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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 6th August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Money laundering Category: POLITY Context:  Increasing problem of money laundering in India. Rising Cases: Since 2015, 5,892 cases under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) have been reported, but only 15 convictions have occurred. This indicates that investigations are not progressing efficiently, and the government has struggled to curb financial crimes. Definition: Money laundering refers to the process of disguising illicitly obtained money through financial systems to make it appear legitimate. It is often done by organized crime syndicates. Challenges in Enforcement: The lack of convictions and slow enforcement suggest issues with the legal framework. The government has struggled to implement stringent measures, with some areas being overlooked, such as the proper registration of cases and investigations into suspicious financial activities. Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA): India has signed DTAA with over 80 countries, which helps track illicit financial flows, although it has not fully addressed money laundering concerns. The framework needs stronger enforcement, particularly in combating terror financing and other financial crimes. Court Ruling: A 2022 ruling emphasized that property registration under Section 3 of PMLA is necessary for the prosecution of money laundering cases. Learning Corner: Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) was enacted by the Government of India in 2002 to combat money laundering and related crimes. The primary objective of the PMLA is to prevent money laundering, track illicit financial flows, and seize assets acquired through illegal means. Key Provisions: Money Laundering Definition: The act defines money laundering as the process of concealing the origins of illegally obtained money, typically through complex financial transactions to make it appear legitimate. Enforcement Directorate (ED): The Enforcement Directorate, a government agency, is tasked with investigating offenses related to money laundering under PMLA. It can attach properties derived from proceeds of crime. Attachment and Confiscation of Property: The PMLA allows authorities to attach properties linked to criminal activities and, after investigation, confiscate them if the accused is found guilty of money laundering. Proceeds of Crime: The act defines ‘proceeds of crime’ as any property derived from criminal activities, such as corruption, tax evasion, drug trafficking, and terrorism financing. Prevention and Investigation: PMLA mandates financial institutions and professionals to report suspicious transactions, which aids in the prevention of laundering activities. The act empowers investigative agencies to conduct searches, seize assets, and arrest individuals involved in money laundering. Punishment: Money laundering is a serious offense, with penalties including imprisonment for up to seven years and substantial fines. If proven, the maximum punishment can be extended based on the severity of the crime. Recent Amendments: The act was amended in 2019 to widen the scope of money laundering offenses and enhance the powers of investigating agencies. These amendments include the provision of faster attachment of properties and stricter punishments for economic offenses. Significance: PMLA plays a crucial role in strengthening India’s legal framework to tackle financial crimes and bolster the global fight against money laundering. It helps enhance transparency, trace illicit financial flows, and maintain the integrity of the financial system. Source: THE HINDU Necropolitics Category: MISC Context : Keyword- Can be directly asked in prelims Key points include: Necropolitics and Biopolitics: The theory, coined by Achille Mbembe, builds on Michel Foucault’s biopolitics, focusing on how states manage populations through surveillance, control, and exclusion. Biopolitics concerns itself with preserving life, while necropolitics focuses on deciding who is allowed to live and who is abandoned, neglected, or sacrificed. The State of Exception: Drawing on Giorgio Agamben’s work, the article discusses how states use exceptional laws to protect life in certain spaces while excluding others. This creates zones where death is treated as normal, and people are left to suffer or die in conditions of neglect. The Living Dead: Mbembe introduces the concept of the “living dead” to describe those who are biologically alive but deprived of social, political, and moral recognition. This was seen during the COVID-19 lockdown when migrant workers were left without food, shelter, or transportation and many died from neglect. Gaza as a Case Study: The article points to the situation in Gaza, where civilians face violence and systematic neglect. The deaths of children and civilians are framed as collateral damage in the name of national security. In Everyday Life: Necropolitics also manifests in everyday life, particularly in regions with ongoing violence or war. Disposability of life is evident in the treatment of marginalized communities and individuals subjected to violence, state neglect, or abandoned in disaster zones. Source:  THE HINDU Microplastics Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Microplastics and its impact on brain. Microplastics—tiny plastic particles, often smaller than 5mm—are now being found inside human brains, raising concerns about their potential effects on brain health. How Do Microplastics Reach the Brain? Microplastics enter the body through food, water, air, and medical devices. Studies show these particles can cross the blood-brain barrier, accumulating in brain tissue, especially in fat-rich areas like the myelin sheath around neurons. What Are Microplastics Doing to Our Brains? Bioaccumulation and Rising Exposure Microplastic levels in the brain have increased significantly in recent years, with concentrations higher than in other organs like the liver or kidney. Autopsies reveal plastic fragments, even the size of a small spoon, within the brain. Disruption of Brain Structure and Function Microplastics trigger neuroinflammation, activate immune cells, block blood vessels, and disrupt neuronal signaling. Animal studies link exposure to cognitive impairments like memory loss, reduced movement, and motor coordination issues. Changes in proteins related to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, have also been observed. Immune and Vascular Effects Microplastics can clog small blood vessels in the brain, disrupting blood flow and causing potential damage. Some effects appear to recover over time, but others persist. Potential for Neurodegeneration Microplastics may cause cellular stress, inflammation, and neuronal death, possibly contributing to or exacerbating neurodegenerative diseases like dementia. Are Microplastics the Cause of Diseases? While there is no proven link between microplastics and specific diseases, higher levels of microplastics in the brain correlate with cognitive impairments. They may also amplify the effects of other brain injuries, like stroke, and worsen neuroinflammation. Current Knowledge Gaps and Concerns Most research is based on animal models and lab studies, with limited long-term human data available. Despite this, the growing presence of microplastics in the brain calls for further investigation. Key Takeaways Microplastics accumulate in the brain, potentially disrupting function, causing inflammation, and contributing to cognitive decline. The long-term effects are still largely unknown, but early evidence suggests serious risks warranting further research. Learning Corner: Microplastics Microplastics are tiny plastic particles, typically less than 5 millimeters in size, that have become a significant environmental concern due to their widespread presence and potential harmful effects on both ecosystems and human health. Sources of Microplastics: Primary Microplastics: These are small plastic particles deliberately manufactured for specific uses, such as in cosmetics (scrubs, exfoliants), cleaning products, or industrial applications. Secondary Microplastics: These form from the breakdown of larger plastic items (e.g., bottles, bags, fishing nets) due to weathering, physical wear, and exposure to sunlight over time. Environmental Impact: Ocean Pollution: Microplastics are commonly found in oceans, posing a threat to marine life. Sea creatures mistake them for food, leading to ingestion, which can cause physical harm, malnutrition, or even death. Biodiversity Threat: Microplastics can accumulate in the food chain, affecting biodiversity as animals that consume these particles are harmed, and toxins from plastics may enter the ecosystem. Human Health Concerns: Ingestion and Inhalation: Microplastics are found in water, food, and air, leading to potential human exposure. Research suggests that ingesting microplastics could have adverse health effects, though the full impact on human health is still under investigation. Toxicity: Microplastics may absorb harmful chemicals like pesticides and heavy metals from the environment, which can be released when consumed by organisms, including humans. Current Research and Solutions: Detection and Removal: Efforts are underway to detect microplastics in environmental samples and develop filtration or bioremediation techniques to remove them from ecosystems. Reduction Strategies: Governments and industries are focusing on reducing plastic waste through better waste management practices, banning single-use plastics, and promoting the use of biodegradable materials. Conclusion: Microplastics pose a major environmental and health challenge due to their ubiquity, persistence, and potential toxicity. Ongoing research aims to better understand their impacts and develop effective solutions to mitigate their harmful effects. Source: THE HINDU Alzheimer's Disease Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Current Breakthroughs and Treatments in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Anti-Amyloid Antibody Therapies Monoclonal antibodies like lecanemab (Leqembi) and donanemab (Kisunla) target amyloid-β plaques in the brain, slowing cognitive decline in early-stage Alzheimer’s by about 30%. These treatments emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and intervention. Emerging Disease-Modifying Drugs Over 138 novel drugs are in clinical trials, targeting various mechanisms including tau proteins, neuroinflammation, vascular health, and neurotransmitter receptors. Drugs such as semaglutide, simufilam, and trontinemab are among promising candidates. New Therapeutic Targets miRNA and Small Molecules: Researchers are exploring microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. These therapies could potentially treat or even cure AD, pending further trials. Blood-Brain Barrier Protection: New drugs that protect the blood-brain barrier show promise in animal models for preventing neurodegeneration. Diagnostics and Prevention Blood tests for amyloid and other biomarkers offer earlier, less invasive detection, enabling preventive treatments before symptoms appear. Multimodal Approaches Combining drug therapies with lifestyle modifications, cognitive training, and caregiver support is recommended for optimal results. Personalized medicine based on biomarker-driven plans is gaining traction. What’s on the Horizon? Vaccine Development: Research on amyloid vaccines is underway, with the goal of stimulating the immune system to clear harmful plaques, though these are still in early stages. Combination and Preventive Therapies: Experts believe combination therapies targeting different Alzheimer’s pathways, started before symptoms arise, could provide the best outcomes. Challenges: High costs and limited insurance for treatments like lecanemab and donanemab, coupled with uncertainty over long-term benefits, remain significant barriers. In Summary While no cure exists, there is hope for slowing or preventing disease progression due to new therapies, diagnostics, and a promising pipeline of drugs targeting multiple disease pathways. Early detection, precise biomarker-driven therapies, and multi-target drug development will be essential for future progress in Alzheimer’s treatment. Learning Corner: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects memory, thinking, and behavior. It is the most common cause of dementia, a general term for a decline in cognitive ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. Key Features: Progressive Nature: Alzheimer’s disease worsens over time, with symptoms gradually becoming more severe. It typically starts with mild memory loss and confusion, eventually leading to significant impairment in the ability to perform everyday tasks. Memory Loss: The hallmark symptom of AD is memory loss, particularly difficulty in recalling recent events and conversations. Cognitive Decline: Cognitive functions, such as problem-solving, decision-making, and language skills, are also affected. Behavioral Changes: Patients may exhibit mood swings, depression, aggression, anxiety, and a decline in social interactions. Causes and Risk Factors: Genetics: A family history of Alzheimer’s is a significant risk factor. Certain genes, such as the APOE ε4 allele, increase the likelihood of developing the disease. Age: The risk increases significantly with age, particularly after the age of 65. Plaques and Tangles: The presence of amyloid-β plaques (protein deposits) and tau protein tangles in the brain are characteristic features of Alzheimer’s disease. These abnormal protein accumulations disrupt communication between brain cells and cause cell death. Other Factors: Factors like head injuries, cardiovascular health, diabetes, and lifestyle factors (e.g., lack of physical activity, poor diet) may also contribute to the risk. Symptoms: Early Stage: Mild memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with planning or solving problems. Moderate Stage: Increased memory loss, confusion about time and place, and difficulty recognizing friends and family. Some may become agitated or exhibit personality changes. Severe Stage: Loss of the ability to communicate, complete dependence on others for daily activities, and physical decline. Diagnosis: Clinical Evaluation: A combination of medical history, cognitive testing, and physical examination is used for diagnosis. Brain Imaging: MRI and PET scans can help detect structural changes in the brain, such as shrinkage in areas associated with memory and cognition. Biomarkers: Blood tests and cerebrospinal fluid analysis are being explored as diagnostic tools to detect Alzheimer’s-related changes at earlier stages. Treatment: Medications: While there is no cure for Alzheimer’s, medications such as Donepezil, Rivastigmine, and Memantine may help manage symptoms by improving cognitive function and slowing disease progression. Emerging Treatments: New therapies focusing on targeting amyloid plaques, tau proteins, and inflammation are under development, showing promise in clinical trials. Lifestyle Changes: Managing cardiovascular health, maintaining a healthy diet, staying mentally and physically active, and creating a supportive environment can help delay the onset or slow the progression of symptoms. Source: PIB AGNISHODH Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: General Upendra Dwivedi, Chief of the Army Staff, inaugurated AGNISHODH, the Indian Army Research Cell (IARC) at IIT Madras Key Highlights: Purpose and Vision: AGNISHODH is focused on bridging the gap between academic research and military applications, aiming to accelerate indigenous defense innovation. It plays a pivotal role in the Army’s transformation, particularly in the areas of modernization and technology infusion. Focus Areas: Additive manufacturing Cybersecurity Quantum computing Wireless communication Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) These areas align with the Army’s strategy to prepare for fifth-generation warfare, marked by high technological integration and non-contact combat. Integration with IIT Madras Research Park: The facility operates within the IIT Madras Research Park, collaborating with advanced centers such as the Advanced Manufacturing Technology Development Centre (AMTDC) and the Pravartak Technologies Foundation, turning lab breakthroughs into deployable defense technologies. Strategic Partnerships: AGNISHODH collaborates with national technology missions like INDIAai and Project QuILA, and partners with the Military College of Telecommunication Engineering (MCTE), Mhow. It also builds on the success of similar research cells at IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, and IISc Bengaluru. Upskilling Armed Forces: The cell aims to foster both research and the upskilling of Army personnel in cutting-edge defense technologies, contributing to a tech-empowered military workforce. Learning corner: Indian Army Research Cells Indian Army Research Cells are collaborative initiatives between the Army and premier academic institutions to foster indigenous defense innovation and technology development. These cells bridge the gap between academic research and military applications, enabling rapid deployment of cutting-edge technologies. Key Cells: AGNISHODH (IIT Madras): Focuses on additive manufacturing, cybersecurity, quantum computing, unmanned aerial systems, and wireless communication. It aids in modernizing defense and facilitating technology infusion. IIT Delhi: Focuses on cybersecurity, AI, and data analytics, enhancing military communications, surveillance, and data protection. IIT Kanpur: Specializes in robotics, AI, and autonomous systems for next-gen military operations like unmanned vehicles and surveillance. IISc Bengaluru: Works on defense materials, nanotechnology, and advanced sensors for applications such as body armor, propulsion, and threat detection. MCTE, Mhow: Focuses on military communications, enhancing secure communication systems and encryption technologies. Objectives: Indigenous Development: Reducing dependency on foreign technologies. Academic Collaboration: Turning academic research into deployable military technologies. Technology Transition: Rapid integration of new technologies into Army operations. These cells support India’s defense modernization and self-reliance goals, strengthening technological capabilities for modern warfare. Source:  PIB (MAINS Focus) Hiroshima and Nuclear Disarmament (GS Paper I – World history) Introduction (Context) On August 6, 1945, a nuclear bomb exploded just above Hiroshima, instantly killing at least 70,000 people. Another 70,000 died of injuries and radiation sickness before the year ended. Three days later, a second weapon exploded over Nagasaki, killing 40,000 on the day.  In the 80 years since, nuclear weapons have not been detonated again. A norm of non-use appears to have been established. But the norm of non-use is now under increasing pressure. Why was the bomb dropped? The primary reason for dropping the atomic bombs was to bring a swift end to World War II. By August 1945, Japan showed no signs of surrendering, and U.S. military leaders estimated that an invasion of Japan would result in significant American and Japanese casualties. President Harry Truman and his advisors believed that using the atomic bomb would force Japan to surrender unconditionally, thus avoiding a prolonged and bloody ground invasion.  Another critical factor was the geopolitical landscape at the time. The U.S. aimed to demonstrate its military might, particularly to the Soviet Union, which had just declared war on Japan.  The bombings served as a signal of American power and a way to limit Soviet influence in post-war Japan. This was particularly important as tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union were beginning to rise, setting the stage for the Cold War. Global Nuclear order post Hiroshima In the decades after Hiroshima, the nuclear order took shape.  After World War II and the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the world realized the need to control nuclear weapons. The United Nations (UN) was created in 1945 to promote peace. In 1968, countries signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) to stop the spread of nuclear weapons. The United States, Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China became the five officially recognised nuclear powers.  Others like India, Pakistan, and North Korea built their arsenals outside this system.  Treaties to limit use of nuclear power NPT – Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968) It is a global treaty with three pillars: Non-Proliferation: Prevent spread of nuclear weapons. Disarmament: Work toward nuclear disarmament. Peaceful Use: Promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy. It has recognized 5 nuclear-weapon states (US, UK, France, Russia, China). Other signatories agree not to pursue nuclear weapons.\ Signed by 191 countries (India, Pakistan, Israel, and North Korea are not signatories). Creates a nuclear apartheid — permanent division between nuclear and non-nuclear states. Nuclear Weapon States have modernised arsenals instead of reducing them. CTBT – Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (1996) Aims to ban all nuclear explosions for both military and civilian purposes. CTBT (1996) specifically bans all nuclear explosive testing, but does not prevent possession or development of nuclear weapons. Establishes a global monitoring system for nuclear tests. Needs ratification by 44 specific nuclear-capable states to come into force. India, US, China, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel, Iran, Egypt have not ratified. TPNW – Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (2017) First legally binding treaty that completely bans nuclear weapons, including their use, threat, development, testing, and possession. Adopted by 122 countries; entered into force in 2021. Symbolically powerful but none of the nuclear-weapon states have signed it. Seeks to stigmatize and delegitimize nuclear weapons like landmines and chemical weapons. Lack enforcement power as major powers reject it. India supports universal nuclear disarmament, but refuses to join treaties like NPT and CTBT unless they are non-discriminatory and equitable. Advocates for a step-by-step approach under a global framework, not through biased treaties International Court of Justice (ICJ) Opinion In 1996, the ICJ said using nuclear weapons would generally go against humanitarian law, but it didn’t make a final judgment on legality. This created a moral pressure to avoid using nuclear weapons, even if not legally banned. Conclusion The legacy of Hiroshima continues to hold profound relevance in contemporary global discourse on war, peace, and international security. Despite the passage of eight decades, the events of August 1945 serve as a stark reminder of the devastating humanitarian and ethical consequences of nuclear warfare.  As the world grapples with emerging threats, resurgent rivalries, and advances in military technology, the Hiroshima experience must inform efforts to promote disarmament, foster mutual trust, and strengthen multilateral commitments to shared security.  Mains Practice Question Q In the current global context of rising geopolitical tensions and emerging military technologies, critically examine the relevance of the global nuclear disarmament framework. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: Eighty years on from Hiroshima – The Hindu   Rising Concern Over Sulphur Pollution in India's Energy Sector (GS Paper III – Environment) Introduction (Context) The government has eased sulphur emission rules for coal power plants, which has reignited concerns about its environmental impact. The decision aligns with the government’s focus on ensuring affordable and reliable electricity amid rising energy needs.  However, the rollback threatens to worsen air pollution, especially from SO₂ emissions, which are linked to acid rain, ecosystem damage, and respiratory illnesses. Why India’s power plants emit more CO₂?  In India, coal accounts for more than 70 per cent of electricity generation. The dominant type of coal produced in India is “sub bituminous”, primarily of Gondwana origin, which has low sulphur and moisture content beneficial in reducing emissions.  However, it also has less carbon and lower energy density, meaning it produces less energy per kilogram. Hence, to produce the same amount of electricity, more coal needs to be burnt compared to higher-grade coal like anthracite. Burning more coal results in more carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions per unit of electricity. Due to low heat value and high quartz (silica) content, Indian coal is less efficient. It also leads to the production of large amounts of ash, causing waste management and pollution challenges. The theoretical maximum efficiency of a coal-fired power plant is 64 per cent, but even the most advanced plants globally achieve up to 45 per cent. In comparison, plants in India average about 35 per cent efficiency.  How sulphur from coal fuels air pollution? What is Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂)? A toxic gas released during combustion of sulphur-containing fuels (especially coal). Forms acid rain and sulphate aerosols, and contributes to PM2.5 pollution. Highly water-soluble; can travel hundreds of kilometres before settling. Sources: Coal-fired thermal plants – the primary source. (Coal contains 0.5–6 per cent sulphur, present as organic sulphur (bound to carbon) and inorganic sulphur (mainly iron pyrites, FeS₂). Notably, inorganic sulphur can be partially removed through washing and pulverising. ) Petroleum refining. Metal smelting (e.g., copper). Cement and chemical industries. Rules In the US, SO₂ is listed as a criteria pollutant under the Clean Air Act and is regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  In India, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, sets the annual average SO₂ limit of 50 µg/m³ for residential/industrial areas, and 20 µg/m³ for ecologically sensitive zones. The 24-hour average limit is 80 µg/m³ for both.  Impact of SO2 pollution When sulphur burns, it forms SO₂ and SO₃. These gases mix with water in the air to form sulphurous acid and sulphuric acid (one of the strongest acids).\ These acids fall to the ground with rain, called acid rain. This process takes a few days, allowing SO₂ to travel hundreds of kilometres before settling. SO₂ also forms tiny sulphate particles in the air (0.2–0.9 µm). These particles reduce visibility and enter deep into the lungs, affecting human health. Sulphate particles (0.2–0.9 µm) penetrate deep into lungs, aggravating respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Leaching of soil nutrients, mobilisation of toxic metals like aluminium, fish kills due to respiratory blockages from aluminium salts in gills. Acid rain damages crops and forests by removing nutrients from the soil. It mobilises toxic aluminium, which blocks plants from absorbing water and nutrients. It harms freshwater ecosystems by altering water chemistry. Control Measures SO₂ emissions can be reduced through two broad approaches: pre-combustion control and post-combustion control.  Pre-combustion control Pre-combustion techniques include fuel switching, fluidized bed combustion (FBC), and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC).  Fuel switching:  It involves using or blending low-sulphur coal, which can cut SO₂ emissions by 30–90 percent, but only temporarily.  Coal washing:  Using physical, chemical, or biological methods, it removes iron pyrites (FeS₂) due to its higher density.  This can lower sulphur content by approximately 10 per cent, while reducing ash levels and improving fuel quality and boiler efficiency.  Fluidized bed combustion: It uses crushed coal mixed with limestone in a fluidized bed; the lime reacts with SO₂ to form calcium sulfate.  FBC can remove more than 90 per cent of sulphur, operates at lower temperatures (~800°C), thereby lowering NOₓ formation, and is less sensitive to coal quality.  Integrated gasification combined cycle:  It turns coal-water slurry to clean syngas, removing particulates, mercury, and sulphur.  IGCC plants reach up to 45 per cent efficiency compared to approximately 40 per cent for conventional pulverized coal plants, and allow for CO₂ capture via deep injection.  Post-combustion control Post-combustion control is mainly achieved through flue gas desulphurisation (FGD). In dry FGD systems, limestone (CaCO₃) slurry is injected into flue gas to form calcium sulphite/sulphate. Lime-based slurries work better but are costlier. In wet scrubbing, flue gas is bubbled through limestone slurry, producing gypsum as a by-product, which is used as a construction material. Scrubbers also consume large amounts of water and generate significant sludge as landfills with the consistency of toothpaste.  Regenerative SO₂ capture processes, like Wellman-Lord, generate economically important byproducts like sulphuric acid, and even elemental sulphur for industrial application.  Biotechnological application of autotrophic sulphur bacteria in thermophilic conditions to produce economically attractive elemental sulphur is also another environmentally benign alternative for SO₂ remediation. Way forward Ensure affordable electricity without compromising environmental safeguards. Prioritise FGDs in high SO₂-emitting and densely populated zones. Increase share of renewables; gradually phase out older, inefficient coal plants. Consistent emission norms to allow investment planning and tech upgrades. Environmental decisions must factor long-term health costs of air pollution. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the impact of SO₂ emissions on air quality, human health, and ecosystems. Evaluate the effectiveness of current mitigation technologies in coal-based thermal power plants in India. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: UPSC Environment Current Affairs 2025: Why concerns about SO₂ emissions, key contributor to air pollution, keep recurring  

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 5th August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Pollution Control Boards Category: ENVIRONMENT Context:  The Supreme Court has ruled that Pollution Control Boards (PCBs) have the authority to impose and collect restitutionary and compensatory damages to restore polluted air and waterbodies to their original state. This power is derived from Sections 33A and 31A of the Water and Air Acts, respectively. The Court directed that such powers must be exercised only after appropriate subordinate legislation (rules and regulations) is framed, ensuring the principles of natural justice are followed. The ruling came in response to a Delhi Pollution Control Committee appeal, where the Delhi High Court had earlier ruled that it lacked authority to impose such damages. Justice P.S. Narasimha emphasized the “polluter pays” principle, noting that restoration should closely resemble the damaged ecosystem. Justice Manoj Misra added that PCBs hold broad statutory powers and responsibilities under the Water and Air Acts, including the ability to regulate or shut down polluting industries and services. The judgment strengthens PCBs’ role in environmental protection and enforcement actions. Learning Corner: Pollution Control Boards (PCBs): Pollution Control Boards (PCBs) are statutory bodies established under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 to prevent, control, and abate pollution in India. There are two main types: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) – Functions at the national level under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change. State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) – Function at the state level. Key Functions: Monitor and regulate pollution levels in air and water. Grant or revoke consent to industries for discharge of pollutants. Enforce environmental laws and standards. Promote pollution abatement technologies. Advise governments on environmental matters. Source: THE HINDU IPO Category: ECONOMICS Context : Lenskart, a major eyewear unicorn, is preparing for a ₹2,150 crore IPO after becoming profitable in FY25 Key Trends: Worsening Eye Health: Refractive errors among children have surged (from 21% in FY20 to 39% in FY25 for under-19s). For all ages, it’s expected to hit 62% by FY30. Causes: Excessive screen time, reduced outdoor play, poor lighting, and incorrect posture are primary contributors. Optometrist Shortage: India has low access to prescription eyewear (only 35% of affected people wear glasses). The country has just 15–20 optometrists per million people, compared to 80–100 in the US and Japan. Eyewear Access Gaps: Over 70% of eyewear is sold via unorganised channels. Availability and awareness of optometrists are especially low in Tier 2 and 3 cities. Learning Corner: IPO (Initial Public Offering): The process by which a private company offers its shares to the public for the first time and becomes a publicly listed company on a stock exchange. DRHP (Draft Red Herring Prospectus): A preliminary document submitted to SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) containing details about the company’s business, financials, risks, and purpose of the IPO. It invites public feedback before the final prospectus. Red Herring Prospectus (RHP): The final version of the DRHP that includes the issue price and other final details. It is filed before the IPO opens for subscription. Fresh Issue: New shares issued by the company to raise capital. The money goes directly to the company and is often used for expansion, debt repayment, etc. Offer for Sale (OFS): Shares sold by existing shareholders (e.g. promoters, venture capitalists) as part of the IPO. The proceeds go to the selling shareholders, not the company. Book Building: A price discovery mechanism where investors bid within a price band, and the final issue price is decided based on demand. Price Band: The range within which investors can place their bids. The upper and lower limits are set by the issuer. Lot Size: The minimum number of shares that can be applied for in an IPO. Investors must bid in multiples of the lot size. Underwriters: Financial institutions that manage the IPO process, ensure regulatory compliance, and often guarantee the sale of a certain number of shares. Listing: The process of getting the company’s shares admitted to trade on a stock exchange (like NSE or BSE in India) after the IPO is complete. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Article 370 Category: POLITY Context: August 5, 2025, marks six years since the abrogation of Article 370. Key Themes: Politics: Limited Representation Democratic process restored, but with curtailed powers. The elected government lacks full control over police and services, which lie with the Lieutenant Governor. Political parties like NC and PDP have returned to electoral politics but differ in strategy and tone. Security: Mixed Outcomes One key goal of the abrogation was to reduce terrorism. Civilian deaths have decreased significantly: 24 in 2024 vs. 129 in 2015. However, the Pahalgam terror attack in April 2025 dealt a blow to security gains and tourism confidence. Ongoing infiltration and militant activity remain concerns. Investment and Development Industrial development is progressing: 359 industrial units operational; 1,424 in the pipeline. Government investment rose sharply with ₹2.15 lakh crore in 2024–25 alone. Revenue indicators improving: GST collections up by 39%, and per capita income has risen. Tourism: Growth and Setback 2023 saw record tourism (2.21 crore tourists), contributing 7% to GSDP. But post-Pahalgam attack, the perception of normalcy has been shaken again. Ongoing events like G20 and Miss World pageant hosted to project normalcy. Learning Corner: Article 370: Article 370 of the Indian Constitution granted special autonomous status to the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). It was a temporary provision inserted in Part XXI of the Constitution under “Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions.” Key Features: Autonomy: J&K had its own Constitution, flag, and decision-making powers in all matters except defence, foreign affairs, finance, and communications. Limited applicability of Indian laws: Laws passed by Parliament applied to J&K only if the state assembly agreed. Permanent Residents: Only permanent residents of J&K could own property and get government jobs under Article 35A (inserted via Article 370). Abrogation (August 5, 2019): The Government of India abrogated Article 370 using Presidential Order C.O. 272 and passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which: Revoked J&K’s special status Split the state into two Union Territories: Jammu & Kashmir (with legislature) and Ladakh (without legislature) Implications: Indian laws now apply uniformly across J&K. Land ownership and job eligibility are open to all Indian citizens. Political and legal integration of J&K with the rest of India is complete. Critics argue it weakened federalism and democratic representation, while supporters see it as promoting national integration and development. Special Status of Different States in the Indian Constitution The Indian Constitution provides for special status or special provisions for certain states to address their unique historical, cultural, economic, or geographical conditions. These provisions are primarily covered under Articles 371 to 371J in Part XXI of the Constitution. Key Articles and Special Provisions: Article 370 (Now abrogated) Granted special autonomous status to Jammu & Kashmir. Abrogated in 2019; J&K is now a Union Territory. Article 371 Applies to Maharashtra and Gujarat. Provides for development boards for Vidarbha, Marathwada, and Saurashtra regions. Article 371A Nagaland: Protects Naga customs, religious practices, and ownership of land and resources. Parliament cannot legislate on these matters without the State Assembly’s consent. Article 371B Assam: Provides for a committee of legislators to safeguard the interests of tribal areas. Article 371C Manipur: Similar committee to protect the interests of the hill tribes. Article 371D & 371E Andhra Pradesh & Telangana: Ensures equitable opportunities in public employment and education. Empowers the President to issue orders on local reservation and administrative tribunals. Article 371F Sikkim: Protects Sikkim’s laws and grants special rights to old settlers post its merger with India (1975). Article 371G Mizoram: Similar to Nagaland; protects religious/social customs and local laws. Article 371H Arunachal Pradesh: Provides special powers to the Governor regarding law and order. Article 371I Goa: Deals with the composition of the Legislative Assembly. Article 371J Karnataka (Hyderabad-Karnataka region): Special development board and reservations in education and jobs for locals. Purpose of Special Status: To accommodate regional diversity, protect tribal customs, ensure balanced development, and safeguard socio-economic interests of backward or sensitive regions. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Rhisotope Project Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Attempt to Save Rhinos by Giving Them Radioactive Horns To combat rhino poaching, scientists in South Africa have begun injecting radioactive isotopes into rhino horns as part of the Rhisotope Project. Developed by the University of the Witwatersrand and supported by the IAEA, this method makes horns detectable at borders and toxic for human use without harming the animals. Key Points: Low-dose radioactive isotopes are injected non-invasively, detectable by radiation scanners at airports and borders. The procedure is safe for rhinos and renders horns “useless” and “poisonous” for illegal use. Successfully tested on rhinos in the Waterberg Biosphere, with no negative health impact. Targets international wildlife trafficking by leveraging radiation detection infrastructure. Tackles rampant poaching: Over 27,000 rhinos killed since 2008, driven by illegal horn trade. This innovative approach represents a scientific and security-based strategy to protect endangered rhinos by reducing the commercial value of their horns. Learning Corner: Rhinos Rhinoceroses (Rhinos) are large, herbivorous mammals known for their thick skin and prominent horns. They are native to parts of Africa and Asia and are among the world’s most endangered animals due to habitat loss and poaching for their horns, which are falsely believed to have medicinal value. Key Species: African Rhinos: White Rhino (Ceratotherium simum) – Larger, with a broad mouth for grazing. Black Rhino (Diceros bicornis) – Smaller, hook-lipped for browsing shrubs. Asian Rhinos: Indian Rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis) – Also called the Great One-Horned Rhino, mostly found in Kaziranga National Park, Assam. Javan Rhino – Critically endangered, found in Indonesia. Sumatran Rhino – Smallest and most endangered, with only a few dozen individuals left. Conservation Status: Most species are endangered or critically endangered (IUCN Red List). Protected under CITES Appendix I, banning international trade in rhino horns. Conservation efforts include habitat protection, anti-poaching laws, and rhino translocation programs. Threats: Poaching for horns, primarily driven by demand in Asia. Loss of habitat due to agriculture and urban development. Weak law enforcement and illegal wildlife trade networks. Rhinos play a crucial ecological role by maintaining grassland and forest balance, and their protection is vital for broader biodiversity conservation. Radioisotopes Radioisotopes, or radioactive isotopes, are atoms that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation as they decay into more stable forms. These isotopes can be naturally occurring or artificially produced in reactors or particle accelerators. Key Features: Unstable nucleus emits alpha (α), beta (β), or gamma (γ) radiation. Decay occurs at a predictable rate (half-life). Used in medicine, industry, research, and now even in wildlife conservation. Major Applications: Medical: Diagnosis (e.g., Technetium-99m in imaging). Treatment (e.g., Cobalt-60 for cancer radiotherapy). Industrial: Detecting leaks in pipelines. Gauging thickness of materials. Agriculture: Improving crop varieties via mutation breeding. Tracing nutrient pathways. Research: Tracing chemical and biological processes. Wildlife Conservation: As seen in the Rhino isotope tagging project, low-dose radioisotopes are used to make horns detectable at borders and less valuable for poachers. Safety & Regulation: Handled under strict guidelines due to health and environmental risks. Regulated by bodies like the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and national atomic regulatory boards. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Global Plastics Treaty Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Over 190 countries are meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, for the 5th round of talks (INC-5) under the UN Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to finalize a legally binding Global Plastics Treaty. Objective: To address plastic pollution at every stage—production, usage, and disposal—including capping production, reducing harmful chemicals, and improving recycling. Context: Talks follow a breakdown in Busan (Dec 2023) due to disagreements on production limits and chemical additives. A resolution to create this treaty was passed in Nairobi (2022) at the UN Environment Assembly. Plastic Crisis: Global plastic production has doubled in two decades. Plastic waste rose from 156 MT (2000) to 353 MT (2019). OECD warns production may triple by 2060. Health impacts include links to cancer, infertility, and cardiovascular diseases, costing the world $1.5 trillion annually. Significance: If adopted, the treaty could become the most impactful global environmental agreement since the Paris Climate Accord (2015). Learning corner: Global Plastics Treaty The Global Plastics Treaty is a proposed legally binding international agreement under negotiation by the United Nations Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) to address the full lifecycle of plastics—from production to disposal. Background: Initiated by a resolution at the UN Environment Assembly in Nairobi (2022). Aims to tackle the growing plastic pollution crisis, which threatens ecosystems, human health, and economies. The process is being coordinated through a series of negotiation rounds called INC-1 to INC-5. Objectives: To cap and reduce plastic production. Eliminate harmful chemicals in plastic products. Strengthen recycling and waste management systems. Promote a circular economy and sustainable alternatives. Hold producers accountable through extended producer responsibility (EPR). Global Significance: Plastic waste has more than doubled in two decades. Production is projected to triple by 2060 under a business-as-usual scenario (OECD). The treaty is considered as significant as the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement for its potential environmental impact. Challenges: Disagreements on binding commitments, especially production caps. Divergence between developed and developing countries on responsibility and financing. Influence of the petrochemical and plastics industry. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS (MAINS Focus) Battery Waste Management (GS Paper III – Science and Technology Introduction (Context) India, with its focus on decarbonisation, has witnessed rapid electrification, particularly in the realm of electric vehicle (EV) adoption. There are projections that India’s EV lithium battery demand may skyrocket to nearly 139 gigawatt-hours (GWh) by 2035 from 4 GWh in 2023. India’s expanding renewable energy sector is also catalysing demand for lithium batteries. But the absence of a robust battery recycling ecosystem, particularly fair EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) floor pricing, threatens both environmental safety and economic sustainability. Battery Waste Management Rules (BWMR) in 2022 In 2022, Lithium batteries alone accounting for 7,00,000 of the 1.6 million metric tonnes of e-waste generated  Recognising these risks, the government notified the Battery Waste Management Rules (BWMR) in 2022 to ensure sustainable management and recycling. Salient provisions of Battery Waste Management Rules (BWMR) in 2022 are: Comprehensive Coverage: The rules cover all types of batteries, viz. Electric Vehicle batteries, portable batteries, automotive batteries and industrial batteries. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): The rules are based on the EPR framework, where producers, including importers, are responsible for the collection, recycling/refurbishment, and incorporation of recovered materials into the production of new batteries. Producers must ensure 100% collection of waste batteries and their proper processing. Disposal of batteries in landfills or incineration is strictly prohibited. Flexibility in Compliance: To meet their EPR obligations, producers may either set up their own recycling/refurbishment mechanisms or authorize third parties (recyclers, refurbishers, or collection agencies). EPR Certificate Mechanism: A centralized online portal will be established for seamless registration, tracking, and exchange of EPR certificates between producers and recyclers/refurbishers to ensure accountability and transparency. Boost to Recycling Industry and Innovation: The rules encourage the creation of new industries and entrepreneurship in battery collection and recycling. Mandated recovery targets for valuable materials (like lithium, cobalt, and nickel) will promote technological innovation and investment in the recycling ecosystem. Use of Recycled Content: Producers are required to use a minimum percentage of recycled materials in manufacturing new batteries, reducing dependency on virgin raw materials and conserving natural resources. Monitoring and Enforcement Mechanisms: The rules provide for: Online registration and reporting, Audits and inspections A dedicated monitoring committee to oversee implementation and address grievances or bottlenecks. Environmental Compensation (Polluter Pays Principle): Financial penalties (environmental compensation) will be levied for failure to meet EPR targets or comply with responsibilities. The collected funds will be used for managing uncollected or improperly recycled battery waste. Issues Skewed EPR Floor Price India’s Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022 introduced Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) to make producers responsible for battery recycling. However, the EPR floor price — the minimum price recyclers should receive to process waste — is too low to support safe, high-quality recycling. Proper disposal of lithium battery waste is expensive, requiring advanced processing technologies, safe transportation, and skilled labour to prevent hazardous materials from leaching into ecosystems. Without viable pricing, legitimate recyclers struggle, while informal and fraudulent operators thrive, issuing fake certificates and dumping toxic waste. Further, Lithium-ion batteries contain valuable minerals (lithium, cobalt, nickel). Efficient recycling can reduce India’s dependence on imports and support energy security and green tech Without fair EPR floor pricing, India faces severe environmental degradation from improper battery recycling or dumping.  The financial repercussions are equally alarming. Experts estimate that by 2030, inadequate battery recycling could cost India over $1 billion in foreign exchange losses. Resistance to compliance Large multinational producers often follow double standards, complying in developed nations but neglecting environmental responsibilities in developing countries like India. This trend risks undermining the establishment of resilient and sustainable battery ecosystems across the global south. Informal sector Informal recyclers lack capacity and regulation, yet handle a bulk of the battery waste. Weak enforcement, lack of audits, and manual certificate tracking lead to rampant malpractice in the recycling value chain. Steps needed India must consider adopting a fair and globally comparable EPR floor price that reflects the real costs of recycling and industry building Policymakers, industry and recyclers should establish a viable pricing structure after analysing global pricing structures and best practices. The EPR floor price for recycling battery waste should cover the full spectrum of recycling expenses, from collection to material recovery, ensuring that recyclers can operate sustainably without resorting to shortcuts. Digitise the EPR certificate system to prevent fraud. Impose strict audits and penalties for non-compliance. Encourage producers to verify recyclers’ actions through independent audits. Train and certify informal recyclers to follow environmental safety norms. Offer technical and financial support to integrate them into the formal recycling economy. Policy design must involve recyclers, producers, and regulators to ensure practicality. Study international benchmarks and best practices for price-setting and enforcement. Key terminologies Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): A policy tool where producers are held responsible for the treatment and disposal of post-consumer products (e.g., batteries), including collection, recycling, and safe disposal. EPR Floor Price: The minimum rate recyclers should receive from producers for every kg of battery waste recycled — ensures recycling remains financially viable and sustainable. Circular Economy: An economic model focused on reducing waste by reusing, recycling, and regenerating products and materials, thereby minimising resource extraction and environmental impact. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS): Systems that store energy using rechargeable batteries, crucial for renewable energy integration and grid stability. Conclusion Battery waste is a growing environmental and economic challenge for India. A weak recycling structure, low EPR pricing, and unregulated informal practices pose significant threats. What’s needed is a fair pricing framework, digitised enforcement, and formalisation of recyclers to transform battery waste from a liability into a strategic asset. India cannot afford to miss this opportunity on its path to Net Zero. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the challenges in managing battery waste in India in the context of EV adoption and renewable energy growth. What reforms are needed to ensure sustainable recycling under the Extended Producer Responsibility framework? (250 words, 15 marks) Source: The missing link in India’s battery waste management – The Hindu   Breastfeeding – Structural Challenges, Support Systems, and Reforms (GS Paper II – Governance) Introduction (Context) Experts have flagged the persistent gap between breastfeeding awareness and its sustained practice in India. Despite good initiation rates, only 63.7% of infants are exclusively breastfed for six months (NFHS-5). Hence, this year’s World Breastfeeding Week theme, is ‘Prioritise Breastfeeding: Build Sustainable Support Systems’, highlighting the need for systemic reforms and science-backed support systems. Key Data According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) -5 only 63.7% of infants meeting World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines of breastfeeding for first 6 months. The average duration of exclusive breastfeeding in India is 4.9 months. Significance of breastfeeding According to WHO, initiating breastfeeding within the first hour of birth (the “golden hour”) provide colostrum, boost newborn immunity and reduce infant mortality.  It is the perfect food for infants as it contains all the nutrients a baby needs for the first 6 months, in the right proportions and is easily digestible. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months should be there– no water, food, or other fluids to ensure optimal growth, immunity and brain development.  Breastmilk protects against infections, reduces the risk of diarrhoea, pneumonia and other common childhood illnesses. Breastmilk contains antibodies and bioactive factors that boost the baby’s immune system and aid healthy gut development. WHO estimates that widespread breastfeeding could save over 820,000 children under five every year globally and for mothers, breastfeeding reduces the risk of breast and ovarian cancers, type 2 diabetes and supports mental well-being. Structural Issues Despite campaigns and awareness drives, exclusive breastfeeding in India still drops sharply after the first few months. Experts argue that this isn’t a failure of mothers—it’s a failure of the system.  Issues are discussed below: Poor post-natal awareness In most tertiary care centres, delivery is followed by rapid discharge, leaving mothers without structured postnatal guidance.  Without interventions, challenges like poor latch, delayed milk let-down and infant crying are often misinterpreted as insufficient milk, leading to early supplementation.\ Skin-to-skin contact and antenatal lactation counselling are proven to improve breastfeeding outcomes but remain inconsistently applied. Physical and emotional challenges Breastfeeding isn’t always easy. Many new mothers face difficulties with latching, nipple pain, or the fear of not producing enough milk. They’re medical issues that need trained help.  Unfortunately, most health facilities don’t have dedicated lactation counselors. Further home and workplace stress disrupts milk production. Cortisol (the stress hormone) interferes with prolactin and oxytocin and reduces milk production. Training and Capacity Deficit in Field Workers ASHAs and ANMs receive limited training on lactation techniques, infant weight issues, poor latch correction. Lack of visual tools, referral pathways, or helplines. Marginalisation and Lack of Tailored Communication Tribal, migrant, and urban poor women face poor access to counselling, malnutrition, and information gaps. Absence of multilingual, culturally sensitive, audio-visual educational content. Informal sector Informal sector women face early weaning due to lack of maternity leave, clean spaces for breastfeeding. Absence of lactation pods, mobile crèches, or peer support in community settings. India’s Maternity Benefit Act mandates breastfeeding breaks and crèche facilities, compliance is low.  Steps needed Breastfeeding support should be built into every level of healthcare—from hospitals to homes to workplaces. Counselling on breastfeeding must be made routine during antenatal visits and immunisation check-ups. PHC nurses, ASHAs, and Anganwadi workers should receive practical, hands-on training on breastfeeding support. Breastfeeding must be treated not as a mother’s personal responsibility, but as a public health right. Clean, private feeding rooms in public spaces and informal work hubs are essential, not optional. Factories, markets, and rural workplaces can be supported through CSR or public-private partnerships to create mother-friendly spaces. Use folk media, local languages, and audio-visual aids to spread messages that resonate. Engage community leaders to build trust and improve uptake of breastfeeding support. Creating supportive systems including skilled healthcare, family encouragement and workplace policies significantly improves breastfeeding outcomes. From the age of 6 months, children should begin eating safe and adequate complementary foods while continuing to breastfeed for up to two years of age or beyond. Government Schemes Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY): A maternity benefit scheme providing a conditional cash incentive of ₹5,000 to pregnant and lactating women for the first live birth, aimed at improving maternal and child health and encouraging institutional delivery. Mothers’ Absolute Affection (MAA) Program: A nationwide initiative by the Ministry of Health to promote, protect, and support breastfeeding through mass media campaigns, training of frontline health workers, and community-level awareness. Matritva Sahyog Yojana: A maternity benefit scheme (now subsumed under PMMVY) that provided cash incentives to pregnant and lactating women above 19 years of age for the first two live births to improve nutrition and health outcomes. Conclusion Breastfeeding is not just a behavioural act it is a biological process requiring scientific, emotional, and structural support. Mere awareness campaigns are insufficient.  India needs integrated, evidence-backed interventions embedded into maternal and child healthcare delivery. Protecting breastfeeding is protecting national health and human capital. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the systemic and structural challenges that hinder exclusive breastfeeding in India. What policy and programmatic reforms are necessary to improve breastfeeding rates and maternal health outcomes? (250 words, 15 marks) Source: Why breastfeeding needs structural reform, not just awareness: experts call for science-backed, system-level support – The Hindu  

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 4th August 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 4th August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) This is box title Category: INTERNATIONAL Context:  Due to increased restrictions on H-1B and student visas under U.S. President Donald Trump’s administration, more Indians are turning to the EB-5 investment visa route. The new “Gold Card” program, requiring a $5 million investment for U.S. residency, is drawing attention though details are pending. Key data: EB-5 visa applications from India surged in 2023 and 2024, peaking at 1,428 in 2024. In early 2025 (Jan–Feb), 649 applications have already been filed. In FY2025 (Oct 2024–Jan 2025), Indian applicants filed more than 1,200 I-526E petitions, more than any prior year. Learning Corner: Non-Immigrant Visas For temporary stay in the U.S. H-1B Visa – For skilled professionals in specialty occupations (commonly IT, engineering). Employer-sponsored. F-1 Visa – For academic students pursuing full-time study at accredited institutions. J-1 Visa – For exchange visitors (researchers, scholars, interns, au pairs). B-1/B-2 Visa – B-1: For business visitors B-2: For tourism, medical treatment L-1 Visa – For intra-company transferees (managerial or specialized knowledge staff). O-1 Visa – For individuals with extraordinary ability in sciences, arts, education, business, or athletics. TN Visa – For Canadian and Mexican professionals under the USMCA (formerly NAFTA). H-2A/H-2B Visa – For temporary agricultural (H-2A) or non-agricultural (H-2B) workers. Immigrant Visas For permanent residency (Green Card pathway) EB-1 to EB-5 Visas – Employment-based immigrant visas: EB-1: Priority workers (extraordinary ability, outstanding professors, etc.) EB-2: Advanced degree professionals or exceptional ability EB-3: Skilled workers, professionals, and other workers EB-4: Special immigrants (religious workers, etc.) EB-5: Immigrant investors ($800,000–$1,050,000 investment creating jobs in the U.S.) Family-Based Immigrant Visas – For immediate relatives of U.S. citizens (spouses, children, parents) and other family-based preference categories. Diversity Visa (DV) Lottery – For nationals from countries with historically low immigration to the U.S. IR Visas – Immediate relative visas (spouse, parent, unmarried child of U.S. citizen). K-1 Visa – For fiancé(e) of a U.S. citizen intending to marry within 90 days of entry. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS OPEC+ Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : OPEC+ has agreed to significantly increase oil production by 547,000 barrels per day (bpd) starting September 2025 Key highlights: The total output hike, including a separate increase for UAE, totals around 2.5 million bpd, covering about 2.4% of global demand. This move marks a reversal of previous output cuts, aiming to stabilize global oil markets. A virtual meeting of eight OPEC+ members also discussed U.S. pressure on India to halt Russian oil imports. President Donald Trump wants progress on this issue by August 8. Despite increased output, oil prices remain high, with Brent crude nearing $70/barrel, up from $58 in April. OPEC+ may meet again on September 7 to consider reinstating cuts if necessary. Learning Corner: OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) Established: 1960 Headquarters: Vienna, Austria Founding Members: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela Current Members (13 countries) include: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, UAE, Venezuela, Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, Angola, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. Objectives: Coordinate and unify petroleum policies among member countries Ensure stable oil markets and fair prices for producers and consumers Regulate oil production to balance global supply and demand OPEC+ Formed: 2016 (informal coalition) Members: All 13 OPEC members + 10 non-OPEC oil-producing countries Key non-OPEC members: Russia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Oman, Azerbaijan, etc. Purpose: Cooperate on oil production decisions to stabilize global oil markets Respond jointly to market crises (e.g., COVID-19 demand collapse, Russia-Ukraine conflict) Key Differences: Feature OPEC OPEC+ Members 13 (Only OPEC countries) 23 (OPEC + 10 non-OPEC countries) Formation Year 1960 2016 (as a coordinated alliance) Main Driver Long-term oil policy coordination Short-term cooperation on production levels Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Bio-fortification Category: AGRICULTURE Context: The International Potato Center (CIP), based in Peru, is introducing bio-fortified potatoes enriched with iron to Indian markets, aiming to combat malnutrition and improve farmer livelihoods. Key Points: CIP’s Director General, Simon Heck, announced that bio-fortified sweet potatoes (with Vitamin A) are already grown in Karnataka, Assam, West Bengal, and Odisha. The focus now shifts to iron fortification in regular potatoes. Germplasm has been shared with the ICAR–Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, and the variety is under evaluation for Indian conditions. A new CIP South Asia Regional Centre is being set up near Agra, in the heart of the Indo-Gangetic potato belt (largest producer in India). The initiative is expected to: Improve seed quality and timely availability. Provide better market access for farmers. Support school feeding programs like mid-day meals. Reduce agro-chemical dependence. The Uttar Pradesh government provided land for the centre, with support from the Union Agriculture Ministry and National Horticulture Board. CIP will work with private companies and research institutes to build seed multiplication infrastructure and ensure quality planting material reaches farmers. The regional centre will be governed by a committee with members from India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan. Learning Corner: International Potato Center (CIP)  Established: 1971 Headquarters: Lima, Peru Affiliation: A part of the CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research), a global research partnership for food security. Primary Objectives: Conduct research and development on potatoes, sweet potatoes, and other Andean roots and tubers. Enhance food and nutrition security, especially in developing countries. Promote climate-resilient and bio-fortified crop varieties (e.g., iron-rich potatoes, vitamin A-rich sweet potatoes). Key Functions: Develop disease-resistant, high-yielding, and nutrient-enriched varieties. Work with national governments, NGOs, and private sector for seed multiplication and distribution. Support farmers through capacity building, training, and better market integration. Address malnutrition via biofortification (e.g., vitamin A in sweet potatoes, iron in regular potatoes). In India: Recently partnered with the Government of India to establish a South Asia Regional Centre near Agra, Uttar Pradesh. Already introduced bio-fortified sweet potatoes in states like Karnataka, Assam, West Bengal, and Odisha. Working closely with ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute and the Union Agriculture Ministry. Bio-fortification Bio-fortification is the process of increasing the nutrient content of crops through biological means, such as conventional breeding, genetic engineering, or agronomic practices. Objective: To improve the micronutrient levels (e.g., iron, zinc, vitamin A) in staple food crops to combat malnutrition and hidden hunger, especially in low-income populations that rely on cereals and tubers. Key Features: Done at the crop production level, so the nutrients are built into the plant itself. More sustainable and cost-effective than food fortification (done during processing) or supplementation (pills, syrups). Targets micronutrient deficiencies, especially iron, zinc, iodine, and vitamin A. Examples of Bio-fortified Crops: Crop Nutrient Enhanced Rice Iron, Zinc Wheat Zinc Sweet Potato Vitamin A (Beta-carotene) Potato Iron Pearl Millet Iron, Zinc Maize Vitamin A Initiatives & Organizations Involved: HarvestPlus (global leader in bio-fortification programs) International Potato Center (CIP) – Sweet potato and potato ICAR & ICMR in India – Developing and promoting bio-fortified crop varieties FSSAI’s Eat Right India movement promotes use of such crops Different Methods to Enrich Nutrients in Food Crops Nutrient enrichment aims to increase the content of essential vitamins and minerals in staple foods to combat micronutrient malnutrition (hidden hunger). There are three major methods to achieve this: Food Fortification Definition: Addition of nutrients to food during processing or manufacturing. How it’s done: Industrial mixing of vitamins/minerals into foods (flour, oil, milk) Often mandatory or voluntary under government regulation Examples:   Iodized salt Iron-fortified wheat flour Vitamin D-fortified milk Advantage: Quick, population-wide coverage Nutrient Supplementation Definition: Direct provision of nutrients via pills, syrups, or tablets to individuals. How it’s done: Health programs, especially targeting children, pregnant women Short-term, clinical approach Examples:   Iron and folic acid tablets Vitamin A drops for children Advantage: Targeted and immediate impact Summary Table: Method Stage Approach Example Bio-fortification Pre-harvest Crop improvement Zinc wheat, Golden Rice Food Fortification Post-harvest Processing addition Iodized salt, fortified oil Supplementation Clinical Direct administration Iron tablets, Vitamin A drops Source: THE HINDU Pingali Venkayya Category: HISTORY Context: Pingali Venkayya 149th birth anniversary Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Pingali Venkayya on his birth anniversary, lauding his significant role in designing India’s national flag, the Tricolour. In a social media message, the Prime Minister highlighted that Pingali Venkayya is remembered for giving India its Tricolour, which stands as a symbol of the country’s pride and unity. The tribute underscores Venkayya’s invaluable contribution to India’s freedom movement and his lasting legacy in the nation’s history. Learning Corner: Brief Note on Pingali Venkayya Born: 2 August 1876, near Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh Died: 4 July 1963 Key Contribution: Designer of the Indian National Flag (Tricolour). Presented the first version of the flag to Mahatma Gandhi in 1921 at the Indian National Congress session in Bezwada (now Vijayawada). The original design had two colors (red and green) representing Hindus and Muslims; Gandhi suggested adding white (for other communities) and the spinning wheel (charkha) as a symbol of self-reliance. Background: A freedom fighter, Gandhian, and a polymath with interests in geology, agriculture, languages, and history. Also worked as a lecturer and served in the British Indian Army during the Boer War in South Africa. Source: PIB PLACES IN NEWS Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Fresh clashes erupted in Syria, threatening a fragile ceasefire and highlighting the transitional government’s inability to assert control nationwide. Two main flashpoints: North – Government-affiliated forces vs. Kurdish-led groups. South (Sweida) – Government forces vs. Druze groups. The violence comes as the interim Syrian government, led by President Ahmad al Sharaa, tries to implement a U.S.-backed deal to reintegrate Kurdish forces and stabilize regions. The Sweida clashes followed attacks by Druze militants, killing at least one member of the Syrian security forces. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights confirmed multiple deaths and injuries. Separately, Israel conducted air raids on southern Syria, targeting weapons depots and militant groups, further escalating tensions. Key issues: Fragile ceasefire. Resistance from ethnic/religious minorities. Syrian government’s weak control. Israeli strikes adding to regional instability. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS (MAINS Focus) Climate Change crisis (GS Paper III – Environment) Introduction (Context) The northeastern floods, Wayanad landslides, and rising sea levels are no longer isolated disasters, they are warning signs of a deeper, structural climate crisis that affects national stability, economic security, and ecological survival. India’s climate vulnerability: Monsoon As per scientists, the Indian monsoon, once predictable, has been destabilised by global warming.  Increasing temperature causes increased evaporation, which results in heavier and more erratic rainfall. The shifting monsoon trough has hit Assam, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh badly. Over 46 people have died in recent weeks and nearly half a million people have been affected. As per a report by the UN office for Disaster Risk Reduction, India suffered an economic loss of a whopping $79.5 billion due to climate-related disasters in the past 20 years from 1998 to 2017. These are not just seasonal events, but clear signs of worsening climate change. Sea Level Rise India’s coastline, stretching over 7,500 km, facing a severe threat of rising sea levels, driven by climate change. Short-term climate phenomena such as El Nino reduced monsoon rainfall, leading to droughts. La Nina events may increase rainfall and the frequency of extreme weather events such as cyclones and floods, many of which wreak havoc along India’s coastal belt.  Such erratic climatic behaviour is threatening livelihoods, infrastructure, and long-term sustainability in the region. According to a report by the Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy (CSTEP), State-wise Submergence Risks (CSTEP Report)  Tre are multiple Indian States at the threat of getting submerged such as Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Kerala which are already prone to flooding. Further land loss may occur in cities >10% land loss: Mumbai, Yanam, Thoothukudi 5–10% land loss: Panaji, Chennai 1–5% land loss: Kochi, Mangaluru, Visakhapatnam, Puri, Paradip, etc. Mangroves, coral reefs, and wetlands are under severe threat. The Sundarbans may lose up to 80% of their area by 2100, risking biodiversity and increasing vulnerability to tidal surges. Damage to livelihood Impact on Agriculture 47% of India’s population depends on agriculture. Soil salinisation from seawater reduces crop yields and damages food security. This decline in agricultural output can fuel price inflation and deepen reliance on non-local food sources, thereby undermining national food security. Rural and Coastal Livelihoods Coastal communities face fishing losses, damaged housing, and health issues due to pollution and flooding. Loss of fertile land leads to rural distress and migration. A survey warns that the Sunderbans, the world’s largest contiguous mangrove forest could lose up to 80% of its area by 2100.  The destruction of these habitats by warming waters and rising sea level could trigger species extinction and disrupt food chains, with consequences that ripple far beyond borders. Climate Change as a National Security Concern Around the world, many countries now see climate change as a serious security threat. For example, the U.S. military calls it a “threat multiplier” because it makes conflicts worse and affects their defence readiness. The U.K. has also started including climate protection in its foreign policy. In India also, government should see environmental problems like a national security issue. India is ranked sixth on the Climate Risk Index, which shows how seriously climate change is affecting the country.  Experts say India is highly at risk from rising sea levels, especially because the Indian Ocean is heating up faster than other oceans. This extra heat is also making cyclones stronger and more dangerous. Nature can cause just as much damage or even more than an enemy with weapons. In the 2025-26 Union Budget: The Ministry of Defence got ₹6,81,210 crore the highest allocation, about 13.45% of the total budget. In contrast, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change got only ₹3,412.82 crore just 0.067% of the total budget. This shows that climate action is not yet a top priority in India’s spending plans. Steps needed Recognise environment as core to national and human security. Mainstream climate adaptation into urban planning, agriculture, infrastructure, and defence. Strengthen institutions like NDMA, IMD, and local disaster response units with climate-specific capacity. Conclusion With environmental degradation impacting lives, livelihoods, and sovereignty, India must shift from reactive relief to proactive resilience. Events like Assam floods, Kerala landslides, and coastal submergence must be seen as national emergencies, not seasonal accidents. Mains Practice Question Q Rising sea levels pose a serious threat to India’s economic and ecological security. Discuss with examples and suggest policy interventions. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: India’s climate challenge – The Hindu The ‘right to repair’ must include the ‘right to remember’ (GS Paper III – Science and Technology) Introduction (Context) In May 2025, the Indian government the Repairability Index for mobile phones and appliances, ranking products based on ease of repair, spare part access, and software support. But repair is not just about fixing things or managing e-waste it’s also about protecting the skills and knowledge of local repair workers, many of whom work in the informal sector.  As India moves forward in areas like Artificial Intelligence (AI), digital infrastructure, and environmental goals, it’s important to treat repair not just as a service, but as a valuable tradition, skill, and eco-friendly practice that deserves respect and support. What is Right to Repair? Right to Repair refers to the legal right of consumers to repair and modify their own consumer products, especially electronics and appliances, without relying solely on the manufacturer. It includes access to: Spare parts and manuals Diagnostic tools Software updates Information on disassembly and repair Significance Reduces e-waste by extending the life of products. Prevents monopolies by large manufacturers. Supports small-scale technicians and informal repair sectors. Promotes reuse, recycling, and resource conservation. Encourages frugal innovation and local adaptability. Human side of Right to repair Right to Repair depends on human skills. It’s not just about fixing gadgets it’s about the ability and experience of people who repair them. In India, most repair workers learn by doing through observation, practice, and hands-on work, not formal training. This knowledge is called tacit knowledge. It means skills that are hard to put into words or write down, like identifying problems just by listening to a machine. This kind of knowledge is key to keeping products working and reducing waste. It helps build material resilience, especially in a country like India. Yet, this ecosystem is gradually eroding. Reasons are: Product designs become less repairable and Consumer habits shift toward disposability. Government should recognise repair not just as a service, but as valuable knowledge work and should support the people behind it through policies, training, and recognition. Blind Spots in Digital and Skill Policy E-Waste Rules 2022 emphasise recycling, with little focus on repair as a preventive solution. PMKVY & Skill India emphasise formal certification; do not accommodate informal diagnostic repair work. National Education Policy 2020 celebrates experiential learning but lacks provisions to preserve indigenous technical knowledge. Mission LiFE promotes sustainable consumption but does not adequately integrate repairers into the policy ecosystem. Steps needed Redesign products for easy repair: Most gadgets today are not made to be fixed, they are compact and sealed. A 2023 report by iFixit found that only 23% of smartphones in Asia are easy to repair. To change this, design norms and procurement policies must include repairability from the start.  Adopt the Idea of “Unmaking” Concepts like “unmaking” (disassembly and repurposing) enable learning from breakdowns.” The electronic box should inform both hardware standards and AI-integrated systems. Institutional Integration: The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology can embed repairability criteria into AI and procurement policies.  The Department of Consumer Affairs could expand the Right to Repair framework to include product classification and community involvement.  Platforms such as e-Shram, under the Ministry of Labour and Employment, can formally recognise informal repairers and connect them to social protection and skill-building schemes.  The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship can consider training programmes to account for the tacit, diagnostic nature of repair work, which does not conform to standardised industrial templates.  Use of AI tools AI tools such as decision trees can help codify typical repair pathways, while Large Language Models can capture, summarise, and translate tacit repair narratives into structured, shareable knowledge, enabling broader learning without stripping local context or expertise. Social Protection and Incentives: Provide micro-credit, insurance, and upskilling support to informal repairers. Offer repair vouchers to incentivise local repair usage over new purchases. Conclusion The Right to Repair must expand beyond product access to include the right to remember, to value, and to integrate centuries-old knowledge systems into modern policy. To build a truly repair-ready and just technological future, India must redesign not only its devices but its governance frameworks — with repairers at the centre, not the periphery. Mains Practice Question Q Informal repairers form the invisible backbone of India’s material resilience. Examine the challenges they face and suggest measures to integrate them into formal digital and policy frameworks. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: The ‘right to repair’ must include the ‘right to remember’ – The Hindu

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 2nd August 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 2nd August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Space Technology in Agriculture Category: AGRICULTURE Context:  Space technology is revolutionizing agriculture by enabling precision farming, improving yield estimation, optimizing resource use, and strengthening food security Key Applications: Precision Agriculture: Satellite imagery and remote sensing help monitor crop health, soil moisture, and nutrients in real-time, enabling targeted irrigation and fertilizer use for better yields and reduced waste. Weather and Climate Monitoring: Space-based data improves weather forecasting and helps farmers plan agricultural activities and adapt to climate change. Resource Management: Satellites assist in managing water resources, monitoring drought, mapping soil, and preventing land degradation and deforestation. Yield Estimation & Insurance: Programs like FASAL and KISAN use remote sensing for accurate yield forecasts, aiding insurance schemes and disaster planning. Pest & Disease Detection: Hyperspectral and multispectral data can detect early signs of pest infestation or disease, reducing crop loss and excessive chemical use. Livestock and Land Monitoring: Satellite integration supports sustainable grazing, animal tracking, and land-use planning. Research & Crop Improvement: Space-based plant experiments enhance knowledge of plant biology and aid in developing resilient, high-yield crop varieties. Digital Decision Support: Platforms like Krishi-DSS combine geospatial data and AI to guide farmers and policy decisions in real-time. Food Security & Sustainability: Space technology helps track global agricultural trends, anticipate shortages, and promote sustainable farming. India’s Initiatives: India has led the way with programs such as FASAL, CHAMAN, NADAMS, and the Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre to operationalize space-based agricultural services. Learning Corner: FASAL (Forecasting Agricultural output using Space, Agro-meteorology and Land-based observations) Launched by: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare Implemented by: Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre (MNCFC) Objective: Pre-harvest crop production forecasting for major crops using remote sensing, weather data, and field observations. Significance: Helps in accurate planning of food grain procurement, supply chain management, and agricultural policy decisions. CHAMAN (Coordinated Horticulture Assessment and Management using Geo-informatics) Launched by: Department of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare Implemented by: MNCFC in collaboration with ISRO and state horticulture departments Objective: Mapping and assessing horticulture crops using satellite data and GIS tools. Significance: Supports area estimation, crop condition monitoring, and planning for fruits and vegetables, aiding better management of horticulture sector. NADAMS (National Agricultural Drought Assessment and Monitoring System) Developed by: ISRO and Department of Agriculture Objective: Real-time monitoring and assessment of drought using satellite-based indicators like vegetation index, rainfall, and soil moisture. Significance: Assists in drought declaration, contingency planning, and timely allocation of relief resources. Technology in Agriculture (Agri-Tech) Technology has revolutionized agriculture by enhancing productivity, sustainability, and profitability. It plays a crucial role across the entire agricultural value chain — from pre-sowing to post-harvest. Remote Sensing & GIS Used for crop monitoring, land use mapping, and precision farming. Programmes like FASAL and CHAMAN utilize satellite imagery for real-time assessments. Precision Farming Involves site-specific crop management using GPS, sensors, and data analytics. Helps in optimized use of inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, and water. Internet of Things (IoT) & Smart Sensors IoT devices monitor soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and crop health. Enables real-time decision-making and automated irrigation systems. Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning AI models predict weather, pest outbreaks, yield estimation, and market trends. Used in agri-advisory apps like Kisan Suvidha and AgriStack initiatives. Drones & Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Employed for aerial spraying, crop surveillance, and damage assessment. Reduces human labor and enhances efficiency in large farms. Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Development of high-yielding, pest-resistant, and climate-resilient crop varieties. Technologies like CRISPR gene editing and GM crops play a key role. Mobile Apps & Digital Platforms Apps like eNAM, PM-KISAN, AgriMarket help in market linkage, subsidies, and price discovery. Farmers receive weather alerts, crop advisory, and digital payments. Robotics & Automation Robots used for harvesting, weeding, and packaging in high-value crops. Reduces labor dependency and ensures uniform operations. Source: PIB BHASKAR Category: ECONOMICS Context: The BHASKAR (Bharat Startup Knowledge Access Registry) platform is a comprehensive digital ecosystem designed to strengthen collaboration and innovation across India’s startup landscape. Key Features: Centralized Networking: Connects startups, investors, mentors, service providers, and policymakers on a single platform, enabling seamless collaboration across sectors and regions. Personalized BHASKAR ID: Users receive a unique ID linked to verified, complete profiles—enhancing credibility, searchability, and secure interaction. Multi-Stakeholder Access: Open to diverse roles including entrepreneurs, investors, mentors, and support organizations, ensuring inclusivity. Enhanced Discoverability: Advanced search tools help users find partners, funding opportunities, programs, and schemes quickly and efficiently. Resource Hub: Offers centralized access to startup-related resources, events, and knowledge-sharing tools, eliminating system fragmentation. Digital & On-Ground Engagement: Facilitates both online collaboration and physical events to build relationships and market presence. Large-Scale Reach: With around 200,000 startups registered as of August 2025, BHASKAR is among the largest startup registries in the country. Conclusion: BHASKAR acts as a secure, inclusive, and scalable digital backbone for India’s startup ecosystem, accelerating innovation, connectivity, and growth. Learning Corner: Initiatives to Develop Startup Ecosystem in India India has emerged as the third-largest startup ecosystem in the world. To encourage innovation, job creation, and entrepreneurship, the government and associated bodies have launched several initiatives: Startup India Initiative (2016) Launched by: Government of India Objective: Promote entrepreneurship, simplify regulatory processes, and provide funding support. Key features: Tax exemption for 3 years Self-certification for compliance Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS) with ₹10,000 crore corpus Startup India Hub for single-window support Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) Launched by: NITI Aayog Components: Atal Tinkering Labs (ATL): Foster creativity among school students Atal Incubation Centres (AIC): Support early-stage startups with infrastructure and mentoring ARISE: Promote innovation in MSMEs and public systems Support for International Patent Protection in Electronics & IT (SIP-EIT) Provides financial support to startups and MSMEs for filing international patents. Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (2021) Objective: Provide seed funding (grants and convertible debentures) up to ₹20 lakh to early-stage startups for proof of concept and product development. Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS) Managed by SIDBI, the fund invests in SEBI-registered Venture Capital funds which in turn invest in startups. State-level Startup Policies States like Karnataka, Gujarat, Telangana, Maharashtra, and Kerala have startup policies with dedicated innovation hubs and incubators. National Startup Awards Recognize startups that contribute to social impact, rural development, and sustainability. Digital Platforms Startup India Portal: For registration, learning programs, and networking GeM (Government e-Marketplace): Provides market access to startups for public procurement Source:  PIB 71st National Film Awards Category: POLITY Context : 71st National Film Awards honoured films certified between January 1 and December 31, 2023. The awards celebrated excellence in Indian cinema across mainstream and regional films. Major Awards: Best Feature Film: 12th Fail Best Actor: Shah Rukh Khan (Jawan) & Vikrant Massey (12th Fail) Best Actress: Rani Mukerji (Mrs Chatterjee vs Norway) Best Director: Sudipto Sen (The Kerala Story) Best Hindi Film: Kathal: A Jackfruit Mystery Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment: Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Best Film on National/Social Values: Sam Bahadur Other Notable Wins: Best Non-Feature Film: Flowering Man Best Documentary: God Vulture and Human Best Child Artists: Sukriti Veni Bandreddi, Kabir Khandane, Treesh Thosar Best Screenplay: Baby, Parking Best Male/Female Playback Singers: PVM Sroht (Premisthunna), Shilpa Rao (Chaliya) Best Choreography: Vaibhavi Merchant (Dhindhora Baje) Best Action Direction: Hanuman (Telugu) Best Editing: Pookkaalam Best Regional Films: Language Film Assamese Rongatapu 1982 Bengali Deep Fridge Kannada Kandeelu – The Ray of Hope Malayalam Ullozhukku Marathi Shyamchi Aai Odia Pushkara Punjabi Godday Godday Chaa Tamil Parking Telugu Bhagavanth Kesari Gujarati Vash Highlights: Shah Rukh Khan won his first-ever National Film Award after 33 years in cinema. Awards jury was chaired by filmmaker Ashutosh Gowariker. Recognition spanned artistic, technical, and social categories, reflecting diversity in Indian cinema. Learning Corner: History of National Film Awards in India The National Film Awards were established in 1954 by the Government of India to honor artistic and technical excellence in Indian cinema. Instituted under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, the awards aim to encourage the production of films of aesthetic, cultural, and educational value. Key Milestones: 1954: First National Film Awards presented; initially known as the “State Awards for Films.” Only a few categories existed, and “Shyamchi Aai” (Marathi) was the first winner of the President’s Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film. 1967: The awards were renamed as National Film Awards, and regional films were officially included in competitive categories. 1973: The Directorate of Film Festivals (DFF) was established to organize the National Film Awards and the International Film Festival of India. Over time, the awards expanded to include categories for feature films, non-feature films, and best writing on cinema, encouraging excellence in cinema across India’s diverse linguistic and cultural landscape. Awards are given by the President of India at a formal ceremony in New Delhi, and they hold the highest prestige among Indian film honors. Present Structure: Divided into three sections: Feature Films, Non-Feature Films, and Writing on Cinema. Includes Golden Lotus (Swarna Kamal) and Silver Lotus (Rajat Kamal) trophies with cash prizes. Open to films certified by the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) in the previous calendar year. Source:  PIB Arya Samaj Marriages Category: CULTURE Context: The Allahabad High Court recently directed the Uttar Pradesh government to investigate the rise of “fake Arya Samaj societies” Key Points: Arya Samaj Marriages: Based on reformist Hindu values, they are quick, paperwork-light, and popular among interfaith or eloping couples. Established in 1875, Arya Samaj promotes “shuddhi” or reconversion to Hinduism. Legal Framework: The Arya Marriage Validation Act, 1937, protects such marriages even across castes and sub-castes. However, it does not bypass procedures under state anti-conversion laws or marriage registration rules. Concerns Raised: Courts and governments have flagged cases where Arya Samaj weddings were used to: Avoid scrutiny under Special Marriage Act (SMA), which mandates a 30-day public notice. Circumvent anti-conversion laws, especially when conversion rituals are incomplete or rushed. Marry minors or without valid consent, especially in interfaith cases. Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act, 2021: Requires pre- and post-conversion declarations, verification of voluntariness, and penalizes coercive or fraudulent conversions. Court Observations: The judiciary noted misuse of Arya Samaj temples to issue fraudulent marriage certificates without proper documentation, particularly in interfaith unions. Learning Corner: Arya Samaj The Arya Samaj was a Hindu reform movement founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati in 1875 in Bombay (now Mumbai). It aimed to revive the Vedic way of life, rejecting superstitions, caste discrimination, and idol worship, and promoting rationalism, equality, and education. Key Objectives: Return to the Vedas: Emphasized the authority of the four Vedas as the true source of knowledge. Opposition to orthodoxy: Rejected rituals, priestcraft, and idol worship. Promotion of social reforms: Women’s education and widow remarriage Abolition of child marriage and untouchability National awakening: Encouraged self-reliance, swadeshi, and national pride. Shuddhi Movement: Re-conversion of non-Hindus back to Hinduism. Key Contributions: Established Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) schools and colleges to combine Vedic values with Western education. Promoted Hindi in Devanagari script as a unifying national language. Influenced leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai and played a role in freedom struggle. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS BlueBird Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: ISRO is set to launch the BlueBird Block 2 communications satellite, developed by U.S.-based AST SpaceMobile, using its LVM3 (GSLV Mk III) launch vehicle Key Highlights: Objective: To provide direct mobile voice and internet services to smartphones, even in areas without terrestrial networks. Technology: Equipped with a large antenna (approx. 64 sq. meters) to offer near-total geographic coverage, including remote areas. Impact: Enhances global connectivity, especially useful for disaster response, remote education, and rural healthcare. Strategic Value: Strengthens India–U.S. space cooperation and positions ISRO as a major player in global commercial satellite launches. This mission reflects India’s growing influence in commercial space services and deepening international collaborations. Learning Corner: GSAT Series (Geostationary Satellites) India’s GSAT (Geo-Stationary Satellite) series is the backbone of Indian communications from space, developed by ISRO for telecommunication, television broadcasting, internet services, secure communication, and disaster management support. Recent GSAT Missions: GSAT-24 (Launched: June 2022 by Arianespace): Fully commercial satellite, leased by Tata Play. Provides DTH services with 24 Ku-band transponders. GSAT-20 (GSAT-N1) – Upcoming: Will use High Throughput Satellite (HTS) technology. Ka-band satellite designed for pan-India broadband coverage, especially in rural areas. Expected launch via Arianespace or LVM3. GSAT-19 & GSAT-29: These acted as technology demonstrators for high throughput satellite tech. Carried advanced payloads like ion propulsion and optical communication experiments. CMS (Communication Satellite) Series CMS-01 (Launched: December 2020 via PSLV-C50): Replaced GSAT-12. Provides extended C-band services for tele-education, telemedicine, and disaster warning. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) Falling Enrolment in Government Schools (GS paper II - Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) Government schools in India offer numerous student-friendly benefits: free education, qualified and better-paid teachers, mid-day meals, free textbooks and uniforms, and low or zero fees.  Despite this government schools in India are witnessing a decline in enrolments, particularly in urban and semi-urban areas.  The answer lies in a complex combination of perception, policy gaps, structural inequities, and, most importantly, an entrance exam system that unintentionally favours private institutions and urban students while leaving rural, government school students at a disadvantage. Let’s analyse this detail. Core Issues Behind the Declining Enrolment Perception Gap Government schools are often perceived as outdated, poorly managed, and meant for the underprivileged regardless of their actual strengths.  Whereas, Private schools, despite often lacking infrastructure or qualified staff, are marketed as modern and aspirational. Medium of Instruction Divide NEP recommends mother tongue-based learning till Grade 5, followed by a gradual transition to ensure better comprehension and conceptual clarity in the early years.  Government schools generally adhere to this policy. However, many private schools advertise English-medium instruction from Class 1, often without qualified English teachers. Hence parents under advertisement and peer pressure prefer private schools for early language advantage for their children Without uniform enforcement of NEP across both public and private schools, this divide is bound to widen. Entrance Exam Bias Major exams (IIT-JEE, NEET, etc.) focus only on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) subjects. Subjects like languages, history, geography, political science, and ethics are ignored, devaluing holistic learning. Private schools often run early coaching programmes, giving their students an unfair advantage. Government school students, who study a broader and more balanced syllabus, are at a disadvantage. The system rewards selective learning and penalizes holistic education. Steps needed Reform Entrance Exams Entrance exams must be reformed to test across all key school subjects, including languages, humanities, ethics, and reasoning. This will give equal chances to all students, not just those trained in STEM subjects. Implement NEP Uniformly Enforce the National Education Policy (NEP) rules in both public and private schools. Ensure all schools follow proper language policies and balanced curriculum. Regulate Misleading Branding by Private Schools Misleading early branding by private schools—such as IIT and NEET training from Class 1—should be regulated to protect the integrity of childhood education. Improve Government School Infrastructure Public school infrastructure must be upgraded to reflect the aspirations of a changing society.  Teacher support, digital tools, and community participation through School Management Committees should be strengthened.  Success stories from government schools should be advertised to rebuild public trust. Strengthen Community Participation Empower School Management Committees (SMCs) to involve parents and local stakeholders. Improve accountability and ownership at the local level. Conclusion Government schools are crucial for educational equity and national development. The current preference for private schools is less a result of actual performance and more due to systemic biases and perception issues. A realignment of admission policies, examination systems, and curriculum implementation is vital to make public schools the “first-choice” rather than the “last resort”. Mains Practice Question Q Despite welfare measures and sound pedagogical frameworks, enrolment in government schools continues to decline in India. Critically examine the causes behind this trend. What reforms are necessary to restore public trust in government school education? (250 words, 15 marks) Source: Here’s why enrollments are falling in govt schools and how that can be fixed – The Hindu Witch-Hunting in India (GS Paper 1 – Indian Society, GS paper II - Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) In July 2024, five family members, including three women, were brutally killed in Purnia, Bihar, over accusations of witchcraft.  According to the National Crime Records Bureau of India, since 2000 more than 2,500 women have been killed after being branded as a witch. This number is estimated to be even higher, as many cases go unreported.  These incidents reflect a disturbing pattern of violence rooted in superstition, patriarchy and casteism. What is witch hunting? Witch-hunting refers to the practice of accusing individuals mostly women of practicing witchcraft. Women accused of practicing witchcraft face various forms of physical and mental torture as well as execution. Severe violence is commonly use to punish accused witches and can include rape, beating, flogging and severing of limbs. Data Over 663 were killed for allegedly practising witchcraft during 2015 and 2021 according to the National Crime Research Bureau (NCRB). The state of Jharkhand has recorded the highest total number of murders where the motive was witchcraft, with 593 women being killed on the grounds of witchcraft between 2001 and 2021 according to the National Crime Records Bureau.  The states of Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha also have recorded many cases of witch branding. Why Is Witch Hunting Still Thriving? Superstitious beliefs – People believe that witches have magical powers which they use to attack humans, destroy crops, harm animals, influence others’ bodies and minds, or gain control in ways beyond medical explanation. Lack of knowledge – In remote, isolated areas with limited or no educational facilities, or among older illiterate people, women are often blamed for bad events when others cannot explain the cause. Lack of resources and poverty – Women are targeted due to poverty, refusal to engage in sexual relations, and other vulnerabilities. Other reasons include a gullible, conservative society, patriarchy, financial disputes, personal and social conflicts, jealousy, property disputes, lack of medical facilities, and ignorance. Disturbing trends Accusations of witchcraft are systematically targeted on Widowed, elderly, or single women which are seen as obstacles to male inheritance or land ownership. Witch-branding functions as a tool of patriarchal control. Witchcraft accusations are common in areas where poverty, illiteracy, and poor health facilities are prevalent. In such cases supernatural effects are used to justify the unexplained deaths of livestock, illness or natural events.  Accusations often arise from land disputes, caste conflicts, or community tensions, especially involving dominant caste men seeking to maintain social hierarchies. Laws related to Witch hunting IPC Sections 302 (murder), 323 (voluntarily causing hurt), 506 (criminal intimidation) are invoked in cases of witch-hunting. Many states such as Assam, Jharkhand, Orissa, Chattisgarh, Bihar, Rajasthan have enacted Anti-Witch-Hunting Laws. These provide stringent punishment to perpetrators of a witch hunt but these state-level legislations are not sufficient to eradicate the atrocious act of witch-hunting. Witch-hunting and related superstitious beliefs lead to crimes that violate the fundamental articles such as Article 14, Articles 15(3) and 21 of the Indian Constitution and simultaneously violate several provisions of international legislations to which India is a signatory, like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against women, 1979 and International Covenant on civil and political rights, 1966. UN Human Rights Council adopted the resolution titled: “Elimination of Harmful Practices Related to Accusations of Witchcraft and Ritual Attacks (HPAWR)” in July 2021. It calls for Criminalisation of harmful practices related to witchcraft accusations, Awareness campaigns and community sensitisation and tackle root causes such as poverty, superstition, illiteracy, and gender inequality. Need for Central Legislation Current laws focus on punishment mechanisms and do not address the need to eradicate superstitious beliefs.  Cases often treated as “local cultural matters” rather than gender-based violence. Low conviction rates, poor victim rehabilitation, and community complicity remain challenges. Reporting methods are limited, and victims often avoid reporting witch hunting due to fear or acceptance.  The Prevention of Witch Hunting Bill was introduced in 2016 but never passed. The Indian Government must make a universal law banning the practice of witch-hunting which is the need of the hour and must set up organizations to deal with such acts expeditiously as a matter of concern to eradicate the exploitation at large of women. Other steps needed Strengthen enforcement of anti-witch hunting laws. Fast-track courts and mandatory FIR registration in such cases. Spread scientific temper, especially in tribal and rural areas. Ensure last-mile delivery of healthcare and public health literacy to reduce fear-based belief systems. Train police, judiciary, and local administrators. Empower School Management Committees (SMCs), Panchayats, and self-help groups to counter superstition. Create safe shelters, medical and psychological support, and economic rehabilitation schemes for survivors. Encourage testimonies and survivor-led campaigns to break stigma. Conclusion Witch-hunting in India is not merely a vestige of superstition, but a violent expression of entrenched patriarchy, caste oppression, and systemic neglect. Legal reform, community sensitisation, and structural empowerment must go hand-in-hand to dismantle the social legitimacy that sustains such violence. Only through an intersectional and rights-based approach can India uphold its constitutional promise of dignity, equality, and justice for all. Mains Practice Question Q Witch-hunting in India reflects the intersection of superstition, gender-based violence, caste discrimination, and state failure. Critically analyse the structural factors that sustain this practice. Suggest a multi-pronged strategy to eradicate it. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: Caste, patriarchy brand women as witches – The Hindu

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 1st August – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Tenth Schedule Category: POLITY Context:  The Supreme Court has strongly criticized the Telangana Assembly Speaker for delaying the decision on disqualification petitions. A Bench led by Chief Justice B.R. Gavai stated that anti-defection cases must be resolved within three months to uphold the dignity of the Speaker’s office and prevent political defection from going unpunished. The Court noted that such proceedings often die a “natural death” due to intentional delays by Speakers, making a mockery of the Tenth Schedule (anti-defection law). It criticized the Telangana Speaker for issuing notices only after the matter was brought to the Supreme Court in January 2025, despite a seven-month delay. Chief Justice Gavai emphasized that no constitutional immunity protects the Speaker from judicial review when acting under the Tenth Schedule, and questioned whether the Speaker acted in an expeditious manner as expected by Parliament. Learning Corner: 52nd Amendment Act and Anti-Defection Law: 52nd Amendment Act, 1985: Added the Tenth Schedule to the Indian Constitution. Aimed at curbing political defections by legislators. Enacted during Rajiv Gandhi’s tenure as Prime Minister. Came into effect on 1 March 1985. Anti-Defection Law (Tenth Schedule): Provides for disqualification of legislators (MPs/MLAs) on grounds of: Voluntarily giving up membership of their party. Voting/abstaining against party directives (whip) without permission. Exceptions: Merger provision: If 2/3rd members of a party merge with another, disqualification does not apply. Decision Authority: The Speaker/Chairman of the House decides disqualification petitions. Source: THE HINDU Linguistic reorganization of states Category: POLITY Context: Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi criticized the linguistic reorganization of states, claiming it created “second-class citizens” by dividing people based on language. Key Highlights: Historical Background: Before 1956, India’s states were categorized as Part A, B, C, and D, based on colonial legacy and integration history. Linguistic and administrative demands led to calls for restructuring post-Independence. Reorganization of 1956: The States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was formed in 1953 following widespread protests (notably Potti Sriramulu’s fast for Andhra). The SRC report (1955) emphasized language but also recommended balanced reorganization for national unity. The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganized India into 14 states and 6 union territories. Learning Corner: Background: India Post-Independence (1950) After the Constitution came into effect in 1950, Indian territory was categorized into: Part A States: Former British provinces (e.g., Bombay, Madras) Part B States: Former princely states (e.g., Hyderabad, Mysore) Part C States: Chief Commissioner’s provinces (e.g., Delhi, Himachal Pradesh) Part D State: Andaman & Nicobar Islands This structure was temporary and inefficient, prompting demands for reorganization, especially on linguistic lines. Major Movements and the First Linguistic State (1953) Demand for linguistic states gained momentum, especially among Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, and Kannada speakers. The death of Potti Sriramulu after a hunger strike led to the formation of Andhra State (1953) from the Telugu-speaking areas of Madras. Key Committees on Reorganization Committee Year Members Key Recommendations Dhar Commission 1948 S.K. Dhar (Chairman) Opposed reorganization solely on linguistic lines; favored administrative convenience. JVP Committee 1949 Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, Pattabhi Sitaramayya Rejected linguistic states initially; favored national unity over linguistic aspirations. States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) 1953 Fazl Ali (Chairman), K.M. Panikkar, H.N. Kunzru Recommended reorganization primarily on linguistic lines, with a focus on administrative viability and national integration. States Reorganisation Act, 1956 Based on SRC recommendations: Abolished the A/B/C/D classification. Created 14 states and 6 Union Territories. Realigned boundaries largely on linguistic basis. Subsequent State Formations and Changes Year Reorganization 1960 Bombay split into Maharashtra (Marathi) and Gujarat (Gujarati). 1966 Punjab reorganized to form Haryana (Hindi), with Chandigarh as UT. 1971-72 Manipur, Tripura, and Meghalaya became full-fledged states. 1987 Goa, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram became states. 2000 Creation of Chhattisgarh (from MP), Uttarakhand (from UP), Jharkhand (from Bihar). 2014 Telangana formed as India’s 29th state, bifurcated from Andhra Pradesh. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Grant in aid to National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) Category: GEOGRAPHY Context : The Union Cabinet, has approved a Central Sector Scheme titled “Grant in aid to National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)”. Key Highlights: Objective: To help NCDC raise up to ₹20,000 crore from the open market to finance cooperatives. Usage: Funds will support loans for new cooperative projects, expansion of existing units, and working capital needs. Beneficiaries: Around 2.9 crore members from 13,288 cooperative societies across sectors like dairy, fisheries, sugar, textile, food processing, storage, and women-led cooperatives. Model: NCDC, with a 99.8% loan recovery rate and zero NPAs, will use the grant to enhance institutional financing for the cooperative sector. Learning Corner: National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) Established: 1963, by an Act of Parliament: National Cooperative Development Corporation Act, 1962. Objective: To plan, promote, and finance programs for the production, processing, marketing, storage, export, and import of agricultural produce, foodstuffs, industrial goods, and livestock based on cooperative principles. Key Functions: Provides financial assistance to cooperatives for: Agro-processing and marketing projects Storage and cold chain facilities Dairy, poultry, fishery, and livestock development Rural sanitation, healthcare, and infrastructure projects Promotes integrated cooperative development projects in rural areas. Facilitates capacity building and skill development of cooperative members. Organizational Structure: Headquartered in New Delhi with 18 regional and state directorates. Operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Cooperation, Government of India. Key Initiatives: Sahakar Mitra: Internship programme for young professionals in the cooperative sector. Yuva Sahakar Scheme: Promotes startup ventures in cooperatives for youth. NCDC Ayushman Sahakar: Provides financial assistance for healthcare infrastructure in the cooperative sector. Source:  PIB Project 17A Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context The Indian Navy received INS Himgiri, an advanced stealth frigate and the third ship under Project 17A, on 31 July 2025 at GRSE, Kolkata Key Highlights: Project 17A Overview: Seven Nilgiri-class frigates are being built—four by MDL (Mumbai) and three by GRSE (Kolkata). Project cost is approximately ₹45,000 crore. Himgiri is GRSE’s first in the series and the third overall. Design & Capabilities: Length: 149 meters; Displacement: 6,670 tons. Developed by the Warship Design Bureau with 75% indigenous content. Features stealth design to minimize radar, acoustic, infrared, and magnetic signatures. Successor to the earlier INS Himgiri (Leander-class), decommissioned in 2005. Propulsion & Weapons: CODOG system (diesel + gas turbines), top speed over 28 knots, range of 5,500 nautical miles. Equipped with: BrahMos anti-ship missiles Barak-8 LR-SAMs (VLS) 76mm gun, CIWS, torpedoes, and anti-submarine rocket launchers Advanced AESA radar, sonar systems, and a combat management suite. Supports helicopter operations from its flight deck and hangar. Strategic Significance: Enhances India’s blue-water naval capabilities and maritime self-reliance. Built with involvement from over 200 MSMEs, creating 4,000 direct and 10,000 indirect jobs. Expected to be commissioned by August 2025, alongside sister ship Udaygiri. The induction of Himgiri reflects India’s growing strength in naval design, technology, and defense manufacturing. Learning Corner: Major Defence Projects in India India has undertaken several key defence projects to boost indigenous capabilities under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. Below are some important defence projects across the Army, Navy, and Air Force: Project 75 (Submarine Development – Navy) Objective: Build six Scorpene-class diesel-electric submarines at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Mumbai. Status: Five commissioned (INS Kalvari, Khanderi, Karanj, Vela, Vagir); the sixth (INS Vagsheer) is under sea trials. Collaboration: With Naval Group, France. Project 75I (Submarine Development – Navy) Objective: Build six advanced submarines with air-independent propulsion (AIP) under the Strategic Partnership model. Status: In the bidding stage; L&T and MDL shortlisted as builders. Goal: Strengthen underwater warfare capability. Project 17A (Frigate Construction – Navy) Objective: Build seven stealth frigates (Nilgiri-class). Builders: MDL (4 ships) and GRSE (3 ships). Features: Stealth, indigenous sensors and weapons, modular design. Status: INS Nilgiri and INS Udaygiri (MDL), INS Himgiri (GRSE) delivered. Project 18 (Next-Gen Destroyers – Navy) Objective: Design and build future-ready stealth destroyers with cutting-edge technology. Status: In preliminary design phase by the Warship Design Bureau. Planned tonnage: ~13,000 tonnes. Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas – Air Force Objective: Indigenous fighter aircraft for IAF. Developer: HAL and ADA. Variants: Mk1 (in service), Mk1A (in production), Mk2 (development stage). Tejas Mk1A: 83 units ordered for delivery from 2024. Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) – Air Force Objective: Fifth-generation stealth fighter. Developer: DRDO + HAL. Status: Final design approved, prototype development expected soon. Twin-engine, stealth, with internal weapons bay. K-15 and K-4 Missile Projects (SLBMs – Navy) Part of the Strategic Forces Command. K-15: Short-range SLBM (~750 km). K-4: Intermediate-range SLBM (~3,500 km), tested from INS Arihant-class submarines. Arjun Main Battle Tank (Army) Indigenous third-generation tank developed by DRDO. Arjun Mk1A: Enhanced variant with 72 upgrades. Inducted into the Indian Army in limited numbers. Future Infantry Combat Vehicle (FICV) – Army Goal: Replace ageing BMP-2 vehicles. Indigenous design under procurement with participation from private sector. Features: Armored mobility, modular weapons, night vision. Akash, Astra, and Pralay Missiles Akash: Surface-to-air missile system (SAM). Astra: Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile (AAM) for fighter jets. Pralay: Surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile with high-precision strike. Source: PIB The Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025 Category: ECONOMICS Context The Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025 modernizes India’s banking framework with key reforms in governance, compliance, audit, and investor protection. Key Provisions: Substantial Interest Threshold Revised: Increased from ₹5 lakh to ₹2 crore or 10% of paid-up capital (whichever is lower). Enhances transparency and updates disclosure norms. Director Tenure in Cooperative Banks: Maximum tenure (excluding chairpersons/full-time directors) raised from 8 years to 10 years. Aligns with the 97th Constitutional Amendment for cooperative governance. Unclaimed Assets to IEPF: PSBs and SBI must now transfer unclaimed dividends, shares, and bond amounts to the Investor Education and Protection Fund (IEPF) after 7 years. Audit Reforms in PSBs: PSBs can now fix auditor remuneration independently. Aims to strengthen audit independence and attract top-tier professionals. Modernized Reporting to RBI: Shifts from weekly (Friday) reporting to fortnightly/monthly/quarterly basis. Reduces compliance burden and aligns with global norms. Minimum Capital Requirement Raised: Paid-up capital for new banking companies increased from ₹5 lakh to ₹2 crore. Legal Coverage: Amendments made to: RBI Act, 1934 Banking Regulation Act, 1949 SBI Act, 1955 Banking Companies Acts of 1970 and 1980 Learning Corner: Major Committees on Banking Reforms in India Narasimham Committee I (1991) – Committee on Financial System Purpose: To reform the financial system post-liberalization. Key Recommendations: Reduce Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) and Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR). Phase out priority sector lending gradually. Recapitalize public sector banks (PSBs). Set up Asset Reconstruction Funds. Impact: Initiated major banking sector liberalization and autonomy for RBI. Narasimham Committee II (1998) – Committee on Banking Sector Reforms Purpose: To strengthen the banking system further. Key Recommendations: Creation of stronger banks through mergers. NPA management: Set up Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs). Reduce government ownership in PSBs to under 33%. Professionalize bank boards. Impact: Paved the way for Basel norms and banking consolidation. Verma Committee (1999) – Committee on Weak Public Sector Banks Chairperson: M. S. Verma Purpose: Revive weak PSBs. Recommendations: Clear performance benchmarks. Incentivize performing employees. Strengthen internal controls and MIS systems. Tarapore Committee (1997 & 2006) – Capital Account Convertibility Purpose: Examine the feasibility of full capital account convertibility. Key Recommendations: Fiscal consolidation, inflation targeting, and strong financial institutions as prerequisites. Gradual liberalization of capital flows. Impact: Guided India’s cautious approach to capital account openness. Raghuram Rajan Committee (2008) – Financial Sector Reforms Official Name: Committee on Financial Sector Reforms Purpose: Propose a comprehensive roadmap for inclusive financial growth. Recommendations: Open up banking licenses to private players. Encourage financial inclusion and small banks. Strengthen financial literacy. Impact: Influenced new bank licensing policy and payments banks framework. Nachiket Mor Committee (2013) – Financial Inclusion Purpose: Promote financial access for the underserved. Key Recommendations: Establish Payments Banks and Wholesale Banks. Universal access to bank accounts by 2016. Impact: Led to RBI issuing licenses for Payments Banks. J. Nayak Committee (2014) – Governance of Bank Boards Purpose: Improve governance in PSBs. Recommendations: Set up Bank Investment Company (BIC) as a holding company for PSBs. Reduce government interference in appointments and operations. Board-level reforms and enhanced autonomy. Impact: Influenced discussions on PSB privatization and governance reforms. Usha Thorat Committee (2010) – Licensing of New Urban Cooperative Banks Purpose: Suggest licensing norms for new UCBs. Recommendations: Strengthen supervisory control and improve fit-and-proper criteria. Source: PIB (MAINS Focus) India-Maldives relations (GS paper II - International relations) Introduction (Context) Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently concluded a two-day state visit to the Maldives, signalling a reset in ties between the countries, after a period of strain following the election of President Mohamed Muizzu in November 2023.  Mr. Modi was also the Guest of Honour at the country’s 60th Independence Day celebrations, held in the capital Male on July 26, 2025.  History of India – Maldives relations India and the Maldives have shared a historically friendly and strategic partnership based on geographical proximity, cultural ties, economic interdependence, and security cooperation.  India and Maldives established diplomatic relations on November 1, 1965, soon after the latter gained Independence from the British.  It was the third nation to do so, after the United Kingdom and Sri Lanka. The first resident mission of the Maldives in India was established in 2004, with a consulate established in Thiruvananthapuram in 2005. Significance of Maldives for India Maldives lies near crucial International Sea Lanes (ISLs) between the Gulf of Aden, Strait of Hormuz, and Strait of Malacca. Over 80% of India’s trade by volume and energy supplies pass through these waters. Maldives helps India monitor the chokepoints in the Indian Ocean, essential for anti-piracy and maritime surveillance. Cooperation in intelligence sharing and joint naval exercises (like Exercise Ekatha) boosts regional stability. Indian professionals (teachers, doctors, engineers) contribute to Maldives’ public services. Cultural and religious similarities foster soft power diplomacy. Maldives is a partner in SAARC, IORA, SASEC, Colombo Security Conclave and supports India’s position in forums like the UN Security Council India–Maldives Strategic and Diplomatic Ties The two nations have engaged in peaceful bilateral co-operation and trade Conducted bilateral defence exercises such as: Bi-annual series of Coast Guard maritime joint training exercises, launched in 1991, codenamed DOSTI.  Colombo Security Conclave: Regional security initiative led by India. The two nations have held joint army training exercises titled Ekuverin. Maldives and India are both members of the South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC), and have been aligned on issues of regional security.  Maldives has reportedly supported India’s bid to become a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. India has also offered military support during the November 3, 1988 coup attempt in the Maldives.  India has also offered humanitarian assistance to Maldives, such as in the aftermath of the devastating 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean. In turn, Maldives has offered assistance post natural disasters such as the Gujarat earthquake in 2001. India has also contributed to infrastructure projects in the area, including the Greater Male Connectivity Project. Reasons for recent constraints Post‑Muizzu’s election (Nov 2023), Maldives adopted an India‑Out stance. The inking of several agreements with China also deepened the Indian government’s concerns about growing Chinese influence in the region.  Established INS Jatayu naval base in Minicoy (Lakshadweep) to enhance maritime surveillance near Maldives. Recent Initiatives Leaders from both nations announced the commencement of discussions on a Free Trade Agreement.  India announced a ₹4,850 crore line of credit for the Maldives, and reduced the annual debt repayment obligation of the Maldives by 40% (from $51 million to $29 million).  An India-Maldives Parliamentary Friendship Group has also been created in the 20th Majlis. Way forward Reduce visible military footprint; focus more on capacity-building, education, health, and green technology. Use platforms like SAARC, IORA, and Colombo Security Conclave to align mutual interests. Promote public diplomacy and cultural exchanges to counter anti-India narratives. Establish long-term MoUs, FTA, and track-2 dialogues to deepen ties beyond short-term politics. Mains Practice Question Q Discuss the strategic importance of the Maldives for India. In light of recent political developments in Maldives, analyse the challenges faced by India in maintaining its influence in the region. Suggest measures to strengthen bilateral ties. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/the-maldives-a-brief-history-of-the-nation-and-its-ties-with-india/article69858239.ece Kerala’s Literacy–Unemployment Paradox (GS paper II - Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) Kerala has long stood out as a success story with near-universal literacy, strong gender parity in education, and robust public schooling systems, it is often held as a model State in India’s educational discourse. According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2022-23, Kerala reports a graduate unemployment rate of 42.3%, one of the highest in the country.  For a State often viewed as educationally forward, this statistic raises troubling questions about the relationship between academic learning, employability, and the structural design of our higher education policy. Issues in higher education system 1. Elite Capture of Higher Education Access to quality higher education in India remains limited to a privileged few, often determined by socio-economic background, not merit. Elite institutions (IITs, IIMs, top central universities) are disproportionately accessed by students with better schooling, coaching, and financial support. Reservation and scholarships offer limited symbolic inclusion but fail to significantly alter structural inequalities. 2. Inequality Between Institutions A large quality gap exists between elite and non-elite colleges. Students from top institutions secure high-paying jobs, while those from others face low employability and stagnant wages. This has created an educational hierarchy that favors institutional brand over individual potential. 3. Mass Enrolment, Minimal Gain Over 90% of students attend non-elite institutions with poor teaching quality and weak industry links. Underemployment is widespread even among graduates, especially in general and arts streams. Additional years in college are no longer a guarantee of employment or upward mobility. 4. Growing Skills-Job Mismatch According to the Graduate Skill Index 2025 Employability fell from 44.3% in 2023 to 42.6% in 2024. This reflects a growing disconnect between curriculum and market needs. 5. Persistent Social Inequities Despite growth in overall enrolment, caste-based disparities in participation remain. Female enrolment now exceeds male, but it’s unclear whether this will lead to equitable employment and empowerment. Marginalized groups still face significant barriers to access and success. 6. Unregulated Privatisation and Declining Quality Rapid expansion of private colleges without oversight has led to low teaching standards, high costs, and poor placement outcomes. The growth has been quantitative, not qualitative. 7. Parallel Education Industry The coaching and private tutoring ecosystem has grown alongside formal institutions. It further commercializes education and reinforces the divide between the well-prepared elite and the rest. Key Issues with respect to Kerala Kerala’s educational model has traditionally emphasized formal academic pathways with relatively less focus on vocational or skill-based education. As per the Kerala State Planning Board’s Economic Review 2023, while higher education enrolment is robust, nearly 70% of courses offered are in general streams like humanities and pure sciences, with minimal alignment to industry-specific or emerging sectors. Colleges and universities in Kerala are not linked with industries or job markets. Unlike Germany (with its dual vocational education system), Kerala does not have enough practical training during studies. Most courses are not updated to include new technologies or current job trends (like AI, data, green energy).  NSDC (2022) points out, only 17% of Indian youth receive formal vocational training, compared to 52% in the United States and 75% in Germany. This gap reflects both cultural and institutional inertia against vocational pathways, often stigmatized as inferior to mainstream degrees. According to the Kerala Economic Review (2023), less than 10% of state-funded higher education institutions offer STEM-oriented vocational programs, despite rising job demand in such sectors. The Centre for Development Studies reports that over 2.1 million Keralites live and work abroad, primarily in the Gulf, many of whom are graduates unable to find appropriate jobs at home. While remittances help the State’s economy, they also reflect a failure of domestic job creation and talent retention. Examples from other states Tamil Nadu has built a relatively stronger network of polytechnic institutions and vocational training centers. As per NSDC’s Tamil Nadu Skill Gap Report, the state’s industrial linkages and sector-focused skilling have helped reduce the incidence of graduate unemployment to 23.4% (NSDC, 2022). Karnataka, with its growing tech ecosystem, has similarly diversified its post-secondary offerings through public-private training collaborations that provide students with both soft and hard skills.  In Bihar, the graduate unemployment rate stands at 33.9% (PLFS 2022-23), while only 25.7% of youth aged 18–23 are enrolled in any form of higher education (AISHE, 2021-22). The challenge here is dual: improving access to quality education while ensuring it meets market relevance. Key reforms needed A robust career guidance system must be introduced in secondary schools. Lack of guidance leads students to choose degrees without understanding job prospects or industry relevance. Vocational education should be treated as equal to academic education, not inferior. Kerala can draw from Germany’s Berufsschule model or Singapore’s Institute of Technical Education, which blend classroom learning with real-world apprenticeships. States must establish employment-linked metrics in evaluating higher education institutions. Tamil Nadu’s recent move to integrate placement statistics into college rankings could be adapted across States. National bodies like NSDC and the Ministry of Education must work together to ensure skilling programs are not isolated from formal education. There must be institutional collaboration between universities and skill development agencies. The government can form a National Skills Registry that can track student outcomes across degree programs, job sectors, and geographies can aid both planning and accountability. Conclusion In sum, Kerala’s graduate unemployment is not merely a state-specific problem; it is a mirror reflecting the structural inefficiencies in India’s education-employment continuum. The nation must move beyond celebrating enrolment numbers and focus instead on educational utility. Mains Practice Question Q Kerala’s high graduate unemployment despite near-universal literacy reveals deep structural flaws in India’s education-employment ecosystem. Critically examine (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/education/the-kerala-paradox-of-100-literacy-but-only-42-graduate-unemployment-a-policy-misalignment/article69874393.ece

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 1st August 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 31st July 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 31st July – 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Depreciation of Rupees Category: ECONOMICS Context:  The rupee recorded its biggest single-day fall in nearly 3 months, depreciating by 61 paise to close at ₹87.42 per USD. Cause: Trump Tariff Announcement: US President Donald Trump warned of 20–25% tariffs on Indian goods. Month-end dollar demand. Aggressive FPI selling. Market Reaction: Rupee fell sharply after touching an intraday low of ₹87.66. The rupee has depreciated by 161 paise in the last 11 sessions. Contributing Factors: Fears of economic impact from new US tariffs. Heavy outflows by FPIs (₹16,370 crore in a week). Dollar demand from importers (especially oil firms). Stronger dollar globally. Learning Corner: Currency Appreciation & Depreciation: Appreciation: When the value of the Indian Rupee rises relative to foreign currencies (e.g., ₹75/USD becomes ₹70/USD). Depreciation: When the Rupee falls in value (e.g., ₹75/USD becomes ₹80/USD). Link with Inflation: Depreciation → Costlier Imports → Imported Inflation India depends heavily on oil, electronics, and capital goods imports. A weaker rupee makes these imports more expensive, leading to higher domestic prices. It fuels cost-push inflation (e.g., higher transport and input costs). Appreciation → Cheaper Imports → Helps Tame Inflation A stronger rupee reduces the import bill, especially for crude oil. It can ease inflationary pressure, particularly in sectors dependent on imported inputs. Broader Impact on Indian Economy: Aspect Depreciation of Rupee Appreciation of Rupee Exports Boosts competitiveness (positive) Hurts competitiveness (negative) Imports Becomes costlier (negative) Becomes cheaper (positive) Inflation Increases (especially WPI, CPI) May reduce inflation Current Account Deficit (CAD) May worsen May improve (if exports stay stable) Foreign Investment Can deter if seen as unstable Can attract stable flows RBI Intervention via the Forex Market: Objective: To stabilize the exchange rate of the rupee. When the Rupee Depreciates Sharply: RBI sells US Dollars from its foreign exchange reserves. This increases the supply of dollars and demand for rupees, supporting the rupee. Helps curb imported inflation (e.g., oil becomes less costly in rupee terms). When the Rupee Appreciates Excessively: RBI buys US Dollars, injecting rupees into the market. Prevents exports from becoming uncompetitive. Avoids disinflation or deflation risk due to excess appreciation. Tool Used: Spot and forward transactions, swaps, open market operations in forex. RBI Intervention via Monetary Policy: Objective: To control domestic inflation and manage capital flows. When Inflation Rises (Often Due to Depreciation): RBI may increase the repo rate (tight monetary policy). Higher interest rates attract foreign capital inflows, strengthening the rupee. Also reduces domestic demand, controlling demand-pull inflation. When Growth Slows and Inflation is Low: RBI may cut interest rates to boost credit and investment. This may lead to mild rupee depreciation, which can support exports. Tool Used: Repo rate, CRR, SLR, Open Market Operations (OMOs)   RBI Tool Purpose Impact on Rupee Impact on Inflation Selling USD Curb rupee fall Strengthens rupee Controls imported inflation Buying USD Curb excess rise Weakens rupee Boosts exports Raising Repo Rate Tame inflation Attracts FPI, strengthens rupee Controls inflation Cutting Repo Rate Boost growth May weaken rupee Mild inflation rise possible Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Mangroves Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Restoring Mangroves Can Turn the Tide on India’s Coastal Security Why Mangroves Matter: Natural Barriers: Protect coastal areas from cyclones, tidal surges, and erosion. Climate Mitigation: Act as carbon sinks; trap carbon dioxide and store blue carbon. Biodiversity Hotspots: Provide habitat for fish, crabs, molluscs, and migratory birds. Cultural/Economic Value: Vital to local communities for fishing, farming, and traditional practices. Major Threats to Mangroves: Urban expansion, pollution, shrimp farming, altered hydrology, and climate change. Over 50% of mangroves globally are at risk of collapse by 2050 (IUCN report). Learning Corner: Mangroves Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs found in coastal intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical regions. They grow in brackish water, where freshwater mixes with seawater, especially in estuaries, lagoons, and deltas. India has about 4,975 sq km of mangrove cover (as per ISFR 2021), mainly in Sundarbans, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh. Unique Features of Mangroves Salt Tolerance (Halophytic Nature) Survive in saline conditions through salt-excreting leaves and special root adaptations. Special Root Systems Have stilt roots, pneumatophores (breathing roots), and prop roots for oxygen absorption and anchorage in soft, waterlogged soils. Tidal Adaptability Thrive in highly dynamic tidal zones, tolerating both flooding and exposure to air. High Carbon Sequestration Store large amounts of “blue carbon” in both biomass and deep, anoxic soils  crucial for climate change mitigation. Nursery Grounds Serve as breeding and nursery habitats for fish, crabs, shrimps, and molluscs — vital for coastal livelihoods. Natural Coastal Barriers Protect shorelines from cyclones, tsunamis, storm surges, and coastal erosion. Species Diversity India hosts over 40 mangrove species, with Avicennia, Rhizophora, and Sonneratia being common genera. Ecological and Economic Significance Provide ecosystem services, such as biodiversity support, carbon storage, fisheries productivity, and livelihoods. Act as bioshields, especially in disaster-prone coastal areas like the Sundarbans and Odisha coast. Mangrove Cover in India by State/UT (Descending Order): Rank State/UT Mangrove Area (sq km) % of India’s Total Mangrove Cover Key Mangrove Regions 1 West Bengal 2,114 42.3% Sundarbans (World’s largest mangrove delta) 2 Gujarat 1,141 23.6% Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Khambhat 3 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 617 12.3% North, Middle & South Andaman coastlines 4 Andhra Pradesh 404 8.1% Godavari and Krishna estuaries 5 Maharashtra 304 6.4% Thane Creek, Raigad, Ratnagiri 6 Odisha 251 5.0% Bhitarkanika delta 7 Tamil Nadu 45 1.0% Pichavaram, Muthupet 8 Goa 26 0.5% Mandovi and Zuari river estuaries 9 Kerala 9 0.2% Kannur, Kozhikode estuaries 10 Karnataka 3 0.1% Uttara Kannada coast Total Mangrove Area in India: 4,975 sq km (approx. 0.15% of total geographical area) Source:  THE HINDU Kamchatka Quake Category: GEOGRAPHY Context : A massive 8.8 magnitude earthquake struck Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula, one of the strongest in recent times. What Happened? It occurred on the Circum-Pacific Seismic Belt (Ring of Fire), which accounts for 80% of the world’s strongest quakes. Triggered a tsunami with waves up to 3–4 metres in parts of Kamchatka and up to 2 feet in Hawaii. No casualties were reported despite significant flooding. Context & Rarity Only five quakes of magnitude 8.5+ have occurred globally in the past 20 years. Kamchatka is within the Ring of Fire, a highly active seismic zone with frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Last earthquake of similar magnitude in the region was in 1952. Why It Happened – Subduction Zone Caused by subduction: movement where a denser oceanic plate dives beneath a lighter continental/oceanic plate. The Pacific Plate is being subducted under surrounding plates, leading to frequent high-magnitude quakes. The Pacific Ocean bed is the most seismically active region due to this tectonic process. Other Vulnerable Zones The Circum-Pacific Belt includes: Japan, Chile, Indonesia, Alaska, and Russia Also compares to the Alpide Belt and Mid-Atlantic Ridge, though those are less active. Learning Corner: Earthquakes Sudden release of energy in the Earth’s lithosphere due to faulting, volcanic activity, or tectonic movements. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries, especially convergent and transform margins. Tsunamis Series of large ocean waves triggered mainly by undersea earthquakes at convergent boundaries (especially subduction zones). Can also result from submarine landslides or volcanic eruptions. Not caused by every earthquake—only vertical displacement of the sea floor triggers tsunamis. Circum-Pacific Belt (Ring of Fire) A horseshoe-shaped zone encircling the Pacific Ocean with intense seismic and volcanic activity. Accounts for ~75% of the world’s volcanoes and ~90% of earthquakes. Formed due to subduction of oceanic plates beneath continental plates (e.g., Pacific Plate under the North American, Eurasian, and Indo-Australian Plates). Geographical Features Formed at Convergent Boundaries At convergent plate boundaries, two tectonic plates move toward each other, leading to intense geological activity. Depending on the type of plates involved (continental or oceanic), different geographical features are formed: Oceanic–Continental Convergence Subduction: The denser oceanic plate is forced beneath the lighter continental plate. Geographical Features: Oceanic Trench: Deep linear depressions (e.g., Peru-Chile Trench). Fold Mountains: Formed due to compression and uplift (e.g., Andes Mountains). Volcanic Arc: Chain of explosive volcanoes on the overriding continental plate (e.g., Andean Volcanic Belt). Earthquake Zones: Including deep-focus earthquakes (Benioff zone). Oceanic–Oceanic Convergence One oceanic plate subducts under another. Geographical Features: Oceanic Trench: (e.g., Mariana Trench, the deepest on Earth). Volcanic Island Arc: A curved chain of volcanic islands (e.g., Japan, Philippines, Aleutian Islands). Submarine Earthquakes & Tsunamis: Common in these zones. Continental–Continental Convergence Both plates are buoyant, so neither subduct easily. Instead, they crumple and uplift. Geographical Features: Fold Mountains: Massive mountain ranges formed from crustal shortening (e.g., Himalayas, Alps). High Plateaus: Thickened crust results in elevated regions (e.g., Tibetan Plateau). Seismic Activity: Intense earthquakes due to crustal stress. Additional Features Metamorphic rocks: Formed due to high pressure and temperature. Ophiolite sequences: Oceanic crust obducted onto continental crust (in rare cases). Geographical Features Formed at Divergent Boundaries Mid-Ocean Ridges Definition: Underwater mountain chains formed where oceanic plates diverge. Example: Mid-Atlantic Ridge (between Eurasian & North American plates). Process: Magma rises, cools, and solidifies, forming new oceanic crust. Rift Valleys (on land) Definition: Deep valleys formed by the pulling apart of continental plates. Example: East African Rift Valley, Baikal Rift in Russia. Process: Crust stretches and thins, forming faults and depressions. Volcanoes Where: Along mid-ocean ridges or rift valleys. Nature: Generally non-explosive basaltic eruptions due to low viscosity magma. Example: Volcanic islands like Iceland (formed at mid-Atlantic ridge above sea level). Shallow Earthquakes Caused by the tensional forces as plates move apart. Typically, lower in magnitude compared to those at convergent boundaries. New Ocean Basins Over time, continental rifting can lead to the formation of a new sea. Example: The Red Sea is forming where Africa is rifting from the Arabian Peninsula. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS NISAR Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context India and the United States have successfully launched the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) Earth observation satellite on July 30, 2025, from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, India What is NISAR? NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a joint Earth observation satellite by ISRO and NASA. Launching in July 2025, it is the world’s most powerful Earth-observation satellite, built at a cost of $1.5 billion. Designed to track changes on Earth in near real-time, especially in land, ice, and vegetation. What Makes NISAR Special? Uses two types of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): L-band SAR (from NASA) – penetrates deeper into vegetation and ice. S-band SAR (from ISRO) – for high-resolution surface mapping. Operates in two frequency bands simultaneously, allowing 3D imaging and detection of subtle changes over time (e.g., landslides, glacial movement, earthquakes, etc.). Uses large radar antenna (12 m in diameter) and deployable solar arrays for power. Scientific Benefits Will help in studying: Deformation of Earth’s crust (e.g., due to earthquakes, volcanoes) Glacial dynamics and melting Forest biomass and carbon cycle Groundwater level changes Agricultural changes Disaster impact analysis ISRO-NASA Collaboration NASA contributed L-band SAR and launch mission planning. ISRO contributed S-band SAR, the satellite bus, and will launch it from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. NASA invested $1.1 billion; ISRO spent ₹900 crore. Technology Highlights Radar Antenna Reflector: 12 m across, folds up for launch. 3L-Band SAR: Penetrates through ice, vegetation. 4S-Band SAR: Surface-sensitive, can’t penetrate deep. Deployable Solar Arrays: Provide required power. Learning Corner: Earth Observation Satellites  India (ISRO) EOS Series (Earth Observation Satellites) EOS-04 (Launched Feb 2022): Radar imaging satellite (in all weather conditions). Used for agriculture, forestry, soil moisture, and flood mapping. EOS-06 (Oceansat-3) (Launched Nov 2022): Ocean color monitor, sea surface temperature, and wind vector measurements. Supports fisheries and cyclone monitoring. EOS-02 (Part of SSLV’s maiden launch in Aug 2022): Launch unsuccessful, but satellite was aimed at infrared imaging. International Satellites Landsat 9 (NASA & USGS — Launched Sep 2021) Successor to Landsat 8, provides high-resolution multispectral imagery. Tracks urban growth, deforestation, glacier retreat, etc. Sentinel Series (ESA’s Copernicus Program) Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich (Launched Nov 2020): Tracks sea-level rise with radar altimetry. Successor of Jason missions. Sentinel-1C & 2C (To be launched soon — part of ongoing expansion). Gaofen Series (China) Gaofen-3, 5, 7 & 11 satellites (Multiple launched from 2020–2023): High-resolution optical and radar satellites for agriculture, urban planning, and disaster monitoring. GOSAT-2 (Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite-2) Joint project of JAXA, measures CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations globally. Highly significant for climate change data. KOMPSAT-6 (South Korea) (Launched 2022) High-resolution radar satellite for land mapping, disaster assessment, and military applications. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS New GDP series Category: ECONOMICS Context: The Indian government will release a new GDP series on February 27, 2026, using FY 2022–23 as the new base year, replacing the current 2011–12 base Updates on Other Indicators: Index of Industrial Production (IIP): New base year: 2022–23 Revised series to begin from FY 2026–27 Consumer Price Index (CPI): New base year: 2024 Updated weights from 2023–24 Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey (HCES) New CPI series to be released in Q1 of 2026 Current Data Release Schedule: CPI: 12th of every month at 4 PM IIP: 28th of every month The base year revisions aim to improve the accuracy and relevance of India’s macroeconomic statistics, aiding better policy formulation and analysis. Learning Corner: Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Definition: GDP is the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within a country’s domestic territory in a given period (usually a year). It includes: Output from agriculture, industry, and services. Taxes on products (like GST) minus subsidies. Formula: GDP at Market Prices = GVA at Basic Prices + Product Taxes – Product Subsidies Gross Value Added (GVA): Definition: GVA is the value of output minus the value of intermediate consumption. It measures the actual value added in the production process. It is calculated at: Basic Prices (i.e., excludes taxes & subsidies on products). Sectoral contributions like agriculture, manufacturing, construction, and services are first measured using GVA.   Key Differences: Aspect GDP GVA Definition Value of all final goods/services Value added in production Includes Taxes? Yes (includes taxes minus subsidies) No (measured at basic prices) Used For? Measuring overall economic performance Measuring sectoral performance Indicator Type Demand-side measure Supply-side measure Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) ICJ Advisory Opinion on Climate Obligations (GS paper III - Environment) Introduction (Context) On July 23, 2024, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered its advisory opinion on the obligations of States to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the legal consequences of failing to do so.  The case was initiated by Vanuatu, a Pacific island nation with a population of just 3,00,000. In March 2023, it led a coalition of small island states to secure consensual approval from the United Nations General Assembly to ask the ICJ two questions: What are states legally required to do to address climate change, and what are the consequences if they do not fulfil these duties? The opinion, sought by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), reaffirms key principles of international climate law, but also raises interpretational concerns and highlights the development-versus-environment tensions. Key Takeaways Reinforced Multilateral Climate Framework: ICJ emphasised the combined legal force of the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. Rejected the notion, often pushed by developed countries, that the Paris Agreement alone is binding Reinforcement of Obligations for Developed Countries ICJ underlined that developed nations must provide climate finance, facilitate technology transfer and support capacity building for developing countries These obligations flow directly from UNFCCC Articles. Also reiterated the continued relevance of Annex-I and Annex-II lists, which define developed countries with additional responsibilities Rejection of Annex-Based Dilution Some developed countries and academics have claimed that the Annex-based differentiation (from UNFCCC) is obsolete after the Paris Agreement. The ICJ strongly rejected this claim, affirming that Annex I/II obligations continue. CBDR-RC as the Core Guiding Principle ICJ declared Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC) as the core principle for interpreting climate treaties. (A norm that guides obligations beyond climate treaties e.g., for biodiversity or other environmental issues). Based on Article 3 of the UNFCCC, CBDR-RC remains foundational to climate justice. Acknowledgement of Evolving National Circumstances The Court noted that the Paris Agreement introduced a nuance by saying CBDR-RC should be applied “in the light of national circumstances.” ICJ interpreted this to mean that the classification of nations (developed/developing) is not permanent, and may change over time. This introduces interpretational complexity and may challenge fixed North–South divisions in future climate talks. Issues/Gaps Issue in Temperature Goal Interpretation The ICJ opinion says that the original temperature target mentioned in Article 2.1(a) of the Paris Agreement — which is to keep global warming well below 2°C and try to limit it to 1.5°C — is no longer valid to define countries’ climate obligations. Instead, the Court says that because countries agreed during two major climate meetings (COP26 and COP28) to focus on the 1.5°C target, this shows they have unofficially updated the Paris Agreement. So, according to the ICJ, countries must now shape their climate actions only to meet the 1.5°C goal, and not the original range (below 2°C with efforts for 1.5°C). This is a surprising conclusion, because: The world is likely to cross the 1.5°C mark in the next few years. The Court does not discuss what will happen if this goal is missed. It also seems unusual that the Court treats decisions made after the agreement as if they can change the meaning of the agreement itself. Nature of Obligations: Conduct vs. Result The ICJ did not establish new enforceable obligations. The Court agreed with the usual interpretation followed by developed countries (Global North) that Actions like reducing emissions or helping developing countries with finance and technology are only “obligations of conduct.” This means countries just need to try to meet their goals they are not legally required to succeed. Only procedural duties, like regularly submitting their climate action plans (Nationally Determined Contributions or NDCs), are considered stronger and more enforceable. The opinion argues that even as obligations of conduct, the requirements on countries to meet their commitments can be sufficiently stringent. However, it depends on suitable courts with the requisite jurisdiction to enforce them and is contingent on the circumstances of every individual case. Neglect of Global South’s Development Challenges Failed to address developmental trade-offs faced by the Global South: On the one hand southern nations will be increasingly unable to meet their energy needs for rapid poverty eradication and sustainable growth in the absence of adequate carbon space, while on the other hand low-carbon development requires finance and technology on a scale that remains out of reach. No new enforcement framework has been formed to ensure Global North compliance with climate finance or technology obligations. Public policy challenges for India due to ICJ verdict 1. Legal Preparedness Indian courts already recognise the right to a healthy environment under the right to life (Article 21). The ICJ opinion could trigger new legal cases demanding stronger climate action from the government. India may even face lawsuits from neighbouring island nations affected by climate change. Urgent need to prepare legal standards and frameworks to handle such litigation, or risk policy instability. 2.Weak Enforcement of Environmental Laws India’s environmental laws are strong on paper but often poorly implemented. Pollution control boards are often underfunded and understaffed Compliance varies widely across states and industries The ICJ opinion highlights the importance of “due diligence” by states. India must urgently strengthen regulatory institutions and ensure better enforcement capacity nationwide. 3. Fossil Fuel Subsidies Subsidies for fuels like LPG, kerosene, and diesel help poor households, but they delay the transition to cleaner energy. India must rethink how to support the poor without locking them into polluting fuel use. Conclusion The milestone ICJ opinion is not just a verdict from afar, but a compass. It signals the end of voluntary climate ambition and invites all countries to chart a harder, but fairer course. For India, the challenge now is to align duty with dignity and ambition with justice. Mains Practice Question Q Critically analyse the ICJ’s advisory opinion on climate obligations in the context of equity and the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC).  (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/what-did-the-icj-opinion-say-on-climate-obligations-explained/article69869053.ece#:~:text=The%20ICJ’s%20opinion%20has%20several,Protocol%20and%20the%20Paris%20Agreement. Legal Aid in India (GS paper II - Polity and Governance) Introduction (Context) The India Justice Report 2025 revealed that despite a legal mandate, only 15.5 lakh people received legal aid between April 2023 and March 2024—far below the scale envisioned. This highlights a growing concern about the capacity, budget, and outreach of India’s legal aid system. What is Legal aid Legal aid refers to free legal services provided to persons who are unable to afford legal representation and access to the court system due to social and economic constraints. These services are governed by Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and headed by the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA). Provision of free legal aid may include: Representation by an Advocate in legal proceedings. Payment of process fees, expenses of witnesses and all other charges payable or incurred in connection with any legal proceedings in appropriate cases; Preparation of pleadings, memo of appeal, paper book including printing and translation of documents in legal proceedings; Drafting of legal documents, special leave petition etc. Supply of certified copies of judgments, orders, notes of evidence and other documents in legal proceedings. Free Legal Services also include provision of aid and advice to the beneficiaries to access the benefits under the welfare statutes and schemes framed by the Central Government or the State Government and to ensure access to justice in any other manner. Free legal aid is not confined to cases before the subordinate Courts. Legal Aid is provided to the needy from the lowest Court to the Supreme Court of India. Legal Aid Counsel represent such needy persons before the lower Courts, High Courts and also before the Supreme Court of India. Constitutional & Legal Provisions Article 39A (Directive Principle): Mandates the State to provide free legal aid by suitable legislation or schemes. Article 14 & 21: Right to equality before law and right to life and personal liberty form the basis for access to justice. Benefits of Free Legal Aid in India Enables economically weaker sections to obtain legal representation and justice. Upholds the principle of equality before law. Educates marginalized communities about their rights and legal remedies. Empowers citizens to protect their rights and seek redressal. Guarantees fair representation irrespective of socio-economic background Helps individuals tackle legal hurdles that obstruct economic and social mobility. Assists vulnerable groups in cases of domestic violence, child abuse, discrimination, etc. Organizes workshops, campaigns, and outreach activities. Spreads awareness of rights, legal procedures, and grievance redress mechanisms. Offers mediation, conciliation, and arbitration services. What is NALSA? The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) has been constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 to provide free Legal Services to the weaker sections of the society and to organize Lok Adalats for amicable settlement of disputes. NALSA lays down policies, principles, guidelines and frames effective and economical schemes for the State Legal Services Authorities to implement the Legal Services Programmes throughout the country. Primarily, the State Legal Services Authorities, District Legal Services Authorities, Taluk Legal Services Committees, etc.  Functions: To Provide Free and Competent Legal Services to the eligible persons; To organize Lok Adalats for amicable settlement of disputes and To organize legal awareness camps in the rural areas. NALSA works in close coordination with the various State Legal Services Authorities, District Legal Services Authorities and other agencies for a regular exchange of relevant information, monitoring and updating on the implementation and progress of the various schemes. Key Highlights from India Justice Report 2025 Poor Reach:  Legal aid reached only 15.5 lakh persons in 2023–24, though nearly 80% of the population is eligible. Despite a 28% rise from previous year, numbers remain low for a population of over 1.4 billion. Legal aid clinics:  In rural and remote areas, legal aid clinics serve village clusters. Nationally, there is one legal service clinic for every 163 villages, as per the India Justice Report 2025, the availability and presence of these services is dependent on financial and human resources available. Budgetary gaps:  Legal aid receives less than 1% of the total justice budget, funded jointly by the Centre (via NALSA) and the States.  From 2017–18 to 2022–23, overall legal aid allocations nearly doubled from ₹601 crore to ₹1,086 crore, driven primarily by increased state contributions.  Thirteen states, led by Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh, increased their legal aid budgets by over 100%. In contrast, NALSA’s central funds declined from ₹207 crore to ₹169 crore, with utilisation dropping from 75% to 59%.  As per the NALSA Manual (2023), spending from central funds is restricted and capped 50% for legal aid/advice, 25% for awareness, and 25% for ADR/mediation. For the rest of the work, prior approval is needed. National per capita spending on legal aid rose from ₹3 (2019) to ₹7 (2023), with Haryana spending the highest (₹16) and states like West Bengal, Bihar, and UP spending below average. Para-Legal volunteers Para-legal volunteers (PLVs) serve as vital community-level legal support, creating awareness and facilitating dispute resolution.  However, their numbers declined by 38% from 2019 to 2024, with only 3.1 PLVs per lakh population in 2023 (down from 5.7), and states like West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh had just one PLV per lakh. The decline is attributed to low budgets, irregular deployment, and inadequate honorariums.  Despite training over 53,000 PLVs in 2023–24, only 14,000 were deployed, a sharp fall from 22,000 in 2019–20.  Honorariums remain below minimum wage in most states—Kerala being the only one paying ₹750/day. Twenty-two states pay ₹500/day, three pay ₹400, and three others (Gujarat, Meghalaya, Mizoram) offer just ₹250/day, insufficient to cover basic costs. Obstacles to Legal Assistance in India The legal aid movement in India is now unorganised, dispersed, and intermittent. There is a lack of coordination.  Lawyers do not participate in pro bono work for a variety of reasons. Financial resources are scarce. Earlier legal education did not include social education. As a result, they do not comprehend or embrace their role, and members of the profession do not often interact with people of the community who require legal aid. Illiteracy is another significant barrier to legal help. The lack of legal understanding leads to exploitation and deprivation of the poor’s rights and advantages. Steps needed Educate people on legal rights and remedies through local language campaigns Collaborate with grassroots organizations to spread awareness in remote areas Introduce social responsibility modules in legal education. Encourage voluntary legal service among law professionals. Establish accountability for aid delivery and outcomes. Invest in court-based and community-based legal aid services. Conclusion While states are working towards enhancing funding for legal aid, persistent challenges like uneven service quality, weak accountability, and limited public confidence continue to hinder its impact. Many of these problems can be addressed by increasing financial and human resources. Strengthening the capacity of legal aid mechanisms is crucial to ensure their effectiveness. Without adequate support, the system cannot deliver the standard of justice promised by the Constitution. Mains Practice Question Q Access to legal aid is essential for ensuring justice for the marginalised in India. Critically examine. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/boost-the-capacity-of-legal-aid-systems/article69874191.ece