Oct 11, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 11th October – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Nobel Peace Prize 2025 Category: Miscellaneous Context: Venezuela’s Opposition leader María Machado won the Nobel Peace Prize for ‘promoting democracy.’     About Nobel Peace Prize 2025: Awardee: Venezuelan Opposition leader María Corina Machado won the Nobel Peace Prize 2025. Reason for the award: The Nobel Peace Prize 2025 has been awarded to María Corina Machado “for her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy.” Significance: She won the Nobel Peace Prize for her struggle to achieve a democratic transition in the South American nation, winning recognition as a woman “who keeps the flame of democracy burning amid a growing darkness.” About Nobel Peace Prize: Nature: It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. Background: In 1895, Alfred Nobel’s will specified a prize for those promoting fraternity between nations, reducing standing armies, or supporting peace congresses. Establishment of the award: The Nobel Peace Prize was established in 1901 by Alfred Nobel, and it recognizes individuals or organisations promoting peace, disarmament, and global harmony. Inspiration: Alfred Nobel was inspired by Bertha von Suttner, a peace activist, to include the peace category. Awarding Body: The prize is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, elected by Norway’s Parliament (Stortinget). First recipient: The first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 and was shared by two recipients: Swiss humanitarian Jean Henry Dunant and French pacifist Frédéric Passy. Source: The Hindu Census 2027 Category: Polity and Governance Context: A four-day training to conduct the pre-test exercise for the first phase of the Population Census 2027 has started, the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (RG & CCI) said. About Census: Feature: The Indian Census is the largest source of demographic and socio-economic data on the country’s population. First census: India’s first synchronised census occurred in 1881 under W.C. Plowden, the then Census Commissioner of India.  Decennial in nature: It has consistently provided detailed statistical information every 10 years, starting in 1872, when the first non-synchronous census was conducted across different regions of India. Legal framework: The Census Act of 1948 was enacted to create a legal framework for census operations and to define the roles of census officers. While the Act provides the legal framework, it does not mandate a specific frequency, making the decennial pattern a convention, not a constitutional requirement. Ministry: In May 1949, the Government of India established a permanent Census organization under the Ministry of Home Affairs to systematize the collection of population and demographic data.  Implementing authority: The Office of the Registrar General was later tasked with implementing the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969, further expanding its role in maintaining vital statistics. About Census 2027: The central government has officially notified the conduct of the next decennial census in 2027, exercising its authority under Section 3 of the Census Act, 1948. The Census will have a reference date of 1st March, 2027, for most parts of the country. Source: The Hindu Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project Category: Geography Context: An apex committee of the Environment Ministry has accorded a fresh environmental clearance to the Sawalkote hydroelectric project.     About Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project: Location: It is a 1,856 MW run-of-the-river (uses the natural flow of a river with little or no water storage) hydroelectric project located on the Chenab River (a western river under Indus Water Treaty) in Ramban, J&K. Gravity dam: The project was initiated in 1984 and has faced multiple delays over the years. Declared as a project of national importance, it involves the construction of a concrete gravity dam with a reservoir. Electricity production: Once operational, Sawalkote is expected to generate over 7,000 million units of electricity annually, making it one of the largest hydroelectric projects in India. Significance: With the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) in abeyance, the project is considered crucial for harnessing Chenab River’s hydropower potential and enhancing India’s control over western rivers of IWT. About Chenab River: Origin: It is formed by the confluence of two streams, Chandra and Bhaga, in the Lahaul and Spiti Districts of Himachal Pradesh. It is a tributary of the Indus River. In its upper reaches, it is also known as the Chandrabhaga. Course: It flows through Jammu and Kashmir union territory, Himachal Pradesh and after receiving the Jhelum River near Trimmu, the Chenab empties into the Sutlej River. Major Tributaries: Left Bank:  Niru, Tawi, Neeru, and Liddrari Right Bank: Ans, Bhut Nalla, Bichleri, Kalnai Marusudar and Miyar Nalla. Major projects on Chenab river: The Chenab River hosts the 390-MW Dulhasti project at Kishtwar, the 890-MW Baglihar project at Ramban, and the 690-MW Salal project at Reasi. These projects significantly contribute to the region’s energy supply. Source: The Hindu Rare Earth Elements Category: Economy Context: US President said that China had sent letters to countries detailing export controls on “each and every element of production having to do with Rare Earths, and virtually anything else they can think of, even if it’s not manufactured in China.” About Rare Earth Elements: Nature: Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are important components in over 200 products, spanning applications in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, defence systems, and many more. Types of Rare Earth Elements: Based on the atomic weight, Rare Earth Elements are divided into two groups – light REEs, those with atomic numbers from 57 to 63 (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm and Eu) and heavy REEs, those with atomic numbers from 64 to 71 (Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu). Characteristics: REEs are characterised by high density, high melting point, high conductivity and high thermal conductance. Rare Earth Elements share a trivalent charge (+3) and similar ionic radii, hence similar properties. Sources: The principal sources of REE are bastnaesite (a fluorocarbonate which occurs in carbonatites and related igneous rocks), xenotime (yttrium phosphate) commonly found in mineral sand deposits, loparite which occurs in alkaline igneous rocks and monazite (a phosphate). Most abundant REE: Cerium is the most abundant rare earth, approximately the same as that of Copper. Applications: Rare Earth Elements are very important for futuristic technology. Demand for REEs is expected to rise with a focus on renewable energy, Electric Vehicles, and niche sectors like communications and nuclear energy. They also have wide applications in clean energy, high-end electronics, defence, etc with no equal substitutes. Initiatives taken by India: Setting up of a Rare Earth Theme Park and joint ventures aim to enhance India’s position in this critical industry. RE and Titanium Theme Park was developed by IREL to cater for the technologies developed by BARC. India is actively exploring collaborations, and initiatives such as Toyotsu Rare Earths India Limited in Visakhapatnam to enhance efforts to refine rare earths through foreign collaboration. IREL processing plants have been established in Ganjam, Odisha and Aluva, Kerala.     Source: The Hindu SAKSHAM System Category: Defence and Security Context: The Indian Army has initiated procurement of the indigenously developed ‘Saksham’ Counter-Unmanned Aerial System Grid System. About Saksham System: Nature: The Situational Awareness for Kinetic Soft and Hard Kill Assets Management (SAKSHAM) is an indigenously developed Counter-Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) Grid System.  Working: It is a modular, high-end Command and Control (C2) system operating on the secure Army Data Network (ADN).   Uniqueness: It ensures comprehensive airspace security across the newly defined Tactical Battlefield Space (TBS), which now includes the Air Littoral (airspace up to 3,000 metres, or 10,000 feet, above ground level). Objective: The system is designed to detect, track, identify, and neutralise hostile drones and unmanned aerial systems. Development: It is developed in collaboration with the Bharat Electronics Limited, Ghaziabad. Major features: It is designed to detect, track, identify, and neutralise hostile drones and unmanned aerial systems in real time. It creates a real-time, integrated Recognised UAS Picture (RUASP) for commanders, merging sensor data, counter-drone systems, and AI-driven analytics. It consists of real-time threat detection and AI-enabled predictive analysis, integration of CUAS sensors and weapons for synchronised response, automated decision support and 3D battlefield visualization. It can integrate its own as well as hostile UAS data, C-UAS sensors, and soft- and hard-kill systems on a common GIS-based platform. Source: The Hindu (MAINS Focus) Killer Cough Syrup Tragedy: Lessons for India’s Drug Regulatory System (GS Paper 2: Issues Relating to Health, Government Policies and Interventions) Context (Introduction) The death of 24 children in Madhya Pradesh due to a diethylene glycol (DEG)-contaminated cough syrup exposes deep flaws in India’s pharmaceutical regulation, inspection, and accountability mechanisms. The tragedy underscores systemic failures in ensuring drug safety, quality, and monitoring. Systemic Lapses and Root Causes Regulatory Fragmentation: The dual control system under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 — with the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) approving new drugs and States issuing manufacturing licences — leads to overlap and poor coordination. Inspection Deficit: Tamil Nadu’s Sresan Pharma had not been inspected by central regulators for six years, despite norms mandating checks every three years. Over 300 regulatory violations were later found in the factory. Quality Testing Failure: Random batch testing and record verification by State Food and Drugs Administrations (FDAs) were neglected. The contaminated batch SR-13 was never sampled or tested before distribution. Cost-Cutting and Adulteration: Manufacturers substituted pharmaceutical-grade propylene glycol with cheaper industrial solvent diethylene glycol, a toxic compound used in antifreeze, to reduce costs — a recurring issue in India’s drug contamination history. Weak Inter-State Oversight: Once licensed in one State, manufacturers can sell products nationwide without fresh approvals, creating blind spots for importing States such as Madhya Pradesh. Criticisms and Structural Weaknesses Reactive Governance: Investigations began only after multiple child deaths; absence of early warning systems and pharmacovigilance delayed intervention. Inadequate Accountability: Suspension of local inspectors and arrests of a single manufacturer mask deeper institutional negligence within both State and Central agencies. Recurrent Pattern: Similar DEG-linked deaths occurred in India (1986, 1998, 2020) and abroad (Gambia, Uzbekistan, Indonesia, 2022) involving Indian-made syrups, yet systemic reform remains minimal. Information Gaps: No integrated database of licensed manufacturers, recalled drugs, or inspection reports exists, weakening traceability and public transparency. Erosion of Trust: India’s pharmaceutical reputation, built on being the “pharmacy of the Global South,” risks reputational damage amid recurring safety lapses. Reforms and Way Forward National Drug Regulatory Authority 2.0: Establish an integrated digital regulatory platform linking CDSCO and all State Drug Control Organisations to monitor licensing, inspection, and recall processes in real time. Mandatory Pharmacovigilance Network: Create an adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting and public alert system covering all hospitals and pharmacies, supported by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI). Stronger Quality Infrastructure: Enforce Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) compliance audits annually; digitise batch-level traceability via QR codes to ensure accountability across supply chains. Independent Drug Testing Cadre: Develop regional testing labs under the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) to prevent reliance on self-reported manufacturer data. Public Accountability and Transparency: Mandate public disclosure of inspection reports, violations, and recalls, similar to the US FDA’s “warning letter” system. Conclusion The Madhya Pradesh tragedy is not an isolated failure but a systemic one. India’s drug safety architecture must shift from fragmented oversight to a single, transparent, technology-enabled regulatory ecosystem that ensures every medicine sold is genuinely safe and life-saving. Mains Question: Repeated incidents of drug contamination in India point to deeper flaws in pharmaceutical regulation and enforcement. Analyse the structural weaknesses of India’s drug regulatory framework and suggest reforms to restore public trust and safety. (15 marks, 250 words) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/killer-cough-syrup/article70149440.ece The Real Need is a Holistic Demographic Mission (GS Paper 1: Indian Society – Population and Associated Issues) Context (Introduction)  India’s announcement of a demographic mission focused on undocumented immigration reignited debate on population governance. Given India’s demographic crossroads — youthful population, migration transitions, and ageing trends — a holistic demographic mission is vital to align population, development, and human capability goals. Why a Broader Demographic Mission is Needed Beyond Population Control: Demography must move beyond fertility and mortality metrics to encompass education, health, and livelihood dimensions that shape human capability. Uneven Regional Capabilities: Educational and skill infrastructure remain regionally imbalanced, reinforcing inequities between affluent and underprivileged populations, limiting India’s aspiration to be a global skill hub. Migration as a Population Balancer: Internal migration mitigates regional demographic disparities but remains politically and socially stigmatised, despite being constitutionally protected under Article 19(1)(d). Ageing and Longevity Transitions: Rising life expectancy demands redefining economically productive years, revisiting pension models, and creating employer-driven savings systems for financial security in old age. Demographic Mainstreaming in Policy: Planning and allocation should be guided by population composition rather than crude per capita averages, ensuring that demographic shifts inform welfare priorities. Criticisms / Drawbacks Narrow Policy Vision: India’s demographic debates often remain restricted to population control rather than population utilisation and empowerment. Migrants’ Rights Neglected: Both home and host regions disenfranchise migrants, denying them political voice and social belonging. Fragmented Institutional Response: No single coordinating framework exists to align demographic realities with employment, health, or education planning. Overemphasis on Numbers: The per capita focus overlooks age structure, dependency ratios, and the needs of vulnerable demographic segments. Absence of Capability Lens: Policymaking often treats population as burden, not as an asset for development through education and health investments. Reforms and Way Forward Launch a Comprehensive Demographic Mission: A national body should integrate data on fertility, mortality, migration, education, and ageing for region-specific interventions. Migrant Inclusion Charter: Ensure voting rights portability and legal protection for internal migrants; promote host–home State coordination mechanisms. Human Capability Indexing: Develop region-wise capability metrics combining health, education, and livelihood data to guide budget allocations. Ageing Preparedness Strategy: Redefine retirement norms, strengthen old-age insurance, and encourage lifelong skill upgrading for senior citizens. Demographic Sensitisation in Governance: Introduce demographic impact assessments in all policies, similar to environmental impact assessments, to mainstream population perspectives. Conclusion  India’s demographic advantage will endure only if it transforms numbers into capabilities. A holistic demographic mission — integrating youth potential, migrant inclusion, and ageing security — can ensure balanced, inclusive, and future-ready population governance for a humane demographic transition. Mains Question: India’s demographic advantage lies not merely in numbers but in nurturing capabilities and inclusion. Examine the need for a holistic demographic mission that integrates youth potential and ageing preparedness. (15 marks, 250 words) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-real-need-is-a-holistic-demographicmission/article70149226.ece#:~:text=The%20agenda%20of%20a%20demography,response%20to%20the%20migration%20transition.  

Oct 10, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 10th October – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Nobel Prize in Literature 2025 Category: Miscellaneous Context: László Krasznahorkai wins Nobel Prize in literature. About Nobel Prize in Literature 2025: Awardee: Hungarian writer László Krasznahorkai won the Nobel Prize in Literature 2025. Reason for award: His philosophical, bleakly funny novels often unfold in single sentences, and his “compelling and visionary oeuvre, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art.” Significance: The Nobel judges praised his “artistic gaze which is entirely free of illusion, and which sees through the fragility of the social order combined with his unwavering belief in the power of art. The judges applauded his “extraordinary sentences, sentences of incredible length that go to incredible lengths, their tone switching from solemn to madcap to quizzicSal to desolate as they go their wayward way.” About the Writer: László Krasznahorkai is a great epic writer in the Central European tradition that extends through [Franz] Kafka to Thomas Bernhard, and is characterised by absurdism and grotesque excess.” Several works, including his debut, Satantango, and The Melancholy of Resistance were turned into films. He also won the National Book Award for Translated Literature in the U.S. in 2019 for Baron Wenckheim’s Homecoming. Source: The Hindu Surrogacy Category: Polity and Governance Context: Supreme Court said that retrospective age limits under surrogacy law violate reproductive autonomy. About Surrogacy in India:   Definition: Surrogacy is an arrangement where a woman (known as the surrogate mother), agrees to carry and deliver a baby for another individual or couple, known as the intended parents. Permissibility: Under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act 2021, Surrogacy is permissible only for altruistic purposes or for couples with proven infertility or disease. Prohibition of Commercial surrogacy: Commercial surrogacy, including for sale or exploitation purposes, is strictly prohibited. Eligibility for Couples: Couples must be married for at least 5 years. The wife must be aged between 25-50 years, and the husband between 26-55 years. The couple must not have any living child, whether biological, adopted, or through surrogacy, except in cases of children with disabilities or life-threatening disorders. Criteria for Surrogate mother: The surrogate mother must be a close relative of the couple. She must be a married woman with at least one child of her own. Her age must be between 25-35 years, and she must have only been a surrogate once in her life. Parental Status upon Birth: Upon birth, the child is legally recognized as the biological child of the intended couple. Rule for abortion: Abortion of the foetus requires consent from both the surrogate mother and the relevant authorities, following the provisions of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act. Types and Forms of Surrogacy: Different types of Surrogacy: Traditional Surrogacy: Traditional surrogacy involves using the intended father’s sperm to fertilise the surrogate’s egg. The surrogate carries the pregnancy to term, and the resulting baby is biologically related to the surrogate mother and the intended father. Gestational Surrogacy: In gestational surrogacy, the baby is not biologically related to the surrogate. An embryo, created using the intended father’s sperm (or donor sperm) and the biological mother’s egg (or donor egg), is implanted into the surrogate’s uterus for her to carry to term. Various forms of Surrogacy: Altruistic Surrogacy: It refers to a surrogacy arrangement where the surrogate does not receive financial compensation beyond reimbursement for medical expenses and other related costs. The primary motivation for the surrogate in altruistic surrogacy is typically to help another individual or couple achieve their dream of having a child. Commercial Surrogacy: It involves a contractual agreement where the surrogate mother receives financial compensation beyond just reimbursement for medical expenses and other costs associated with the pregnancy. This compensation may vary depending on factors such as location, legal regulations, and the specific terms of the surrogacy agreement. Source: The Hindu Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Category: Science and Technology Context: Antimicrobial resistance has become, a communication crisis; instead of talking only about the future collapse of healthcare systems, the focus must be on the present impact on individual bodies. About Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Definition: Antimicrobial resistance is the resistance acquired by any microorganism (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, etc.) against antimicrobial drugs (such as antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, antimalarials, and anthelmintics) that are used to treat infections. Natural process: It is a natural phenomenon as bacteria evolve, making drugs used to treat infections less effective. Formation of superbugs: Microorganisms that develop antimicrobial resistance are sometimes referred to as “superbugs”. Global threat: The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified AMR as one of the top ten threats to global health. Reasons for the Spread of AMR: High burden of communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis, diarrhoea, respiratory infections, etc. that require antimicrobial treatment. Hygiene lapses in hospitals and clinics facilitate the spread of resistant bacteria. Overprescribing by doctors under pressure from patients (often self-medication), incomplete antibiotic courses, and broad-spectrum antibiotics used unnecessarily create selective pressure for resistant bacteria. Unregulated over-the-counter availability and affordability of antibiotics fuel self-medication and inappropriate use. Low public understanding of AMR and proper antibiotic use encourages misuse. Measures Taken by India to Address AMR: National Programme on AMR containment was launched in 2012 to strengthen AMR Surveillance Network by establishing labs in State Medical College. National Action Plan on AMR was launched in April 2017 with the aim of involving various stakeholder ministries/departments. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has taken initiatives to develop new drugs /medicines through international collaborations in order to strengthen medical research in AMR.         Source: The Hindu UN Peacekeeping Force Category: International Relations Context: The United Nations will begin slashing its peacekeeping force, as a result of the latest U.S. funding cuts to the world body. About UN Peacekeeping Force: Nature: UN Peacekeeping refers to the activities carried out by the United Nations (UN) to help maintain or restore international peace and security in conflict-affected areas. UN Peacekeepers are also known as ‘Blue Helmets.’ Origin: It began in 1948 with the establishment of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) in the Middle East to monitor ceasefires. Objective: It was established to respond to the complex nature of conflicts and to support countries in transition from conflict to peace. Working principles: UN Peacekeeping operates under the principles of consent, impartiality, and non-use of force, except in self-defence and defence of the mandate. Use of civilians: Although the majority of peacekeepers are military or police, approximately 14% are civilians. Mandate: UN Security Council provides mandates to Missions by adopting a resolution. Award: It was awarded with Nobel Peace Prize in 1988. First Mission: The first UN peacekeeping mission was established in May 1948 when the UN Security Council authorized the deployment of a small number of military observers to the Middle East. Major Achievements: UN peacekeepers have successfully resolved conflicts in countries such as Cambodia, El Salvador, Mozambique, and Sierra Leone. Overall, interstate conflicts have decreased by 40% since 1945. Peacekeepers have protected over 125 million civilians in conflict zones and facilitated the delivery of humanitarian assistance, supporting refugee returns and resettlement.  They have supported democratic elections in over 75 countries and helped establish functioning government institutions, alongside assisting in security sector reforms and training. India’s contributions to Peacekeeping Missions: India has been one of the largest cumulative contributors of UN peacekeepers. Indian peacekeepers have established themselves as technical experts across missions, particularly in medical support.   India has provided specialized units like attack helicopters, transport aircraft, and engineering companies. India has been instrumental in shaping UN peacekeeping policies, particularly through its presence in the C-34 (Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations). Source: The Hindu Tejas Mk1A Fighter Jet Category: Defence and Security Context: The Indian Air Force (IAF) is set to receive its first light combat aircraft (LCA) Tejas Mk1A in Nashik, marking a significant milestone in India’s indigenous fighter jet programme. About Tejas Mk1A Fighter Jet: Manufactured by: The Tejas Mk1A is an upgraded variant of India’s Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas, developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). Objective: This version is aimed to enhance operational and combat capabilities, survivability and maintainability over the baseline Mk1. Upgraded version of Tejas: Tejas LCA Mk1A is an upgraded variant of India’s indigenous Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas, developed by HAL. Improvements over Tejas: It features over 40 improvements over the Mk1 variant, enhancing its combat capabilities, survivability, and operational efficiency. It is equipped with Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radars. It features a Unified Electronic Warfare Suite (UEWS) and also includes an Advanced Self-Protection Jammer Pod for improved survivability. It also has Upgraded Flight Control Computer (DFCC Mk1A) for better maneuverability and stability. It also has reduced weight and improved maintainability, allowing for faster turnaround times during missions. Source: The Hindu (MAINS Focus) Tusks and Tensions: Kerala’s Move to Amend the Wildlife (Protection) Act (GS Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment) Context (Introduction) Kerala’s proposed amendment to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 — empowering the State to declare certain species as ‘vermin’ — marks a critical federal moment in India’s environmental governance, balancing local distress with national conservation safeguards. Main Arguments and Developments Federal Assertion in Environmental Governance: The Wildlife (Kerala Amendment) Bill, 2025 seeks powers previously vested in the Union Government, allowing the State to decide when a Schedule II animal can be declared vermin for specific areas and durations. Rationale of the Amendment: Kerala cites recurring human–wildlife conflicts, especially with wild boars damaging crops and endangering lives. Multiple unresolved requests to the Centre under Section 62 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act have driven the State to act independently. Expanded Administrative Powers: The Bill authorises the Chief Wildlife Warden to order killing, tranquilising, capturing, or translocating any animal that has severely injured a person — powers currently restricted under central oversight. Ecological and Ethical Concerns: The move risks normalising lethal solutions over ecological balance. Human expansion into buffer zones has intensified conflict, making wildlife appear as intruders rather than victims of habitat compression. Federal Frustration: The Centre’s opaque and delayed decision-making on declaring vermin has created tension. Kerala’s move is both a critique of centralised control and a test of federal flexibility in environmental governance. Criticisms and Concerns Threat to National Conservation Safeguards: Section 62 acts as a national brake against indiscriminate culling. Transferring this power without accountability mechanisms risks eroding conservation baselines and India’s commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Opacity and Lack of Criteria: Whether exercised by the Centre or the State, the absence of transparent, science-based thresholds for declaring animals vermin perpetuates governance opacity. Risk of Federal Fragmentation: Uncoordinated state-level decisions could lead to fragmented wildlife protection regimes, weakening India’s cohesive environmental policy framework. Ethical and Ecological Implications: The focus on short-term political relief — such as downgrading species protection status — may legitimise lethal shortcuts rather than addressing root causes like encroachment, food scarcity, and poor compensation systems. Judicial and Constitutional Tensions: Since wildlife falls under the Concurrent List, any repugnant state law requires Presidential assent. The test lies in whether Kerala’s amendment maintains the “floors” of protection envisaged by the Central Act. Reforms and Way Forward Transparent, Science-based Criteria: Establish clear, data-driven frameworks for classifying species as vermin, ensuring decisions are guided by ecological indicators, not political pressures. Strengthening Non-lethal Conflict Mitigation: Promote fencing, compensation schemes, early-warning systems, and community participation rather than defaulting to culling as the first response. Institutional Collaboration: Develop Centre–State co-management boards for wildlife governance, enabling faster yet accountable decisions under a uniform legal architecture. Baseline and Ceiling Approach: Maintain national “floors” of conservation (no dilution of central safeguards) while allowing states to innovate higher “ceilings” — quicker response mechanisms and decentralised ecological management. Incentivising Coexistence: Link compensation, insurance, and eco-tourism rewards to non-lethal interventions, creating economic incentives for local communities to protect wildlife. Conclusion Kerala’s move reflects both a cry of ecological distress and a challenge to centralised environmental federalism. While urgency in addressing human–wildlife conflict is undeniable, it must not compromise the principle of conservation integrity. True devolution must empower states with tools, data, and transparency, not with powers of arbitrary exclusion. Federal autonomy should strengthen — not substitute — ecological reason. Mains Question: Q. Kerala’s move to amend the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 raises questions about the balance between state autonomy and national ecological safeguards. Examine. (15 marks , 250 words) India–UK FTA: Building Bridges Beyond Trade (GS Paper 2: India and its Bilateral Relations — India and the United Kingdom) Context (Introduction) The India–UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) signifies a new era of bilateral cooperation, blending trade liberalisation with talent and innovation exchange. Its true potential lies in turning economic ties into sustainable people-centric partnerships. Recent  Developments Broadening Economic Partnership: The FTA signed by Prime Ministers Modi and Starmer covers most goods and services. The UK expects £4.8 billion annual gains, while India foresees greater export access for textiles, leather, and specialty goods, boosting employment and MSMEs. Shifts in Global Skilled Migration: The US’s increase in H-1B visa fees to $100,000 has pushed Indian firms to diversify talent routes. The UK, through reduced visa fees and expanded “Global Talent” pathways, is positioning itself as a preferred destination for skilled Indian professionals. Trade and Innovation Linkages: The FTA promotes cooperation in advanced manufacturing, green technology, and services, aligning with India’s Make in India and Skill India missions. This synergy advances innovation-led growth and strengthens India’s global value chain presence. Whisky as a Cross-border Asset Class: Halving of Scotch import duties from 150% to 75% redefines whisky as a financial asset. The Caledonian Malt Fund’s creation signals how tariff reforms can spur cross-border investment and capital market innovation. Carbon and Regulatory Challenges: The UK’s proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and pending Bilateral Investment Treaty create uncertainty for Indian exporters. Addressing these through green investments and institutional clarity is vital for long-term trust. Criticisms and Challenges Implementation Uncertainty: Parliamentary delays in the UK and domestic lobbying over sensitive sectors could postpone FTA benefits and reduce investor confidence. Limited Mobility Gains: The agreement lacks binding provisions on labour mobility, limiting access for India’s IT professionals and skilled workers despite its people-to-people rhetoric. Regulatory Barriers: India’s sanitary and phytosanitary restrictions on UK agricultural imports (mangoes, spices, marine products) and differing standards create non-tariff barriers that need harmonisation. Uneven Distribution of Gains: The benefits may accrue disproportionately to UK’s high-tech sectors, while India’s MSMEs and small exporters require capacity-building and logistics support to compete effectively. Climate and Compliance Pressure: The CBAM could impose additional costs on India’s carbon-intensive sectors like steel and cement unless coupled with domestic carbon credit markets and clean-tech investments. Reforms and Way Forward Institutional Reforms: Finalising the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) with provisions for transparent dispute resolution and tax predictability will strengthen investor confidence and cross-border security. Mobility Facilitation: Expanding the Young Professionals Scheme and integrating the FTA with Skill India International Centres can create structured, ethical migration pathways for skilled talent. Green and Digital Synergies: Strengthening the India–UK Green Growth Partnership can link trade with sustainability goals, promoting collaboration in renewable energy, green hydrogen, and carbon capture technologies. Financial Innovation: Encouraging cross-border fintech platforms, joint investment funds, and mutual recognition of financial products can enhance capital flow and diversify portfolios between the two economies. Public Diplomacy and Academia: Promoting educational and research collaborations through initiatives like UKIERI (UK-India Education and Research Initiative), student exchanges, and dual-degree programmes will deepen people-to-people connectivity, the true foundation of bilateral trust and long-term cooperation. Conclusion The India–UK FTA is not merely a trade pact but a blueprint for holistic engagement in a fragmented world. Its durability will rest on sustained delivery, mutual openness, and trust across mobility, investment, and education. By linking trade with talent, climate, and culture, India and the UK can craft a partnership that embodies equitable globalisation and shared prosperity. Mains Question The India–UK Free Trade Agreement reflects a shift from trade-centric relations to a broader partnership based on knowledge and sustainability. Discuss.(15 marks, 250 words) India’s Strategic Autonomy in a Fractured World (GS Paper 2: International Relations – India and its Foreign Policy, Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s Interests) Context (Introduction) Amid growing global uncertainty and shifting power equations among the US, Europe, Russia, and China, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar has reaffirmed India’s commitment to strategic autonomy—a pragmatic, adaptive approach aimed at accelerating India’s rise as an independent global pole. Meaning and Evolution of Strategic Autonomy From Ideology to Pragmatism: Jaishankar defines strategic autonomy not as an abstract ideal but as a methodology — a flexible, context-based strategy allowing India to engage with all major powers while preserving decision-making independence. Historical Continuity: Even when India was much weaker post-Independence, it avoided alignment with any single bloc. Today, as a stronger nation, this freedom of choice remains intrinsic to India’s foreign policy identity. Linked to Adaptability and Resilience: Strategic autonomy, according to Jaishankar, is not automatic. It requires constant adaptation — “revising, refreshing, and recalculating” policies as global conditions change, without being tied to any one partner. Avoiding Misinterpretation as Indecision: The minister warns against equating autonomy with fence-sitting. Instead, it demands proactive engagement, resisting coercion into alliances while seizing opportunities that align with India’s long-term interests. Objective – Accelerating India’s Rise: Strategic autonomy is ultimately about using relations with all powers—be it the US, Russia, Europe, or the Global South—to advance India’s growth, security, and standing as a key global actor. Criticisms and Challenges Re-hyphenation with Pakistan: Despite India’s economic and geopolitical lead, recent US references to mediating Indo-Pak disputes have revived comparisons. Jaishankar cautions against allowing domestic political rhetoric to re-link India’s image with Pakistan’s instability. Domestic Politicisation: The editorial notes that anti-Pakistan populism at home risks self-inflicted “hyphenation,” undermining India’s international confidence and credibility as a mature power. Pressure from Global Power Blocs: The deepening rivalries among the US, China, and Russia may test India’s ability to maintain balance without appearing ambivalent or opportunistic. Economic and Strategic Dependencies: India’s reliance on Western technology and Russian defence imports creates practical limits to autonomy unless diversification and indigenisation are strengthened. Perception of Neutrality: In times of global crisis—Ukraine war, Middle East conflict—India’s cautious diplomacy may be misread as indecision rather than independence, requiring clear articulation of strategic intent. Reforms and Way Forward Institutionalise Policy Adaptability: Create agile policy frameworks within the MEA and NITI Aayog that enable quick recalibration of external partnerships based on evolving national interests. Deepen Multipolar Engagement: Enhance ties across regions—Europe, ASEAN, Africa, and Latin America—to prevent overdependence on any one axis of power. Strengthen Economic and Technological Self-Reliance: Initiatives like Atmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India should reinforce the material base of strategic autonomy. De-hyphenate Domestic Politics from Foreign Policy: Insulate diplomacy from populist narratives, focusing instead on India’s long-term image as a stable and responsible global power. Promote Values-Based Realism: Combine autonomy with credibility—project India as a nation that pursues its interests while contributing to a more just, multipolar, and cooperative world order. Conclusion As the global order fractures into competing blocs, India’s strategic autonomy is not a luxury but a necessity. It must remain dynamic, rooted in national capacity, and free from domestic political constraints. By balancing principle with pragmatism, India can truly emerge as an independent pole of stability and growth in an uncertain world. Mains Question In an increasingly fragmented world order, strategic autonomy remains central to India’s foreign policy. Examine its evolution, contemporary relevance, and the challenges in sustaining it amid great power rivalries. (250 words, 15 marks)

Oct 9, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 9th October – 2025

  The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Oct 9, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 8th October – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025 Category: Science and Technology Context: An Australian, a Japanese and a Jordanian-American scientists were announced winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering and creating a class of materials, called metal-organic frameworks (MOF).         About Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025: Awardees: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025 has been awarded to Scientists Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson, and Omar Yaghi for the development of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Significance: Their pioneering work on MOFs porous materials with vast surface areas has revolutionized applications in gas storage, catalysis, and environmental sustainability. The discovery represents a transformative advancement in chemical sciences, with potential benefits for medicine, clean energy, and climate solutions. Applications: Following the laureates’ groundbreaking discoveries, chemists have since built tens of thousands of different MOFs. Some of these may contribute to solving some of humankind’s greatest challenges, with applications that include separating PFAS (a family of chemicals that are believed to be toxic) from water, breaking down traces of pharmaceuticals in the environment, capturing carbon dioxide or harvesting water from desert air About the experiment: It all started in 1989, when Richard Robson tested utilising the inherent properties of atoms in a new way. He combined positively charged copper ions with a four-armed molecule; this had a chemical group that was attracted to copper ions at the end of each arm. When they were combined, they bonded to form a well-ordered, spacious crystal. It was like a diamond filled with innumerable cavities. Robson immediately recognised the potential of his molecular construction, but it was unstable and collapsed easily. However, Susumu Kitagawa and Omar Yaghi provided this building method with a firm foundation; between 1992 and 2003 they made, separately, a series of revolutionary discoveries. Kitagawa showed that gases can flow in and out of the constructions and predicted that MOFs could be made flexible. Yaghi created a very stable MOF and showed that it can be modified using rational design, giving it new and desirable properties. Source: The Hindu Rabindranath Tagore Category: History and Culture Context: The Odisha government has announced plans to restore ‘Pather Puri’, the residence of Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore in Puri, and transform it into a museum. About Rabindranath Tagore: Background: He was the youngest of 13 children born to Debendranath Tagore, a leading figure in the Brahmo Samaj, and Sarada Devi. Tagore received early education at home, with his family emphasizing literary and cultural learning. Schooling and higher education: He attended several schools, including a stint at the University College London, though he did not complete formal schooling. Multi-faceted personality: Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali poet, novelist, and painter, who was highly influential in introducing Indian culture to the west. He was an exceptional literary figure and a renowned polymath who singlehandedly reshaped the region’s literature and music. Sobriquets: He was also referred to as ‘Gurudev’, ‘Kabiguru’, and ‘Biswakabi’. Association with Mahatma Gandhi: He was a good friend of Mahatma Gandhi and is said to have given him the title of Mahatma. Votary of national integration: He had always stressed that unity in diversity is the only possible way for India’s national integration. World Parliament for Religions: He had spoken at the World Parliament for Religions in the years 1929 and 1937. Contribution to education system: Besides all his literary achievements he was also a philosopher and educationist who in 1921 established the Vishwa-Bharati University, a university that challenged conventional education. Contributions as a poet: He is said to have composed over 2000 songs and his songs and music are called ‘Rabindra Sangeet’ with its own distinct lyrical and fluid style. He is responsible for modernising Bengali prose and poetry. His notable works include Gitanjali, Ghare-Baire, Gora, Manasi, Balaka, Sonar Tori, He is also remembered for his song ‘Ekla Chalo Re’. He published his first poems aged 16 under the pen-name ‘Bhanusimha’. He not only gave the national anthems for two countries, India and Bangladesh, but also inspired a Ceylonese student of his, to pen and compose the national anthem of Sri Lanka. Awards: In 1913 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work on Gitanjali. He was the first non-European to receive the Nobel Prize. In 1915 he was awarded knighthood by the British King George V. In 1919, following the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre, he renounced his Knighthood. Source: The Hindu PM-KUSUM Scheme Category: Government Schemes Context: The Union government is looking to showcase the PM-KUSUM (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthan Mahabhiyan) programme to several African countries and island nations, Union Minister for Renewable Energy (MNRE) said. About PM-KUSUM Scheme: Launch: The PM-KUSUM was launched by the MNRE in 2019, in order to endow installation of off-grid solar pumps in rural areas and reduce dependence on grid, in grid-connected areas. Objective: It aims to enable farmers to set up solar power generation capacity on their arid lands and to sell it to the grid. It also seeks to increase the income of farmers by allowing them to sell surplus solar power to the grid. Components of the scheme: 10,000 MW of decentralized ground-mounted grid-connected renewable power plants. Installation of 20 lakh solar-powered agriculture pumps. Converting 15 lakh agriculture pumps, already connected to the grid, into solar. Significance: It incentivises the farmers to sell surplus solar energy to the states, which in turn will augment their income. If farmers are able to sell surplus power, they will be incentivised to save power and, in turn, it will mean the reasonable and efficient use of groundwater. The scheme is expected to create job opportunities in the installation, maintenance, and operation of solar power projects. Challenges: The cost of setting up solar power projects can be high, and some farmers may not have access to the necessary financing. Due to power subsidies, the recurring cost of electricity is so low that farmers keep on pumping water and the water table is going down. Integrating decentralized solar power projects into the grid may pose technical challenges and stability issues, which need to be addressed. Source: The Hindu Indian Air Force (IAF) Category: Defence and Security Context: The Indian Air Force (IAF) celebrated its 93rd anniversary on 8th October with a ceremonial parade at the Air Force Station, Hindon. About Indian Air Force (IAF): Establishment: The Indian Air Force was officially established on 8 October 1932 as an auxiliary unit of the Royal Air Force. The first squadron became operational on 1 April 1933 with six officers and four Westland Wapiti biplanes. Full-fledged aerial force: After independence in 1947, the IAF became a crucial arm of India’s defence, evolving from a small air wing into a modern and powerful aerial force. Motto: The motto of the Indian Air Force is “Nabhah Spriśam Deeptam” which translates to “Touch the Sky with Glory.” It is derived from the Bhagavad Gita (Chapter 11, Verse 24) and reflects the IAF’s spirit of valor, excellence, and limitless ambition. Emblem: The emblem of the Indian Air Force features the Ashoka Chakra at its center, symbolizing righteousness and unity, with wings on either side representing speed, power, and freedom. Structure: The Indian Air Force (IAF) is organized into seven commands: Five operational commands (Western, Eastern, Central, Southern, South Western) and two functional commands (Training and Maintenance) to ensure effective command and control of air assets and personnel. Ranking: The Indian Air Force (IAF) maintains a well-defined rank structure that ensures discipline, leadership, and a clear chain of command. It is divided into three main categories: Commissioned Officers (Leadership and Command roles) Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs) / Warrant Ranks Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs) / Airmen. Key Historical Milestones: 1947 – IAF participates in Jammu & Kashmir operations post-independence. 1965 & 1971 – Major contributions during Indo-Pak wars; decisive in the 1971 victory. 1999 – Role in Kargil War, showcasing precision air strikes at high altitudes. 2025 – 93rd anniversary marking technological modernization and global outreach. Source: The Hindu Contempt of Court Category: Polity and Governance Context: A Supreme Court lawyer has written to Attorney-General seeking consent to initiate criminal contempt proceedings against advocate who allegedly flung papers at Chief Justice of India (CJI) B.R. Gavai during court proceedings. About Contempt of Court: Objective: Contempt of court seeks to protect judicial institutions from motivated attacks and unwarranted criticism, and as a legal mechanism to punish those who lower its authority. Legal backing: When the Constitution was adopted, contempt of court was made one of the restrictions on freedom of speech and expression under Article 19 (2) of the Constitution of India. Separately, Article 129 of the Constitution conferred on the Supreme Court the power to punish contempt of itself. Article 215 conferred a corresponding power on the High Courts. The Contempt of Courts Act, 1971, gives statutory backing to the idea. Punishment: A person found guilty of contempt of court can be sentenced to simple imprisonment for up to six months or fined up to Rs. 2,000 or both. In the case of criminal contempt, the Supreme Court or the High Court may take action on its motion or a motion made by the Advocate-General or any other person, with the consent in writing of the Advocate-General. Types of Contempt of Court: Civil Contempt: Section 2(b) of Contempt of Court Act 1971 defines civil contempt as wilful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other process of a court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a court. Criminal Contempt: Section 2(c) of the Contempt of Court Act 1971 defines criminal contempt as the publication (whether by words, spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representations, or otherwise) of any matter or the doing of any other act whatsoever which: scandalises or tends to scandalise, or lowers or tends to lower the authority of, any court; or prejudices, or interferes or tends to interfere with the due course of any judicial proceeding; or interferes or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or tends to obstruct, the administration of justice in any other manner. Source: The Hindu (MAINS Focus) Preventive Detention (GS Paper 2: Polity and Governance – Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies Constituted for the Protection and Betterment of Citizens) Context (Introduction) Preventive detention, a colonial-era mechanism meant to stop crimes before they occur, has become a troubling feature of India’s democracy. Despite repeated Supreme Court warnings, its broad use threatens liberty, equality, and due process — the pillars of constitutional justice. Constitutional and Judicial Concerns Judicial Safeguards on Liberty: In Dhanya M. vs State of Kerala (2025), the Supreme Court set aside a preventive detention order under the Kerala Anti-Social Activities (Prevention) Act (KAAPA), stressing that such extraordinary power must be used sparingly and only with constitutional safeguards. Public Order vs Law and Order: The Court clarified that preventive detention cannot be used for ordinary “law and order” issues but only when “public order” is at stake. Yet, state laws like KAAPA have blurred this line by giving sweeping definitions to “goonda” and “rowdy.” Colonial Legacy and Constitutional Embedding: The roots of preventive detention lie in the Bengal Regulation of 1818, used by the British to maintain control. Despite its colonial nature, it was retained in independent India through Articles 22(3)–(7), creating a constitutional space where liberty can vanish without trace. Judicial Endorsement of Executive Power: In A.K. Gopalan vs State of Madras (1950), the Supreme Court upheld detention without trial, isolating Article 22 from Articles 14, 19, and 21. This judgment turned preventive detention into what Somnath Lahiri called a “Police-Constable Constitution.” Post-Maneka Gandhi Inconsistency: Although Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India (1978) declared that any law curtailing liberty must be “fair, just, and reasonable,” the Court in A.K. Roy vs Union of India (1982) held that preventive detention could not be tested on that standard—leaving Article 22 detached from the rest of the rights framework. Criticisms and Drawbacks Erosion of Fundamental Rights: Article 22 has become a “Bermuda Triangle” in India’s Constitution where the rights to equality, liberty, and due process disappear, isolating detainees from constitutional protection. Executive Overreach: Preventive detention laws have become a convenient tool for governments to silence dissent, bypass bail orders, and target political opposition or protest movements. Weak Procedural Safeguards: Detentions based on the “subjective satisfaction” of officials allow arrests without concrete evidence, leaving little scope for judicial scrutiny. Colonial Continuity: What was an emergency tool under British rule is now embedded as a normal part of India’s democratic governance, contrary to the ideals of liberty and justice. Decline in Investigative Standards: As Granville Austin warned, reliance on detention without trial creates “atrophy in police investigatory and prosecutorial skills,” weakening faith in the rule of law. Reforms and Recommendations Restrict Use to Serious Threats: Preventive detention should be confined to grave matters such as terrorism or transnational crime, not routine administrative issues. Integrate Article 21 Protections: The fairness and due process standards from Maneka Gandhi must be extended to preventive detention, ensuring liberty is not curtailed without strong justification. Strengthen Judicial Oversight: Courts should review detentions more frequently, and advisory boards must act independently to check misuse. Define Scope and Ensure Transparency: Terms like “public order” and “habitual offender” need clear, narrow definitions. Detention orders must include written, reviewable reasons. Reform Policing and Investigation: Improving police efficiency and prosecution systems will reduce dependence on detention laws and promote evidence-based justice. Conclusion Preventive detention represents one of the deepest contradictions in India’s constitutional democracy — a colonial relic existing within a liberal framework. The Supreme Court’s recent warning in Dhanya M. revives the call to re-examine the A.K. Gopalan and A.K. Roy doctrines. Unless preventive detention is limited to the most exceptional circumstances, India risks turning its “constitutional safeguard” into a permanent instrument of control, eroding the very liberty it seeks to protect. Mains Question Preventive detention was meant as an exceptional safeguard but has become a routine administrative tool. Examine its constitutional basis with help of judicial pronouncements . (250 words, 15 marks) Erosion of Workers’ Rights in India (GS Paper 2: Governance – Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population and Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies Constituted for the Protection and Betterment of Citizens) Context (Introduction) The recent tragedies at Telangana’s Sigachi Industries, Sivakasi’s Gokulesh Fireworks, and Chennai’s Ennore Thermal Plant highlight a grim reality — India’s workplace safety is deteriorating, reflecting the erosion of workers’ rights and weakening enforcement of labour laws. Nature and Causes of Industrial Accidents Negligence and Profit-Driven Practices: Industrial accidents, such as the Sigachi factory explosion, occur not by chance but due to deliberate neglect. The chemical reactor was operated at twice the permitted temperature, alarms failed, and there was no safety supervision or emergency response. Failure of Preventive Measures: Outdated machinery, ignored maintenance, and untrained workers reflect poor enforcement of safety norms. At Ennore, a 10-metre-high coal-handling structure collapsed, likely due to faulty design and weak scaffolding, revealing chronic underinvestment in safety. ILO’s Global Warning: The International Labour Organization (ILO) notes that industrial accidents rarely occur randomly—they result from managements cutting costs, extending working hours, and pushing workers into unsafe conditions. India alone accounts for nearly one in four fatal workplace deaths globally. Unregistered and Informal Workers: Most victims belong to the informal or contractual workforce, whose employment is unrecorded. The absence of entry registers, safety audits, and accountability hides the true scale of casualties. Culture of Impunity: Governments often announce ex gratia payments from public funds instead of holding employers criminally liable, turning compensation into charity and shielding corporate negligence. Criticisms and Drawbacks Weak Enforcement of Labour Laws: Inspection-based regulation has been replaced by self-certification, weakening oversight. Employers face little scrutiny, and penalties are either delayed or symbolic. Dilution of Protective Frameworks: The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions (OSHWC) Code, 2020 seeks to replace the Factories Act, 1948, but reduces worker safety from a statutory right to an executive discretion, weakening accountability. Inadequate Compensation Mechanisms: The Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 and Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948 exist, but compensation remains meagre and delayed, failing to cover lifetime income loss. Overwork and Unsafe Conditions: States have extended working hours post-pandemic, such as Karnataka in 2023, increasing daily limits and reducing rest periods—factors that directly compromise safety and health. Neglect of Informal Sector: With over 90% of India’s workforce in informal jobs, safety coverage is minimal. Unregistered employment means no legal recourse or compensation for the families of victims. Reforms and Way Forward Restore Workplace Safety as a Fundamental Right: Safety and health should be recognised as non-negotiable rights, not matters of executive discretion. Reinstate Inspection as Enforcement: Surprise inspections and stricter penalties for violations should replace the current self-certification model that enables concealment of unsafe practices. Criminal Accountability of Employers: Laws must hold employers criminally liable for preventable deaths and injuries, ensuring deterrence through prosecution rather than mere financial penalties. Ensure Universal Coverage: Extend the scope of safety laws and compensation to all categories of workers, including contract and informal labourers. Strengthen Institutional Mechanisms: Empower labour departments, industrial safety directorates, and trade unions to monitor compliance and ensure independent audits of high-risk industries. Conclusion India’s industrial landscape reflects a growing gap between law and practice. As the ILO reminds us, accidents are not inevitable—they are the outcome of neglect and greed. To prevent another Sigachi or Ennore tragedy, workplace safety must be restored as a core labour right, employers must face criminal liability for violations, and the State must act as a guardian of dignity, not a bystander to disaster. Mains Question Q. The increasing frequency of industrial accidents in India highlights the weakening of workplace safety and labour rights. Discuss the causes behind this erosion and suggest reforms to strengthen occupational safety in the country. (250 words, 15 marks) India’s Strategic Autonomy in a Fractured World (GS Paper 2: International Relations – India and its Foreign Policy, Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s Interests) Context (Introduction) Amid growing global uncertainty and shifting power equations among the US, Europe, Russia, and China, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar has reaffirmed India’s commitment to strategic autonomy—a pragmatic, adaptive approach aimed at accelerating India’s rise as an independent global pole. Meaning and Evolution of Strategic Autonomy From Ideology to Pragmatism: Jaishankar defines strategic autonomy not as an abstract ideal but as a methodology — a flexible, context-based strategy allowing India to engage with all major powers while preserving decision-making independence. Historical Continuity: Even when India was much weaker post-Independence, it avoided alignment with any single bloc. Today, as a stronger nation, this freedom of choice remains intrinsic to India’s foreign policy identity. Linked to Adaptability and Resilience: Strategic autonomy, according to Jaishankar, is not automatic. It requires constant adaptation — “revising, refreshing, and recalculating” policies as global conditions change, without being tied to any one partner. Avoiding Misinterpretation as Indecision: The minister warns against equating autonomy with fence-sitting. Instead, it demands proactive engagement, resisting coercion into alliances while seizing opportunities that align with India’s long-term interests. Objective – Accelerating India’s Rise: Strategic autonomy is ultimately about using relations with all powers—be it the US, Russia, Europe, or the Global South—to advance India’s growth, security, and standing as a key global actor. Criticisms and Challenges Re-hyphenation with Pakistan: Despite India’s economic and geopolitical lead, recent US references to mediating Indo-Pak disputes have revived comparisons. Jaishankar cautions against allowing domestic political rhetoric to re-link India’s image with Pakistan’s instability. Domestic Politicisation: The editorial notes that anti-Pakistan populism at home risks self-inflicted “hyphenation,” undermining India’s international confidence and credibility as a mature power. Pressure from Global Power Blocs: The deepening rivalries among the US, China, and Russia may test India’s ability to maintain balance without appearing ambivalent or opportunistic. Economic and Strategic Dependencies: India’s reliance on Western technology and Russian defence imports creates practical limits to autonomy unless diversification and indigenisation are strengthened. Perception of Neutrality: In times of global crisis—Ukraine war, Middle East conflict—India’s cautious diplomacy may be misread as indecision rather than independence, requiring clear articulation of strategic intent. Reforms and Way Forward Institutionalise Policy Adaptability: Create agile policy frameworks within the MEA and NITI Aayog that enable quick recalibration of external partnerships based on evolving national interests. Deepen Multipolar Engagement: Enhance ties across regions—Europe, ASEAN, Africa, and Latin America—to prevent overdependence on any one axis of power. Strengthen Economic and Technological Self-Reliance: Initiatives like Atmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India should reinforce the material base of strategic autonomy. De-hyphenate Domestic Politics from Foreign Policy: Insulate diplomacy from populist narratives, focusing instead on India’s long-term image as a stable and responsible global power. Promote Values-Based Realism: Combine autonomy with credibility—project India as a nation that pursues its interests while contributing to a more just, multipolar, and cooperative world order. Conclusion As the global order fractures into competing blocs, India’s strategic autonomy is not a luxury but a necessity. It must remain dynamic, rooted in national capacity, and free from domestic political constraints. By balancing principle with pragmatism, India can truly emerge as an independent pole of stability and growth in an uncertain world. Mains Question In an increasingly fragmented world order, strategic autonomy remains central to India’s foreign policy. Examine its evolution, contemporary relevance, and the challenges in sustaining it amid great power rivalries. (250 words, 15 marks)

Oct 8, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 8th October 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Oct 8, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 8th October – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Nobel Prize in Medicine 2025 Category: Science and Technology Context: The Nobel Prize for Physics this year will be awarded to three scientists to tease greater insight into the workings of the quantum world.          About Nobel Prize in Physics 2025: Awardees: The Nobel Prize 2025 in Physics has been awarded to John Clarke from the University of California, Berkeley, Michel H. Devoret of Yale University and the University of California, Santa Barbara, and John M. Martinis of the University of California, Santa Barbara. Awarded for: They have been recognized for their pioneering work on the macroscopic quantum phenomena in electrical circuits, specifically the demonstration of quantum tunneling and energy quantization on a macroscopic scale. Significance: This groundbreaking research has significantly advanced our understanding of quantum mechanics in engineered systems and opened new avenues for quantum technology applications. About the experiment: Much like early insight into quantum mechanics paved the way for transistors and silicon chips in the 1950s, the three scientists devised an electrical circuit with two superconductors, components that can conduct a current without any electrical resistance. They separated these with a thin layer of material — called a Josephson junction — that did not conduct any current at all. In this experiment, they showed that they could control and investigate a phenomenon in which all the charged particles in the superconductor behave in unison, as if they are a single ‘particle’ that fills the entire circuit. Following this, they were able to demonstrate that such a particle could be made to behave simulating the flow of electricity even without voltage, a prerequisite for the flow of current. Source: The Hindu Supermoon Category: Geography Context: A supermoon was visible on the night of October 7 and will appear twice more in November and December.     About Supermoon: Feature: A supermoon occurs when a full moon or new moon coincides with the moon’s closest approach to the earth in its elliptical orbit, a point known as the perigee. Reason: Because the moon’s orbit is not a perfect circle, its distance from the earth varies throughout the month by around 50,000 km. When the moon is near its perigee and also directly opposite the sun, the full moon appears about 14% larger and 30% brighter than when it is at its farthest point. This is the supermoon. Nomenclature: The term “Supermoon” was coined by astrologer Richard Nolle in 1979, defining it as a special event when a full moon is within 90 percent of its closest point to Earth. Frequency: In a typical year, there may be two to four full supermoons and two to four new supermoons in a row. Impact: Supermoons influence the tides, creating perigean spring tides. These tides are slightly higher and lower than usual because the moon’s stronger gravitational pull acts in concert with that of the sun. While the changes are typically modest, they can exacerbate coastal flooding when combined with storm surges. Significance: Culturally, supermoons have long captured human imagination, inspiring folklore and spiritual observances across civilisations. They also offer opportunities for astronomers and photographers to observe lunar surface details and study tidal effects more clearly. Source: The Hindu Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Category: Economy Context: RBI is waiting for other countries to launch digital currency and is in no hurry to roll out Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) nationwide for retail, said Deputy Governor.        About Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC): Nature: A CBDC is a legal tender issued by a central bank in digital form. Authorised by Central Bank: Unlike private cryptocurrencies, CBDCs are backed by the central bank, ensuring stability and trust. Objective: The main objective is to mitigate the risks and trim costs in handling physical currency, costs of phasing out soiled notes, transportation, insurance and logistics. Use of wallets: The digital fiat currency or CBDC can be transacted using wallets backed by blockchain. Difference with virtual currencies: Though the concept of CBDCs was directly inspired by Bitcoin, it is different from decentralised virtual currencies and crypto assets, which are not issued by the state and lack the ‘legal tender’ status. First country to launch: Bahamas was the first economy to launch its nationwide CBDC namely Sand Dollar in 2020. Major advantages: CBDCs leverage digital security measures, potentially reducing the risk of counterfeiting and theft compared to physical cash. Digital transactions can be settled instantly and efficiently, facilitating faster and more cost-effective payments. Programmable features could be introduced to enable targeted disbursement of government benefits or encourage specific financial behaviours, promoting financial inclusion. Challenges associated: Robust security measures are crucial to protect the e-rupee system from cyberattacks. Balancing user privacy with the need for anti-money laundering and countering financing of terrorism measures is a critical aspect. The RBI made CBDC non-remunerative and non-interest-bearing to mitigate potential risks of bank disintermediation. Source: The Hindu Periyar Tiger Reserve Category: Environment and Ecology Context: A 32-year-old forest watcher in the Periyar Tiger Reserve was found dead in the Ponnambalamedu forest area in Pathanamthitta district of Kerala. About Periyar Tiger Reserve: Nomenclature: It is named after the Periyar River, which originates within the reserve. Location: It is situated in the Idukki and Pathanamthitta districts of Kerala. It is set high at Cardamom Hills and Pandalam Hills of the Western Ghats, adjacent to the border with Tamil Nadu. Formation: It was established as a wildlife sanctuary in 1950 and later declared a Tiger Reserve in 1978. Terrain: The terrain is hilly and undulating with a maximum altitude of 2016 m. The highest peak is Kottamala (2016 m). Vegetation: It comprises tropical evergreen forests, semi- evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, transitional fringe evergreen forests, grasslands, and eucalyptus plantations. Drainage: Major rivers flowing through the reserve are the Periyar and Mullayar. Dams: Mullaperiyar Dam is located within the PTR.  Flora and fauna: Important flora includes teak, mangoes, rosewood, jamun, jacarandas, terminalias, tamarind, royal ponciana, bamboo, etc. Fauna includes Elephants, Wild Pigs, Sambar, Gaur, Mouse Deer, Dole or Barking Deer, Indian Wild Dog, and Tiger. Unique species: It hosts medicinal plants like Syzygium periyarensis, Habenaria periyarensis (an orchid), and Mucuna pruriense thekkadiensis. Tribes: It is home to six tribal communities including the Mannans, Paliyans, Malayarayans, Mala Pandarams, Uralis, and Ulladans, who live within the reserve. International Court of Justice (ICJ) Category: International Relations Context: Residents on a tiny island off the coast of Venezuela and Greenpeace urged the Netherlands to take action on the climate crisis, at the opening of a trial in The Hague, which follows an advisory opinion issued by the International Court of Justice (ICJ). About International Court of Justice (ICJ): Establishment: ICJ was established in 1945 by the United Nations charter and started working in April 1946. Associated with UN: It is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, situated at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands). Article 33 of the United Nations Charter lists the negotiation, enquiry, mediation etc. methods for the pacific settlement of disputes between States. Objective: It settles legal disputes between States and gives advisory opinions in accordance with international law, on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. Uniqueness: Unlike the six principal organs of the United Nations, it is the only one not located in New York (USA). Structure: The Court is composed of 15 judges, who are elected for terms of office of nine years by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council. Three from Africa. Two from Latin America and Caribbean. Three from Asia. Five from Western Europe and other states. Two from Eastern Europe. Jurisdiction: The judgment of ICJ is final, binding on the parties to a case and without appeal (at the most it may be subject to interpretation or, upon the discovery of a new fact, revision). However, ICJ advisory opinions, requested by UN organs and specialized agencies, are not binding.     Source: The Hindu (MAINS Focus) A Path to Progress that is Paved with Gold (GS Paper 3: Indian Economy – Mobilization of Resources, Growth and Development) Context  (Introduction) India’s self-reliance journey has evolved from food and digital security to financial self-reliance. With volatile global capital flows, mobilising domestic wealth — especially the vast household gold reserves — offers a sustainable and sovereign path to finance India’s growth. Gold as a Catalyst for Financial Self-Reliance Cultural and Civilisational Value: Gold in India represents both emotional security and financial strength, embodying Atmanirbharta through centuries. Massive Domestic Holdings: Indian households possess around 25,000 tonnes of gold, worth nearly $2.4 trillion (55% of GDP) — a store of value larger than India’s total bank credit. Economic Paradox: Despite this, India imports 87% of its gold demand, making gold imports responsible for up to one-third of the trade deficit between 2010–13. Shift to Domestic Financing: As global FDI and project finance flows decline (by 11% and 27% respectively in 2024), India must reduce dependency on external capital. Reimagined Monetisation: A trust-based gold monetisation scheme, combining global best practices with local innovation, can unlock household gold and recycle it into the economy. Criticisms and Challenges Past Failures: Earlier gold deposit schemes faltered due to limited reach, poor infrastructure, and low public awareness. Trust and Taxation Concerns: Fear of scrutiny, GST on deposits, and lack of transparency dissuade participation. Infrastructure Gaps: Despite growth, hallmarking and assaying centres remain inadequate for mass participation, especially in rural India. Cultural Resistance: Deep cultural attachment and preference for physical possession over financialisation hinder mobilisation. Administrative and Banking Delays: Complex documentation and coordination issues between banks and collection centres increase friction. Reforms and Policy Measures Suggested Strengthen Infrastructure: Expand BIS-registered hallmarking and purity testing centres nationwide for standardised valuation. Integrate Stakeholders: Create a unified digital network connecting banks, fintech platforms, and assaying centres for seamless gold handling. Digital Gold Accounts: Introduce metal-balance accounts, allowing citizens to monitor gold holdings digitally like bank deposits. Simplify Regulations: Exempt gold deposits from GST and customs duties and ensure a “no questions asked” policy to build trust. Incentivise Participation: Offer attractive interest rates (4.5–6.5%), tax benefits, and easy redemption options to draw households into the formal economy. Conclusion India’s next frontier of Atmanirbharta lies in financial independence. By converting its cultural wealth in gold into productive capital, India can fund its own aspirations, strengthen its economy, and redefine self-reliance in both spirit and substance. Mains Question Discuss how mobilization of domestic resources through gold monetisation can contribute to sustainable economic growth and reduce external sector vulnerability in India. (250 words, 15 marks) It’s Time for Maoists to Lay Down Arms (GS Paper 3: Internal Security – Linkages between Development and Spread of Extremism) Context (Introduction) Naxalism, once India’s most serious internal security threat, has steadily declined in strength and influence. With improved governance, modernised policing, and developmental integration, the movement now stands at its weakest, signalling a decisive shift in India’s internal security landscape. Nature and Evolution of the Problem Ideological Roots: Originating from the 1967 Naxalbari uprising, the movement was inspired by Marxist–Leninist–Maoist ideology and aimed at overthrowing the state through armed struggle. Expansion and Consolidation: The 2004 merger of the People’s War Group and Maoist Communist Centre formed the CPI (Maoist), spreading influence across 200 districts in the “Red Corridor.” Socio-economic Grievances: Exploitation, displacement, and alienation of tribal and marginalised communities provided fertile ground for recruitment and ideological appeal. Shift to Militarisation: From the 1990s, the movement became more violent, running parallel governance structures (Janatana Sarkars) in parts of Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. Peak and Decline: Post-2010, coordinated security operations, improved governance, and erosion of ideological legitimacy led to a sharp fall in cadre and territorial control. Issues and Criticisms  Leadership Crisis: The CPI (Maoist) Central Committee has shrunk from 42 to 13 members, with ageing leaders disconnected from local realities. Tribal Disillusionment: Atrocities by both Maoists and state-backed groups like Salwa Judum alienated tribal communities. Ideological Erosion: Lack of urban intellectual support and focus on violence over social mobilisation eroded the movement’s moral legitimacy. Development Deficits: Continued poverty, displacement, and weak governance still sustain pockets of sympathy. Fragmented Strategy: Inconsistent approaches across states and occasional rights violations have hindered full rehabilitation. Government Efforts Security Strengthening: Formation of elite units like CoBRA (Commando Battalion for Resolute Action) and District Reserve Guard (DRG) improved counterinsurgency capacity. Targeted Operations: Missions like Operation Black Forest decimated leadership and disrupted strongholds in Bastar. Surrender and Rehabilitation: Lucrative schemes provide incentives, education, and livelihood support to surrendered cadres. Developmental Approach: Programmes like Integrated Action Plan (IAP) and Aspirational Districts Programme focus on infrastructure, education, and healthcare in Maoist-hit regions. Tribal Empowerment: Implementation of PESA and Forest Rights Act has enhanced local governance and reduced alienation. Future Needs and Reforms Inclusive Governance: Strengthen administrative presence and accountability in remote tribal areas. Livelihood Generation: Promote forest-based industries, rural entrepreneurship, and skill training to prevent re-recruitment. Community Engagement: Build trust through dialogue, grievance redressal, and participatory development. Ideological Counter: Use education and media to promote democratic participation and constitutional protest. Inter-state Coordination: A unified national framework under MHA can ensure consistency in operations and rehabilitation efforts. Conclusion  India’s fight against Maoism is nearing closure. True victory, however, lies not only in defeating insurgents but in empowering people through justice, inclusion, and sustained development — ensuring peace with dignity in every tribal heartland. Mains Question Q. Discuss the evolution and current status of Left-Wing Extremism in India. How have government initiatives balanced security measures with developmental and governance reforms to address this challenge? (250 words, 15 marks) In a Multipolar West, India’s Opportunity (GS Paper 2: International Relations – India and its Relations with Developed Countries) Context (Introduction) The changing dynamics of Western unity, shaped by US nationalism, European strategic autonomy, and global power shifts, present India with new diplomatic openings. A “multipolar West” now enables India to engage multiple partners on its own strategic terms. Nature of the Emerging Multipolar West Decline of Western Homogeneity: Post–World War II Western unity under US dominance is fragmenting due to diverging political and security priorities. America First and Strategic Autonomy: The rise of Donald Trump’s nationalism has led Europe to pursue independent defence, trade, and technology strategies, reducing reliance on Washington. Europe’s Assertiveness: Initiatives like Macron’s ‘Europe Puissante’, Scholz’s Zeitenwende, and Ursula von der Leyen’s call for sovereignty mark Europe’s bid for self-reliance in economic, military, and technological spheres. Rearrangement, Not Decline: The West’s fragmentation is internal recalibration — the US remains powerful, but engagement terms have shifted, giving allies more autonomy. Asia-Europe Parallels: Asian allies like Japan, Australia, and South Korea are similarly diversifying ties, reflecting a broader trend of strategic pluralism. Risks for India Weakening of Collective Action: Fragmentation of the West may weaken unified responses to authoritarian assertiveness from China or Russia. Uncertain US Policy: Shifting American domestic politics create volatility in long-term commitments. European Divisions: Internal splits — East vs West over Russia, North vs South over economics — may delay coherent policymaking. Balancing Challenges: India must manage contradictions among its Western partners without compromising autonomy. Institutional Lag: India’s internal economic and administrative reforms may not keep pace with rapid external transformations. India’s Diplomatic Engagement and Opportunities Europe’s Renewed Role: Engagements such as Keir Starmer’s India visit, EFTA trade pact, and ongoing EU negotiations signal growing India–Europe convergence. Strategic Diversification: A fragmented West allows multiple cooperation channels — trade with the EU, technology with the UK, defence with France, and investment with Nordic states. Global Connectivity: Collaboration under the EU’s Global Gateway and India’s Indo-Pacific outreach enhances resilient supply chains and digital infrastructure. Shared Democratic Values: Europe views India as a key Indo-Pacific partner in maintaining an open, rules-based global order. Balanced Realism: India’s steady diplomacy during US–Europe–China frictions reflects strategic maturity and multipolar adaptation. Future Needs and Way Forward Institutional Modernisation: India must reform trade, technology, and governance systems to leverage Western diversification effectively. Economic Competitiveness: Deepen domestic manufacturing and innovation under ‘Make in India’ and Digital India to attract Western investment. Strategic Autonomy: Maintain equidistance between competing Western factions while expanding influence in multilateral forums like G20, BRICS, and IPEF. Cultural and Academic Diplomacy: Strengthen people-to-people and educational ties to deepen long-term India–Europe relations. Global Governance Role: Collaborate with plural Western powers to promote inclusive multilateralism, climate finance, and digital equity. Conclusion  A multipolar West offers India both challenge and choice. By combining strategic agility with domestic reform, India can position itself as a pivotal bridge between Western pluralism and the emerging multipolar world order. Mains Question Examine how the emerging “multipolar West” is reshaping India’s foreign policy calculus. How can India leverage this transition to enhance its strategic and economic partnerships with developed nations? (250 words, 15 marks)

Oct 7, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 7th October 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Oct 7, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 7th October – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Nobel Prize in Medicine 2025 Category: Miscellaneous Context: The annual Nobel Week kicked off with three scientists, sharing the Nobel Prize in Medicine for unravelling tantalising aspects of the human immune system. About Nobel Prize in Medicine 2025: Awardees: The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Mary E. Bruncko, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi. Awarded for: They were awarded for discovering the mechanism and key constituents of the so-called ‘peripheral immune tolerance’, a fundamental mechanism that prevents our immune system from attacking the body’s own tissues. Identification of T-cells: Their collaborative research identified Regulatory T cells (Tregs), specialized immune cells that act as “guardians” to prevent the immune system from mistakenly attacking the body’s own cells. The discovery of the Foxp3 gene revealed its crucial role in the development of Treg cells and in controlling immune tolerance. Significance: Their discovery has helped blaze new paths into treating cancer as well as auto-immune disease, a condition by which the immune system ends up harming healthy cells they are meant to protect. This may also lead to more successful transplantations. Several of these treatments are now undergoing clinical trials. Contribution of Shimon Sakaguchi: He made the first key discovery in 1995. At the time, many researchers were convinced that immune tolerance only developed due to potentially harmful immune cells being eliminated through a process called central tolerance. Mr. Sakaguchi showed that the immune system is more complex and discovered a previously unknown class of immune cells, which protects the body from autoimmune diseases. Contributions of Mary Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell: They made the other key discovery in 2001, when they presented the explanation for why a specific mouse strain was particularly vulnerable to autoimmune diseases. They had discovered that mice have a mutation in a gene that they named Foxp3. They also showed that mutations in the human equivalent of this gene triggered a serious autoimmune disease, IPEX. Two years after this, Mr. Sakaguchi was able to link these discoveries. He proved that the Foxp3 gene governs the development of the cells he identified in 1995. These cells, now known as ‘regulatory T cells’, monitor other immune cells and ensure that our immune system tolerates our own tissues. Source: The Hindu Lingayats Category: History and Culture Context: Karnataka Minister countered the demand for a separate religious status for Lingayats, and said that “no force can separate Veerashaivas and Lingayats” in the State. About Lingayats: Nature: Lingayats are followers of 12th-century social reformer Basavanna and his vachana (verses) philosophy, which emphasized equality, social justice, and devotion, rejecting Brahmanical authority, temple worship, and caste distinctions. Shaivite: They are a Shaivite sect in Hinduism that emerged in Karnataka during the reign of the Kalachuri dynasty. Basavanna, a minister in the court of Kalachuri King Bijjala (1157-67 CE), was the key proponent of Lingayatism. Worship of Ishtalinga: They promoted work as worship and offered spiritual enlightenment for all, including householders and artisans. Lingayats worship ishtalinga, a formless God, and reject rituals, focusing on honest labour and social redistribution. Rejected Brahmanical Authority: They prioritized direct worship of Shiva and rejected the Vedic authority, the caste system, and Brahmin ceremonies. Fostered social reforms: They encouraged post-puberty marriage, re-marriage of widows, and the promotion of inter-caste relationships. Anubhava Mantapa: Basavanna established the Anubhava Mantapa, a “Hall of Experience,” where people from all social backgrounds could gather, discuss religious and social issues, and share their experiences. Questioned theory of re-births: They bury their dead instead of cremating them (as they believe that devotees will be united with Shiva and will not return to this world). Gave importance to compassion: They stressed the importance of being a compassionate and socially productive human being in this world and in this life. Kayaka as means of worship: They considered all forms of labour and means of livelihood (kayaka) a form of worship. They provided the honest earnings from labour (kayaka), which are primarily used for social redistribution, called ‘dasoha’. Distribution: Lingayats are found primarily in Karnataka, where Lingayats comprise a major population. They are also found in significant numbers in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. Difference with Veershaivas: Veerashaivism, a sect deeply rooted in the Vedas and Agamas, centres solely around the worship of Lord Shiva as mentioned in Hindu mythology. Its followers are devoted to five religious centres known as Pancha Peethas, which are established similarly to the four peethas set up by Adi Shankara. Source: The Hindu Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA), 2010 Category: Polity and Governance Context: Finance Minister said that government intends to amend Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act as deliberations within the government continue on bringing in new legislation to allow the private sector to operate nuclear plants in India. About Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA), 2010: Nature: It is India’s nuclear liability law ensuring compensation for victims and defining responsibility for nuclear accidents. In sync with CSC: It aligns with the Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC, 1997), adopted post-Chernobyl to set global minimum compensation standards. India ratified CSC in 2016. Follows global conventions: It follows the nuclear liability principles of the Vienna Convention 1963, Paris Convention 1960, and Brussels Supplementary Convention 1963. Puts a cap on operator liability: The Act imposes strict, no-fault liability on operators, caps operator liability at Rs 1,500 crore. Provision for intervention of government: If damage claims exceed Rs 1,500 crore, the CLNDA expects the government to intervene. The government’s liability is capped at the rupee equivalent of 300 million Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), roughly Rs 2,100 to Rs 2,300 crore.  Nuclear Damage Claims Commission: The Act also establishes a Nuclear Damage Claims Commission to ensure fair compensation and resolve conflicts.  Supplier Liability: India’s CLNDA is unique as it introduces supplier liability under Section 17(b), enabling operators to seek recourse against suppliers; unlike global frameworks like the CSC, which place liability solely on the operator.  Broadens supplier responsibility: Unlike CSC, which allows recourse only for contractual breaches or intentional acts, CLNDA broadens supplier accountability to cases where a nuclear incident results from a supplier’s or their employee’s act, including the supply of defective equipment, materials, or sub-standard services. Source: The Hindu Passive Euthanasia Category: Polity and Governance Context: Recently, the U.K.’s House of Commons passed the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill, reigniting a global conversation about euthanasia. About Passive Euthanasia: Definition: Passive euthanasia refers to the intentional withholding or withdrawal of medical treatments or life-sustaining interventions, allowing a person to die naturally from their underlying condition. Mechanisms: This can include stopping treatments like ventilators, feeding tubes, or medications that keep the patient alive. Implementation: Decisions for passive euthanasia are typically made based on the patient’s wishes, advance directives, or through family members and healthcare proxies when the patient cannot make decisions themselves. Legality in India: A five-judge bench of the Supreme Court in Common Cause vs Union of India (2018) recognised a person’s right to die with dignity under Art. 21. It said that a terminally ill person can opt for passive euthanasia and execute a living will to refuse medical treatment. Draft guidelines on passive euthanasia: The guidelines for withdrawing or withholding medical treatment in terminally ill patients are based on four key conditions: The individual has been declared brainstem dead. There is a medical assessment that the patient’s condition is advanced and unlikely to improve with aggressive treatment. The patient or their surrogate has provided informed refusal to continue life support after understanding the prognosis. The procedure follows the directives set by the Supreme Court. Legality in other parts of the world: Euthanasia is legal in several countries such as Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Spain. Difference with Active euthanasia: Active euthanasia refers to the physician deliberate act, usually the administration of lethal drugs, to end an incurably or terminally ill patient’s life. In India, active euthanasia is a crime. Source: The Hindu Securities Transaction Tax (STT) Category: Economy Context: The Supreme Court of India decided to examine a plea challenging the constitutional validity of the Securities Transaction Tax (STT), a direct tax levied on securities transactions through a listed stock exchange, as imposed under the Finance Act, 2004. About Securities Transaction Tax (STT): Nature: It is a direct tax charged on the purchase and sale of securities listed on the recognized stock exchanges in India. Introduction: Finance Act 2004 introduced Securities Transaction Tax (STT), as a clean and efficient way of collecting taxes from financial market transactions. It is levied and collected by the central government of India. Regulation: STT is governed by Securities Transaction Tax Act (STT Act), and STT Act has specifically listed various taxable securities transactions, i.e., transactions on which STT is leviable. Taxable securities: These include equities, derivatives, or equity-oriented mutual funds investment units (excluding commodities and currency). Contract notes: The charges and rate of STT are reflected on the contract notes which a broker provides to its clients for every execution of trades. Excluded for certain transactions: The rate of taxation is different for different types of securities. STT is not applicable to off-market transactions or to commodity or currency transactions. Liability: The liability of applying the STT is on the broker when the client undertakes transactions in the stock market. The collected amount is then paid to the government. Source: The Hindu (MAINS Focus) Judicial Delays or Governance Failures? (GS Paper 2: Indian Polity – Judiciary, Governance) Context (Introduction) In recent debates, the Indian judiciary has often been portrayed as a “hurdle” to economic progress and governance. Sanjeev Sanyal, a member of the PM’s Economic Advisory Council, recently termed it the “single biggest obstacle to India becoming Viksit Bharat.” He argued that unless judicial reforms are accelerated, India’s vision of becoming a developed nation by 2047 will remain unfulfilled. Misplaced Blame and Structural Issues The data asserts that much of the judiciary’s burden does not arise from its own inefficiency but from executive and legislative shortcomings. Excessive Government Litigation: The government is the largest litigant in India, responsible for nearly half of all cases. Ministries, public enterprises, and tax authorities routinely appeal against orders, often up to the Supreme Court, clogging the system with avoidable disputes. Flawed Laws and Vague Drafting: The judiciary is often forced to interpret poorly drafted, vague, and overlapping laws. The government’s recent “criminal law reforms” largely changed nomenclature without addressing the colonial legacy of imprecision and complexity in Indian legislation. Contract Enforcement Problems: The “99-to-1 problem” — where 99% of contracts are not enforced efficiently — stems not from judicial incapacity alone, but from governmental behaviour as a contractor. Arbitrary tender processes, vague contracts, and delayed payments often result in unnecessary litigation. Thus, the real bottleneck lies in legislative quality and executive discipline, not merely in judicial functioning. Misunderstanding of Judicial Workload Critics often misrepresent judges as inefficient due to limited working hours and vacations but the judges work far beyond visible court hours, dedicating evenings, weekends, and holidays to drafting and reading case files. A High Court judge may handle 50 to 100 cases daily, and each order involves substantial legal reasoning. Moreover, lower judiciary judges often face poor infrastructure, limited staff, and administrative burdens, exacerbating delays. Hence, equating visible court sittings with productivity reflects a shallow understanding of the judicial process. Colonial Legacy and Procedural Burden Another major dimension is the colonial inheritance of the judicial system. India’s legal architecture was designed by the British for control, not for efficiency or accessibility. The postcolonial state largely retained this structure. The system’s complexity — outdated procedures, excessive paperwork, and formalism — continues to hinder timely justice delivery. Although India has introduced digitisation and e-courts, deeper procedural reforms are necessary. Broader Systemic Problems The judiciary’s problems are intertwined with larger systemic flaws: Understaffing: India has fewer than 20 judges per million people, far below global averages. Infrastructure Deficiency: Many court complexes lack basic facilities like proper chambers, libraries, or record management systems. Delayed Appointments: Vacancies persist due to delays in the collegium and executive approval process. Public Misunderstanding: The public often perceives judicial delay as deliberate rather than structural. Hence, while judicial reform is necessary, simplistic vilification does not address the core challenges. Way forward Adopting a cooperative reform model rather than blame-shifting. This include: Improving legislative drafting quality to reduce interpretational disputes. Curtailing unnecessary government litigation by enforcing accountability within ministries. Enhancing judicial infrastructure and digitisation in lower courts. Filling vacancies promptly through transparent mechanisms. Strengthening case management systems and alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Promoting legal awareness among citizens and government departments. Reforms must therefore target the ecosystem of justice delivery — not just the judiciary as an isolated institution. Conclusion Criticising the judiciary as the “biggest hurdle” to India’s growth narrative is both misguided and counterproductive. While acknowledging that delays and inefficiencies exist, the judiciary operates within constraints largely imposed by legislative ambiguity, executive overreach, and colonial procedural remnants. Reforming the justice system requires collaboration among all three organs of the state — legislature, executive, and judiciary — along with robust institutional support. Instead of scapegoating, India must strengthen its judicial ecosystem to truly achieve the vision of a Viksit Bharat. UPSC Mains Practice Question “Criticism of the Indian judiciary as a hurdle to development reflects a misunderstanding of systemic governance failures.” Discuss in the context of recent debates on judicial reform in India. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/calling-out-the-criticism-of-the-indian-judiciary/article70132288.ece Rising Crimes Against Children in India: Trends, Causes, and Policy Implications (GS Paper 1: Social issues, GS Paper 2: child rights & governance, Essay) Context (Introduction) The latest National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data highlights a disturbing trend — a sharp surge in crimes against children in 2023, especially in the states of Assam, Rajasthan, and Kerala. While the overall number of cases across India increased by about 25%, these three states alone witnessed an unprecedented spike — Assam (99.5%), Kerala (105.9%), and Rajasthan (70.1%). This data underscores both the growing vulnerability of children and the evolving dynamics of law enforcement, awareness, and reporting mechanisms in India. However, experts caution that a rise in numbers may also reflect improved reporting and legal enforcement, rather than merely an increase in actual crimes. The Data and Its Key Highlights National Trend: Across India, recorded crimes against children rose by nearly 25% in 2023 compared to the 2018–2022 average. State-wise Surges: Assam: From around 5,100 cases (2018–2022 average) to over 10,000 in 2023 — a 99% increase. Kerala: From 2,800 to 5,900 cases — a 106% increase. Rajasthan: From 6,200 to 10,500 cases — a 70% rise. Types of Crimes: The increase spans across categories — child sexual offences (POCSO Act), kidnapping/abduction, and child marriage violations. Map & Charts Analysis: Map 1 shows these states as the top three with >70% increase in child crime rates. Chart 2 shows Assam’s massive spike in Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA) cases. Chart 3–5 show rising cases under POCSO Act and kidnapping/abduction in all three states. Major Factors Behind the Surge (a) Improved Reporting & Awareness The increase may partly reflect better reporting mechanisms, public awareness campaigns, and child protection helplines such as 1098. In Kerala and Assam, digital police portals and child-friendly reporting cells have improved case documentation. (b) Crackdown on Child Marriage (Assam) The Assam government initiated a statewide crackdown on child marriage in 2023, invoking the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006. Thousands of arrests and FIRs inflated overall child-related crime figures. Chart 2 shows PCMA cases forming over 51% of total child-related crimes in Assam — indicating a legal enforcement surge rather than a rise in actual incidents. (c) Expansion of Legal Provisions (Kerala & Rajasthan) Many offences previously booked under IPC are now recorded under POCSO Act (2012), broadening the definition of sexual offences. Chart 5 shows Kerala registering over 4,000 POCSO cases in 2023, nearly double from 2020. (d) Judicial and Administrative Focus The creation of Special POCSO Courts and fast-track mechanisms has encouraged more victims and families to come forward. However, conviction rates remain low, indicating gaps between reporting and justice delivery. The Broader Picture Rising Vulnerability: Increased digital exposure, child labour, trafficking, and early marriages continue to put children at risk. Data Interpretation Challenges: A rise in numbers does not always equate to rising crime incidence; it may signify improved registration and sensitisation among police and citizens. Disparities Across States: States like Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and Maharashtra, despite higher populations, recorded smaller percentage increases — suggesting better baseline reporting or policy consistency. Governance and Policy Dimensions Legislative Framework: POCSO Act, 2012 – criminalises all sexual offences against minors. Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 – ensures child rehabilitation. Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 – penalises child marriage facilitators. Institutional Gaps: Lack of coordination between police, child welfare committees, and judiciary. Inconsistent data collection and underreporting in rural regions. Inadequate victim rehabilitation and psychological support. Way Forward: Strengthen child protection units and community vigilance systems. Train police and teachers to identify abuse early. Promote digital awareness campaigns on child rights. Integrate NCRB data with real-time monitoring under the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR). Ensure fast-track trials with victim-friendly approaches. Conclusion The surge in child-related crime statistics in Assam, Kerala, and Rajasthan reflects a complex mix of heightened vigilance, stronger laws, and persistent social challenges. While improved reporting is a positive trend, the data also signals the need for sustained policy attention toward child safety, law enforcement efficiency, and preventive education. Protecting children must remain central to India’s vision of inclusive social justice and human security. UPSC Mains Practice Question “The recent surge in crimes against children in India may signify better reporting rather than worsening safety.” Critically analyse this statement in the context of NCRB 2023 data. (250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://epaper.thehindu.com/ccidist-ws/th/th_international/issues/151044/OPS/GGMF098E0.1.png?cropFromPage=true

Oct 6, 2025 Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2025 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 6th October 2025

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂 After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions. .To take the Test Click Here

Oct 6, 2025 IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 6th October – 2025

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) Category: Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) Context: Bodoland People’s Front (BPF) president Hagrama Mohilary was sworn in as the Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC). About Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC): Location: It is an autonomous region in the state of Assam in India. Composition: It is made up of four districts (Kokrajhar, Chirang, Baksa and Udalguri) on the north bank of the Brahmaputra river, surrounded by the foothills of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh. Jurisdiction: The area under the jurisdiction of BTC, formed under the 2003 Accord, was called the Bodo Territorial Autonomous District (BTAD). Sixth Schedule: BTC is an area governed under the 6th schedule. However, BTC is an exception to the constitutional provision under the 6th schedule. Members: It can constitute up to 46 members out of which 40 are elected. Of these 40 seats, 35 are reserved for the Scheduled Tribes and non-tribal communities, five are unreserved and the rest six are nominated by the governor from underrepresented communities of the BTAD. Separate State: The first organised demand for a Bodo state came in 1967-68 under the banner of the political party called Plains Tribals Council of Assam. Assam Accord: In 1985, when the Assam Movement culminated in the Assam Accord, many Bodos saw it as essentially focusing on the interests of the Assamese-speaking community. Evolution of Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC): The first Bodo Accord was signed with the ABSU in 1993, leading to the creation of a Bodoland Autonomous Council with limited political powers. The second Bodo Accord was agreed to create a self-governing body for the Bodo Areas in the State of Assam. In pursuance of this, the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) was created in 2003 with some more financial and other powers. The third Bodo Accord was signed in 2020. It promised more legislative, executive and administrative autonomy under the Sixth Schedule to Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) and expansion of the BTC territory in lieu of statehood. Source: The Hindu Hilsa Fish Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Bangladesh’s defence force said it has deployed warships and patrol aircraft to protect Hilsa fish from illegal fishing during its spawning season. About Hilsa Fish: State fish: It is the state fish of West Bengal and the national fish of Bangladesh. Clupeidae family: It is a species of fish belonging to the Clupeidae family, which includes herring fish. Uniqueness: It is also called Ilish and holds an exceptional position in the culinary customs and social practices of Bengal. It is a fish that is highly prized because of its delicate flavour, distinct taste, and silky texture. Location: It is found in rivers and estuaries in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Myanmar, and the Persian Gulf area. They travel to rivers like the Ganges River and Godavari River in India. Lifespan: Hilsa fish live in both saltwater and freshwater. They spend most of their lives in the ocean. However, when it’s time to lay their eggs, they swim up into rivers. This journey is called a migration.  Appearance: Hilsa fish have a silvery body. They are quite flat and have a pointed head.  Weight: Hilsa can grow up to about 50 cm, weighing more than 3 kg. They are known for their many small bones. Conservation Status: It is classified as ‘Least Concern’ under the IUCN Red List. Source: The Hindu Kaziranga National Park Category: Environment and Ecology Context: A female calf born to one of the oldest elephants in the Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve has been named Mayabini to honour Zubeen Garg. About Kaziranga National Park: Nature: It is the single largest undisturbed and representative area in the Brahmaputra Valley floodplain. Location: It is situated in the north-eastern part of India in the state of Assam. Terrain: It is of sheer forest, tall elephant grass, rugged reeds, marshes, and shallow pools. Rivers: The River Diffalu, a tributary of the Brahmaputra, flows through the National Park while another tributary, Moradifalu, flows along its southern boundary. Flora: It is primarily famous for its dense and tall elephant grasses intermixed with small swamplands. It also includes an abundant cover of water lilies, water hyacinths and lotus. Fauna: Many endangered and threatened species like Rhino, Tiger, Eastern swamp deer, Elephant, Buffalo, Hoolock gibbon, Capped langur, and Gangetic River dolphin are commonly found in the habitat. Uniqueness: It is inhabited by the world’s largest population of one-horned rhinoceroses, as well as many mammals. National Park: It was declared as a National Park in 1974. Tiger Reserve: It has been declared a tiger reserve since 2007. It has a total tiger reserve area of 1,030 sq km with a core area of 430 sq. km. UNESCO World Heritage Site: In 1985, the park was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.          Source: The Hindu International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Category: International Relations Context: Iran’s top diplomat said that cooperation with the IAEA, the UN nuclear watchdog was no longer relevant following the reimposition of international sanctions on it. About International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Nature: IAEA is an intergovernmental organisation that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. Establishment: It was established in 1957 as the world’s “Atoms for Peace” organisation within the UN, and governed by its own founding treaty, viz. the Statute of the IAEA. Main functions: The IAEA works to ensure that nuclear technology is used solely for peaceful purposes. It applies comprehensive nuclear safeguards, including: Monitoring, On-site inspections, Information analysis, and Other techniques to verify peaceful use. Relations with UN: It reports to both the UNGA and the UNSC and is headquartered at the UN Office at Vienna, Austria Distinction: In 2005, it was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for its work for a safe and peaceful world. Membership: The IAEA has 180 member states, India being one of the founding members of it. Institutional structure: The General Conference, composed of all member states, meets annually to approve budgets and set general policy directions. Headquarters: Its headquarters is located in Vienna, Austria. Source: The Hindu INS Androth Category: Defence and Security Context: The Indian Navy is set to commission INS Androth, the second Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC), at the Naval Dockyard in Visakhapatnam. About INS Androth: Nomenclature: Named after Androth Island in Lakshadweep, the ship symbolises India’s commitment to securing its maritime boundaries. The name also honours the legacy of the previous INS Androth (P69), which served for over 27 years before decommissioning. Construction: It was built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata, features over 80% indigenous components, aligning with the government’s Aatmanirbharta (self-reliance) vision. Uniqueness: These ships are propelled by a diesel engine-waterjet combination and are equipped with state-of-the-art lightweight torpedoes and indigenous anti-submarine warfare rockets. Anti-Submarine Warfare Water Craft: It is the second of eight indigenously built Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts (ASW-SWC). These vessels are designed for anti-submarine operations in coastal waters, low-intensity maritime operations (LIMO), and mine-laying missions. Structure: It is approximately 77 meters in length and it is the largest Indian Naval warship. Propulsion: The ship is propelled by a diesel engine-waterjet combination, which allows for high speed and efficient maneuverability in shallow waters. Armament: It is equipped with state-of-the-art lightweight torpedoes, indigenous ASW rockets, and advanced shallow water SONAR, Significance: It strengthens the Indian Navy’s Anti-submarine, coastal surveillance and mine laying capabilities. It enables effective submarine detection and engagement in littoral zones. Source: The Hindu (MAINS Focus) Treat Employment as a National Priority (GS Paper 3: Indian Economy – Employment, Inclusive Growth, and Economic Development) Context (Introduction) India is set to add over 133 million people to its working-age population by 2043. To harness this demographic dividend, job creation must become a national mission integrating growth, skilling, mobility, and inclusivity under a unified employment framework. Why Employment Must Be a National Priority? Demographic Dividend Window: With the working population expected to peak around 2043, India has a limited window to leverage its youth advantage; failure could turn the dividend into a demographic burden. Equity and Inclusion: Quality jobs uplift millions from poverty, reduce inequality, and broaden consumption in a demand-driven economy, creating a self-sustaining cycle of growth. Need for a Unified Framework: Despite multiple schemes, the absence of an integrated National Employment Policy (NEP) weakens coordination between ministries, States, and industry. Demand–Supply Gap: Employment generation must address both job creation (demand side) and employability (supply side), with special emphasis on aligning education and skilling to industry needs. Institutional Mechanism: An Empowered Group of Secretaries and District Planning Committees could ensure coordinated governance and localised implementation. Criticisms and Challenges Low Employability: Over 40% of graduates lack market-ready skills (India Skills Report 2024). Outdated curricula and poor skilling alignment hinder job readiness. Regional and Gender Disparities: Labour participation in northern States and female workforce participation (around 25%) remain low due to societal and infrastructural barriers. Labour Market Rigidities: Slow rollout of the four Labour Codes (2019–20) has created uncertainty among employers and workers alike. Informality: Over 80% of India’s workforce remains informal, lacking social security, data visibility, and access to credit. Weak Employment Data: Current surveys (PLFS, EPFO) fail to capture the gig and rural informal sectors, leading to policy blind spots. Reforms and Way Forward Integrated National Employment Policy: Consolidate all employment-linked initiatives; align trade, industrial, education, and labour policies for coherent job creation. Sectoral Focus: Promote labour-intensive sectors—textiles, tourism, real estate, agro-processing, and health care—through targeted fiscal incentives and public-private partnerships. Support to MSMEs: Strengthen access to finance, technology, and markets; as the sector employs 25 crore workers, its growth is critical for inclusive employment. Urban Employment Guarantee: Pilot urban employment programmes in select cities to address job distress and provide a safety net akin to MGNREGA. Gig and Platform Economy: Develop a National Gig Policy to formalise and protect the growing gig workforce (projected to reach 9 crore by 2030), including skilling, finance access, and social security coverage. Gender and Inclusion Measures: Incentivise women’s participation through childcare facilities, formalisation of Anganwadi and ASHA roles, and ELI-linked benefits. Data and Monitoring: Establish a real-time Employment Data Task Force to capture informal sector dynamics and reduce data lag. Migration and Mobility: Promote a “One India for Employment” framework to facilitate inter-State mobility with social protection portability. Institutional Coordination: Regular review by NITI Aayog and CII to monitor implementation of employment-linked reforms and integration with Viksit Bharat 2047 goals. Conclusion India’s demographic dividend is a fleeting opportunity. By making employment generation the fulcrum of economic policy—anchored in inclusivity, innovation, and institutional synergy—India can achieve not just growth, but equitable and resilient national development. UPSC Mains Practice Question “India’s demographic dividend can either become its greatest strength or its biggest liability.” In this context, discuss the need for a unified National Employment Policy and suggest measures for inclusive job creation.(250 words, 15 marks) Source:https://epaper.thehindu.com/reader?utm_source=Hindu&utm_medium=Menu&utm_campaign=Header&_gl=1*waa6x*_gcl_au*MTI2MDY1NDg1My4xNzU5NDgwODQzLjQ4OTQ0MzAyNi4xNzU5NDk4MDM0LjE3NTk0OTgwMzM. India’s Direction for Disaster Resilience (GS Paper 3: Disaster Management – Disaster and Disaster Management) Context (Introduction) With increasing frequency of heatwaves, floods, and extreme weather events, India’s disaster resilience strategy now prioritises prevention, mitigation, and preparedness alongside relief and reconstruction, guided by the Prime Minister’s Ten-Point Agenda on Disaster Risk Reduction (2016) and Finance Commission reforms. Strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Shift from Relief to Resilience: The 15th Finance Commission (2021–26) allocated ₹2.28 lakh crore ($30 billion), broadening focus from post-disaster relief to mitigation, preparedness, and capacity building. Balanced Fund Allocation: 30% funds earmarked for preparedness (10%) and mitigation (20%), with 70% for response (40%) and reconstruction (30%), marking a structural transformation in disaster financing. Nature-based and Scientific Approach: Emphasis on eco-restoration, slope stabilisation, and revitalisation of water bodies as long-term climate adaptation measures. Programmes target urban floods, forest fires, landslides, and glacial lake outbursts. Institutional Coordination: Inter-ministerial and Centre-State appraisal committees streamline project evaluation and ensure localised interventions through district-level planning. Successful Models: The National Cyclone Mitigation Programme (2011–22) worth ₹5,000 crore reduced coastal vulnerability through early warning systems, shelters, and embankments. Criticisms and Challenges Fragmented Implementation: Despite improved financing, delays in project approval and inter-departmental coordination persist. Underutilised Funds: Many States have low absorption capacities and weak monitoring mechanisms for DRR funds. Urban Vulnerabilities: Rapid urbanisation without resilient planning has led to recurring urban floods and heat stress. Limited Local Integration: Disaster management remains top-down; panchayat-level ownership and community integration need strengthening. Need for Updated Data: Real-time hazard mapping, particularly in Himalayan and coastal zones, remains incomplete despite technological advances. Reforms and New initiatives Institutional Strengthening: Establishment of Appraisal Committees for region-specific projects; geo-spatial training labs and faculty-led research at NIDM for field-based capacity building. Volunteer Force Expansion: Launch of Apda Mitra and Yuva Apda Mitra, training 2.5 lakh community volunteers for pre-disaster preparedness. Modernising Fire Safety: ₹5,000 crore allocated for upgrading fire infrastructure under the preparedness window. Mitigation Projects: ₹10,000 crore worth of projects approved in 2024–25 focusing on landslide prevention, water body rejuvenation, and forest fire management. Education and Awareness: A 36-stream standardised course in disaster management introduced at NIDM; mock drills and school safety programmes build public awareness. Technology Integration: Use of remote sensing, automated weather stations, and Common Alerting Protocols (CAP) in regional languages for timely disaster alerts. Global Leadership: India spearheads the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) and advances DRR cooperation under G20, SCO, BIMSTEC, and IORA frameworks. Nature-based Solutions: Focus on bio-engineering, slope stabilisation, and eco-restoration integrates environmental sustainability with disaster mitigation. Conclusion  India’s evolving disaster management model exemplifies a transition from reactive relief to proactive resilience. By embedding science, finance, and community participation into governance, India is positioning itself as a global leader in disaster risk reduction. Mains Question India’s disaster management paradigm has shifted from post-disaster relief to risk reduction and resilience. Examine the role of the 15th Finance Commission and nature-based solutions in strengthening India’s disaster preparedness.(250 words, 15 marks) Source: https://epaper.thehindu.com/reader?utm_source=Hindu&utm_medium=Menu&utm_campaign=Header&_gl=1*waa6x*_gcl_au*MTI2MDY1NDg1My4xNzU5NDgwODQzLjQ4OTQ0MzAyNi4xNzU5NDk4MDM0LjE3NTk0OTgwMzM.