Feb 26, 2026 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 26th February 2026

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Kerala as Keralam Category: Polity and Governance Context: The Union Cabinet recently approved a proposal to alter the name of Kerala to “Keralam,” setting in motion the constitutional process required for the change. About Kerala as Keralam: Constitutional provisions: Article 3 of the Constitution empowers Parliament to form new states or alter areas, boundaries, or names of existing states. It will also amend the First Schedule of the Constitution, which contains the list and names of states and Union Territories. Presidential recommendation: A bill for renaming a state can only be introduced in either House of Parliament with the prior recommendation of the President. State referral: Before recommending the bill, the President must refer it to the concerned State Legislature for its views. Non-binding views: The State Legislature must express its views within a specified timeframe. However, these views are not binding on the President or the Parliament; they can proceed even if the state disagrees. Simple majority: The bill requires only a simple majority (50%+1 of members present and voting) in both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to be passed. No Amendment under Article 368: Under Article 4, such laws are not deemed to be constitutional amendments requiring a special majority, even though they result in changes to the First Schedule.  Process for renaming Kerala as Keralam: State Legislature Resolution: Kerala Assembly passed resolutions requesting the name change. Examination by Union Government: Ministry of Home Affairs scrutinizes the proposal and consults relevant ministries/agencies. Union Cabinet Approval: Cabinet clears the proposal for legislative action. President’s reference: President refers the Bill to the Legislature of Kerala for its opinion (Article 3 proviso). Parliamentary Approval: Bill introduced in Parliament after Presidential recommendation and passed by both Houses. Notification & Amendment: First Schedule amended; new name comes into legal effect. Reasons for the change: The state is called “Keralam” in Malayalam, while the Constitution records it as “Kerala.” The demand reflects linguistic identity and the legacy of the Aikya Kerala movement, which sought unification of Malayalam-speaking regions. The Assembly argued that states formed on linguistic lines (1956) should reflect native linguistic nomenclature. Historical precedents: 1969: Madras State became Tamil Nadu. 2007: Uttaranchal was renamed as Uttarakhand. 2011: Orissa became Odisha (and Oriya became Odia) via the Orissa (Alteration of Name) Act. Source: DD News SUJVIKA Portal Category: Government Schemes Context: Recently, the Union Minister of Science & Technology launched the SUJVIKA Portal during the 40th foundation day of the Department of Biotechnology. About SUJVIKA Portal: Nature: It is an AI driven Biotech Product Data Portal. Development: It is developed by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) in collaboration with an industry partner, the Association of Biotechnology Led Enterprises (ABLE). Mandate: It presents authenticated biotechnology product import data in a structured and accessible format. Target users: It is primarily aimed at Indian researchers, biotechnology startups, and industry players to facilitate evidence-based R&D planning. AI-driven intelligence: It is an Artificial Intelligence-enabled Trade Statistics Digital Intelligence Platform. Biotech data repository: The portal provides structured and authenticated data specifically on biotechnology product imports. Insights into biotechnology: The portal provides sector-wise insights into biochemical products, industrial enzymes, and other biotechnology imports. Indigenisation: It enables researchers, startups, and industry to identify high-value and high-volume imports, assess import dependency and prioritise indigenisation and R&D efforts. Evidence-based planning: The portal also supports evidence-based planning and promotes public–private partnerships for strengthening domestic biomanufacturing. Vision: The portal is a key tool in achieving India’s goal of a $1 trillion bioeconomy by 2047 (part of the Viksit Bharat vision). Policy linkage: It supports the BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment), which focuses on high-performance biomanufacturing. Source: PIB Chicory Category: Miscellaneous Context: Recently, FSSAI gave an advisory related to Chicory, whose content must be prominently displayed on front of coffee powder packs from 1 July. About Chicory: Nature: It is a blue-flowered, woody perennial herbaceous plant mainly cultivated in temperate regions worldwide. Family: Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Distribution: It is native to Europe and Asia; in India, it is primarily cultivated in Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. Significance: There are several varieties of the chicory plant, known differently globally due to its numerous medicinal, culinary, and nutritional qualities. Uniqueness: It contains Inulin, a soluble fiber and prebiotic that acts as a natural sweetener. It is naturally caffeine-free and rich in beta-carotene. Additive in coffee: It is a popular additive that provides a darker colour and an earthy taste to the beverage. It is significantly less expensive than high-quality coffee. Existing rules: Previous FSSAI regulations (2011) stipulated that a coffee-chicory mixture must contain at least 51% coffee. Legal status: Under the Coffee Act 1942, chicory is not defined as coffee because it does not come from a rubiaceous plant. Other uses: Culinary: Leaves are used as salad greens (e.g., Radicchio, Belgian endive). Medicinal: Used in traditional medicine (folk remedies) for liver health, digestion, and as a mild laxative. Agricultural: Grown as a forage crop for livestock (especially sheep) due to its nutrient density. Source: Livemint Exercise Dharma Guardian 2026 Category: Defence and Security Context: Recently, the Exercise ‘DHARMA GUARDIAN’ commenced at the Foreign Training Node, Chaubattia in Uttarakhand. About Exercise Dharma Guardian 2026: Countries involved: It is the annual joint military exercise between India and Japan. Objective: The objective of the Exercise ‘DHARMA GUARDIAN’ is to strengthen military collaboration and enhance combined capabilities to undertake joint operations in a semi-urban environment. Significance: The exercise is held alternately in India and Japan and remains a key pillar of defence cooperation between the two nations. Edition: It is the 7th edition of the annual Joint Military Exercise. Location: It is being held at Foreign Training Node, Chaubattia, Uttarakhand, India. Participating units: India is represented by the Ladakh Scouts, and Japan is represented by the 32nd Infantry Regiment. Key tactical activities: Establishing a Temporary Operating Base Developing an Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) grid Setting up Mobile Vehicle Check Posts Conducting Cordon and Search Operations in hostile environment Executing Heliborne Operations Undertaking House Intervention Drills Other Exercises between India and Japan: Malabar: India and Japan with the United States and Australia participate in the naval war gaming exercise named Malabar. JIMEX (Naval) SHINYUU Maitri (Air Force). Source: PIB Periyar Tiger Reserve Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, the Periyar Tiger Reserve has initiated Phase III of All India Tiger Estimation 2025-26, aimed at assessing the tiger population across the country. About Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR): Location: It is located in the Idukki district of Kerala. It is set high at Cardamom Hills and Pandalam Hills of the Western Ghats, adjacent to the border with Tamil Nadu. Nomenclature: It is named after the Periyar River. It surrounds the Periyar Lake, which was created in 1895 by building a dam across the Periyar River. History: It was established in 1934 as the Nellikkampatty Game Sanctuary by the Maharaja of Travancore. In 1950, it was formally consolidated and recognized as the Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary. Establishment: In 1978, it was included in Project Tiger and renamed the Periyar Tiger Reserve, becoming India’s 10th tiger reserve. Terrain: The terrain is hilly and undulating with a maximum altitude of 2016 m. The highest peak is Kottamala (2016 m). Rivers: Two major rivers namely Periyar and Pamba drain the area. Dams: Mullaperiyar Dam is located within the PTR.  Tribes: It is home to many tribal communities, including the Mannans and the Palians. Vegetation: It mainly comprises tropical evergreen forests, semi- evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, transitional fringe evergreen forests, grasslands, and eucalyptus plantations. Flora: These include teak, mangoes, rosewood, jamun, jacarandas, terminalias, tamarind, royal ponciana, bamboo, etc. Fauna: These include elephants, wild pigs, mouse deer, barking deer, and tiger. It is also being considered as the habitat of the elusive Nilgiri Tahr. Unique primate diversity: All four species of South Indian primates- Lion-tailed Macaque, Nilgiri Langur, Common Langur, and Bonnet Macaque are found here. Source: The Hindu (MAINS Focus) Microplastics in Bottled Water: Emerging Public Health and Regulatory Challenge in India (UPSC GS Paper II – Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health; GS Paper III – Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation)   Context  In contemporary India, bottled water has shifted from occasional convenience to everyday necessity due to declining trust in municipal supplies. However, recent Indian studies detecting microplastics in bottled water have raised concerns about invisible contaminants and regulatory inadequacy.   What are Microplastics and Why are They Concerning? Microplastics are plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, generated either as primary microplastics (industrial pellets, microbeads) or secondary microplastics formed from degradation of larger plastics. Nanoplastics, even smaller, often escape detection. Their persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and ability to carry toxic additives make them a public health concern.   Evidence from Indian Scientific Studies A Nagpur-based study found 72–212 microplastic particles per litre in all sampled bottled water brands, with higher contamination in locally bottled products. Similar findings in Mumbai and coastal Andhra Pradesh showed microplastics in 100% of tested samples. Globally, WHO (2019) noted insufficient evidence on health risks but emphasised the need for standardised monitoring and risk assessment frameworks.   Reasons for Presence in Bottled Water PET Bottle Degradation: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles fragment due to mechanical stress and ageing. Heat and UV Exposure: High temperatures during transport and storage (common in India) accelerate leaching of antimony and phthalates and increase particle shedding. Source Water Contamination: Rivers and groundwater already contain microplastics due to India’s plastic waste burden (over 3–4 million tonnes annually as per CPCB estimates). Bottling Process Gaps: Fragmented industry with thousands of small units weakens uniform quality control.   Health Implications Although long-term epidemiological data are evolving, laboratory research suggests: Microplastics may induce inflammation and oxidative stress. Smaller particles may cross intestinal barriers and potentially enter bloodstream. They act as vectors for endocrine-disrupting chemicals (phthalates, bisphenols) and heavy metals. Chronic exposure combined with chemical leaching creates cumulative risks not addressed in short-duration safety testing.   Regulatory and Institutional Gaps Packaged drinking water in India is regulated by FSSAI; BIS certification is no longer mandatory. However: No prescribed permissible limits for microplastics. No routine testing protocol for nanoplastics. Standards assess individual chemicals, not combined long-term exposure. State-level inspections (e.g., Karnataka surveys) have flagged unsafe samples, indicating enforcement deficits.   Criticisms / Broader Concerns Illusion of Purity: Sealed packaging fosters misplaced trust, overshadowing systemic investment in safe public water systems. Environmental Feedback Loop: Single-use bottles significantly contribute to India’s plastic waste crisis. Degraded plastics re-enter water bodies as microplastics, contaminating even treated sources. Public Health Inequity: Access to bottled water is income-dependent, potentially diverting policy focus from universal potable water access. Policy Lag Behind Science: Regulation remains pathogen-centric, while emerging contaminants remain outside formal standards. Cumulative Exposure: Daily ingestion over decades is not factored into risk assessment models.   Reforms: Efforts Taken and Needed Strengthening Public Supply Systems: Jal Jeevan Mission (aim: functional household tap connections to all rural households) reduces dependence on bottled water. Real-time water quality monitoring dashboards can rebuild trust. Updating Standards: FSSAI and BIS must mandate microplastic testing, define threshold limits, and integrate precautionary principles, learning from evolving EU and global regulatory discussions. Plastic Waste Governance: Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 (amended 2022) and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) mechanisms must be strictly enforced to reduce upstream plastic leakage. Storage and Labelling Norms: Mandatory heat-exposure warnings, improved transport standards, and periodic third-party audits. Research and Surveillance: National-level surveillance on microplastics in drinking water; integration with ICMR-led toxicological research to establish India-specific risk benchmarks.   Conclusion Microplastics in bottled water exemplify a silent public health challenge emerging at the intersection of environmental degradation and regulatory inertia. Addressing it requires science-based standard setting, stronger waste governance, and renewed investment in accountable public water systems rather than unchecked dependence on packaged solutions.   Mains Question Microplastics are emerging as a significant contaminant in drinking water in India. Examine their sources, health implications and regulatory gaps. Suggest policy measures to address this growing public health challenge. (250 words, 15 marks)   Source: The Hindu Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) and India’s Decarbonisation Strategy (UPSC GS Paper III – Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation; Environmental impact assessment; Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life)   Context (Introduction) Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) technologies aim to capture CO₂ from industrial sources or air and convert it into useful products. For India, the world’s third-largest emitter, CCU offers a pathway to decarbonise hard-to-abate sectors while supporting a circular, low-carbon economy.   Main Arguments Concept and Technological Basis of CCU: CCU captures CO₂ from power plants, cement, steel, refineries or through Direct Air Capture and converts it into fuels (methanol, synthetic fuels), chemicals (olefins), building materials (carbonated concrete) or polymers. Unlike CCS, it reuses rather than stores carbon. Relevance for Hard-to-Abate Sectors: India’s emissions are concentrated in cement, steel, chemicals and thermal power. Process emissions in cement (from limestone calcination) cannot be eliminated by renewables alone. CCU reduces point-source emissions and lowers carbon intensity of industrial output. Emission Reduction Pathways: CCU reduces emissions by: Capturing CO₂ before atmospheric release.  Substituting fossil-derived feedstocks with CO₂-derived inputs. Permanently mineralising CO₂ in construction materials. Integrating with green hydrogen to produce low-carbon synthetic fuels.  Global Policy Support: EU Experience: The EU Bioeconomy Strategy (2018) promotes sustainable use of biological and carbon resources, encouraging CO₂ as industrial feedstock. The Circular Economy Action Plan (2020), under the European Green Deal, supports industrial symbiosis and CO₂-based products. Carbon pricing under the EU ETS improves CCU viability. International Industry Examples: ArcelorMittal and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., with D-CRBN in Belgium, are converting captured CO₂ into carbon monoxide for reuse in steelmaking. The U.S. provides tax credits (e.g., 45Q) to incentivise CCU. UAE’s Al Reyadah integrates CCU with green hydrogen hubs.   India’s Current Status Policy Roadmaps: Department of Science & Technology has issued a dedicated CCU R&D roadmap. Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas released a draft 2030 CCUS roadmap identifying industrial clusters. Industrial Pilots Ambuja Cements (Adani Group)–IIT Bombay Indo-Swedish pilot for CO₂-to-fuels/materials. JK Cement CCU testbed for lightweight concrete and olefins. Organic Recycling Systems Limited (ORSL) Bio-CCU platform converting biogas CO₂ into bio-alcohols. Climate Commitments Alignment: Supports India’s 2070 Net Zero target and Panchamrit commitments under COP26.   Challenges / Risks Cost Competitiveness: CO₂ capture and conversion are energy-intensive; CCU products struggle against cheaper fossil-based alternatives without policy incentives. Infrastructure Gaps: Requires industrial clusters, CO₂ pipelines, purification systems, and green hydrogen availability. Infrastructure is uneven across Indian regions. Regulatory and Market Uncertainty: Absence of carbon pricing, lifecycle certification standards and green procurement mandates limits investor confidence. Risk of Limited Net Gains: If powered by fossil energy, CCU may not significantly reduce lifecycle emissions. Financing Constraints: High capital costs and technology risks deter large-scale private sector adoption.   Way Forward Introduce Market Incentives: Carbon pricing, tax credits, viability gap funding or Production-Linked Incentives for CO₂-derived products. Develop CCU Industrial Clusters: Integrate CCU in cement and steel hubs (e.g., Gujarat, Odisha) with shared capture and utilisation infrastructure. Align with National Green Hydrogen Mission: Use green hydrogen to enhance CO₂-to-fuel conversion efficiency and reduce lifecycle emissions. Establish Certification Frameworks: Develop lifecycle carbon accounting standards and green product labelling to create market demand. Strengthen R&D and PPPs: Scale pilot projects into commercial demonstration plants with blended finance and global climate funds.   Conclusion CCU can serve as a transitional decarbonisation tool for India’s industrial economy. However, its success depends on coherent policy support, clean energy integration, cost reduction and robust regulatory standards to ensure genuine emission reductions rather than symbolic compliance.   Mains Question What are Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) technologies?. Discuss global best practices and suggest measures to scale up CCU deployment in India. (250 words, 15 marks)   Source: The Hindu  

Feb 25, 2026 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2026 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 25th February 2026

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Feb 25, 2026 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 25th February 2026

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Contarinia icardiflores sp. nov Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Scientists from ICAR-Directorate of Floricultural Research (ICAR-DFR), Pune have discovered a new blossom midge species named Contarinia icardiflores sp. nov., affecting jasmine crops in India. Contarinia icardiflores sp. nov. is a newly identified blossom midge species. It infests flower buds of Jasminum sambac (jasmine). Named in honour of ICAR-DFR for its contributions to floriculture research. Identified using integrative taxonomy (morphological and molecular analysis). Distinct from previously known jasmine-infesting midge species. Short life cycle (around 2–3 weeks) enables rapid multiplication. Discovery has significance for pest management in jasmine cultivation. Source: ICAR Fishing cat Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: The first scientific assessment has identified Kaziranga National Park as a major stronghold of the endangered fishing cat in India. Study establishes Kaziranga as one of the most significant habitats for the fishing cat. Fishing cat is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. The species prefers wetlands, marshes and riverine ecosystems. Kaziranga’s floodplain grasslands and wetlands provide ideal habitat conditions. The assessment used systematic field surveys and camera trapping. Findings highlight the importance of wetland conservation for lesser-known carnivores. Reinforces Kaziranga’s ecological value beyond its iconic one-horned rhinoceros. Learning Corner: Kaziranga National Park  Located in Assam, along the floodplains of the Brahmaputra River. Declared a National Park in 1974. Recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (1985). Famous for hosting the largest population of the Great One-Horned Rhinoceros. Also home to elephants, wild buffalo, swamp deer and Royal Bengal tiger. Designated as a Tiger Reserve (2006). Characterised by tall elephant grass, marshlands and tropical moist broadleaf forests. Experiences annual flooding, which maintains ecological productivity and habitat diversity. Source:  THE HINDU Lenacapavir Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Zimbabwe has launched the rollout of Lenacapavir, a long-acting injectable drug for HIV prevention, marking a major step in expanding pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) options in Africa. Zimbabwe becomes one of the first African countries to introduce Lenacapavir for HIV prevention. Lenacapavir is a long-acting injectable drug used as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). It is administered twice a year, improving adherence compared to daily oral pills. The drug works by inhibiting the HIV capsid, preventing viral replication. The rollout targets high-risk populations, including adolescent girls and young women. The initiative aims to reduce new HIV infections in a region heavily burdened by HIV/AIDS. Marks progress toward global HIV prevention and epidemic control goals. Learning Corner: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)  HIV is a retrovirus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically CD4 (T-helper) cells. It weakens immunity, making the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and certain cancers. If untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). The virus is transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, infected blood transfusion, shared needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. HIV primarily targets immune cells and integrates its genetic material into the host genome. There is no cure, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) allows people with HIV to live long and healthy lives. Preventive measures include safe sex practices, screening of blood, needle safety, PrEP, and ART for viral suppression. Source: DTE PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana Category: POLITY Context: The PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana has crossed 30 lakh rooftop solar installations, marking a major milestone in India’s push for decentralised renewable energy adoption. Learning Corner: The scheme aims to promote rooftop solar systems for residential households. It targets installation of rooftop solar in 1 crore households. Beneficiaries receive central financial assistance (CFA)/subsidy support. Objective includes providing up to 300 units of free electricity per month to eligible households. Promotes reduction in electricity bills and enhances energy self-sufficiency. Contributes to India’s renewable energy and climate commitments. Encourages domestic solar manufacturing and green job creation. Source: THE HINDU HPV vaccination Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: The Union Health Ministry is set to roll out a nationwide free HPV vaccination programme targeting 14-year-old girls to prevent cervical cancer. Programme will provide free and voluntary HPV vaccination to girls aged 14 years. India will use Gardasil (quadrivalent vaccine) covering HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18. A single-dose schedule will be adopted based on scientific evidence. Vaccination will be conducted at designated government health facilities. HPV types 16 and 18 account for over 80% of cervical cancer cases in India. Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in India. Vaccination sessions will include trained medical supervision and post-vaccination monitoring. Vaccine procurement is supported through partnership with Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. HPV vaccine is non-live and has a strong global safety record. Learning Corner: HPV (Human Papillomavirus)  HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses, transmitted mainly through skin-to-skin or sexual contact. It infects epithelial cells of the skin and mucous membranes. HPV is broadly classified into low-risk types (cause warts) and high-risk types (cause cancers). High-risk types, especially HPV 16 and 18, are responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases. HPV is also associated with cancers of the anus, penis, vulva, vagina, and oropharynx. Most HPV infections are asymptomatic and self-limiting, cleared by the immune system. HPV vaccines (non-live recombinant vaccines) provide protection against major high-risk and some low-risk types. Regular screening (Pap smear, HPV testing) is essential for early detection of cervical cancer. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) India–Israel Strategic Engagement Amid West Asian Flux (UPSC GS Paper II – International Relations: India and its neighbourhood; Bilateral, regional and global groupings affecting India’s interests)   Context (Introduction) Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s February 2026 standalone visit to Israel occurs amid escalating West Asian instability—U.S.–Iran tensions, fragile Gaza ceasefire, and emerging regional blocs. The visit signals consolidation of India–Israel ties beyond symbolism, with strategic, economic and geopolitical implications.   Main Arguments   Deepening Strategic and Defence Convergence India and Israel face common security threats—terrorism, hostile neighbourhoods, and missile/drone warfare. According to SIPRI, India accounted for nearly 34% of Israel’s arms exports (2020–24), making it Israel’s largest defence customer. Cooperation has shifted from buyer–seller to joint development and co-production. Barak-8 missile defence system exemplifies co-development success. “India–Israel Vision on Defence Cooperation” (2022) emphasised futuristic technologies. Reports indicate focus on the Iron Beam laser-based air defence system, aligned with India’s Mission Sudarshan Chakra for integrated air and anti-drone defence. Growing private-sector collaboration (e.g., surveillance and sensor-based systems). For India, lessons from Operation Sindoor (May 2025) underline the urgency of layered air and missile defence architecture.   Science, Technology and Innovation Linkages Israel’s technological ecosystem complements India’s development needs. Over 35 Centres of Excellence (CoE) across Indian states support high-density horticulture (mango, citrus, pomegranate, date palm, beekeeping). MASHAV agreements with Haryana (2022) and Rajasthan (2024) enhance integrated water management—critical amid India’s rising water stress. Emerging focus areas: Artificial Intelligence (AI), agritech, electronics, medical equipment. This cooperation aligns with India’s push for Atmanirbhar Bharat and tech-led growth.   Expanding Economic and Trade Architecture While security dominates headlines, trade is substantial. Bilateral trade reached $3.75 billion in FY 2024–25, with diversification beyond diamonds and chemicals into high-tech sectors. Recent developments: Bilateral Investment Agreement (September 2025) Terms of Reference for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) (November 2025) An FTA could integrate Israel into India’s recent trade momentum (EU, Oman, UAE agreements). Additionally, proposals on infrastructure cooperation and human mobility could deepen interdependence.   India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) Announced at the G-20 Summit (Delhi, 2023), IMEC aims to provide a shorter and secure route linking India to Europe via West Asia. With the Suez Canal vulnerable to disruptions, IMEC offers strategic diversification. However, Gaza stability remains crucial. The visit may revive momentum amid renewed geopolitical urgency.   Gaza Peace Process and Regional Balancing India attended the February 2026 “Board of Peace” Summit as an observer. With strong ties to Israel, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Oman, India maintains strategic balance. Netanyahu’s proposal of a “hexagon alliance” reflects bloc politics. However, India’s foreign policy doctrine emphasises strategic autonomy, avoiding entanglement in sectarian axes (Shia–Sunni rivalry). India’s energy security—given dependence on Gulf imports—necessitates cautious engagement regarding Iran and broader regional tensions.   Criticisms / Challenges Risk of Over-Securitisation: Excessive defence focus may overshadow balanced diplomacy. Palestinian Sensitivities: Standalone Israel visit could attract criticism domestically and internationally. Regional Bloc Politics: Joining or appearing aligned with anti-Iran blocs could complicate India’s West Asia balancing strategy. IMEC’s Fragility: Corridor viability depends on durable regional peace. Energy Security Concerns: Escalation involving Iran could disrupt oil supplies and increase import bills.   Way Forward Maintain De-hyphenation Policy: Engage Israel and Palestine independently while supporting a two-state solution. Strengthen Co-Production: Move from arms imports to joint R&D and defence manufacturing in India. Fast-Track FTA Negotiations: Expand high-tech trade and innovation ecosystems. Promote IMEC Diplomatically: Integrate Gulf partners to stabilise connectivity initiatives. Leverage Balanced Diplomacy: Use ties with Gulf states and Israel to contribute constructively to peace-building efforts.   Conclusion The visit underscores India’s calibrated West Asia strategy—deepening strategic ties with Israel while preserving regional balance. If managed prudently, the engagement could enhance India’s defence preparedness, technological modernisation and connectivity ambitions without compromising strategic autonomy.   Mains Question In the context of emerging regional fault lines in West Asia, examine the strategic, economic and geopolitical significance of India–Israel relations. (250 words, 15 marks) Reimagining Indian Federalism: Towards a Principle of Non-Domination (UPSC GS Paper II – Polity and Governance: Federal Structure, Centre–State Relations, Issues and Challenges)   Context (Introduction) Amid rising centralisation and debates around “One Nation–One X” initiatives, Yogendra Yadav calls for a structural reset of Indian federalism. He argues for a new federal compact grounded in the principle of non-domination—political, cultural and economic.   Main Arguments Historical Bias Towards Centralisation The Constitution’s original design tilted towards a strong Centre due to post-Partition anxieties. Though coalition politics in the 1990s strengthened cooperative federalism, this political consensus was not constitutionally institutionalised. The past decade has witnessed renewed centralisation in constitutional practice, institutional behaviour and sectoral governance.   Federation Based on Consent, Not Command The author emphasises that a true “Union of States” must: Trust states and respect subsidiarity. Empower local governments. Accommodate linguistic and cultural heterogeneity. Unity should emerge from negotiated accommodation rather than enforced uniformity. Federalism deepens democracy instead of weakening sovereignty.   Constitutional Reset Proposals Curtail the Centre’s power to unilaterally redraw state boundaries. Reduce central primacy in constitutional amendments affecting states. Restore subjects like education to the State List. Check central encroachment into health and agriculture. These aim to rebalance legislative federalism and revive the spirit of cooperative federalism.   Political and Institutional Reset Establish a constitutional code to limit arbitrariness of Governors. Strengthen anti-defection law to eliminate loopholes. Transfer responsibility for Assembly elections to State Election Commissions. The author, however, cautions that institutional redesign must avoid unintended distortions.   Representation and Delimitation Debate The report rejects “One Nation, One Election” and advocates continuation of the freeze on delimitation based on the 1971 Census. This can be reframed as preserving inter-regional balance of power, particularly between Hindi and non-Hindi states.   Fiscal Federal Reset It calls for GST restructuring and equitable fiscal devolution. Southern and western states may agree to resource transfers to poorer Hindi heartland states, while Hindi states guarantee non-imposition of language and representation freeze—ensuring mutual non-domination.   Cultural Federalism and Linguistic Balance The report challenges the notion that national unity requires linguistic uniformity. While opposing Hindi hegemony, the author critiques the suggestion of English uniformity, advocating instead equal respect for all Indian languages.   Civilisational Logic of Federalism India is a “holding together” federation, unlike the U.S. model of “coming together.” Its unity resembles a “salad bowl,” not a melting pot. Historically, empires—from Mauryan to Mughal—sustained rule by respecting diversity. Centralisation contradicts India’s compositional and plural character.   Criticisms / Challenges Practical Feasibility: Curtailing Parliament’s amendment powers may face constitutional and political resistance. Administrative Coordination: Excessive decentralisation may weaken national coordination in sectors like health or disaster management. Fiscal Strains: Redistribution debates may intensify tensions between donor and recipient states. Language Sensitivities: Balancing linguistic equality without promoting new hierarchies requires nuanced policy design.   Way Forward Institutionalise cooperative federalism through Inter-State Council revitalisation. Revisit fiscal devolution formulas balancing equity and efficiency. Guarantee linguistic pluralism constitutionally and administratively. Ensure delimitation reforms protect demographic justice without undermining federal balance. Anchor reforms in the principle of political, cultural and economic non-domination.   Conclusion A renewed federal compact must move beyond administrative pragmatism to ethical reasoning rooted in India’s plural civilisational ethos. Durable unity will rest not on uniformity or concentration of power, but on a principled distribution that prevents domination across regions, languages and economic blocs.   Mains Question In light of recent debates on centralisation and state autonomy, critically examine the need for a new federal compact in India. (250 words, 15 marks)  

Feb 25, 2026 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2026 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 24th February 2026

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Feb 25, 2026 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 24th February 2026

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) National Counter Terrorism Policy and Strategy (PRAHAAR) Category: POLITY Context: The Union Home Ministry has unveiled India’s first National Counter Terrorism Policy and Strategy (PRAHAAR) to comprehensively tackle evolving terror threats. India faces terrorist threats across water, land and air domains. Policy aims to criminalise all terrorist acts and dismantle terror ecosystems. Focus on denying terrorists access to funding, weapons and safe havens. Addresses cross-border terrorism and state-sponsored threats. Highlights misuse of drones, social media, encryption and dark web by terror groups. Stresses disruption of terror financing including crypto wallets. Calls for coordinated action among Centre, States and intelligence agencies. Promotes uniform anti-terror structure and standardised procedures nationwide. Emphasises community engagement to prevent youth radicalisation. Strengthens response to emerging threats including CBRN risks. Source: THE HINDU C. Rajagopalachari Category: HISTORY Context: President Droupadi Murmu unveiled the bust of C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji), marking the first Indian Governor-General’s statue at Rashtrapati Bhavan as part of decolonisation efforts. Bust of C. Rajagopalachari installed at Rashtrapati Bhavan, replacing Edwin Lutyens’ statue. Rajaji was the first and only Indian Governor-General of independent India. Event highlighted “mental decolonisation” and shedding colonial vestiges. Rashtrapati Bhavan halls renamed earlier (Durbar Hall → Ganatantra Mandap; Ashok Hall retained for events). 2,300 books and manuscripts shifted to a dedicated Granth Kutir space. Portraits of British-era figures removed; Indian icons emphasised. Move symbolises cultural assertion and reclaiming national identity. Learning Corner: Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) Full name: Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (1878–1972). He was the first and only Indian Governor-General of independent India (1948–1950). A close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and a prominent leader of the Indian National Movement. Served as Premier of Madras Presidency (1937–39) and later Chief Minister of Madras State (1952–54). Founder of the Swatantra Party (1959), advocating free-market economic policies against excessive state control. Known for his intellectual depth, administrative ability and advocacy of individual liberty. Awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954, among the first recipients. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS International Energy Agency (IEA) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The International Energy Agency (IEA) has stated that India’s full membership would require amendment of its founding charter, which currently limits membership to OECD countries. India is currently an associate member of the IEA (since 2017). Full membership is restricted to OECD member countries under the existing IEA framework. India formally requested full membership in October 2023. Granting membership would require amendment of IEA’s founding agreement or eligibility criteria. Learning Corner: International Energy Agency (IEA) IEA was created in 1974 in response to the global oil crisis. Core mandate includes ensuring oil supply security through strategic reserves. IEA now increasingly focuses on climate change, clean energy and energy transitions. India seeks full membership to gain decision-making rights in global energy governance. India’s growing share in global energy demand strengthens its case. Discussions are ongoing; no final decision has been taken yet. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Kole wetlands Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: A scientific study in Kerala’s Kole wetlands has led to the discovery of four new species of pygmy grasshoppers, highlighting the region’s rich but understudied biodiversity. Four new species of pygmy grasshoppers (family Tetrigidae) were discovered in Kole wetlands. The study underscores the ecological significance of this Ramsar-listed wetland ecosystem. Pygmy grasshoppers are important bio-indicators of wetland health. The findings reveal high microhabitat diversity within agricultural-wetland landscapes. Researchers emphasised the need for long-term taxonomic and ecological documentation. The discovery strengthens the case for conservation of Kole wetlands. It highlights that even human-modified wetlands can harbour undocumented species diversity. Learning Corner: Kole Wetlands  Kole Wetlands is a large freshwater wetland ecosystem located in Thrissur and Malappuram districts of Kerala. The term “Kole” refers to bumper yield, indicating its high agricultural productivity. It is a below sea-level wetland system, seasonally flooded during the monsoon. The area supports extensive paddy cultivation through controlled water management. It was designated as a Ramsar Site in 2022 due to its ecological importance. The wetland serves as a crucial habitat for migratory and resident birds. It plays an important role in flood regulation, groundwater recharge and carbon sequestration. Kole wetlands also support rich biodiversity, including fish, amphibians and recently discovered pygmy grasshopper species. Source: THE HINDU Sayyad-3G Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Iran has successfully test-fired the new Sayyad-3G naval air-defence missile during naval drills in the strategic Strait of Hormuz, signalling enhanced maritime defence capabilities amid tensions with the U.S. and Western forces. Iran tested the Sea-based Sayyad-3G naval air-defence missile in drills in the Strait of Hormuz. The missile was launched from the Shahid Sayyad Shirazi warship using a vertical launch system. Sayyad-3G is a maritime adaptation of Iran’s long-range Sayyad air-defence family, expanding naval air defence range ~150 km. It is designed to intercept aircraft, UAVs and other aerial threats to naval vessels. The test comes amid regional tensions and increased U.S. naval presence near Iranian waters. Iran claims the system strengthens its sea-denial strategy and protects its navy against foreign threats. Western and Israeli militaries are monitoring the development closely due to strategic implications. Learning Corner: Sayyad-3G Missile – Key Features It is a naval surface-to-air missile (SAM) developed by Iran. Designed for ship-based vertical launch systems (VLS). Primarily meant to intercept aircraft, UAVs and other aerial threats. Reported operational range of around 150 km (approx.). Part of the broader Sayyad air-defence missile family. Enhances Iran’s maritime air defence and sea-denial capability. Tested in naval drills in the Strait of Hormuz, a strategically vital chokepoint. Source: ONE INDIA (MAINS Focus) Independence of the Election Commission of India (UPSC GS Paper II – Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies)   Context (Introduction) Allegations surrounding electoral roll revisions, debates over the 2023 appointment law, and a proposed motion to remove the Chief Election Commissioner have revived concerns regarding the institutional independence of the Election Commission of India (ECI), a pillar of India’s democratic basic structure.   Main Arguments Free and Fair Elections as Basic Structure: In Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975), the Supreme Court recognised free and fair elections as part of the Basic Structure. Article 326 guarantees universal adult suffrage, while Article 324 vests the ECI with plenary powers of superintendence, direction and control over elections. Institutional Design under Article 324: The Constitution provides for a permanent Election Commission comprising the CEC and other Election Commissioners. Since 1993, it has functioned as a multi-member body, validated in T.N. Seshan v. Union of India (1995), ensuring collegial decision-making rather than concentration of power. Safeguards in Removal Process: Under Article 324(5), the CEC can be removed only through the impeachment-like procedure applicable to Supreme Court judges under Article 124(4), requiring proved misbehaviour or incapacity. This quasi-judicial parliamentary process under the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 ensures natural justice and protection from executive arbitrariness. Appointment Controversy and the 2023 Act: The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Office and Terms of Office) Act, 2023 provides for appointment by a committee comprising the Prime Minister, a Union Minister and the Leader of Opposition. Critics argue that exclusion of the Chief Justice of India—contrary to the interim arrangement suggested in Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India (2023)—may affect perceived neutrality. Recent Electoral Roll Concerns: Allegations regarding large-scale deletions during Special Intensive Revision (SIR), including deletion of around 65 lakh voters in Bihar, have raised concerns about procedural fairness and transparency, though matters remain sub judice.   Challenges Perceived executive dominance in appointments. Increasing politicisation of the ECI’s decisions. Concerns over transparency in electoral roll management. Limited financial and administrative autonomy (budget routed through Law Ministry). Absence of an independent secretariat insulated from executive control.   Reform Suggestions    Collegium-Based Appointment Mechanism The Law Commission (255th Report, 2015) recommended a collegium comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition and Chief Justice of India. Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) has consistently advocated inclusion of judicial members to ensure neutrality. The Supreme Court in Anoop Baranwal (2023) temporarily directed such a composition until Parliament enacts a law. Independent Secretariat and Financial Autonomy The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) recommended that the ECI be provided with an independent secretariat akin to that of the Supreme Court and charged expenditure status under the Consolidated Fund of India. Equal Removal Protection for ECs The Dinesh Goswami Committee (1990) and later the Law Commission suggested that other Election Commissioners should enjoy the same removal protection as the CEC to prevent hierarchical vulnerability. Transparent Electoral Roll Audits ADR and civil society groups recommend mandatory third-party social audits, public disclosure of deletion criteria, and stronger grievance redressal systems to ensure fairness in voter registration exercises. Cooling-Off Period and Post-Retirement Restrictions Several experts have suggested a statutory cooling-off period to prevent post-retirement appointments, thereby strengthening impartiality.   Conclusion The Election Commission’s authority rests not only on constitutional text but on public trust. While Article 324 and impeachment safeguards provide structural autonomy, evolving political contestation necessitates institutional reforms that enhance transparency, financial independence and bipartisan legitimacy. Preserving both the letter and spirit of electoral integrity is indispensable to sustaining India’s democratic basic structure.   Mains Question Discuss the constitutional safeguards ensuring the independence of the Election Commission of India. In light of recent controversies, evaluate the need for reforms in its appointment and functioning. (15 marks, 250 words)   Source: The Hindu Tech Reform in Courtrooms: Autonomy, Transparency and the Future of e-Courts (UPSC GS Paper II – Structure, organisation and functioning of the Judiciary; Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors; E-governance—applications, models, successes and limitations)   Context (Introduction With ₹1,200 crore allocated under Phase III of the e-Courts Mission Mode Project, the Supreme Court and Department of Justice face a critical choice: centralised technology rollouts or decentralised innovation led by High Courts to make justice delivery faster, predictable and citizen-centric.   Existing Digital Initiatives in the Judiciary e-Courts Mission Mode Project (2007–present): Implemented under the National e-Governance Plan, it has computerised district courts, enabled case information systems (CIS), and introduced virtual hearings, especially post-COVID. Phase III focuses on digital courts, paperless functioning and AI-enabled services. National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG): Provides real-time data on pendency (over 5 crore cases across courts), improving transparency and policy planning. It supports performance tracking and judicial analytics. e-Filing and Virtual Courts: Online filing portals and virtual traffic courts have reduced physical visits. Hybrid hearings expanded during the pandemic have improved accessibility for litigants and lawyers. SUPACE and AI Integration: The Supreme Court Portal for Assistance in Court Efficiency (SUPACE) assists judges with research and data compilation, marking early steps toward AI-enabled judicial workflows. Interoperable Criminal Justice System (ICJS): Integrates police, prisons, courts and forensic labs, aiming to reduce procedural delays and enhance coordination.   Key Challenges Centralised, One-Size-Fits-All Approach: Uniform technology procurement often overlooks local court capacity, infrastructure gaps and workflow variations across States, leading to underutilisation. Digital Divide and Capacity Constraints: Many district courts lack stable internet, trained staff and cybersecurity infrastructure. Lawyers and litigants in rural areas face technological barriers. Fragmented Accountability: High Courts bear administrative responsibility under Article 227 but lack flexible financial control. Budgetary approvals routed centrally slow implementation. Cybersecurity and Data Protection Risks: Sensitive judicial data requires robust compliance with privacy norms, especially after enactment of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. Limited Outcome Measurement: Funding is often input-based (hardware, software purchase) rather than outcome-based (reduction in pendency, disposal time, user satisfaction).   Why Greater Autonomy for High Courts? Constitutional Logic: Article 227 vests administrative superintendence in High Courts. Fiscal decentralisation aligns decision-making authority with operational responsibility. Contextual Relevance: Caseload patterns vary—commercial disputes in metros, land disputes in rural areas. Tailored technological pilots can better address specific bottlenecks. Innovation and Learning: Allowing High Courts to experiment with e-filing workflows or digital cause lists can generate scalable best practices for national replication.   Reform Architecture: Blended Decentralisation Model Conditional Block Grants: Allocate a defined share of the e-Courts budget directly to High Courts, subject to compliance with national interoperability, cybersecurity and data standards. Outcome-Linked Disbursement: Tie funding to measurable indicators such as reduced adjournments, improved disposal rates or infrastructure digitisation levels, with metrics jointly agreed upon. Competitive Innovation Grants”: Encourage High Courts to submit pilot proposals evaluated on scalability, return on investment and user impact, fostering evidence-based scaling. Centralised Standards, Decentralised Execution: The Supreme Court and Department of Justice should focus on digital public infrastructure standards, vendor certification, privacy compliance and performance dashboards. Capacity Building and Digital Literacy: Judicial officers, court staff and lawyers require structured training. Partnerships with NIC, IITs and law universities can strengthen tech capacity.   Way Forward Establish independent technical secretariats within High Courts. Mandate annual public digital performance reports. Integrate AI tools carefully with ethical oversight and transparency. Ensure cybersecurity audits and compliance with privacy norms. Promote inclusive design to bridge rural-urban digital gaps.   Conclusion Court digitisation is not merely a technological project but an institutional reform. Decentralising funds while centralising standards can combine constitutional autonomy with national coherence. A transparent, innovation-driven architecture offers the most sustainable path to faster, accessible and credible justice delivery.   Mains Question Examine the role of digital initiatives in transforming India’s judicial system. Why is decentralised autonomy for High Courts crucial for effective technological reform in the justice delivery system? (15 marks, 250 words)   Source: Indian Express  

Feb 23, 2026 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2026 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 23rd February 2026

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Feb 23, 2026 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 23rd February 2026

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) ALARA & LNT Category: INTERNATIONAL Context:  The U.S. Department of Energy eliminated the ALARA principle, triggering debate over global radiation safety standards. ALARA Principle: Operational philosophy in radiation protection that mandates exposure be kept as low as reasonably achievable, balancing safety, cost, and feasibility. LNT Model: Assumes a linear relationship between radiation dose and cancer risk, with no safe threshold. Policy Shift: U.S. DOE removed ALARA from its regulatory directives in January, marking a significant departure from long-standing safety norms. Scientific Debate: Some experts argue low-dose radiation risks may be overstated; others stress lack of conclusive evidence to replace LNT. International Implications: Global bodies like ICRP and WHO continue to rely on LNT, creating possible divergence in regulatory approaches. Concerns Raised: Potential weakening of worker protection, regulatory clarity, and public trust. Broader Issue: Balancing innovation in nuclear energy with precautionary safety frameworks. Learning Corner: ALARA Principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) A radiation protection principle used in nuclear energy, medical radiology, and research. It requires that radiation exposure be kept as low as reasonably achievable, considering economic and social factors. It does not mean zero exposure, but minimisation below prescribed safety limits. It is based on the precautionary approach, assuming some level of risk even at low doses. LNT Model (Linear No-Threshold Model) A scientific model used to assess radiation risk. It assumes that the risk of cancer increases linearly with radiation dose. It also assumes there is no safe threshold, meaning even very small doses carry some risk. It forms the theoretical basis for radiation safety standards worldwide Source: THE HINDU Inland Waterways Category: POLITY Context : India is accelerating inland waterways development to promote green mobility and economic growth. Policy Push: Inland Waterways Development Council (IWDC 3.0) laid out a strategic roadmap for expansion. Institutional Role: Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) spearheading development of National Waterways. Green Transport Advantage: Water transport emits less carbon per tonne-km compared to road and rail. Cargo Expansion: Rapid growth in cargo handling; push toward multimodal logistics integration. Jal Vahak Scheme: Incentivises cargo owners by offering reimbursement to promote modal shift. Regional Focus: Northeast, Kerala backwaters, and Ganga basin identified as growth hubs. Tourism Boost: Cruise tourism emerging as a parallel economic driver. Strategic Objective: Reduce logistics costs, enhance connectivity, and support regional development. Learning Corner: Inland Waterways in India What are Inland Waterways? Inland waterways refer to navigable rivers, canals, backwaters, and creeks used for transportation of cargo and passengers within a country. Key Features in India India has 111 declared National Waterways under the National Waterways Act, 2016. Managed by the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways. Major operational waterways: NW-1: Ganga–Bhagirathi–Hooghly river system NW-2: Brahmaputra NW-3: West Coast Canal (Kerala) Importance Cost-efficient: Lower cost per tonne-km compared to road and rail. Eco-friendly: Lower carbon emissions. Logistics efficiency: Reduces pressure on highways and rail networks. Regional development: Boosts connectivity in Northeast and hinterland regions. Tourism potential: Cruise tourism in Ganga and Kerala backwaters. Government Initiatives Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP): Capacity augmentation of NW-1. Jal Vahak Scheme: Incentives to promote cargo transport. Development of multimodal terminals (Varanasi, Sahibganj, Haldia). Integration under PM Gati Shakti for multimodal logistics planning. Challenges Seasonal water level variation Siltation and dredging requirements Limited private participation Inter-state coordination issues Source:  THE HINDU Durand Line Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Pakistan conducted airstrikes along the Afghanistan border, escalating regional tensions. Military Action: Pakistan claimed targeted strikes against Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) camps. Casualty Dispute: Pakistan reported militant deaths; Afghan authorities alleged civilian casualties. Geographical Sensitivity: Strikes occurred near the Durand Line — a historically contested boundary. Diplomatic Fallout: Afghanistan summoned Pakistan’s ambassador in protest. Security Dynamics: Reflects Pakistan’s internal security concerns spilling across borders. Sovereignty Debate: Raises questions about cross-border counter-terror operations under international law. Regional Stability: Highlights fragile security environment in post-U.S. withdrawal Afghanistan. . Learning Corner: Durand Line What is the Durand Line? The Durand Line is the international boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan, originally demarcated in 1893 between British India and Afghanistan. Historical Background Named after Sir Mortimer Durand, the British diplomat who negotiated the agreement. Signed in 1893 between British India and Amir Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan. Length: Approximately 2,640 km. After the 1947 partition, Pakistan inherited this boundary. Why is it Controversial? Afghanistan has historically not fully recognized the Durand Line as a permanent international border. The boundary divides Pashtun tribal populations, creating ethnic and political sensitivities. Cross-border militant movement has intensified disputes. Frequent border clashes and diplomatic tensions occur. Strategic Significance Critical to Pakistan’s security doctrine. Central to Afghanistan–Pakistan relations. Important in the context of Taliban governance and regional stability. Influences India–Afghanistan–Pakistan geopolitical dynamics. Source: THE HINDU India–Brazil Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Brazil’s President Lula called for Global South unity during his India visit amid tariff pressures. Trade Concerns: India and Brazil were among the most heavily tariffed countries by the U.S. Call for Collective Bargaining: Lula advocated formation of negotiating blocs instead of bilateral negotiations. Global South Leadership: Both countries positioning themselves as voices of developing nations. UNSC Reform Agenda: India and Brazil pushing for permanent membership under G4 grouping. BRICS Coordination: Cooperation on trade, finance, and geopolitical issues. Economic Cooperation: Agreements on critical minerals, steel, and digital partnership. Strategic Significance: Strengthens multipolar world order narrative. .Learning Corner: India–Brazil Relations Overview India and Brazil share a Strategic Partnership (since 2006) based on South–South cooperation, multilateralism, and reform of global institutions. Political & Multilateral Cooperation Founding members of BRICS. Members of G4 (India, Brazil, Germany, Japan) advocating UNSC reforms. Strong coordination at WTO, G20, and climate negotiations. Voice of the Global South in development and trade issues. Economic Relations Bilateral trade includes crude oil, sugar, soybeans, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles. Cooperation in energy, biofuels (ethanol), and critical minerals. Scope for expansion in digital economy and defence manufacturing. Defence & Strategic Cooperation Collaboration in defence training and aerospace. Shared interest in maritime security in the Indo-Pacific and South Atlantic. Areas of Convergence Multipolar world order. Reform of Bretton Woods institutions. Climate justice and sustainable development. Counter-terrorism cooperation. Challenges Geographical distance limiting trade potential. Limited connectivity and logistics links. Trade imbalances and tariff issues. Significance for India Strengthens India’s outreach in Latin America. Enhances Global South diplomacy. Source: THE HINDU Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) Category: POLITY Context: Prime Minister launched the full Delhi–Meerut RRTS corridor to boost regional connectivity. Project Scale: 82-km high-speed regional rapid transit system completed. Implementation Agency: National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC). Speed Advantage: Designed for higher average speeds than Metro; suitable for inter-city commuting. Multimodal Integration: Linked with Indian Railways, Delhi Metro, bus terminals, and key hubs. Economic Impact: Expected to boost NCR economic integration and reduce housing pressure in Delhi. Environmental Benefit: Reduction in vehicular traffic and carbon emissions. Future Plans: Additional RRTS corridors proposed toward Haryana and Rajasthan Learning Corner: Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) What is RRTS? The Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) is a high-speed, high-frequency regional rail network designed to connect major urban nodes within the National Capital Region (NCR). Key Features Designed speed: up to 180 km/h (operational speed lower). Higher average speed than Metro systems. Longer inter-station distance compared to city metros. Focused on inter-city/regional commuting. Seamless multimodal integration (Metro, Railways, Bus). Implementation Implemented by the National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC). First corridor: Delhi–Meerut (82 km). Part of India’s broader infrastructure modernization strategy. Significance Reduces congestion and travel time in NCR. Promotes transit-oriented development. Lowers carbon emissions. Boosts regional economic integration. Source: THE HINDU (MAINS Focus) India’s Global Capability Centre (GCC) Revolution (UPSC GS Paper III – Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment)   Context (Introduction) By early 2026, India has transitioned from being the “world’s back office” to a strategic nerve centre for multinational corporations through Global Capability Centres (GCCs), which now drive global strategy, R&D, AI innovation and intellectual property creation.   Main Arguments Evolution to GCC 4.0: Indian GCCs have evolved through four waves—from labour arbitrage and routine IT services to end-to-end product ownership. In the current GCC 4.0 phase, centres lead global product lifecycles, architecture design and deployment, marking a shift from cost centres to growth engines. Leadership in Deep-Tech and Agentic AI: Nearly 58% of GCCs are investing in Agentic AI—autonomous AI systems capable of reasoning and executing complex tasks. Indian centres now drive high-end R&D in quantum computing, semiconductor design and AI security, creating proprietary intellectual property and assuming shadow leadership roles. Scale and Global Value Chain Integration: India hosts over 1,800 GCCs employing nearly two million professionals. These centres function as global Centres of Excellence (CoEs) in finance, legal, HR and digital strategy, integrating India deeply into global value chains and enabling “follow-the-sun” innovation cycles. Employment and Regional Development: The GCC boom has generated high-value, knowledge-intensive jobs with global compensation standards. Expansion into Tier-II and Tier-III cities such as Coimbatore, Indore and Kochi reduces pressure on Bengaluru and Hyderabad while stimulating local infrastructure, real estate and service sectors. Strategic Economic Transformation: The shift from services outsourcing to innovation-led growth aligns with India’s ambition to become a $5 trillion economy. GCCs enhance export of high-end services, boost technology diffusion and strengthen India’s position in global supply chains.   Challenges / Criticisms Widening Talent Gap: Although India produces millions of engineers, demand for niche skills—AI security, cloud architecture, quantum-resistant cryptography—far exceeds supply. This has triggered wage inflation, potentially eroding India’s cost advantage. Cybersecurity and Data Risks: Handling critical global data has made GCCs prime targets of cyber-attacks. India-based centres account for 13.7% of global cyber-attack incidents (Cyfirma Report, 2023). With the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, compliance costs and governance pressures have intensified. Fiscal and Tax Uncertainty: The OECD’s Global Minimum Tax (Pillar Two) with a 15% floor tax reduces tax arbitrage benefits. India’s 24% markup under Safe Harbour rules for software R&D adds to fiscal unpredictability, affecting board-level investment decisions. Geopolitical Volatility and Protectionism: U.S. tariff volatility, reshoring policies and rising digital sovereignty concerns in Western nations could slow new GCC investments. Protectionist tendencies threaten cross-border data flows and digital trade. Overdependence on Services: Excessive reliance on high-end services without parallel manufacturing depth may expose India to global demand shocks and technological disruptions.   Reforms and Policy Directions National GCC Policy Framework: Effective implementation of the proposed 2026–27 GCC Policy is critical. A dedicated Single-Window Clearance system can streamline legal and regulatory processes. Rationalised Transfer Pricing and Tax Certainty: Providing safe harbours for R&D-intensive operations and clarity on markup norms will enhance fiscal predictability and investor confidence. Deep Tech Skill Ecosystem: Strengthen industry–academia collaboration, expand AI and semiconductor research centres, and incentivise specialised skilling in cybersecurity and quantum technologies. Cybersecurity Strengthening: Invest in national cyber resilience architecture, promote zero-trust frameworks, and mandate robust data governance standards aligned with DPDP provisions. Tier-II Expansion Incentives: Offer capital subsidies and infrastructure support to decentralise GCC growth, ensuring balanced regional development and reduced urban congestion.   Conclusion India’s GCC revolution represents a structural shift from labour cost arbitrage to innovation-led economic leadership. Sustaining this transformation requires proactive policy facilitation, deep-tech skilling, fiscal stability and robust cybersecurity. If strategically managed, GCCs can anchor India’s aspiration to become the world’s innovation capital.   Mains Question India’s Global Capability Centres have evolved from cost-arbitrage units to strategic innovation hubs. Examine their contribution to India’s economic transformation and analyse the challenges that could hinder their long-term sustainability. (15 marks, 250 words)   Source: The Hindu Pax Silica Alliance and India’s Strategic Calculus (UPSC GS Paper II – Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests; GS Paper III – Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life; Security challenges)   Context (Introduction) India’s entry into the U.S.-led Pax Silica alliance marks a strategic shift toward securing critical minerals and AI infrastructure supply chains, aligning technological ambitions with geopolitical strategy amid rising techno-nationalism and global supply chain fragmentation.   Main Arguments Securing Critical Minerals and Semiconductor Ecosystem: Pax Silica complements India’s domestic initiatives such as the India Semiconductor Mission, IndiaAI Mission and National Critical Mineral Mission. Given India’s limited extraction and processing capacity in lithium, cobalt and rare earths, alliance-based access to raw materials and advanced equipment strengthens supply security. Integration into Trusted Technology Ecosystems: The alliance seeks to create “trusted ecosystems” for AI infrastructure and semiconductor manufacturing. India’s participation could help shape global standards on AI governance, export controls and tech security, enhancing its normative influence. Shifting the Global Manufacturing Centre of Gravity: India’s massive domestic demand and engineering talent can justify non-China supply chains. By providing assembly capacity and skilled workforce, India can become a pivotal node in diversified global value chains, reducing overdependence on China. Geopolitical Weight and Democratic Tech Governance: India’s inclusion enhances the coalition’s legitimacy in promoting democratic governance of critical technologies. As a major Global South actor, India can bridge developed and developing world concerns on technology access and standards. Economic Growth and Industrial Upgradation: Access to advanced semiconductor fabrication equipment and AI hardware can catalyse domestic manufacturing, attract FDI, and promote high-value employment, aligning with Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat objectives.   Challenges / Criticisms Risk of Chinese Retaliation: China remains a major trade partner and a dominant player in critical mineral processing and APIs. Economic retaliation—through trade restrictions or input disruptions—could affect Indian industries. Strategic Autonomy Concerns: India traditionally follows “issue-based alignments” rather than rigid alliances. Pax Silica’s export-control regimes and technology-transfer guardrails may constrain policy flexibility and strategic autonomy. Regulatory and Domestic Political Backlash: If alliance norms begin influencing India’s domestic AI governance framework, it may attract criticism for external policy shaping, raising concerns over digital sovereignty. Compliance Burden on Indian Firms: Stricter security audits and export control compliance may increase costs and entry barriers for MSMEs seeking integration into global value chains. Implementation Risks: The alliance’s credibility depends on building a complete supply chain—from mining and refining to chip fabrication and AI deployment—within member states. Without tangible infrastructure, the bloc risks remaining declaratory.   Reforms / Way Forward Calibrated Strategic Engagement: India must negotiate flexible participation clauses that preserve strategic autonomy while leveraging economic benefits. Domestic Capacity Building: Invest in mineral processing, semiconductor fabrication plants (fabs), and AI hardware ecosystems to reduce overdependence on imports. Supply Chain Diversification: Parallel engagement with Quad, IPEF and Global South partners can reduce vulnerability to geopolitical retaliation. Regulatory Balance: Develop a sovereign AI governance framework that aligns with democratic norms without appearing externally imposed. MSME Support Mechanisms: Provide fiscal incentives and compliance assistance to smaller firms adapting to stricter security and audit standards.   Conclusion Pax Silica offers India an opportunity to anchor itself in emerging AI and semiconductor supply chains while shaping democratic technology governance. However, strategic autonomy, economic resilience and domestic capacity enhancement must guide participation to prevent long-term dependency or geopolitical entanglement.   Mains Question India’s participation in technology alliances such as Pax Silica reflects the growing convergence of geopolitics and critical technology supply chains. Analyse the opportunities and risks associated with such alignments for India’s strategic autonomy and economic security. (15 marks, 250 words)   Source: The Hindu  

Feb 21, 2026 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2026 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 21st February 2026

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Feb 21, 2026 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 21st February 2026

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Indian Sandalwood Category: Environment and Ecology Context: According to a recent report by the sandalwood development committee, globally, the estimated annual demand for sandalwood stands at 5,000 to 6,000 tonnes. About Indian Sandalwood: Scientific Name: Its scientific name is Santalum Album (Family: Santalaceae). Nature: It is a hemi-parasitic tree, meaning it derives some of its nutrients from the roots of other host plants. Other names: It is known by the name “Chandan” and “Srigandha” in India. Habitat: It is primarily found in Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests. Significance: It is one of the oldest and precious sources of natural fragrance. Required climatic conditions: Soil: Sandalwood grows better in slight alkaline condition soil pH Range between 6.7. to 7.5. Climate: It thrives in hot and humid climates. Temperature: The ideal temperature for the growth of Sandalwood is between 12 degrees Celsius to 35 degrees Celsius. Drainage: It requires good drainage and does not stand water logged ground. Maturity: It is a long-duration crop, taking nearly 20 years to develop quality heartwood, which is the primary source of sandalwood oil.  Endemism: It is native to India, Indonesia, and Australia. Regeneration: It freely produces seed and natural regeneration occurs both via seedlings and through root suckers after trees have been uprooted and the stump removed from the ground. Uses: Sandalwood and its essential oils have very high commercial values because of its use in aromatherapy, soap industry, perfumery, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Major growing states: Sandalwood is mostly grown in states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Telangana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu in India. Reasons for decline in sandalwood production: Illegal logging and smuggling, habitat loss due to deforestation, Slow growth and long maturation cycle, Pests and diseases. Source: The Hindu Vibrant Villages Programme-II Category: Government Schemes Context: The Union Home Minister recently launched the second phase of the Vibrant Villages Programme, which will cover 1,954 border villages in 15 states and 2 Union territories. About Vibrant Villages Programme-II: Nature: It is a Central Sector Scheme (100% centre funding). Objective: It aims to create better living conditions and adequate livelihood opportunities to ensure prosperous and safe borders, control trans-border crime and assimilate the border population with the nation. States covered: It is implemented across 15 States and 2 Union Territories. These include Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, J&K. Ladakh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Nodal ministry: It is launched by Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). Financial outlay: It has a total outlay of Rs 6,839 crore to be implemented till the FY 2028-29. Approach: It is designed to ensure comprehensive and sustainable development of border villages through a saturation-based and convergence-driven approach. Infrastructure development: It shall provide funds for infrastructure development within the village or a cluster of villages like education infrastructure like SMART classes, development of tourism circuits. Use of cooperatives: It focuses on value chain development through cooperatives, SHGs, etc. to create diverse & sustainable livelihood opportunities in the border areas. Community activities: It emphasizes enhancing vibrancy in these villages by organizing activities including fairs & festivals, awareness camps, celebration of National days. National integration: It assimilates remote border populations into the national mainstream economically and culturally under the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047. Focus areas: It focuses on 4 core infrastructure themes: All-weather road connectivity (PMGSY-IV) Telecom connectivity (Digital Bharat Nidhi) Television connectivity (BIND scheme) Electrification (RDSS) Source: The Print National Commission for Scheduled Tribes Category: Polity and Governance Context: Recently, the 23rd Foundation Day of the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) was celebrated in New Delhi. About National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST): Nature: It is a constitutional body established to safeguard the rights and interests of India’s tribal population.  Establishment: It was established by amending Article 338 and inserting a new Article 338A by the 89th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003. Separation: It was bifurcated from the erstwhile combined National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes on 19 February 2004. Mandate: It aims to investigate and monitor all matters relating to safeguards provided for STs under the Constitution or any other law.  Headquarters: Its headquarters is located in New Delhi. Structure: It includes a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, and three members appointed by the President for 3-year terms. The Chairperson holds Cabinet Minister status, with the Vice-Chairperson as Minister of State and members as Secretaries Key functions: To monitor safeguards provided for STs under the Constitution or under other laws; To inquire into specific complaints relating to Rights & Safeguards of STs; To advise in the Planning Process relating to Socio-economic development of STs; To submit report to the President annually and other times on welfare Measures required related to Socio-economic development of STs; To discharge such other functions in relation to STs as the President may by rule specify. Source: PIB Exercise MILAN 2026 Category: Defence and Security Context: Defence Minister recently inaugurated the 13th edition of Exercise MILAN-2026 at Visakhapatnam, marking the start of the premier multilateral naval exercise. About Exercise MILAN 2026: Nature: It is a multilateral naval exercise initiated by the Indian Navy to enhance maritime cooperation, interoperability and trust among friendly navies in the Indo-Pacific region. Mandate: It serves as a platform for joint training, operational coordination and strategic dialogue on maritime security challenges. Launch: It was launched in 1995 at Port Blair with four navies (Indonesia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand). It shifted to Visakhapatnam in 2020 due to better infrastructure. Edition: It is the 13th edition of India’s flagship biennial multilateral naval exercise. Host: It is currently being hosted by the Eastern Naval Command in Visakhapatnam from 15 to 25 February 2026. Significance: It is the largest-ever edition, marking a historic “maritime convergence” by coinciding with the International Fleet Review (IFR) 2026 and the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) Conclave of Chiefs. Theme: Its theme is “Camaraderie, Cohesion, and Collaboration”. Scale of participation: Over 74 nations and delegates are participating, with approximately 85 warships (including 19 foreign vessels) and over 60 aircraft. Operational scope: Harbour Phase: Seminars, Subject Matter Expert Exchanges (SMEE), and cultural exchange at the specially built MILAN Village. Sea Phase: Advanced drills including Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW), Air Defence, and Search and Rescue (SAR). Strategic significance: MAHASAGAR Vision: It is a major operational manifestation of PM Modi’s 2025 vision—Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions—extending the earlier SAGAR policy. Preferred Security Partner: Positions India as a net security provider and a leading maritime power in the Indo-Pacific. Indigenous Showcase: Displays India’s “Builder’s Navy” capabilities, featuring INS Vikrant (indigenous aircraft carrier) and Visakhapatnam-class destroyers. Defence Diplomacy: For the first time, nations like Germany, Philippines, and the UAE are participating with assets. Source: News on AIR Finland Category: Geography Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of Finland said that Finland and India, together with global partners, can lead sustainable and human-centric technological progress. About Finland: Location: It is located in Northern Europe. Bordering countries: These include Norway (north), Sweden (northwest) and Russia (east). Bordering water bodies: It is bounded by the Gulf of Finland (south), Gulf of Bothnia (southwest) and Baltic Sea. Capital: The capital city of Finland is Helsinki. Membership: It is a member of the European Union (EU) and NATO. Climate: It has a severe climate due to its northern location. Winter is the longest season, with temperatures in the north falling as low as -22 °F (-30 °C).  Terrain: It is heavily forested and contains some 56,000 lakes, numerous rivers, and extensive areas of marshland. Lakes: It is also known as the “Land of a Thousand Lakes”. The largest lake of Finland is Lake Saimaa. Highest point: The highest point of Finalnd is Mount Halti (1,328 m). Natural resources: The country consists of copper, iron ore, nickel, cobalt, and chromium. Source: News on AIR (MAINS Focus) Bhasha Matters: Mother-Tongue-Based Multilingual Education in India (UPSC GS Paper II – Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Education; Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.) Context (Introduction) India, with over 1,300 mother tongues and 121 recognised languages (Census 2011), faces a crucial educational moment. UNESCO’s 2025 report Bhasha Matters highlights that mother-tongue-based multilingual education (MTB-MLE) is central to inclusive, equitable, and effective learning outcomes. Language is not merely a medium of communication but a carrier of identity, knowledge, and culture. With nearly 44% of Indian children entering school in a language different from the medium of instruction (NCERT, 2022), linguistic mismatch becomes a structural barrier to foundational literacy and numeracy.   Why ‘Bhasha’ Matters in Education Learning Outcomes and Foundational Skills: Globally, over 250 million learners lack access to education in a language they understand. In India, children forced to decode unfamiliar languages struggle with conceptual clarity, leading to cumulative learning deficits and higher dropout risks. Mother-tongue instruction improves comprehension, participation, and confidence, strengthening Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) — a priority under NEP 2020. Cultural and Cognitive Development: Language safeguards intergenerational knowledge systems, especially among tribal and indigenous communities. Loss of language implies erosion of cultural identity and epistemic diversity. Equity and Inclusion: MTB-MLE reduces exclusion among tribal, rural, and marginalised communities. Linguistic inclusion promotes social cohesion and reduces systemic disadvantage.   Policy and Institutional Developments National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: NEP 2020 recommends the mother tongue/home language as the medium of instruction at least until Grade 5 (preferably till Grade 8), aligning pedagogy with cognitive research. National Curriculum Frameworks (2022–23): They reinforce multilingual classrooms and contextualised pedagogy. UNESCO’s Bhasha Matters (2025): The seventh State of Education Report for India outlines 10 policy recommendations, including: Clear state-level language-in-education policies Teacher recruitment and training reforms Multilingual materials and assessment reforms Sustainable financing Proposal for a National Mission for MTB-MLE   Best Practices and Innovations Odisha Model A multilingual programme covers 21 tribal languages across 17 districts, benefiting nearly 90,000 children. Telangana’s Digital Approach Use of DIKSHA-enabled multilingual resources demonstrates digital scalability. National Digital Initiatives PM eVIDYA BHASHINI (AI-driven language inclusion platform) AI4Bharat’s community language technologies Adi Vaani consortium These initiatives leverage AI and digital tools to document endangered languages, create multilingual content, and assist teachers. Challenges and Criticisms Implementation Gaps: Many states lack clear language-in-education policies aligned with MTB-MLE. Teacher Preparedness: Shortage of trained multilingual teachers and inadequate pre-service training hinder execution. Assessment Misalignment: Standardised assessments often remain monolingual, undermining multilingual pedagogy. Resource Constraints: Developing high-quality bilingual textbooks and digital materials requires sustained funding. Urban Multilingual Complexity: Metropolitan classrooms often host multiple home languages, complicating implementation.   Way Forward Establish a National Mission for Mother-Tongue-Based Multilingual Education for inter-ministerial coordination. Strengthen teacher training with multilingual pedagogy modules. Reform assessment frameworks to align with multilingual learning. Ensure sustainable financing and technology integration. Promote community participation and indigenous knowledge systems.   Conclusion India’s linguistic diversity is not a developmental obstacle but a strategic asset. If institutionalised through systemic reforms rather than pilot projects, mother-tongue-based multilingual education can transform foundational learning outcomes, strengthen identity, and advance equitable development. In India’s multilingual moment, ‘Bhasha’ is not just cultural heritage — it is educational justice.   Mains Question “Mother-tongue-based multilingual education is central to inclusive and equitable learning outcomes in India.” Examine the rationale behind this approach in the context of NEP 2020 and discuss the challenges in its effective implementation. (250 words)   Source: The Hindu Net FDI Turning Negative: Implications for India’s External Sector (UPSC GS Paper III – Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment; Investment models.)   Context (Introduction) RBI data show that net FDI into India remained negative for the fourth consecutive month in December 2025 (-$1.6 billion), as repatriation by foreign firms and outward investments by Indian companies exceeded gross inflows despite robust inward FDI growth. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a stable source of long-term capital, technology transfer, and employment generation. While gross inward FDI reached a five-month high of $8.6 billion in December 2025 (17.2% YoY growth), elevated repatriation ($7.5 billion) and outward FDI ($2.7 billion) resulted in net negative flows.   Trends and Sectoral Patterns Gross Inflows: $8.6 billion (Dec 2025); key sources – Singapore, Netherlands, Mauritius (over 80%). Major Recipient Sectors: Transport, manufacturing, computer services, electricity and energy. Repatriation/Disinvestment: ~$7.5 billion (highest since Jan 2021). Outward FDI: $2.7 billion; destinations – Singapore, U.S., UAE, U.K., Netherlands. Investor Sentiment: Uncertainty over India–U.S. trade agreement and 50% tariffs contributed to hesitation. The data predates the India–EU FTA and India–U.S. Interim Agreement, after which FPIs reportedly returned.   Pros of the Current Trend Strong Gross Inflows: Despite negative net figures, robust gross FDI inflows indicate sustained investor confidence in India’s growth prospects and manufacturing push (PLI schemes, logistics infrastructure). Mature Capital Ecosystem: Higher repatriation reflects profit-booking by long-term investors — a sign of business maturity and returns being realised. Outward FDI Signifies Globalisation of Indian Firms: Indian companies investing abroad signals rising competitiveness and integration into global value chains (GVCs). Sectoral Diversification: FDI inflows into manufacturing, energy transition, and transport support structural transformation and infrastructure capacity.   Concerns and Structural Risks Persistent Net Negative FDI: Four consecutive months of negative net FDI may indicate rising exit intensity or risk aversion. High Repatriation Levels: Repatriation nearing $7.5 billion suggests potential profit-taking amid global uncertainty or domestic policy concerns. Trade Policy Uncertainty: Investor hesitation linked to tariff disputes and trade negotiations highlights vulnerability to geopolitical risk. Over-Concentration of Source Countries: Heavy dependence on Singapore, Mauritius, and the Netherlands reflects routing through tax jurisdictions, raising concerns about round-tripping and treaty dependence. External Sector Vulnerability: Negative net FDI increases reliance on volatile portfolio flows (FPI), which are sensitive to global interest rates and risk appetite.   Broader Macroeconomic Implications Impacts capital account stability. Affects current account financing sustainability. Influences rupee stability amid global monetary tightening cycles. Signals the need for deeper structural reforms to retain long-term capital.   Way Forward Policy Certainty and Trade Stability: Ensure predictable tariff frameworks and swift operationalisation of India–EU FTA and India–U.S. agreements to reduce investor uncertainty. Deepen Manufacturing Competitiveness: Strengthen PLI schemes, logistics efficiency (Gati Shakti), and ease of doing business to retain reinvested earnings. Encourage Reinvestment: Provide incentives for profit reinvestment within India rather than repatriation, particularly in sunrise sectors (green hydrogen, semiconductors, EVs). Diversify FDI Sources: Expand investment partnerships with East Asia, Middle East (UAE, Saudi Arabia), and EU nations to reduce concentration risks. Strengthen Domestic Capital Formation: Boost domestic savings, deepen bond markets, and reduce overdependence on foreign capital for infrastructure financing.   Conclusion Negative net FDI in the short term does not necessarily signal structural weakness, especially amid strong gross inflows and outward expansion of Indian firms. However, sustained outflows amid global trade volatility warrant calibrated policy responses to enhance investor confidence, deepen domestic competitiveness, and ensure external sector resilience.   Mains Question Net FDI inflows into India have turned negative despite strong gross foreign direct investment. Examine the factors behind this trend and analyse its implications for India’s external sector stability. Suggest measures to strengthen long-term investment flows. (250 words, 15 marks)   Source: The Hindu  

Feb 20, 2026 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2026 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 20th February 2026

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here