of family welfare committees, to which cases are directed to be transferred to. SC has approved these directions without in-depth analysis of the wider socio-political consequences. Implications: Even with strong evidence, police cannot arrest for two months. Complainants face a cool-off period that may deter them from filing cases. Safety risks increase for victims, especially in hostile domestic environments. Legitimises police inaction in serious allegations of domestic violence. Issue of Misuse of law Although, Section 498-A IPC was enacted as a safeguard to protect married women from cruelty. While it has helped many women, there are also concerns about its misuse in some cases. Forms of misuse: False or exaggerated allegations of cruelty are made against husband and relatives. To seek revenge after failed marriage or relationship, the wife or her family makes complain Due to this, in most cases complaint is generally followed by the demand of a huge amount of money to settle the case outside the court. Further, the vagueness of the law makes it easier for false claims to be made and law enforcement officers often act arbitrarily. Make indiscriminate arrests without proper investigation.  Supreme Court’s Attempt to Stop Misuse In Arnesh Kumar vs State of Bihar (2014), the Supreme Court gave strict instructions: Police should not automatically arrest when a 498-A complaint is filed. They must first check if arrest is necessary under Section 41 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC). These guidelines were meant to make the law more strict against false arrests. Ground Reality – Data & Surveys NCRB 2022: 1,34,506 cases registered under Section 498-A. NFHS-5: High prevalence of under-reporting of domestic violence in several States. Humsafar Report: Rise in cases reflects greater awareness, not necessarily misuse. Hence, to draw conclusions of widespread misuse from individual cases “reflect institutional bias that exists within the criminal justice system” The ruling removes urgent legal protection during the most dangerous period after filing a complaint which may have serious implications on the victim. Way Forward Address misuse concerns without diluting core protections for victims. Ensure prompt, time-bound inquiries rather than blanket suspension of arrests. Use mediation for matrimonial disputes but keep penal provisions fully available for violence cases. Prioritise safety of complainants through protection orders, shelters, and immediate police intervention where needed. Conclusion The Supreme Court’s ruling, while aimed at preventing alleged misuse, risks weakening vital protections for victims of domestic cruelty.  A victim-centric approach that safeguards rights without undermining due process is essential to uphold both justice and gender equality. Mains Practice Question Q The Supreme Court’s endorsement of a ‘cool-off period’ in anti-cruelty cases under Section 498-A IPC raises critical questions about gender justice and victim protection. Discuss (250 words, 15 marks) Source: A Supreme Court ruling with no room for gender justice – The Hindu