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Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 27th May 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions.To take the Test Click Here

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam –25th May 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   INTEGRATED THEATER COMMANDS Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: The Indian Armed Forces have been fine tuning the final draft for the creation of integrated theatre commands. Background:- The ambitious defence reform is aimed at integrating the three defence services — the Indian Army, the Indian Navy, and the Indian Air Force (IAF) — to operate jointly in specific adversary-based theatres with defined military goals during a limited conflict or war. Key takeaways The three defence services currently operate individually under their individual operational commands. Theaterisation would entail putting specific units of personnel from all the three services under a single theatre commander so that they fight jointly as a single unit in a war, or conflict, rationalising the manpower and resources of individual services in the process. Each of the three services has its own culture and ethos. With the creation of the theatre commands, their personnel, assets, infrastructure, and logistics would be integrated, so they can operate cohesively to attain defined military goals in specific theatres covering laid-down operational areas. The Armed Forces have already been taking steps to bring in greater integration among the three services. There are plans to make Mumbai the first tri-service common defence station, and to set up additional joint logistics nodes across the country to boost integration in logistics needs, and to streamline supply chains and inter-service postings of officers. Currently, the Army and the IAF have seven commands each, while the Navy has three. In addition, there are two tri-service commands — the Andaman and Nicobar Command, and the Strategic Forces Command (SFC). There is also the Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff (HQIDS). Post the creation of the theatre commands, three command headquarters of the services are likely to be transformed into theatre command headquarters. The existing Andaman and Nicobar Command may be subsumed into one of the theatre commands and the HQIDS will likely operate under the CDS. Source: Indian Express G7 Syllabus Prelims & Mains – International Relations Context: U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen said on Thursday that she wants market-driven countries to present a “wall of opposition” to China over its state-driven industrial policies, a key issue she is pushing at a G7 finance meeting this week. Background: Many countries beyond the G7 advanced industrial democracies were concerned about China’s overinvestment in electric vehicles, solar products, semiconductors, steel, and other strategic industries, including Mexico, India, and South Africa. Without changes in Chinese policy, including a shift from increasing production to boosting domestic demand, market-driven economies face a flood of cheap exports from China that will threaten the viability of their manufacturers. About G7 G7 stands for “Group of Seven” industrialized nations. G-7 countries include United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom.Additionally, the European Union (EU) is a “non-enumerated member”. Origin of G7 The G7 draws its roots from a meeting between the current G7 members, excluding Canada, that took place in 1975. At the time, the global economy was in a state of recession due to the OPEC oil embargo. As the energy crisis was escalating, US decided that it would be beneficial for the large players on the world stage to coordinate with each other on macroeconomic initiatives. After this first summit, the countries agreed to meet annually and a year later, Canada was invited into the group which marked the official formation of the G7 as we know it. The President of the European Commission was asked to join the meetings in 1977 The EU is not a member of the G7 but attends the annual summit. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and a subsequent warming in relations between the East and West, Russia was also invited to join the group in 1998. Thereafter the group was named the G8 until 2014, when Russia was expelled for its annexation of Crimea from Ukraine. Other key details: The bloc meets annually to discuss issues of common interest like global economic governance, international security and energy policy. The G-7 does not have a formal constitution or a fixed headquarters. The decisions taken by leaders during annual summits are non-binding. The presidency of the G7 rotates annually among the member states, with the presiding state setting the group’s priorities and hosting the summit. Members share common values like democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, free markets, and respect for international law. Together the member countries represent 31% of global GDP, 10% of the world’s population and 21% of global carbon dioxide emissions, according to the Summit website. When the group was created in 1975, they represented 70% of global GDP. China has never been a member, despite its large economy. The G7 has been behind very concrete achievements including the creation of Financial Action Task Force (FATF) European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) Deauville Partnership launched after the “Arab Springs” Muskoka Initiative to reduce maternal and infant mortality Source: Reuters DIPLOMATIC PASSPORT Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Nearly a month after a Special Investigation Team (SIT) began probing allegations of sexual assault and abuse against Hassan MP Prajwal Revanna, sources in the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) have confirmed that the Karnataka government’s request to revoke the diplomatic passport of the suspended Janata Dal (Secular) leader is “being processed.” Background: Members of Parliament , when using diplomatic passports, are required to apply for prior political clearance directly to the MEA.This is also applicable for private visits. For a private visit to a foreign country requiring a visa, the MEA issues visa notes after the member submits a specific request with the necessary political clearance. Diplomatic passport holders do not need a visa note from the MEA when travelling to any of the 34 countries with which India has mutual visa waiver agreements for diplomatic passports. Under this exemption, the permitted period of stay ranges between 30 and 90 days. Germany, where Mr. Revanna allegedly fled to in April, is one of the countries that has an operational ‘Visa Exemption Agreement’ for diplomatic passport holders. A person travelling to Germany on a diplomatic passport can stay in the country without a visa for up to 90 days. Notably,the MEA has clarified that Mr. Revanna did not seek the necessary political clearances before his travel, nor did the Ministry issue any visa note for his travel to Germany. What is a diplomatic passport? Under the Passport Act of 1967, the Central government issues three classes of passports — ordinary, official and diplomatic — and travel documents such as emergency certificate and certificate of identity, to those who wish to leave the Indian mainland by land, water or air. The deep blue-coloured ‘ordinary passports’ are issued for personal travel for adults with a validity of 10 years for adults and five years for minors or till they attain the age of 18. Official passports with white jackets are issued to designated Government officials and other individuals specifically authorised by the Centre to work abroad on official assignments. A diplomatic passport, or Type ‘D’ passport, is for designated members authorised by the Centre to represent the country. These include senior government officials, Members of Parliament and their spouses. Such a passport has a maroon jacket and is valid for five years or less, depending on the position of the holder and the nature of their assignment and visit. While ordinary passports are issued through a network of passport offices across the country, the Consular, Passport & Visa (CPV) Division of the MEA exclusively handles matters related to the issuance of diplomatic and official passports. Are MPs entitled to diplomatic passports? According to the MEA, diplomatic passports are issued to individuals with diplomatic status, those on diplomatic assignments abroad, and those in “certain positions” as determined by the Central Government. Diplomatic passport holders travelling abroad for official purposes typically do not pay visa fees. They have immunity from arrest under international law and expedited immigration. Besides officials working at Indian missions, Members of Parliaments and their spouses are entitled to diplomatic passports along with ordinary passports. What are the conditions under which a diplomatic passport can be revoked? The passport authority can impound or revoke a passport if the holder has provided wrong information, has been convicted in a criminal case, or there are pending criminal proceedings in an Indian court, or if it is in the overall national interest. Section 10(3) of the Passport Act of 1967, which deals with ‘variation, impounding and revocation’ of passports and travel documents mentions the circumstances in detail As per the Act, a passport can be impounded or revoked if the holder is in wrongful possession or has provided wrong information to the authority; or if the authority believes that impounding or revoking the passport will be in the interests of the country’s sovereignty, integrity, security, maintaining friendly relations with a foreign country, in the interests of the general public; or any of the conditions of the passport have been unfollowed. The passport of a person convicted by an Indian court of an offence involving “moral turpitude” and sentenced to at least two years in prison after the passport was issued can also be confiscated. Further, a passport can also be impounded or revoked if there are pending proceedings against the holder in a criminal court, or if a court has issued a warrant or summons for the holder’s appearance or arrest, or if there is a court order prohibiting their departure from India, as in the case of Prajwal Revanna. Last week, a Special Court for Elected Representatives issued an arrest warrant against the absconding MP in the sexual assault case against him on a plea by the SIT investigating the case. Source: Hindu SWEET SORGHUM Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Agriculture Context: The southern African region is battling with drought at present. The drought has hit the region’s agricultural productivity hard. Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe have declared a state of disaster with respect to their current agricultural outputs.Sweet sorghum is a hardy, nutritious, biofuel crop that offers solutions in drought-hit southern Africa. Background: Governments should be using their agriculture extension services to raise awareness among farmers, consumers about benefits & practical applications of sweet sorghum in people’s diet.Sweet sorghum is viewed as a preferred alternative as it can provide both food and biofuel from the same land. ABOUT SWEET SORGHUM Sorghum (Jowar) is a large stout grass.Sweet sorghum is like any ordinary sorghum but with a high content of sweet juice in its stalks. While the juice is used to produce ethanol biofuel, the grains can be used as food or feed The grains from sweet sorghum are prepared as steamed bread or porridge malt for traditional beer, as well as in commercial beer production. They’re nutritionally rich, with high energy values (342 calories/100 g), proteins (10g/100 grains), carbohydrates (72.7g/100 grains), and fibre (2.2g/100 grains) as well as essential minerals such as potassium (44mg/100 grains), calcium (22mg/100 grains), sodium (8mg/100 grains) and iron (3.8mg/100 grains). It produces a lot of plant material (biomass) as it grows, which is left over after harvest. That’s why it’s useful as animal feed too. Animal feed is made from what remains once the sweet sorghum crop has been harvested and its grains and stem juice stripped off. The residue is high in nutritional content, which can improve the quality of diets of animals, including cattle. The grains can also be used for animal feed. The sweet juice in the crop’s stalks is what’s used to create bioethanol. Sweet sorghum contains sucrose, glucose and fructose, which are essential for bioethanol production. Resilient One of the key characteristics of sweet sorghum varieties is their drought resistance. It allows them to enter a dormant state during extended periods of dryness and resume growth afterwards. Sweet sorghum’s ability to withstand low water and nitrogen inputs, as well as its tolerance for salinity and drought stress, makes it an ideal crop for farmers in arid regions. Indian Context The sweet sorghum varieties were first introduced in India from the US in the 1970s. India has achieved more than 10% blending of petrol with ethanol and the next target is 20% blending by 2025. The fact remains that ethanol production from sugarcane molasses alone does not ensure optimum supply levels needed to meet the demand at any given time owing to reasons such as the cyclical nature of sugarcane cultivation, difficulty in increasing sugarcane area due to high water intensiveness of the crop, erratic monsoon and power supply. Increasing the area under sugarcane at the cost of diverting land from other staple food crops is undesirable. Sweet sorghum, a widely adapted sugar crop with high potential for bioenergy and ethanol production and which produces higher biomass yield with fewer inputs is listed as a candidate crop for biofuel production in our National Policy on Biofuels 2018. Sweet sorghum is an attractive crop for biofuel production and in the era of climate change Source: Down To Earth TAIWAN Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: China ended two days of war games around Taiwan, in which it simulated attacks with bombers and practiced boarding ships. Background: China, which claims democratically governed Taiwan as its own territory, launched the “Joint Sword – 2024A” exercises three days after Lai Ching-te became Taiwan’s President, a man Beijing says is a “separatist”. Beijing said the exercises were “punishment” for Mr. Lai’s Monday inauguration speech, in which he said the two sides of the Taiwan Strait were “not subordinate to each other”, which China viewed as a declaration the two are separate countries. About TAIWAN : Taiwan (also known as Republic of China,ROC ) is a country in East Asia. It is located at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The main island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, has an area of 35,808 square kilometres (13,826 square miles), with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanized population is concentrated. The capital, Taipei, forms along with New Taipei City and Keelung the largest metropolitan area. With around 23.9 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries. Taiwan’s export-oriented industrial economy is the 21st-largest in the world by nominal GDP and the 20th-largest by PPP measures, with a focus on steel, machinery, electronics, and chemicals manufacturing. Taiwan is a developed country History It was a colony of the Netherlands for about 40 years in the early to mid-17th century and was subsequently independent again for about two decades. China gained control there in the late 17th century and ruled Taiwan for some two centuries. Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 following the first Sino-Japanese War, and it became a colony. Taiwan was returned to Nationalist Chinese control in 1945 following Japan’s defeat in World War II. However, in 1949 Chinese communist armies defeated Nationalist forces on the mainland and established the People’s Republic of China there. The Nationalist government and armies fled to Taiwan, resulting in the separation of Taiwan from China. In the ensuing years the ROC claimed jurisdiction over the Chinese mainland as well as Taiwan, although in the early 1990s Taiwan’s government dropped this claim to China. The Chinese government in Beijing has maintained that it has jurisdiction over Taiwan and has continued to propound a one-China policy—a position that few countries in the world dispute. Taiwan is claimed by the PRC, which refuses to establish diplomatic relations with countries that recognise the ROC. Taiwan maintains official diplomatic relations with 11 out of 193 UN member states and the Holy See. Many others maintain unofficial diplomatic ties through representative offices and institutions that function as de facto embassies and consulates. International organizations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate on a non-state basis. Source: Hindu DIGITAL MONOPOLY Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: Recently, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has expressed strong opposition to Google’s delisting of certain applications from the Play Store. Background: The dispute is over Google imposing a fee of 11 to 26 per cent on in-app payments after anti-competition body CCI ordered scrapping of an earlier system of charging 15 to 30 per cent. Google went ahead to remove the apps not paying the fee after the Supreme Court did not provide interim relief to companies behind these apps in their battle against the search giant’s app marketplace fee. Digital Monopoly: It refers to a situation where a single company or platform holds significant control over their respective digital ecosystems and markets. Its examples include big tech companies like Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple, and Microsoft. Threats Posed by Digital Monopolies: Exclusionary behaviour hinders business users and consumers from switching to third-party service providers. E.g., App stores mandating the use of their payment systems. A digital enterprise according to the favourable treatment of its products on its platform, thus creating a conflict of interest. Combining or bundling core or essential services with complementary offerings, thus forcing users to buy related services. Using personal data for consumer profiling to offer targeted online services and products, thus raising data privacy concerns. Predatory pricing strategies, or intentionally setting prices below cost price to exclude competitors. Exclusive agreements with business users or sellers, thus preventing them from dealing with other enterprises. E.g., Apple restricts installation of third-party applications on iPhones. India’s Initiatives to Prevent Digital Monopolies: Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules of 2020 were introduced to govern the operations of e-commerce platforms and digital marketplaces. These rules aim to prevent anti-competitive practices, ensure transparency, and protect consumer interests. The Competition (Amendment) Act of 2023 introduced new merger notification thresholds and deal value thresholds to capture acquisitions of high-value, data-rich firms that can potentially lead to digital monopolies. The Competition Commission of India (CCI) also investigates and takes action against anti-competitive practices by digital platforms. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act of 2023 emphasizes the importance of data to prevent the concentration of data in the hands of a few dominant players. The proposed Digital India Act (DIA) proposes to regulate a vast array of digital enterprises including social media websites, artificial intelligence-based platforms, and e-commerce enterprises. Draft National Data Governance Framework Policy aims to create standardized data management and security for non-personal and anonymised data across all government bodies. Way Forward: (It is based on the recommendations of the Committee on Digital Competition Law of 2024). Introduction of a Digital Competition Act with ex-ante measures (using a form of financial analysis that uses forecasting for future events as against the prevailing practice of ex-post framework in most cases). Identification and designation of certain large digital platforms as Systemically Important Digital Intermediaries’ (SIDIs). They would be subject to ex-ante regulations and obligations. Introduction of a deal value threshold and the consideration of non-price factors like data and innovation in merger assessments. Strengthening the Competition Commission of India (CCI) by enhancing the institutional capacity and expertise to effectively deal with competition issues in the digital domain. Better coordination among various regulatory authorities, such as the CCI, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), etc. Increased international cooperation and alignment with global best practices in digital competition regulation. Source: Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following Taiwan Hawaii Hainan Island How many of the above are located in pacific ocean? Only one Only two All three None Q2.) Consider the following statements about sweet sorghum: Sweet sorghum is an attractive crop for biofuel production. One of the key characteristics of sweet sorghum varieties is their drought resistance. It produces a lot of plant material (biomass) as it grows which can be used as animal feed. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q3.) Consider the following statements about G7 The G-7 does not have a formal constitution or a fixed headquarters. China has never been a member of G7. European Union (EU) is a “non-enumerated member”. Which of the statements give above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 1 and 3 All of the above Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  25th  May 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs.st ANSWERS FOR  24th May – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – d Q.2) – b Q.3) – c

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 25th May 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions.To take the Test Click Here

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam –24th May 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   PRODUCTION LINKED INCENTIVE SCHEME Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Economy Context: Smartphone PLI (production-linked incentive), the most successful of all 14 such schemes, may be extended by a couple of years beyond 2025-26 when it officially ends. Background:- The scheme aimed to attract significant foreign investment in the sector while encouraging domestic mobile phone makers to expand their units and presence in India. Key takeaways The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme is an initiative by the Government of India to boost domestic manufacturing and reduce imports. The scheme provides companies with incentives on incremental sales from products manufactured in domestic units. Here are some key details about the PLI Scheme: The scheme was announced with an outlay of INR 1.97 Lakh Crores across 14 key sectors to create national manufacturing champions, create 60 lakh new jobs, and an additional production of 30 lakh crore during the next 5 years. It aims to attract foreign companies to set up units in India while encouraging local companies to expand their manufacturing units. The scheme targets labor-intensive sectors in the hope to create new jobs for the ballooning employable workforce of India. The 14 sectors are: (i) Mobile Manufacturing and Specified Electronic Components, (ii) Critical Key Starting Materials/Drug Intermediaries & Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, (iii) Manufacturing of Medical Devices (iv) Automobiles and Auto Components, (v) Pharmaceuticals Drugs, (vi) Specialty Steel, (vii) Telecom & Networking Products, (viii) Electronic/Technology Products, (ix) White Goods (ACs and LEDs), (x) Food Products, (xi) Textile Products: MMF segment and technical textiles, (xii) High efficiency solar PV modules, (xiii) Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery, and (xiv) Drones and Drone Components. PLI Schemes for all 14 Sectors have been notified by the concerned Ministries/ Departments after due approval. These Schemes are in various stages of implementation by the implementing Ministries/ Departments. The PLI scheme is expected to have a cascading effect on the country’s   MSME ecosystem. All the approved sectors identified under PLI Schemes follow the broad criteria of focusing on key technologies where India can leapfrog and multiply employment, exports and overall economic benefits for the economy. Additional Information: The smartphone PLI has seen domestic production of phones rising to Rs 4.1 trillion in FY24 from Rs 2.14 trillion in FY20, the year before the scheme was announced. Smartphones exports from the country rose to Rs 1.2 trillion in FY24, compared to Rs 27,225 crore in FY20. Source: Financial Express BALTIC SEA Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: A Russian defence ministry proposal to revise Russia’s maritime border in the eastern Baltic Sea was deleted on Wednesday from an official portal after creating confusion and concern among NATO members such as Finland, Sweden, Lithuania and Estonia. Background: Finland and the Baltic states are all members of the EU and Nato and the military alliance is committed to defending their borders. About Baltic Sea Baltic Sea, arm of the North Atlantic Ocean, extending northward from the latitude of southern Denmark almost to the Arctic Circle and separating the Scandinavian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe. The Baltic Sea is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North and Central European Plain. It is a shelf sea and marginal sea of the Atlantic with limited water exchange between the two, making it an inland sea. The Baltic Sea drains through the Danish Straits into the Kattegat by way of the Øresund, Great Belt and Little Belt. It includes the Gulf of Bothnia (divided into the Bothnian Bay and the Bothnian Sea), the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga and the Bay of Gdańsk. Additional information The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term encompassing Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. All three countries are members of NATO, the European Union, the Eurozone, and the OECD. The three sovereign states on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea are sometimes referred to as the “Baltic nations”. Source: Wikipedia DEMISE OF RANGELANDS Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Environment Context: About half of the world’s rangelands are degraded and need policy interventions, and communities depending on them need focused support, according to a new report of the United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD). Background: Rangelands cover 80 million sq km, which is 54 per cent of the earth’s land surface. They are characterised by low vegetation and comprise grasslands, shrublands, wetlands, desert, semi-arid land, mountain pastures, plateaus and tundra. In India, rangelands occupy about 1.21 million sq km, from the Thar Desert to Himalayan meadows, as per the UNCCD report. What are rangelands? The UNCCD report defines rangelands as natural or semi-natural ecosystems that are grazed by livestock or wild animals. Rangelands contain vegetation such as grasses, shrubs, bushes, open forests, and agroforestry systems (land which contains trees and crops or pastures). The exact nature of rangelands’ vegetation is influenced by rainfall, temperature, and other climate phenomena. Currently, rangelands cover 80 million sq km of Earth’s terrestrial surface area (over half of Earth’s land), and are thus the largest land cover or land use type in the world, the UNCCD report said. They act as carbon sinks (which absorb more carbon from the atmosphere than they release), storehouses of freshwater, and prevent desertification of land. Millions of people worldwide depend on rangelands for food security, and livelihoods. Rangelands generate 16% of global food production and 70% of feed for domesticated herbivores, most significantly in Africa and South America,” the UNCCD report stated. What does the UNCCD report say? The UNCCD report found that nearly 50% of the world’s rangelands can be considered “degraded” and are facing a “silent demise”. Climate change, unsustainable land and livestock management practices, biodiversity loss, and the conversion of rangelands to farmlands are some of the primary drivers of rangeland degradation. Uncertainty over land rights among pastoralist communities also leads to their degradation. This, in turn, severely affects the communities dependent on rangelands as their deterioration impacts soil fertility and biodiversity, leading to a dip in incomes and rise in conflicts with authorities over grazing rights. Who are pastoralists? Pastoralism is a livelihood system based on livestock production. This includes livestock rearing, dairy production, meat production, wool production, and leather production. The communities and groups, both indigenous and non-indigenous, who are involved in livestock production are known as pastoralists. These communities rear sheeps, goats, cattle, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, llamas, alpacas, and pigs. Some pastoralist communities also rear ducks and chickens. Their livelihood is highly dependent on the quality of pasture (or rangelands) they have access to, and their rights over them. In India, while there are no official figures, research and advocacy groups peg their population at around 13 million people, across 46 groups including Gujjars, Bakarwals, Rebaris, Raikas, Kurubas, and Maldharis, to name a few. What are pastoralists’ economic contributions in India? India is home to 20% of the world’s livestock population. Around 77% of these animals are reared in pastoralist systems, meaning they are either herded or left to range on common lands, according to the Accounting for pastoralists in India (2020) report. Pastoralists also protect indigenous livestock breeds, and protect traditional knowledge about animal rearing. Currently, India is the largest producer of milk in the world, accounting for 23% of global dairy production. It is also the largest producer of buffalo meat and largest exporter of sheep and goat meat, according to the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying. Pastoralists are a major contributor in this sector. Source: Indian Express COASTAL REGULATION ZONE Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has ordered the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) to get approval from the Tamil Nadu State Coastal Zone Management Authority (TNSCZMA) before carrying out any activity on the city’s beaches, besides cleaning and removing encroachments. Background: As part of its ₹100-crore Chennai Shoreline Renourishment and Revitalization Project, the CMDA had planned for ‘integrated coastal community development’ in Kasimedu, Tiruvottiyur, and Injambakkam-Akkarai stretches involving facilities such as a prefab building, cycle track, food court, landscape, open air theatre, open parking, pedestrian walkway, and a play area in Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) II areas, where such activities are prohibited. Key Takeaways The Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) is a protective zone along India’s coastline, created by the Indian Government for the preservation of the coastal environment and ecosystem. The CRZ was first notified under the section 3 of the Environment Protection Act, 1986 of India, in February 1991 COASTAL REGULATION ZONE NOTIFICATION, 2019 Apart from the conservation and protection of coastal environment, the 2019 notification also leads to enhanced activities in the coastal regions thereby promoting economic growth resulting in employment generation and better standard of living. Salient features of the Notification of 2019 are as follows – CRZ-I : It has been further classified as CRZ-I A, which are environmentally most critical. CRZ-I B comprises of Intertidal zone i.e., area between LTL (Low Tide Line) and HTL (High Tide Line). CRZ-II shall constitute the developed land areas up to or close to the shoreline, within the existing municipal limits or in other existing legally designated urban areas, which are substantially built-up. Land areas that are relatively undisturbed (viz rural areas etc) and those do not fall under CRZ-II, shall constitute CRZ –III. CRZ-III shall be further classified into following categories: CRZ-III A: Such densely populated CRZ-III areas, where the population density is more than 2161per sq km as per 2011 census base, shall be designated as CRZ –III A. CRZ-III B: All other CRZ-III areas with population density of less than 2161 per sq km, as per 2011 census base, shall be designated as CRZ-III B. Extend of No development zone (NDZ) differs in both areas. CRZ IV is classified as Water area and further classified as CRZ-IV A and CRZ-IV B Clearance procedures for projects or activities located in CRZ-I and CRZ-IV to be dealt with by the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change. Whereas, powers for clearance under CRZ-II and CRZ-III have been delegated to State level with necessary guidance. Boost for the tourism industry as temporary tourism facilities like shacks, toilets, change rooms, drinking water facilities have been permitted in the No Development Zone of CRZ-III areas with a minimum distance of 10m from the HTL. Critically Vulnerable Coastal Areas (CVCA): Sundarban region of West Bengal and other ecologically sensitive areas identified as under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 such as Gulf of Khambat and Gulf of Kutchh in Gujarat, Malvan, Achra-Ratnagiri in Maharashtra, Karwar and Coondapur in Karnataka, Vembanad in Kerala, Gulf of Mannar in Tamil Nadu, Bhaitarkanika in Odisha, Coringa, East Godavari and Krishna in Andhra Pradesh shall be treated as Critical Vulnerable Coastal Areas (CVCA) and managed with the involvement of coastal communities including fisher folk who depend on coastal resources for their sustainable livelihood. Source: Hindu INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ALLIANCE (ISA) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Spain has become the 99th member of the International Solar Alliance. Background: The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a collaborative platform for increased deployment of solar energy technologies as a means for bringing energy access, ensuring energy security, and driving energy transition in its member countries. About INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ALLIANCE (ISA) : The ISA was conceived as a joint effort by India and France to mobilize efforts against climate change through deployment of solar energy solutions. It was conceptualized on the side-lines of the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) held in Paris in 2015. Vision : Let us together make the sun brighter. Mission: Every home no matter how far away, will have a light at home The Headquarters is in India with its Interim Secretariat being set up in Gurugram. With the amendment of its Framework Agreement in 2020, all member states of the United Nations are now eligible to join the ISA. The ISA is guided by its ‘Towards 1000’ strategy which aims to mobilise USD 1,000 billion of investments in solar energy solutions by 2030, while delivering energy access to 1,000 million people using clean energy solutions and resulting in installation of 1,000 GW of solar energy capacity. This would help mitigate global solar emissions to the tune of 1,000 million tonnes of CO2 every year. The International Solar Alliance is headed by the Director General, who leads the operations and carries out the functions of the ISA Secretariat and is responsible to the ISA Assembly. Important project of  ISA: One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG): The OSOWOG focuses on a framework for facilitating global cooperation, building a global ecosystem of interconnected renewable energy resources (mainly solar energy) that can be seamlessly shared. Source: newsonair EXPANSION OF GLACIAL LAKES IN HIMALAYAS Syllabus Mains – GS 1 & GS 3 Context: The satellite monitoring data by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has shown a large expansion in glacial lakes between 1984 and 2023 in the Himalayan region, which has posed an alarming situation for the downstream areas. Background: The glacial lakes are categorised based on their formation process into four broad categories, namely Moraine-dammed (water dammed by moraine), Ice-dammed (water dammed by ice), erosion-dammed (water dammed in depressions formed by erosion), and other glacial lakes. ISRO’s Observation on Expansion of Himalayan Glacial Lakes: Of the 2,431 lakes larger than 10 hectares identified during 2016-17, 676 glacial lakes have notably expanded since 1984. 130 of these lakes are situated within India, with 65, 7, and 58 lakes located in the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra River basins, respectively. Long-term changes in the Ghepang Ghat glacial lake (Indus River Basin) at an elevation of 4,068 m in Himachal Pradesh, India, show a 178% increase in size from 36.49 to 101.30 hectares between 1989 and 2022. Causes of Expanding Glacial Lakes in the Himalayas: Global Warming is causing temperatures to rise in the Himalayas, leading to increased melting of glaciers. This meltwater feeds into existing glacial lakes, causing them to expand in size. As glaciers melt, they not only contribute water to the lakes but also expose new land surfaces. This allows for the formation of new glacial lakes. Glaciers are often dammed by natural walls of rock and debris called moraines. As glaciers shrink, these moraines become weaker and more susceptible to collapse. A sudden collapse can trigger a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), a catastrophic event where a large volume of water is released downstream. Changes in precipitation patterns, including increased rainfall and snowfall in the region, can contribute to the expansion of glacial lakes by providing more water to fill them. Permafrost, which is soil that remains frozen year-round, acts as a natural barrier to water drainage. As permafrost thaws due to warming temperatures, it can create depressions that collect water, contributing to the expansion of glacial lakes. Infrastructure development, such as roads and hydropower projects, can alter the natural drainage patterns of glacial lakes, leading to their expansion. Additionally, activities such as mining and deforestation can indirectly contribute to glacial lake expansion by accelerating climate change. Way Forward: Addressing the root cause of glacial melt and retreat by reducing greenhouse gas emissions is crucial. This involves global efforts to mitigate climate change through measures such as transitioning to renewable energy, increasing energy efficiency, and implementing policies to reduce carbon emissions across various sectors. Developing and implementing early warning systems for monitoring glacial lakes, weather forecasting, and communication networks to disseminate timely alerts to at-risk communities. Implementing engineering measures to stabilize and manage glacial lakes can help reduce the risk of GLOFs. This may involve constructing infrastructure such as spillways, drainage channels, and dams to control water levels and prevent uncontrolled releases of water. Restoring and conserving natural ecosystems, such as wetlands and forests, can help regulate water flow. These natural infrastructure solutions can also provide additional benefits, such as habitat conservation and carbon sequestration. Involving local communities in risk assessment, planning, and decision-making processes is essential for effective glacial lake management. Building local capacity for disaster preparedness, including training in emergency response and evacuation procedures, can help communities better cope with GLOFs and other hazards. Given the transboundary nature of many glacial lakes in the Himalayas, international cooperation is essential for effective management and risk reduction. Collaborative efforts among countries sharing glacier-fed river basins can facilitate information sharing, joint monitoring, and coordinated action to address common challenges. Source: Livemint Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following countries Finland Lithuania Denmark Germany Poland How many of the above countries have a shoreline with Baltic Sea Only two Only three Only four All Five Q2.) Consider the following statements about Costal Regulation Zone (CRZ): CRZ-I A constitutes ecologically sensitive areas and geomorphological features which play a role in the maintaining the integrity of the coast like coral reefs and mangroves. Even eco tourism activities are prohibited in CRZ-I A. Clearance for projects or activities located in CRZ-I and CRZ-IV are to be dealt with by the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q3.) Consider the following statements about International Solar Alliance (ISA) Its headquarter is located in India. All member states of the United Nations are now eligible to join the ISA. Which of the statements give above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  24th  May 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs.st ANSWERS FOR  23rd May – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – a Q.2) – b Q.3) – a

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 24th May 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions.To take the Test Click Here

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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam –23rd May 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   PARA DIPLOMACY Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: In its manifesto, the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) promised to get back Kartarpur Sahib, the final resting place of Guru Nanak, less than five kilometres across the Pakistan border. The SAD is promising to work with the Centre to negotiate an “exchange of territory” with Pakistan, in return for Kartarpur Sahib. Background:- Reopening the territorial settlement in the Punjab will be a nightmare few would want to think of. According to some experts, more practical than reworking the territorial disposition of boundaries would be changing the nature of these frontiers that have long been zones of military confrontation and not commercial cooperation.The SAD also demands reopening the Attari and Hussainiwala borders with Pakistan for trade and tourism to usher in economic prosperity. Key takeaways The SAD’s proposals on engaging Pakistan bring to the fore the idea of “para diplomacy” or “sub-state diplomacy”. Para diplomacy involves formal interactions between entities below the federal level — provincial and local governments — in pursuit of shared national goals. The conduct of para diplomacy is not in opposition to the national governments, which have a monopoly over the engagement with other sovereigns. Federal governments are quite nervous about sharing, let alone ceding, authority to engage across borders, especially when there is a danger of cross-border criminal and terror networks casting a shadow over the process. Para diplomacy, conducted in tandem with the central government, can often produce openings that can’t be generated between the congealed positions of the national governments. Not all Indian border states have been as keen on cross-border cooperation as Punjab. The context on each border is different with unique burdens of history and different degrees of political difficulty. West Bengal, under Mamata Banerjee, for example, had, in fact, complicated Delhi’s engagement with Dhaka. The Tamil parties in Chennai have often exercised their veto over Delhi’s ties with Colombo.UPA government (2004-14) had to often walk back from productive initiatives with the neighbours because of resistance from its coalition partners in the states. The next government must return to reconsidering para diplomacy as a valuable tool of India’s statecraft. To succeed, India’s neighbourhood policy must work with the interests of the people in the border provinces. This, in turn, demands the construction of a consensus between the centre and the regional parties in the border provinces on developing a productive relationship with the neighbours. Additional Information: Even though SAD has asked for economic cooperation, there are multiple barriers Political and Military Resistance: The Pakistani military and political leadership oppose economic engagement with India due to the unresolved Kashmir conflict. Despite occasional positive gestures from political establishment, internal opposition often swiftly quashes any initiatives. Historical Animosity and Distrust: The deep-rooted distrust stemming from the 1947 partition and subsequent wars continues to hinder economic cooperation. These historical grievances shape national narratives and influence policy decisions, making it difficult to commit to economic collaboration without resolving underlying political tensions. Economic Benefits vs. Political Obstacles: Despite recognizing the economic benefits, Pakistan’s leadership remains hesitant to engage with India due to historical conflicts and the Kashmir issue. Although the Pakistani business community has advocated for reopening trade, these appeals are often stifled by the political and military elite prioritizing geopolitical concerns over economic pragmatism. Security Concerns: Pakistan’s support to cross-border terrorism and frequent border skirmishes contribute to a climate of hostility.Perpetual state of military alert hampers trade and complicates efforts to establish a stable economic partnership. Source: Indian Express PROJECT UDBHAV Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context:  Army chief Gen Manoj Pande talked about Project Udbhav at a conference titled ‘Historical Patterns in Indian Strategic Culture’ held recently. Background: Launched last year, this project aims to enrich the nation’s outlook in the defence domain by integrating India’s ancient strategic acumen into contemporary military practices, making the force “future-ready”. About Project UDBHAV ‘Udbhav’, which translates to ‘origin’ or ‘genesis’, acknowledges the vintage scriptures and writings of our Nation, that span centuries in the past and contain profound knowledge that can benefit modern military strategies. The objective of the Project is to synthesize ancient wisdom with contemporary military practices, forging a unique and holistic approach to address modern security challenges. It is a visionary initiative by the Indian Army that seeks to integrate age-old wisdom with contemporary military pedagogy. Project UDBHAV will facilitate in-depth understanding of our ancient knowledge systems and philosophies and also aim to comprehend their enduring connect, relevance and applicability in the modern day. Literature like Chanakya’s Arthashastra underscores the importance of strategic partnerships, alliances and diplomacy, aligning with modern military practices such as international cooperation and soft power projection. Chanakya’s teachings on statecraft and warfare are studied by various institutions the world over. Similarly, the wisdom of Thirukkural, the classical Tamil text authored by Thiruvalluvar, the Tamil philosopher, advocates ethical conduct in all endeavours, including warfare. This aligns with modern military codes of ethics of just war and principles of Geneva Convention. Apart from ancient texts, a study of prominent military campaigns and leaders is also important. The empires of Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka and Cholas flourished and expanded in influence, during their times. There are examples of the Ahom Kingdom too, which successfully ruled for 600 years, repeatedly defeating the Mughals. The Naval Battle of Saraighat in 1671, led by Lachit Borphukan, stands as a stellar example of the use of clever diplomatic negotiations to buy time, employ psychological warfare, focus on military intelligence and exploiting the strategic weakness of the Mughals. Project UDBHAV aims to effectively integrate this ancient wisdom with modern military pedagogy through interdisciplinary research, workshops and leadership seminars. It will facilitate emergence of previously under-explored thoughts and theories related to strategic thinking, statecraft and warfare, foster deeper understanding and contribute to enriching military training curricula. Source: PIB COMPETITION COMMISSION OF INDIA Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: 15th Foundation Day of the Competition Commission of India was celebrated in New Delhi. The commission was formed on 14 October 2003. However, It became fully functional in 2009 with Dhanendra Kumar as its first chairman Background: CCI got its enforcement and regulatory powers after the substantive provisions of the Competition Act relating to anti-trust enforcement and regulation of combinations came into force on May 20, 2009 and June 1, 2011, respectively. About Competition Commission of India (CCI) : The Competition Commission of India (CCI) is the chief national competition regulator in India. As a statutory body within the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, its primary responsibility is to enforce the Competition Act, 2002. It should be noted that on the recommendations of Raghavan committee, the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (MRTP Act) was repealed and replaced by the Competition Act, 2002. The Commission consists of a Chairperson and not more than 6 Members appointed by the Central Government. It is a quasi-judicial body. Objective and Vision: The CCI aims to promote and sustain an enabling competition culture through engagement and enforcement. Its vision includes inspiring businesses to be fair, competitive, and innovative, enhancing consumer welfare, and supporting economic growth1. Functions and Activities: Antitrust Regulation: The CCI ensures fair competition by preventing anti-competitive practices such as cartels, abuse of dominant position, and anti-competitive agreements. Regulation of Combinations: It reviews mergers, acquisitions, and other combinations to assess their impact on competition. Competition Economics: The CCI analyzes market dynamics and economic factors related to competition. Advocacy: It promotes competition awareness and educates stakeholders. International Cooperation: The CCI collaborates with global competition authorities. Anti-Profiteering: It investigates cases of undue profiteering by businesses. Source: Indian Express CRIMINAL NEGLECT AND STATE’S LACK OF ACCOUNTABILITY Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: During the storm on May 13, a billboard in Mumbai’s Ghatkopar area collapsed and claimed 16 lives. Background: The Ghatkopar tragedy is a grim reminder of the longstanding ills of urban governance in the country — flailing municipalities, agencies with overlapping jurisdictions, negligent officials, faulty street design, and questionable space allocation processes. Key Takeaways When citizen’s interact with the city and its infrastructure, they trust the state with their lives.A city’s infrastructure is a kind of physical interface between the citizen and the state. The quality of our infrastructure forms the core of the quality of our lives, and our safety is the function of its maintenance. Audits and regulations safeguard us from the dangers of infrastructural collapse. The actions of the state since the tragic collapse of the hoarding follow a pattern that is typical of infrastructural “accidents” across the country. Reports have shown that the Ghatkopar hoarding had a weak and shallow foundation, that the Government Railway Police (GRP) had granted permission for a hoarding in 2021, and that the BMC had issued three notices to the agency over the past year but no action was taken.The state acted in complete neglect of the people of Mumbai, ignored a giant hoarding three times larger than the permitted size, and only ordered structural audits after 16 people died. With the private firm becoming the sole criminal in the tragedy, the state slowly disappears in the background with no accountability for the allocation of contracts, or the enforcement of regulations. In the 2016 flyover collapse in Kolkata, the construction company IVRCL was held solely responsible; in the Morbi Bridge collapse of 2022, the Oreva group; and in the case of the Ghatkopar hoarding collapse, its Ego Media Pvt. Ltd. The pattern tells us three things. First, that the state does not value human lives enough to ensure that public infrastructure is safe. Second, the state does not assume accountability in private partnerships and blames the private players alone.Since the tragic collapse of the Ghatkopar flyover, the government has conveniently used the director of Ego Media Pvt Ltd. as a symbol of their swift punitive action but we are yet to see any state officials being held accountable for criminal neglect. Third, the pattern tells us that the enforcement of urban development norms is selective and does not ensure citizen safety, let alone promote citizen welfare. A giant hoarding abutting a prominent road in one of India’s biggest metropolises governed by the richest municipality couldn’t have gone unnoticed. The tragic collapse of the hoarding and the events thereafter show us the precarity of human life in Indian cities. The incident is a typical case of criminal neglect and the state’s refusal of accountability. In Ghatkopar, the state failed the citizens and broke the trust that city dwellers put in the material elements of public life. Source: Indian Express ARAB LEAGUE Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Arab League welcomed a decision made by Norway, Ireland and Spain to recognize the Palestinian state Background: Arab League, regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East and parts of Africa, formed in Cairo on March 22, 1945, as an outgrowth of Pan-Arabism. About ARAB LEAGUE : The Arab League, formally the League of Arab States, is a regional organization in the Arab world. The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945, initially with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (now Jordan), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945. Currently, the League has 22 members. Each member has one vote on the League Council, decisions being binding only on those states that have voted for them. The League’s main goal is to “draw closer the relations between member states and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries”. Additional Information In 1964, despite objections by Jordan, the league granted the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) observer status as the representative of all Palestinians. This was upgraded to full membership in 1976. After Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel on March 26, 1979, the other members of the Arab League voted to suspend Egypt’s membership and to transfer the league’s headquarters from Cairo to Tunis. Egypt was reinstated as a member of the Arab League in 1989, and the league’s headquarters returned to Cairo in 1990. Source: The Hindu PATIENT SAFETY CHARTER Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: Recently, World Health Organization (WHO) launched the first-ever Patient Safety Rights Charter at the Global Ministerial Summit on Patient Safety. Background: Assuring patient safety in health care is a critical component in delivering the right to health. Patient safety can be compromised due to avoidable errors such as unsafe surgical procedures, medication errors, mis- or late diagnosis, poor injection practices, unsafe blood transfusion and the onset of life-threatening infections such as sepsis and other health care-associated infections. Key Features of the Patient Safety Rights Charter: It outlines the core rights of all patients in the context of the safety of health care and seeks to assist governments and other stakeholders to ensure that the voices of patients are heard and their right to safe health care is protected. The Charter covers 10 patient safety rights crucial to mitigate risks and prevent unintentional harm, which includes Timely, effective, and appropriate care Safe health care processes and practices Qualified and competent health workers Safe medical products and their safe and rational use Safe and secure healthcare facilities Dignity, respect, non-discrimination, privacy and confidentiality Information, education, and supported decision-making access to medical records To be heard and fair resolution Patient and family engagement. Need for Patient Safety Charter: Approximately 1 in 10 patients encounter harm during healthcare procedures, resulting in over 3 million annual deaths attributed to unsafe care, as reported by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). According to the OECD, investing in patient safety positively impacts health outcomes, reduces costs related to patient harm, improves system efficiency, and helps reassure communities and restore their trust in healthcare systems. The majority of patient harm is avoidable, underscoring the vital role of engaging patients, families, and caregivers in minimising harm. Patient harm often results from poorly designed healthcare systems, not isolated incidents. A 2023 survey of WHO Member States revealed gaps in implementing the Global Patient Safety Action Plan 2021-2030, emphasising the need for patient representation and addressing income-based disparities in implementation. Interim results of the survey showed only 13% of responding countries have a patient representative on the governing board or an equivalent mechanism in the majority of their hospitals. Patient safety is a critical global priority and essential for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)-3: “Good Health and well-being”. Source: WHO Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements about Arab League It was established after the First Arab – Israeli war in 1948. Palestine is a founding member of the league. Its Headquarter is located in Cairo, Egypt How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q2.) Consider the following statements about Competition Commission of India: It derives it powers from Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP). It is a statutory body under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. It consists of a Chairperson and not more than 6 Members appointed by the Central Government. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q3.) Project Udbhav, recently heard in news is a visionary initiative by the Indian Army that seeks to integrate age-old wisdom with contemporary military pedagogy. an initiative by Competition Commission of India to regulate global digital giants. an initiative by ministry of finance to control tax evasion an initiative by education ministry to establish world class universities Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  23rd  May 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs.st ANSWERS FOR  22nd May – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – b Q.2) – b Q.3) – a

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 23rd May 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions.To take the Test Click Here

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam –22nd May 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   VENEZUELA LOST ITS LAST GLACIER Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Environment Context: Venezuela has likely become the first country — it certainly won’t be the last — in modern history to lose all its glaciers. This comes after scientists reclassified the Humboldt glacier, Venezuela’s last remaining glacier, as an ice field earlier this month. Background:- Scientists expected the Humboldt glacier to last another decade. However, it melted at a faster rate than expected. Key takeaways Venezuela used to be home to six glaciers, located at about 5,000 metres above sea level in the Andes mountains. By 2011, five of them had vanished. Scientists expected the Humboldt glacier to last another decade. But it melted at a faster rate than expected, and has shrunk to an area of less than 2 hectares, leading to its downgrade from a glacier to an ice field. What are glaciers? Glaciers are essentially large and thick masses of ice that are formed on land due to the accumulation of snow over centuries. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), they usually exist and form in areas where mean annual temperatures reach near the freezing point; winter precipitation leads to significant snow accumulations; and temperatures throughout the remaining year do not cause the complete loss of the previous winter’s snow accumulation. Due to their sheer mass and gravity, glaciers tend to flow like very slow rivers. Although there is no universal consensus on how large a mass of ice has to be to qualify as a glacier, the USGS says a commonly accepted guideline is around 10 hectares. Why are glaciers disappearing? The reason is quite obvious — it is global warming. Glaciers are melting due to warmer temperatures. Since the Industrial Revolution kicked off in the 18th Century, human activities such as burning fossil fuels have been releasing GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. These invisible gases trap heat — they allow sunlight to pass through the atmosphere but prevent the heat that sunlight brings from returning into space — leading to a rise in global temperatures. In recent decades, the emission of GHGs has skyrocketed, which has resulted in the global average temperature to increase by at least 1.1 degree Celsius since 1880. The temperature rise may seem small but it has had devastating consequences. The Andes — a mountain range running through parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela — has witnessed a temperature increase of a high rate of 0.10 degree Celsius in the past seven decades. That is one of the major reasons why Venezuela has lost all of its glaciers. In the case of the Humboldt glacier, the melting was accelerated by El Niño, which developed in July 2023. El Niño refers to an abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and leads to warmer temperatures. India is also at the risk of losing its glaciers. They are melting at unprecedented rates across the Hindu Kush Himalayan mountain ranges. What are the impacts of glacier loss? Glaciers are a crucial source of freshwater, especially during hot, dry periods, for local communities, plants, and animals. Their disappearance would mean that one would have to be entirely dependent on spot rainfall for freshwater. The cold water that runs off glaciers keeps downstream water temperatures cooler. This is crucial for many aquatic species in the region as they need cold water temperatures to survive. Glacier loss directly impacts such species. Melting glaciers can also contribute to the rise in sea level. The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets — they are also considered as glaciers — are the largest contributors to global sea level rise. For the South American country, however, the biggest impact of losing all of its glaciers will be cultural.Glaciers were a part of the region’s cultural identity, and for mountaineering and touristic activities. Source: Indian Express ANTARCTICA PARLIAMENT Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: India is hosting the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM 46), also known as the Antarctic Parliament, from May 20-30 in Kochi. Background: The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Goa, through the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), has organised the meeting, which will be attended by the 56 member countries of the Antarctic Treaty.India had last hosted the ATCM in New Delhi in 2007. The Antarctic Treaty Twelve countries — Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the USSR, the United Kingdom, and the United States — were the original signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, which was signed on December 1, 1959. The treaty came into force in 1961, and a total of 56 countries — including India, in 1983 — have joined it since then. The Antarctic Treaty, which was signed during the Cold War, effectively designated Antarctica as a “no man’s land”, outside the bounds of international geopolitical competition. Few key features of the treaty are: Antarctica shall be used only for peaceful purposes, and no militarisation or fortification shall be allowed. All signatories will have the freedom to carry out scientific investigations, and should share plans for scientific programmes, extend required cooperation, and freely make available the data gathered. Nuclear testing or disposal of radioactive waste materials shall be prohibited anywhere in Antarctica. Today, the treaty forms the basis of all governance and activities in Antarctica, the fifth-largest continent on the planet. India in Antarctica Since 1983, India has been a consultative party to the Antarctic Treaty. In this capacity, India votes and participates in all key decision-making processes regarding Antarctica. Of the 56 nations that are part of the Antarctic Treaty, 29 have consultative party status. India has undertaken scientific research in Antarctica since 1981. The first Indian Antarctica research station, Dakshin Gangotri, was set up in 1983, some 2,500 km from the South Pole in Queen Maud Land. The station operated till 1990. In 1989, India set up its second Antarctica research station, named Maitri, in the Schirmacher Oasis, a 3-km wide ice-free plateau with over 100 freshwater lakes. It is still operational. In 2012, India inaugurated Bharati, its third Antarctica research station, located around 3,000 km east of Maitri, on the Prydz Bay coast. Although the station focuses on oceanographic and geologic study, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) utilises it for receiving Indian Remote sensing Satellite (IRS) data. India plans to open a new station, Maitri II, a few kilometres from the ageing Maitri station. Operations are set to begin by 2029. In 2022, India enacted the Antarctic Act, reaffirming its commitment to the Antarctic Treaty. Agenda before Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) The ATCM is meant to facilitate a global dialogue on law, logistics, governance, science, tourism, and other aspects of the southern continent. During the conference, India will seek to promote the idea of peaceful governance in Antarctica, and underline that geopolitical tensions elsewhere in the world should not interfere with the protection of the continent and its resources. During the Kochi meet, India will also officially table its plan to construct Maitri II before the members. Any new construction or initiative in Antarctica requires the ATCM’s approval. Source: Indian Express MALARIA VACCINE Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: Serum Institute of India (SII), the world’s largest manufacturer of vaccines by number of doses, marked a significant milestone on Monday with the shipment of the first set of R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine to seven-eight countries in Africa. Background: Close to half-a-million children die of malaria each year in the African region, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). About MALARIA: Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Five species of Plasmodium commonly infect humans. The three species associated with more severe cases are P. falciparum (which is responsible for the vast majority of malaria deaths), P. vivax, and P. Knowlesi. The disease is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions that exist in a broad band around the equator.This includes much of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Transmission: It is spread exclusively through bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. When an infected mosquito bites a person, it injects the malaria parasites into their bloodstream. Symptoms: Common symptoms include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. Severe cases can lead to organ failure, coma, and death. Prevention: Bed Nets: Insecticide-treated bed nets are effective in preventing mosquito bites during sleep. Antimalarial Medications: Prophylactic antimalarial drugs can be taken by travelers to endemic areas. Vaccines: Recently, the WHO recommended the R21/Matrix-M vaccine for children, in addition to the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine. These vaccines aim to reduce malaria cases and deaths. Treatment: Antimalarial medications, such as artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), are used to treat malaria. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial. R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine The R21/Matrix-M vaccine is a promising addition to malaria prevention efforts. It’s designed to protect against the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, which causes the most severe form of malaria. Composition: The R21 vaccine contains a protein from the malaria parasite (R21) combined with an adjuvant called Matrix-M. The adjuvant enhances the immune response. Clinical Trials: Clinical trials have shown that the R21/Matrix-M vaccine provides significant protection against malaria. It reduced the risk of symptomatic malaria by 75% in children during the 12 months following vaccination. Age Group: The vaccine is recommended for children aged 5 months and older. Dosing Schedule: The vaccine is administered in a three-dose series, with the first two doses given one month apart and the third dose six months after the second. Implementation: The WHO’s recommendation aims to accelerate the vaccine’s deployment in malaria-endemic regions, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. The low-cost, high-efficacy R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine was developed by the University of Oxford and SII leveraging Novavax’s adjuvant technology. R21//Matrix-M vaccine is the second malaria vaccine to be authorised for use in children in malaria-endemic regions. Source: Indian Express ANIMAL DIPLOMACY Syllabus Mains – G S 2 Context: In a recent development, Malaysia, the world’s second-largest palm oil producer is aiming to improve its environmental image by putting forward the “orangutan diplomacy”. Background: Malaysia plans to give orangutans to the countries that purchase their palm oil. This gesture aims to show Malaysia’s concern for the endangered apes, whose habitats are often destroyed by palm oil plantations. Inspired by China’s “panda diplomacy,” Malaysia hopes this move will ease global concerns about the environmental impact of palm oil production. About ANIMAL DIPLOMACY: Animal diplomacy involves giving or lending animals as a sign of friendship or goodwill between countries. These creatures possess cultural significance or are indigenous to the country that gifts them, hence making them influential instruments for diplomacy. For example, China’s panda diplomacy can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty when emperors gave away pandas to foreign rulers as symbols of peace and cooperation. Consequently, the receiving state usually agrees to protect such species beside this thereby furthering harmonisation between nations. Why is China famous for its animal diplomacy? Animal diplomacy originated from China back then and it was majorly associated with the giant panda. This was when they started giving these cute animals to other countries during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD). China has retained giving them away as gifts which are deemed to symbolise peace and friendship. In November 2023, after a key meeting held between President Xi Jinping and his U.S. counterpart Joe Biden, signs emerged of a significant diplomatic move: the revival of China’s famed panda diplomacy. Mr. Xi hinted at the possibility of resuming panda exchanges with the United States, marking a potential thaw in bilateral relations. China is gearing up to renew its panda diplomacy efforts.Discussions are ongoing with zoos in Washington D.C. and Vienna, Austria, signalling broader outreach in China’s diplomatic animal exchange programme. What is the orangutan diplomacy in Malaysia? Following the Chinese model of “panda diplomacy,” Malaysia has come up with its own approach to the soft power which it describes as “orangutan diplomacy.” The goal of this strategy is to link other countries together by using orangutan conservation efforts for environmental issues. Malaysia, the second largest producer of palm oil in the world, receives criticism due to deforestation caused by palm oil plantations that are a major threat to endangered orangutans. Orangutan diplomacy seeks to reverse this trend. In an attempt to project itself as a pacesetter on wildlife protection, Malaysia aims to meet at least three objectives: It wants to enhance its image by becoming a champion of various things connected with wild animal protection; it wants to encourage sustainable production of palm oil and it wants to work jointly with other countries on saving orangutans. This plan suggests allocating orangutans to main importers of palm oil like China, India and the EU. This approach therefore rests upon two basic factors: its endearing character and symbolic significance as to how orangutans represent the rich biodiversity of Malaysia’s rainforests, highlighting the environmental damage caused by unsustainable practices. Which other countries are involved? In the year 2014, during G20 Summit, a different kind of diplomacy took place.As the summit’s host nation, Australia ensured that it left a lasting impression on the visiting dignitaries and delegates by deploying its irresistible attraction; koalas. Throughout the conference period, there was a flood of images showing leaders from across the world holding koalas. However, koala diplomacy can be considered more than just an opportunity for photo shoots. It functioned as an instrumentality for power projection through soft means. By flaunting its unique wildlife coupled with environmental policies, which are globally oriented, this country revealed its solidarity in any worldwide partnership on environmental matters. The koala’s presence at the G20 summit has sparked debates about conservation of biodiversity and the need to safeguard vulnerable ecosystems. Ultimately, the 2014 G20 Summit was a practical example that proved how animal ambassadors can change international relations towards sustainable development and cooperation. What the future might hold? There are prospects for future collaboration and cooperation between countries in animal diplomacy that can rise above the traditional geopolitical borders with a purpose to protect nature and enhance international understanding. Nations could work together on conservation projects related to their ambassador animals. This brings about a shared responsibility for the welfare of the creatures and strengthens the diplomatic bonds formed around them. It is not only traditional players who can use animal diplomacy. Smaller countries having unique endangered species can use this method as well. For example, a poor country having critically endangered primates may collaborate with richer ones’ zoos so as to create breeding programs and research, which will help educate people internationally. Animal diplomacy has the potential to move beyond feel-good tactics by focusing on collaborative efforts in conservation while at the same time allowing room for new players thus becoming an instrument of fostering international cooperation on pressing environmental concerns. Source: The Hindu INDIAN POULTRY INDUSTRY Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context:  The current outbreak of H5N1 was a disaster waiting to happen, as experts have been sounding alarm bells on the unsafe conditions at industrial livestock production for more than 10 years now. Background: According to the20th Livestock Census, there are 851.8 million poultry birds in India. About 30% of this is ‘backyard poultry’ or small and marginal farmers. Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Assam and Kerala have the highest poultry populations. Issues faced by the Indian Poultry Industry: Regular outbreaks of Avian Influenza (bird flu) disrupt production, lead to the culling of birds, and create market panic, impacting consumption. Newcastle Disease (ND) is another highly contagious viral disease that affects poultry health and productivity. Inadequate biosecurity measures in farms and live bird markets facilitate the spread of diseases. Chickens in industrial settings are often confined in wired cages, known as ‘battery cages,’ in high densities, leading to overcrowding and stress. This practice leads to poor air quality, waste accumulation, and greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to environmental pollution and degradation. Volatile prices of crucial poultry feed ingredients, such as corn and soybean meal, not only affect production costs but also exacerbate import dependence due to their significant reliance on imports. Rumours and misinformation surrounding poultry products during disease outbreaks can drastically reduce consumption, affecting overall market stability. Limited cold chain infrastructure leads to spoilage and wastage, especially during peak production periods. A fragmented supply chain with multiple intermediaries raises transaction costs and lowers farmer profits, while poor transportation infrastructure hampers product movement, affecting delivery times and freshness. Multiple overlapping regulations across different levels of government create confusion and compliance challenges for poultry farmers. Small and medium-scale poultry farmers often struggle to access formal credit, hindering growth and modernization. Finding and retaining skilled labour can be difficult for poultry farms, impacting operational efficiency. Poultry farming can contribute to water pollution and air quality issues if waste management practices are inadequate. The rising demand for protein has led to increased antibiotic use in poultry farming, raising concerns about antibiotic resistance and public health risks. Ensuring proper animal welfare standards across the industry remains a challenge. Poultry farmers often face challenges in exiting the industry due to contract farming arrangements, accumulated debts, and specialised skills required for the sector. Initiatives for the Poultry Industry: The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying is implementing the Poultry Venture Capital Fund (PVCF) under “Entrepreneurship Development and Employment Generation” (EDEG) of the National Livestock Mission. Different programmes under the National Livestock Mission (NLM) in which financial assistance is provided to States/Union Territories to implement Rural Backyard Poultry Development (RBPD) and Innovative Poultry Productivity Project (IPPP). Assistance to States for Control of Animal Diseases (ASCAD) Scheme under “Livestock Health and Disease Control” (LH&DC) which covers the vaccination of economically important poultry diseases viz., Ranikhet Disease, Infectious Bursal Disease, Fowl Pox, etc., including control and containment of emergent and exotic diseases like Avian Influenza. Source: Hindu UNREST IN PAK OCCUPIED KASHMIR Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Pakistan-occupied Kashmir has been rocked by deadly violence in the past few days, leaving at least four dead and over 100 injured in clashes over the soaring prices of essential goods like wheat flour, fuel, and electricity.Pakistan’s economic crisis and high inflation have resulted in hardships for its people, and a section of traders have been additionally hit by the stopping of trade with India. Background: The recent wave of unrest began on May 10 after the overnight arrest of several leaders of the Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee (JAAC), which had planned a “long march” to Muzaffarabad on May 11. The crackdown sparked widespread outrage, prompting thousands to take to the streets. About the issue Activists and politicians from PoK have long accused Islamabad of “serious discrimination,” protesting against heavy cuts in budgetary grants, imposition of “unjust” taxes on electricity bills, rise in inflation, shortage of wheat, load shedding and not considering locals for jobs. Dawn reported on complaints by the region’s premier Chaudhry Anwarul Haq about not receiving their fair share of the 2,600MW of hydropower produced by the Neelum-Jhelum project. Haq has also said that his request for resources to increase salaries of government employees in the recent budget was not accepted, and that he had been forced to divert development funds to pay them. Collapse of India trade Traders in PoK were hit hard after India raised customs duty to 200% on Pakistani products such as dry dates, rock salt, cement, and gypsum following the Pulwama terror attack of February 2019. As a result, Pakistan’s exports to India fell from an average of $45 million per month in 2018 to only $2.5 million per month between March and July 2019, Dawn reported. The situation was made more difficult after Pakistan stopped all trade following the constitutional changes carried out by India in Jammu and Kashmir in August 2019. India-Pakistan trade has shrunk to a low of about $2 billion annually over the last five years, a small fraction of the $37 billion trade potential estimated by the World Bank. Source: Hindu & Indian Express Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements about Antarctic Treaty India was one among the original signatories to the Antarctic Treaty in 1959. According to the treaty, nuclear testing or disposal of radioactive waste materials is prohibited anywhere in Antarctica. Which among the statements given above is/are correct? 1 Only 2 Only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) Consider the following statements about Malaria: Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium It is spread exclusively through bites of infected male Anopheles mosquitoes. Which among the statements given above is/are incorrect? 1 Only 2 Only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Humboldt glacier, recently heard in news, was located in Venezuela Australia Malaysia China Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  22nd  May 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs.st ANSWERS FOR  21st May – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – c Q.2) – c Q.3) – d

Daily Prelims CA Quiz

UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 22nd May 2024

The Current Affairs questions are based on sources like ‘The Hindu’, ‘Indian Express’ and ‘PIB’, which are very important sources for UPSC Prelims Exam. The questions are focused on both the concepts and facts. The topics covered here are generally different from what is being covered under ‘Daily Current Affairs/Daily News Analysis (DNA) and Daily Static Quiz’ to avoid duplication. The questions would be published from Monday to Saturday before 2 PM. One should not spend more than 10 minutes on this initiative. Gear up and Make the Best Use of this initiative. Do remember that, “the difference between Ordinary and EXTRA-Ordinary is PRACTICE!!” Important Note: Don’t forget to post your marks in the comment section. Also, let us know if you enjoyed today’s test 🙂After completing the 5 questions, click on ‘View Questions’ to check your score, time taken, and solutions.To take the Test Click Here

IASbaba's Daily Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam –21st May 2024

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   IRAN Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi’s death in a chopper crash has come at a time when Tehran’s role in the peace and stability in the region has been under a sharp focus. Background:- The focus on Iran in recent months has been due to the events that took place since October 7, when Hamas brutally attacked Israelis on their soil, and the Israeli response on Gaza has been perceived to be hugely disproportionate. India, which considers Iran to be part of its extended neighbourhood, has been watching Iran’s dynamics in the region quite closely and cautiously. About IRAN Geography: Iran is bordered by Iraq to the west and Turkey to the northwest, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. Population: With a mostly Persian-ethnic population of almost 90 million, Iran ranks 17th globally in both geographic size and population. Government: Iran is a unitary presidential theocratic Islamic republic. The Supreme Leader is Ali Khamenei. Economy: Iran’s GDP (PPP) in 2024 is estimated to be $1.855 trillion, ranking 19th globally. Languages: The official language is Persian, but there are several recognized regional languages. Iran is a major regional power, due to its large reserves of fossil fuels, including the world’s second largest natural gas supply, third largest proven oil reserves, its geopolitically significant location, its military capabilities, its regional influence, and its role as the world’s focal point of Shia Islam. Iran is an active and founding member of the United Nations, the NAM, the ECO, the OIC and the OPEC. It is a full member of both the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and BRICS. Source: Indian Express INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH (ICMR) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has distanced itself from the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) researchers for “incorrectly” associating it with an observational study on the side effects of the Covid-19 vaccine Covaxin. Background: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research, is one of the oldest and largest medical research bodies in the world. About INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH (ICMR) In 1911, the Government of India set up the Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA) with the specific objective of sponsoring and coordinating medical research in the country. After independence, several important changes were made in the organisation and the activities of IRFA. It was redesignated as the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in 1949, with a considerably expanded scope of functions. Mandate Apex body in India for formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research Conduct, coordinate and implement medical research for the benefit  of the Society Translating medical innovations in to products/processes and introducing them in to the public health system Additional Information The ICMR is funded by the Government of India through the Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. In 2007, the organization established the Clinical Trials Registry – India, which is India’s national registry for clinical trials. ICMR’s 26 national institutes address themselves to research on specific health topics like tuberculosis, leprosy, cholera and diarrhoeal diseases, viral diseases including AIDS, malaria, kala-azar, vector control, nutrition, food & drug toxicology, reproduction, immuno-haematology, oncology, medical statistics, etc. Its 6 regional medical research centres address themselves to regional health problems, and also aim to strengthen or generate research capabilities in different geographic areas of the country Governance The governing body of the council is presided over by the Union Health Minister. It is assisted in scientific and technical matters by a scientific advisory board comprising eminent experts in different biomedical disciplines. The board, in its turn, is assisted by a series of scientific advisory groups, scientific advisory committees, expert groups, task forces, steering committees etc. which evaluate and monitor different research activities of the council. Source: Hindu Medium, Small, and Micro Enterprises (MSMEs) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Economy Context: The government is considering options to relax the 45-day payment rule to MSMEs that has come into effect from April 1, 2023, as the rule may disrupt business practices due to its severity and lack of clarity. Background: According to Section 43B(h) of the Income Tax Act, introduced through the Finance Act 2023, if a larger company does not pay an MSME on time — within 45 days in case of written agreements — it cannot deduct that expense from its taxable income, leading to potentially higher taxes.MSMEs fear that due to this provision, large buyers could cold-shoulder MSME suppliers and start buying either from those MSMEs that are not registered with Udyam or from non-MSMEs. About MSMEs: Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises are better known by the acronym MSME. They silently operate across various areas in India, contributing significantly to the country’s GDP. More than 6 crore MSMEs serve as the backbone of our economy, accounting for approximately 30% of the GDP, 45% of manufacturing output, and around 48% of exports. Remarkably, over 11 crore people find employment within the MSME sector, making it an essential driver of economic growth. Recent Changes: As of July 1, 2020, the definition of MSMEs was revised to align with market conditions and ease of doing business. The new criteria are based on investment amount and turnover: Micro: Investment up to ₹1 crore and turnover up to ₹5 crore. Small: Investment up to ₹10 crore and turnover up to ₹50 crore. Medium: Investment up to ₹50 crore and turnover up to ₹250 crore. Importantly, exports turnover is excluded from the turnover calculation, encouraging MSMEs to explore international markets without losing benefits. Issues associated with the MSMEs: Lack of skilled labour: MSMEs often struggle to find skilled workers, which can make it difficult for them to grow and expand their businesses. Bureaucratic red tape: MSMEs have to navigate a complex web of regulations and bureaucratic procedures, which can be time-consuming and costly. Competition from larger companies: MSMEs in India often have to compete with larger, more established companies, which can make it difficult for them to succeed in the market. Access to finance: MSMEs often struggles to access capital due to a lack of collateral or credit history or access to formal financial institutions. Lack of infrastructure: MSMEs often lack access to basic infrastructure, such as electricity and transportation, which can make it difficult for them to operate their businesses. Lack of technological know-how: MSMEs often lack the technical knowledge and expertise to modernize their operations and stay competitive in the market. Issues with supply chain and logistics: MSMEs face issues with supply chain and logistics, which can make it difficult for them to get their products to market in a timely and cost-effective manner. Lack of formalization: Many MSMEs in India are unregistered or operate informally, which can make it difficult for them to access government support and benefits. Lack of marketing and networking opportunities: MSMEs in India often lack the resources and networks to effectively market their products and services, which can make it difficult for them to reach new customers and grow their businesses. Source: Business Today Green Credit Program (GCP) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Environment Context: The Centre has approved 12 greening projects under the Green Credit Program (GCP), which was notified last year as a market-based mechanism designed to incentivize voluntary environmental actions across diverse sectors, officials aware of the development said. Background: The GCP, notified on October 13, 2023, seeks voluntary participation in “environmental positive actions” such as afforestation, water conservation, waste management among others from PSUs, private industries, non-profits and individuals. ABOUT GCP: The Green Credit Programme is an innovative market-based mechanism designed to incentivize voluntary environmental actions across diverse sectors. Objective: This programme was officially unveiled in October 2023 and has its provenance in Mission Life, a principle frequently articulated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Its goal is to lay an emphasis on sustainability, reduce waste and improve the natural environment. The GCP programme presents itself as an “innovative, market-based mechanism” to incentivise “voluntary actions” for environmental conservation. Under this, individuals, organisations and companies — public and private — would be encouraged to invest in sectors ranging from afforestation, water conservation, stemming air-pollution, waste management, mangrove conservation and in return be eligible to receive ‘green credits.’ It complements the domestic carbon market by incentivizing sustainable actions by companies, individuals, and local bodies. An autonomous body of the Ministry, the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), is in charge of administering the programme. It is responsible for programme implementation, management, monitoring, and operation. How It Works: Various stakeholders, including individuals, industries, farmers’ producer organizations (FPOs), urban local bodies (ULBs), and private sectors, can earn green credits. Environment-friendly actions, such as planting trees, conserving water, waste management, and reducing air pollution, qualify for green credits. These credits are tradable, and participants can sell them on a proposed domestic market platform. Example In February, the Ministry prescribed the rules governing the first of these initiatives — afforestation. Broadly, companies, organisation and individuals could offer to pay for afforestation projects in specific tracts of degraded forest and wasteland. It said, the actual tree planting would be carried out by the State forest departments. Two years after planting and following an evaluation by the ICFRE, each such planted tree could be worth one ‘green credit.’ Source: The Hindu India Middle East Europe Economic Corridor Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Current Event, GS 2 Context:  The first inter-ministerial delegation from India held meetings from May 15-17 under the Intergovernmental Framework Agreement between the two countries concerning cooperation for the empowerment and operation of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor . Background: The visit, which took place within three months of signing the Agreement, reflects the importance both governments attach to the IMEC project. About India Middle East Europe Economic Corridor The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) was announced in September 2023 following a meeting in New Delhi between the leaders of India, the US, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia, Italy, France, Germany, and the European Commission on the sidelines of the G20 Summit. The IMEEC will comprise two separate corridors, the east corridor connecting India to the Gulf and the northern corridor connecting the Gulf to Europe. The corridor will provide a reliable and cost-effective cross-border ship-to-rail transit network to supplement existing maritime routes. It intends to increase efficiency, reduce costs, secure regional supply chains, increase trade accessibility, enhance economic cooperation, generate jobs and lower greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in a transformative integration of Asia, Europe and the Middle East (West Asia). Additional Information The Israel-Hamas war brings concern on the future of IMEC, along with attacks on vessels in the Red Sea by Houthi rebels. In September 2023, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan criticised the project for bypassing Turkey, and has vowed for an alternative route, the “Iraq Development Road Project”, which is envisaged to connect the Persian Gulf with Europe through a railway and highway via ports in the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Iraq, including the under-construction Grand Faw Port. It is also seen as a counter to China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Source: Hindu Production-Linked Incentives (PLI) Scheme Syllabus Mains – GS 2, GS 3 Context: Investment in important sectors identified to spur domestic manufacturing under the flagship Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme of the Centre is slowing just a year after their launch. Background: Investment growth is “significantly slow” in textiles, information technology hardware, and speciality steel according to a review report by an inter-ministerial panel which does periodical stocktaking of the scheme. The government was hoping to see investment worth Rs 49,682 crore in FY24. Of this, 61.8 per cent or over Rs 30,695 crore has been made in all the 14 sectors during the first nine months this financial year. Apart from the above-mentioned three sectors, progress has been slow in the case of medical devices, automobile and auto components, ACC batteries, and white goods. Production-Linked Incentives (PLI) Scheme: It was first introduced in March 2020, PLI is a special incentive scheme for producers to promote manufacturing in multiple sectors. The incentives are linked to the performance of the organisation i.e., the government provides incentives for incremental sales. The PLI scheme is built on the foundation of multiple sectors with an incentive outlay of Rs. 1.97 lakh crore (about US$ 26 billion) to strengthen their production capabilities and help create global champions. Benefits of the PLI Scheme: Since the incentives are directly proportional to production capacity/ incremental turnover, it is expected to have a direct impact on capacity expansion. PLI can significantly restructure India’s domestic manufacturing, and push its share in the GDP to 25 percent. It is also expected to bring improvements in industrial infrastructure, benefiting the overall supply chain ecosystem. The implementation of the PLI Scheme will lead to a potential capital expenditure (capex) of Rs 2.5-3 lakh crore over the scheme period. It will account for 13-15% of average annual investment spending in key industrial sectors. Nearly 55% of the scheme is expected to be in green sectors such as electric vehicles, solar photovoltaics etc. PLI Schemes intend to plug the gap between the highly skewed Indian import-export basket, which is mainly characterized by heavy imports of raw materials and finished goods. It will help in offsetting the effects of geopolitical conflicts and their consequent impact on food, fertilizer, and crude oil prices. It fosters faster adoption of technology, e.g., in telecom and networking products, where timely intervention by the scheme will enable faster adoption of 4G and 5G products across India. The PLI scheme enables the smooth implementation of region-specific incentives to promote industrial development in underdeveloped or backward regions. Issues/Challenges to the PLI Scheme: The manner in which incentives are to be awarded remains ambiguous. There are no set criteria or common parameters for consideration for giving these incentives. The efficacy of manufacturing depends on multiple factors like raw materials, the size of the domestic market, and the relationship between upstream and downstream manufacturers, etc. Thus, production subsidies to scale sector-specific manufacturing will not work until other critical factors shaping the ecosystem are understood and factored in. Withdrawing from these benefits at a later stage may ultimately lead to industrial inefficiencies and engender a decline in productivity both at the sectoral and firm levels. Beneficiaries under the scheme such as automobiles, electronics, and technical textiles are largely constituted by big firms. This is not representative of the actual configuration of the Indian industrial structure, which is largely composed of MSMEs. The lack of a centralized database that captures information like increases in production or exports makes the evaluation process difficult. This information ambiguity impacts transparency and can lead to malfeasance, further widening the fault lines and weakening the policy structure. Source: Business Standard Practice MCQs Daily Practice MCQs Q1.) Consider the following statements about Green Credits Program Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), is in charge of administering the programme. Green credits earned through the program are tradable. Which among the statements given above is/are correct? 1 Only 2 Only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q2.) Consider the following statements about INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH (ICMR) : The Governing Body of ICMR is presided over by the Union Health Minister. ICMR established the Clinical Trials Registry – India, which is India’s national registry for clinical trials. Which among the statements given above is/are correct? 1 Only 2 Only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q3.) Consider the following countries Iran India Ethiopia Brazil Russia Which among the above countries are part of BRICS: Only two Only three Only four All Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!! ANSWERS FOR ’  21st May 2024 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs.st ANSWERS FOR  20th May – Daily Practice MCQs Answers- Daily Practice MCQs Q.1) – c Q.2) – b Q.3) – c

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